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HIGHPERFORMANCECONCRETESANDAPPLICATIONSEditedbySP ShahWalter P M urphy Professor of Civil Engineering andDirector of NSF Centerfo r Science and Technologyof Advanced Cem ent Based M aterialsNorth Western University Evanston IL USA

SHAhmadProfessor of Civil EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh NC U SA

Edw ard A rnold membe r of the H odder Headline G roupL O N D O N M E L B O U R N E U C K L N D

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1994 PShah and S HA h m a dFirs t pu b l i shed in G r e a t B r i t a i n 1994British Library CataloguinginP ubl icat ion DataH i g h P e r f o r m a n c e Co n c r e t e s an d A p p l ic at io n sI.S h a h , S u r e n d r a P. II. A h m a d ,S. H.691

ISBN0-340-58922-1A ll r i gh t s r e s e rv ed . No p a r t o f t h i s pu b l ica t io n m ay be r e p r o du ced o rt r a n s m i t t e d i n a ny f o r m o r by any m ean s , e l e c t ron i ca l ly o rm echan ic al ly,i n c l ud i ng pho t ocop y i ng , r eco rd i n g o r a n y in f o r m a t io ns t o rage o r r e t r i e v a l s ys te m , w i t h o u t e i t h e r p r i o r p e r m i ssi o n i n w r i t i n gf r o m t h e p ub l i she r o r a l icence p e r m i t t i n g res t r i ct ed cop y ing . In theUni t e d Kingdo m such li cencesare issued by theCop yright Licen singA g e n c y :90T o t t e n h a m C o u r tRoad,L o n d o n WlP9HETypes e t in 10/12 Tim e s by We a r s e t , Bo l don , Tyne an d W e a r .P r i n t e d i n G r e a t B r i t a i n fo r E d w a rd A r n o l d , a d iv is ion o f H o d d e rH ead l i n e PLC, Mil lRoad,D u n t o n Green,Sevenoaks,K e n tTN13 2YA by St E d m u n d s b u r y Pr ess L t d , B u r y St E d m u n d s ,Su f f o l k , a n d b o u n d by H a r t n o l ls Lt d , B o d m i n , C o r n w a l l.

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Preface

H i g h p e r f o r m a n c e co n cr e t e s (H P C) r e p r e se n t s a r a t h e r r e c e n t d e v e l o p -m e n t in c o nc r e t e m a t e r i al s t e c h no l og y . H P C i s n o t a c o m m o d i t y bu t ar a n g e o fproducts, each specif ical ly d e si gn e d t o sat isfy i n t h e m os t e f f ec t ivew ay t h e p e r f o r m a n ce r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r t he i n t e n d e d a p p l i ca ti o n .C onc r e t e has la rge n u m b e r ofpropertiesor a t t r i b u t e s .These a t t r i b u t e scan be g r o u p e d i n t o three g en e r a l c a t ego r i e s: (1) a t t r i b u t e s w h i ch b e n e f i t

the c o n s t r u c t i o n process; (2) e n h a n c e d m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s ; (3) en-h a n c e d n o n - m e c h a n i c a l properties such as d u r ab i l i t y e t c. For h a r d e n e dc onc r e t e , s t re n g t hand d u r a b il i t yare the twom o st i m p o r t a n t a t t r i bu t e s .In t h e l as t th r ee o r f o u r y ea r s , s eve r a l na t i on a l -sca l e r e sea r ch p r o g r am sh ave b e e n e s t ab li sh e d t o s tu d y v ar i o u s a sp ec ts o f h ig h p e r f o r m an c econc r e t e s . These i n c l u d e the two in the US: C e n t e r for Science andT ech no l og y f o r A dv anc ed C em en t -B ased M a t e r i a l s (A C B M ), S t r at eg i cH i g h w a y Resea rch Program (SHRP);The C a n a d i a n N e t w o r k of C e n t e r so f Exce l l e nc e (NCE) P r og r am on H igh P e r f o r m a n ce Concrete;the R oy a lN o r w e g i a n C o u n c i l f o r Sc ien t i f ic a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e se a r ch P r og r am ; t h eSwed i sh Na t i o n a l P r og r am on H P C ; the F r e nch Na t i o n a l P r og r am ca ll e dN e w W a ysforConcrete'and theJ ap an e s e NewC o n c re t e P r o g ra m .As ther esu l t s f r o m these p r o g r am s s ta r t to be d i s s em ina t ed and d iges ted in thec onc r e t e i n d u s t r y , t h e c o nc r e t e t e c hno l og y w i l l e x p e r i e n c e a s ign i f ican ta d v a n c e m e n t .H i st o r i ca ll y, m o r e a t t e n t i o n hasb e en g iven to the s t r e ng t h a t t r i bu t e andco n c r e te p e r f o r m a n c e ha s be e n spec i f i ed a n d e v al u a t e d i n t e r m s o fcomp r es s iv e s t r e ng th theh ighe r thecompressive strength,theb e t t e r thee x p e ct e d p e r f o r m a n c e . H o w e v e r , e xp e r i e n c e h as sh o w n t h a t d u r a b i l i t yc o n s i d e r a t i o n s b e c o m e m o r e i m p o r t a n t f o r s t r u c t u r e s ex po s e d t o h os t i l ee n v ir o n m en t s ( e .g . m a r i n e s t ru c t u r e s a n d sa n i t a r y s tr u c t u r e s ) a n d f o rs t r u c t u r e s suc h as b ri dg e s an d p av em en t s w h i c h a r e d e s i g n e d f o r l o ng e rservice l i f e . The SHRP p r o g r a m o n H i g h P e r f o r m a n c e C o n c r e t e has

d e f i n e d H P C f o r h i g h w a y a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t e r m s o f s t r e n g t h an d d u r a b i l i t ya t t r i bu t e s a n d w a t e r -c e m e n t i o u s m a t e r ia l s r a t io . H P C is d e f i n e d as con-cr e t e t h a t m e e t sthe f o l lo w i n g c r i t e r i a : Itshal l have one of the f o l lo w i n g s t r eng th charac t e r i s t i cs :4 -h ou r st r e n g t h ^25OO p si (17.5 M Pa)24-hou r s t r e ng t h ^50OO psi (35 MPa)28-day s t re n g t h ^10,0OO psi (70 M Pa)

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It shal l have ad u r ab i li t y f a c t o r >80 a f t e r 300cycle soff r e e z i ngandt h a w i n g Itshal l have awater-cementitiousm a t e r i a l s r a ti o ^0.35

D u r i n g th e l a st d e c a d e , d e v e l o p m e n t s in m i n e r a l a n d ch e m i ca l a d m i x-t u r e s h a v e m a d e i t possible t o p r o d u c e co n cr e t e s w i t h r e l a t i ve l y m uc hh ighe r st r e n g ths t han w as t ho u gh t po ssibl e . P r e s en t l y con c re t e s w i t hs t r e ng t h sof 14,000 to 16,000psi (98 to 112MPa) are b e in g co m m e r ci al lyp r o d u c e d a n d u se d i n t he c o n s t r u ct i o n i n d u s tr y i n U SA . O t h e r c o u n t r i e ssuch a s E n g l a n d , C a n a d a , N o r w a y , S w e d e n , F ra n c e , It a l y, J a p a n , H o n gKon g and S ou t h Ko r e a a r e ag g re s si ve l y em p l oy i ng t h e h igh s t r e ng t hc onc r e t e t e c h no l og y i n t h e i r c o n st r u c t io n practice.T he a im o f t h i s book is to s u m m a r i z e the d e v e l o p m e n t s o f t h e lastdecade i n t h e a r e a o f m a te r ia ls d e v e lo p m e n t f o r p r o d u c ing h i gh e r s tr e n g t hc o n c r e t e , p r o d u c ti o n m e t h o d s, m e c ha n i ca l p r o p e r t ie s e v al u a t i o n , nonmec h an i c a l properties su c h as d u r ab i l i t y , a n d t h e i m p l i ca t io n o f m a t e r i a lp r o p e r t i e s on the s t r uc t u r a l d e s ign and p e r f o r m a n c e . The use of h ighe rs t r e n g th con c re t e s i n t h e con s t r uc t i on i n d u s t ry has s tead i ly i nc r easedd u r i n gthe l a s t d ecade , and t h e r e f o r e two c h ap t e r s h av e b e e n d ev o t e d tos um m a r i ze t h e a p p l ica t io n s o f h i gh e r st r e n g t h co n cr e t e s . E x p e r t s f r o mU S A , C a n a d a , France, No r way , S pa i n and Ja p a n h a ve c o n t r ib u t e d i n d i -v i d ua l chap t e r s so as to give t he b o ok a br o ad p e r spe c tive o f t h e p r e v a il i ngs t a t e -o f - t h e -a r t i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . T he b ook i s i n t e n d e d f o r t h eacad e m i cs, e ng i n e e r s , c o n s u l t a n t s , c o n t r a ct o r s and r esea rche rs .

The e l e v e n c h ap t e r s in the b o o k are a r r a n g e d so t h a t the r e a d e r can beselective.C h a p t e r 1p r o v i d e sthe b ac k gr o u n d for the s e l ec t i on ofm a t e r ia l san d p r o p o r t i o n s . Th is c hap t e r a lso p r ov id e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n q ua l i t y co n t r o laspec t s f o r co n cr e t e s w i t h h ighe r s t r e ng ths .C h ap t e r 2 a dd r e s s es the sh o r t t e r m m ec h an i c a l p r o p e r t ie s suc h ascom p r e s si ve s t r e n g t h , m o d u l u s o f e l a st i ci t y, t e n s il e s t r e n g t h e t c. T h e l o n gt e r m m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s s u c h as c r e ep , sh r i nk age an d t e m p e r a t u r ee f f e c t s a r e d i scu s se d i n C h ap t e r 3. C h ap t e r 4 p r o v id e s t he i n f o r m a t i o n o nt h e bo n d a n d f a t i gue characteristics.T h e i m p o r t a n t a sp e ct o f t he d u r a b il i t yand i t s i m p l i c a t i o n f o r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f c o nc r e t e a r e d iscussed i nChapters.The f r a c t u r e m ec h an i c s a p p r o ach t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r a lr e s p o n s e is o u t l i n e d in C h ap t e r 6.The b ehav i o r o f t he s t r u c t u r a l m e m be r ssuch a s b e am , co l um ns an d sl ab s i s d e t a il e d i n Chapter?. T h e d uc t i l i t yissues o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l m e m be r s a n d t h e s t r u c t u r a l d uc t i l it y i s p r e s e n t e d i nC h a p t e r8.

C h ap t e r 9 a d d r e s se s s t r u c t u r a l d e si gn co n s id e r a t i o n s a n d t h e s t r u c t u r a la p p l i c a t i o n s w i th s p e ci a l em p hasi s on h igh- r is e bu i l d i n gs and b r i dges . Thi sc h ap t e r a lso s um m a r i z e s t h e sp ec ia l c o n s tr u c t io n c o n s id e r a t i o n s n e e d e d f o rt h es e con c r e t e s . Chap t e r 10 i s d ed i cat ed t o h igh s t r e n g th l i gh tw e igh tagg r ega t e co nc r e t e and i t s app l i ca t i on s . The l a st chap t e r i s d evo t ed t o t h eapp l i ca t io n s o f H PC in J a p an a n d S o u t h E a st A si a.

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istof ontributors

P AckerHead, Division:'BetonsetCiments pour Ouvragesd'Art',LaboratoireCentraldes Fonts etChaussees, Paris,FranceS H AhmadProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina StateUnive r s i t y ,Raleigh, NC, USAP N BalaguruProfessor,Civil Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway,NJ,USAT W BremnerPro f esso r o f Civil Engineering, Universityo f New Brunswick, Fredericton,CanadaFde LarrardSenior Scientist, Division:'BetonsetCiments pour Ouvragesd'Art',Laboratoire CentraldesFontsetChaussees, Paris, FranceA S EzeldinAssistant Professor, Department o f Civil, Environmentalan d CoastalEngineering,Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USAR Get tuSenior Researcher, Technical UniversityofCatalunya, Barcelona, Spain

SK GhoshDirector, Engineered Structures andCodes,Portland CementAssociation, Skokie,IL, USAO E Gj0rvPro f e sso r ,Divisiono f Building Materials, Norwegian Instituteo fTechnology NTH,Trondheim NTH,Norway

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TA HolmVice PresidentofEngineering, Solite Corporation,PO Box27211,Richmond,VA, USARLe RoyResearch Engineer, Division:'BetonsetCiments pour Ouvragesd'Art',Laboratoire CentraldesPontsetChaussees,Paris,FranceS MindessProfessor, Department o f Civil Engineering, Universityo f BritishColumbia, Vancouver, CanadaS NagatakiProfessorofCivil Engineering, Tokyo InstituteofTechnology,O-okayama, Meguru-ku, Tokyo 152, JapanA HNilson (Pro fesso r )162Round PoundRoad, HC-60,Box162, Medomak, Maine,USA( f o r m e r l y o f Cornell University)H G RussellVicePresident,Construction Technology Laboratories Inc.,5420OldOrchard Road, Skokie,IL, USAM SaatciogluAssociate Professor o f Civil Engineering, Universityo f Ottawa, CanadaE SakaiManager, Special Cement Additives Division, Denki Kagaku KogyoCo.Ltd,Yuraku-cho,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, JapanSP ShahWalter P Murphy Professor ofCivil Engineering;Director, NSF Center forScience and Technology of Advanced Cement-Based Materials; andDirector, CenterforConcreteandGeomaterials, NorthwesternUnive r s i t y ,Evanston,IL, USA