Kozo Okamoto, and Meteorological Satellite Center of JMA

Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Himawari-8: Japan's new-generation geostationary satellite

8th IPWG and 5th IWSSM Joint Workshop, Bologna, Italy 3-7 October 2016

Himawari-8/9

• Himawari-8 • Launched on 7 October 2014

• Began operation on 7 July 2015

• Himawari-9• Planned to be launched on 1

November 2016

• Replace Himawari-8 in 2022solar panel

communication antennas

Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

MTSAT-1RMTSAT-2

Himawari-8Himawari-9

standby

manufacturemanufacture

a package

purchase

launch

standbylaunch

operation

operation

operation standbyoperation standby

standby

standby

2

Enhancement of measurement capability

Spectral

G BR

5 bands 16 bands

10 bands

3 bands

3 bands

IR 4 bands

NIR

1 bandVIS

MTSAT-1R/2 Himawari-8/9

VIS

IR

Temporal

MTSAT-1R/2 Himawari-8/9

full-disk obs.

Observation Frequency

VIS 1 kmIR 4 km

VIS 0.5/1 kmIR 2 km

Spatial

At sub-satellite point

MTSAT-1R/2 Himawari-8/9

3

AHI band specification

BandSpatial

ResolutionCentral

WavelengthPhysical Properties

1

Visible(VIS)

1 km0.47 μm vegetation, aerosol

2 0.51 μm vegetation, aerosol

3 0.5 km 0.64 μm Vegetation, low cloud, fog

4Near

Infrared(NIR)

1 km 0.86 μm vegetation, aerosol

52 km

1.6 μm cloud phase/particle size

6 2.3 μm cloud particle size

7

Infrared(IR)

2 km

3.9 μm low cloud, fog, forest fire

8 6.2 μm upper-level moisture

9 6.9 μm mid- and upper-level moisture

10 7.3 μm mid-level moisture

11 8.6 μm cloud phase, SO2

12 9.6 μm Ozone content

13 10.4 μm cloud imagery, information of cloud top

14 11.2 μm cloud imagery, sea surface temperature

15 12.4 μm cloud imagery, sea surface temperature

16 13.3 μm cloud top height

cf.MTSAT-2

Bands

VIS0.68 μm

IR43.7 μm

IR36.8 μm

IR110.8 μm

IR212.0 μm

Himawari-8/9 Imager (AHI; Advanced Himawari Imager)

3 Visible Bands

Addition of NIR Bands

Increase of WV Bands

Increase of TIR Bands

4

#Himawari

-8/ AHIGOES-R/

ABIGK-2A/

AMIMTG/

FCIFY-4/AGRI

MTSAT-2/ IMAGER

MSG/SEVIRI

1 0.47 0.47 0.455 0.444 0.472 0.51 0.511 0.5103 0.64 0.64 0.642 0.640 0.65 0.68 0.6354 0.86 0.86 0.860 0.865 0.825 0.81

0.9141.38 1.38 1.380 1.375

5 1.6 1.61 1.61 1.610 1.61 1.646 2.3 2.26 2.250 2.257 3.9 3.90 3.85 3.80 3.75 3.7 3.928 6.2 6.15 6.24 6.30 6.25 6.8 6.259 6.9 7.00 6.95 7.1

10 7.3 7.40 7.34 7.35 7.3511 8.6 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.5 8.7012 9.6 9.70 9.63 9.66 9.6613 10.4 10.3 10.43 10.50 10.7 10.8 10.814 11.2 11.2 11.20 11.015 12.4 12.3 12.30 12.30 12.0 12.016 13.3 13.3 13.30 13.30 13.5 13.4

Region 2SW-JAPAN

Region 1NE-JAPAN

Region 4Landmark Area

Region 5Landmark Area

Region 3Target Area

Full disk

Interval : 10 minutes (6 times per hour)

Region 3 Target Area

Interval : 2.5 minutes (4 times in 10 min)

Dimension : EW x NS: 1000 x 1000 km

Region 2 JAPAN (South-West)

Interval : 2.5 minutes (4 times in 10 min)

Dimension : EW x NS: 2000 x 1000 km

Region 1 JAPAN (North-East)

Interval : 2.5 minutes (4 times in 10 min)

Dimension : EW x NS: 2000 x 1000 km

Region 4 Landmark Area

Interval : 0.5 minutes (20 times in 10 min)

Dimension : EW x NS: 1000 x 500 km

Region 5 Landmark Area

Interval : 0.5 minutes (20 times in 10 min)

Dimension : EW x NS: 1000 x 500 km

AHI Scanning Modes

6

Shiveluch Volcano (25 March 2015)

7

Himawari-8

band3 (0.64 μm)

0.5km, 2.5min

MTSAT-2

VIS(0.68 μm)

1km, 30min

Targeting observation

• Operational adaptive (targeting) observation is used for TCs and volcanos

• 1,000 x 1,000km

• 2.5 min

8

Himawari-8/9

raw data

JMA

Communication Satellite (CS)

HRIT files,SATAID files

All imagery(full data)

HimawariCloud service

HimawariCastservice

Users

CS Operator

C-band antenna

LNB converter

DVB-S2 receiver

PC & software

NMHSs

Data Distribution

9

• Updates the ground processing system in March 2016– Band-to-band co-registration, resampling

process, coherent noise reduction Significant improvement in image quality

• Image navigation– Residual error is less than ~1km

• Calibration– IR: very stable TB biases - less than 0.2K

for standard scenes, no significant diurnal variation

– VIS/NIR (reflectivity/radiance) bias: less than +/- 3% for bands 1-4 (0.46–0.86 μm) since June 2015– But +/- 4-6% biases still remain in bands 5 & 6

(1.6 & 2.3 μm)

Navigation and CalibrationMonitor website http://www.jma-net.go.jp/msc/en/index.html

High-resolution Cloud Analysis Information (HCAI)

Basic cloud product with latitude-longitude grid in 0.02 degree.

• cloud mask, cloud type and cloud top height

Produced hourly (24/day)

Cloud Top Height

Clear CloudMixed

Cloud Mask

11

Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV)

12Himawari-8 and MTSAT-2 IR AMV (QI>60, 2015 01 14 1700UTC)

Resolution 4km/30min.

Resolution 4km/60min.

MTSAT-2 AMVs

Colder color : upper level wind warmer color : low level wind

Resolution 2km/10min.

Himawari-8 AMVs

JMA/MSC has developed a new algorithm for Himawari-8 AMVs based on an

optimal estimation method for full exploitation of satellite data (Shimoji 2014).

• Assimilate AMV with better quality and coverage• 200 km thinning and 100

km average around Japan

• Improve analysis and forecast of wind speed

Assimilation of AMV

Forecast lead time [h]

Rel

ativ

e Im

pro

vem

ent

[%]

Better

Wo

rse

MTSAT2Himawari8Besttrack

Typhoon Track forecast of Nangka (T1511)Initialized at 12 UTC 13 July 2015

MTSAT2 Himawari8

Relative improvement of wind speed at 850hPa around Japan

Yamashita 2016, WGNE

Clear Sky Radiance (CSR) Area averaged clear sky brightness temperature All IR bands (3.9, 6.2, 6.9, 7.3, 8.6, 9.6, 10.4, 11.2, 12.4, 13.3 μm) Full disk, hourly produced and distributed via GTS mainly for NWP community Spatial resolution (averaging size): 16 x 16 pixel (IR) (i.e. 32 x 32 km @SSP) Band dependent clear pixel ratios for clear pixel detection Provided to NWP centers via GTS

00 UTC on15 August 2015

Band #8 (6.2 μm) Band #9 (6.9 μm) Band #10 (7.3 μm)

BrightnessTemperature

Clear PixelRatio

KWeighting function of

WV bands

• Reduce dry bias in global DA

• Improve front location and humidity convergence in mesoscale DA• improve precipitation

forecast

Radar and rain gauge composite

Analyzed total column water vapor [mm]

MTSAT-2 Himawari-8

Assimilation of CSR

Kazumori2016 WGNE

MTSAT-2 Himawari-8

3-h rainfall forecasts [mm/3h]

Rapidly Developing Cumulus Area (RDCA)

red: Cb(Cumulonimbus)

green: rapidly growing Cu(Cumulus)

blue: middle/lower/unknown cloud

provided

for

aviation

users only. 16

(movie)

height

• Developing cumulus is identified by cloud top and roughness

• Probability is estimated with a logistic regression method

• Detect about 20 min before lightning occurrence

• Detection accuracy is • High for isolated Cb clouds• Low when upper clouds cover potentially developing low clouds• Low at night time

17

Concept and accuracy of RDCA detection

DelayDetection before the lightning occurrence

Lead time of RDCA detection

South Pacific IslandsSoutheast Asia

http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/sat_hrp.php?area=r5s

Heavy Rainfall Potential Areas• Possible rainfall areas associated with deep convective clouds for

WMO SWFDP (Severe Weather Forecasting Demonstration Project)

• Detection is based on three infrared bands (6.2, 10.4, 12.4μm)• Product specification

• Coverage : Southeast Asia and South Pacific Island regions• Spatial resolution : 0.05˚• Update : every 10 min.• Data format: jpeg

• Note: not always correspond to the actual rainfall areas

18http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/data/himawari/sat_hrp.php?area=r2s

• Algorithm thresholds are determined to avoid missing heavy rain

• Verification against GSMaP shows small missings but large false alarms

19

http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/swfdp/ra2_swfdp_sea_sat.htmlhttp://www.wis-jma.go.jp/swfdp/ra5_swfddp_spi_sat.html

Heavy Rainfall Potential Areas GSMaP

http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/index.htm

Heavy Rainfall Potential Areas GSMaP

Southeast Asia South Pacific Islands

POD 81.2％ 80.5％

SR 1.2％ 1.2％

POD: Probability of Detection = hits/(hits+misses)SR: Success Ratio = hits/(hits+false_alarms)

Comparison with GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation)

• Himawari-8 was launched in October 2014 and began operation in July 2015

• Enhanced measurement capability : Higher spatial & temporal resolution and increased spectral bands

• Navigation & calibration: errors are small and stable

• Improved products • Cloud analysis, AMV, CSR, SST, aerosol, rapidly developing

cumulus area, heavy rainfall potential area• AMV and CSR have been operationally assimilated since

March 2016

• Plans• Himawari-9 will be launched on 1 November 2016 and start

operation in 2022

Summary and Plans