27.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT

• By the 1960s….• 1/3 of married women were

working but traditional stereotypes were still very strong

• Women were increasingly resentful

• Paid less for same job

• 75% of female workforce was in lower paying jobs (clerical, factory, house cleaning…)

27.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT

• Workplace Rights• JFK’s Commission on the

Status of Women (ER) highlighted many problems• Led by Eleanor Roosevelt

• Equal Pay Act (1963)• Outlawed paying men

more than women for the same job• Does outlawing something

end it?

27.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT

• The Feminine Mystique• Written by Betty Friedan in 1963

• Describes feelings of discontent among women

• General sense of being “unfulfilled” among women – is there more to life than this?

• Sparked discussions, “conscious raising sessions” among women

• Friedan interview

THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT AND WOMEN

• Women were included in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII)

• This outlawed job discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin and gender

• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was put in charge of enforcing it• Even they ruled in ‘65 that gender-

segregated help-wanted ads were OK

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN

• NOW – founded by Friedan and others in 1966• Founded to pursue feminist goals

• Focused/focuses on…• Education• Women in the workplace• Wage gap• Equal Rights Amendment• Public relations (Ms. Magazine

edited by Gloria Steinem)

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT

• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)• Passed by Congress in 1972

• “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex”

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT

• Amendments need to be ratified by at least 38 states (75%)

• 35 ratify but then opposition grows, it has never been passed

• Opponents argue….• It would take away some traditional rights,

such as alimony & single sex colleges• Women would now be drafted• Does it apply to same-sex marriage?• Phyllis Schlafly leads the Stop-ERA effort

EQUALITY IN EDUCATION

• The Feminist Movement sought to ban discrimination in education

• Educational Amendments – a collection of laws passed in 1972• Includes Title IX – prohibits

federally funded schools from discriminating against females in all areas of schooling• ex. Admissions, sports• Benefits of Title IX• Problems with Title IX?

TITLE IX

• “…no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance…” • – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

ROE V. WADE

• All about reproductive rights and privacy…..or is it?

• Early in U.S. history some abortions were allowed

• By the mid-1800s many states began passing laws prohibiting abortion except in instances to save the mother’s life

• Until 1973 the issue of abortion was left up to the states

ROE V. WADE

• Roe v. Wade Case (1973)1. State gov’ts can’t regulate

abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy (woman’s right of privacy)

2. During the 2nd 3 months states can regulate on the basis of the mother’s health

3. States can ban abortion in the final 3 months except in case of medical emergency

ROE V. WADE

• This decision sparked a major debate in our nation as between Pro Life and Pro Choice advocates

• The battle over this decision, and others related to it, continues today

• It is entwined/connected with many other issues such as the Civil Rights and Feminist Movements….why?

SINCE ROE V. WADE

• New cases and technological developments continue to affect this issue

• Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)• States could place some

restrictions on all abortions (such as?)

• Struck down some other laws (such as?)

• Pennsylvania abortion laws

IMPACT OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT

1. More women attending college

2. More careers outside the home, huge gain in professional jobs (doctors, lawyers)

3. Two working parent homes are much more common

4. More child care offered in the workplace

5. More flexible hours offered in the workplace

6. More female athletes in high school, college, and pros

----- not all great…..ex. there is still a wage gap

LATINO AMERICANS ORGANIZE

• Most LA’s live(d) in the Southwest• Originally the large majority

came from Mexico

• By the mid 1900s they were arriving from a greater variety of nations• Ex. Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras

• Some LAs began to form organizations to fight for their civil rights and against discrimination

LATINOS MIGRATE NORTH

• Mexican immigration began to rise a great deal in the 20th century• Why? • Mexican Revolution (1910)

• 1930 – 90% of those with Mexican heritage lived in TX, CA, AZ, NM and CO

• During the 1910s and 1920s many ethnic Mexicans headed to cities in the Midwest and North in search of jobs

MEXICANS FACE DISCRIMINATION

• Many Mexicans lived in barrios – what were these?

• By the 1930s most Mexicans in Los Angeles lived in small, run down housing with high rates of infant mortality and disease

• In the first half of the 20th century most Mexicans living in the West/Southwest suffered discrimination • Could only find low paying jobs• Experienced residential segregation

FEDEARL GOV’T AND LATINOS

• The Great Depression and WWII affected the lives of Mexicans living in the United States• Repatriation – forced

deportations; seen as competition for limited amount of jobs• Bracero Program – Mexican

workers received short term, low wage jobs to fill the labor shortage• 1954 – IKE launched a program to

deport illegal Latino Americans (problems with this program?)

OTHER LATINOS ARRIVE

• Puerto Ricans• Many started to arrive after WWII• Citizens of the U.S. since 1917• Most PRs settled in New York and experienced

discrimination

• After the Cuban Revolution of 1959 thousands of Cubans began emigrating to the U.S.• Many settled in Florida (Miami)• How were they treated, why?

• In 1960 3 million Latinos arrived in the U.S.

• By the late 1960s over 9 million had arrived• What impact would this have on American

society?• Projections of Hispanic population in the U.S.• Latinos by State• Hispanic population in our area