Highly Efficient Wireless Powering for Autonomous Structural Health Monitoring and Test/EvaluationFunded by
2
Outlines
Test and Evaluation (T&E) is a combination of facilities, equipment, people, skills and methods, which enable the demonstration, measurement and analysis of the performance of a system and the assessment of the results [1]
Various test equipment is installed in order to realize the needed test experiments
Test & Evaluation
http://ptc-us.com/capabilities/test-evaluation
3
The cable-based Aircraft Strength Testing (AST) for aircraft structures usually involves a large number of wires for communication among sensors and data acquisition facilities
Installation of the needed wires on structures under test is difficult, time consuming and expensive
4
T&E System
Why Wireless Powering & Communication?
Reduce setup times and test costs Increase facilities efficiency Eliminate wires that can change the center of
gravity of aircraft thereby changing the performance of structures under test and influencing the data
Eliminate batteries that have short life Provide sensing access to hard-to-reach locations
on the aircraft
Highly efficient
Long range
TX or RX
Inductive Coupling
• Very poor efficiency
Resonant Inductive Coupling
• Poor Efficiency • Larger efficiency than inductive coupling due to RLC circuit resonance
SCMR System
C C
TX RX
• Large Efficiency due to fr=fQmax
• TX and RX elements naturally exhibit maximum Q-factor at a specific frequency fQmax
maxOperates at o Q rf f f LC= = = 1 RL
RL
SCMR Resonant Element
• L is the inductance of each element; the schematic assumes that each element has only a distributed inductance (this is true for loop elements) • C is the external capacitance added to resonate the elements • Other SCMR elements (e.g., helices, spirals, split ring resonators) can have both distributed inductance and capacitance
Q -fa
ct or
Frequency (MHz)
TX or RX
Inductive Coupling
• Very poor efficiency
Resonant Inductive Coupling
• Poor Efficiency • Larger efficiency than inductive coupling due to RLC circuit resonance
SCMR System
C C
TX RX
• Large Efficiency due to fr=fQmax
• TX and RX elements naturally exhibit maximum Q-factor at a specific frequency fQmax
maxOperates at o Q rf f f LC= = = 1 RLRL
RLRL
SCMR Resonant Element
• L is the inductance of each element; the schematic assumes that each element has only a distributed inductance (this is true for loop elements) • C is the external capacitance added to resonate the elements • Other SCMR elements (e.g., helices, spirals, split ring resonators) can have both distributed inductance and capacitance
Q -fa
ct or
Frequency (MHz)
10
20
30
40
50
Air
RL = 50
12
Conformal SCMR Source and load loops are coplanar with the TX and RX resonators, respectively
A traditional SCMR system A CSCMR system
13
Conformal SCMR
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/instruments/p3b.html#.U2LRAvldWSp
Suitable for printed circuit boards Robust fabrication process Can be integrated in modern T&E and airborne
sensing and communication systems
FR-4 substrate, Dout=58mm, Din=32mm, d=80mm, w=6mm
16
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
19
TX and RX also couple when they are coplanar through magnetic field
Properties of CSCMR
Misalignment insensitive in azimuth plane
85% constant efficiency for every angle in the azimuth plane (red line)
Video
power and data through the same wireless link
21
max 2 max 3f f=
Method 1: change the loaded capacitances
Method 2: different radii (ri ) and different cross-sectional radii (rci )
3( )jci
cj i
22
Broadband CSCMR Compared models
Parameters a b c
Radius (mm) r1=21 r1=10, r2=21 r1=15.5, r2=22.5, r3=57.5
Distance (mm) d=60, t=20 d=60, t=0 d=60, t=0
Thickness (mm) t+rc
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency(MHz)
Simulation Results for Broadband CSCMR
24
Area (mm2) 1385 1385 10386
Thickness(mm) 28.4 4.2 4.2
Broadband CSCMR
Broadband CSCMR One Example:
(d=60 mm, r1=15 mm, r2=21 mm, r3=52 mm, C1=14 pF, C2=4 pF)
26
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Broadband CSCMR Measurement compared with theory and simulation
A bandwidth of 38 MHz at 165 MHz The measurements agree well with the analytical and simulation results
27
28
The proposed broadband CSCMR exhibits significantly larger bandwidth than the other two SCMR methods
Measurements
Shrink volume
Shrink size
31
Properties of Planar CSCMR Designs can be ultra thin and conformal Printed on flexible boards
32
33
This decreases the operating frequency while maintaining small size thereby providing miniaturization of highly efficient wireless power transfer systems and extended range
Source/Load
FR4 Substrate Signal Layer: 1st Resonator, Source/Load
34
Multilayer CSCMR systems operate at lower frequencies, therefore exhibit smaller electrical size at these frequencies
Miniaturized CSCMR 5-layer systems at 13 MHz and 27 MHz
85mm
Largest Dimension at 27 MHz
350 mm 85 mm 76% 4.1
Dimension Comparison
Multilayer CSCMR systems have significantly smaller size compared to traditional SCMR systems
38
Wireless powering of multiple devices simultaneously
Wireless powering of battery-free sensors and wireless communication through same channel
Other applications of CSCMR systems
39
Signal Generator
TransmitterReceiver Amplifier
41
42
43
Video
One transmitter powers multiple receivers in the same plane or out of the plane
44
Devices
45
46
Backscattering Modulation with CSCMR
Backscattering Modulator harnesses the received wave and reflects it back in a modulated state
Backscattering Demodulator is an envelop detector circuit
Develop communication link between the sensor and reader
Backscattering modulator and demodulator with a CSCMR system
Simple circuit consumes small amount of power
47
Temperature Sensor
49
Power the temperature battery-free sensor wirelessly Send the temperature data through the same link used
to power the sensor
Power
51
Video
52
Devices work successfully at any position and with some misalignment within the transmitting platform
20 mW is needed for powering the LED light device
Receiving element with LED light Transmitting platform
Applications of CSCMR System
Video
54
Devices can be successfully powered and functions can be realized on the chip after programming using microcontroller
30 mW is needed for powering the miniature programmable microcontroller
Applications of CSCMR System
Video
Multiple devices can be powered simultaneously in the same platform
56
Video
Ultra small receiver can be realized and integrated into compact devices
Ultra small receiver Multiple devices with different sizes can work simultaneously in the same platform
58
Base Station TX
References
1. UK Defence Industrial Strategy. Defence White Paper, CM 6697, 15 December 2005. 2. A. Karalis, D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljacic, “Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-
range energy transfer,” Elsevier, Annals of Physics, vol. 323, pp.34–48, 2008. 3. O. Jonah, and S. Georgakopoulos, “Wireless Power Transfer to Sensors via Magnetic
Resonance,” IEEE International Conference on RFID, Orlando, FL, Apr.12-14, 2011. 4. O. Jonah, and S. Georgakopoulos, “Efficient Wireless Power Transfer to Sensors via
Magnetic Resonance Concrete,” IEEE Antennas Propagat. Society Internat. Symp. Spokane, WA, July 6, 2011.
5. O. Jonah, and S. Georgakopoulos, “Wireless Power Transmission to Sensors Embedded in Concrete via Magnetic Resonance,” 2011 IEEE 12th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), Clearwater, FL, pp.1-6 Apr.18-19, 2011.
6. O. Jonah, and S. Georgakopoulos, “Design of Optimal Helices for Wireless Power Transfer via the Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance,” 13th Annual IEEE Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, Cocoa Beach, FL, April 16-17, 2012.
60
61
Novel Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Test and Evaluation Systems
Slide Number 2
Slide Number 3
Slide Number 4
Slide Number 5
Slide Number 6
Slide Number 7
Slide Number 8
Slide Number 9
Slide Number 10
Slide Number 11
Slide Number 12
Slide Number 13
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
Slide Number 17
Slide Number 18
Slide Number 19
Slide Number 20
Slide Number 21
Slide Number 22
Slide Number 23
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
Slide Number 29
Slide Number 30
Slide Number 31
Slide Number 32
Slide Number 33
Slide Number 34
Slide Number 35
Multilayer CSCMR System
Multilayer CSCMR System
Multilayer CSCMR System
Slide Number 39
Slide Number 40
Slide Number 41
Slide Number 42
Slide Number 43
Slide Number 44
Slide Number 45
Slide Number 46
Slide Number 47
Slide Number 48
Slide Number 49
Slide Number 50
Slide Number 51
Slide Number 52
Slide Number 53
Slide Number 54
Slide Number 55
Slide Number 56
Slide Number 57
Slide Number 58
Slide Number 59
Slide Number 60
Slide Number 61