The Beginning of the The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution War and Revolution
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The Road to World War IThe Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent
Rivalries over colonies Nationalism Socialist labor movements create fear nations on the eve
of revolution Militarism
Conscription• Russia an army of 1.3 million; • France and Germany, 900,000
Influence of military leaders• Complex military plans• Inflexibility of military plans
The Outbreak of War: The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914Summer of 1914
Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans
Assassination of Francis Ferdinand Bosnian activist working for a Serbian terrorist
organization with an aim for a pan-Slavic kingdom Austria-Hungary sought German support for fear of
Russia’s alliance with Serbia Austria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia August, 1, 1914
Impact of the Schlieffen PlanImpact of the Schlieffen Plan Because Russia and France had a military alliance
since 1894, General Alfred von Schlieffen devised a two-front military plan on both countries First, invade and defeat France, then deploy
German army to the east against Russia Germany declared war on France Britain declared war on Germany August 4 – all great powers of Europe were at war
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
The Great WarThe Great War 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate Visions of the war Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914 Russian failures
Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914 Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914 Driven out of Galicia and Serbia
Italy enters the war on the Allied side
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
World War I, 1914-1918World War I, 1914-1918
1916 – 1917: 1916 – 1917: The Great SlaughterThe Great Slaughter Trench warfare
“No man’s land” No plan for fighting a trench war Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed Horrors of trench warfare
World War I, cont’d World War I, cont’d
Entry of the United States Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915 German return to unrestricted submarine
warfare United States enters the war, April 6,
1917 Bolshevik Revolution, 1917
The Widening of the WarThe Widening of the War Ottoman Empire took Germany’s side Russia, Great Britain, and France declared war on Ottoman
• Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 Bulgaria entered the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central
Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman) A Global Conflict
Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes against
Ottoman British mobilized forces from India, Australia, and New Zealand Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South
West Africa, and German East Africa, Pacific Allied governments used Africans as soldiers and labor Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in European factories as
laborers Japan joined Allies to seize control of German territories in Asia
• Japan took German territories in China, Marshall, Mariana, and Caroline Islands
Soldiers from Around the WorldSoldiers from Around the World
The Home Front: The Home Front: The Impact of Total WarThe Impact of Total War
Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation
With great demands for men and material, governments extended their powers
Drafted tens of millions of young men Free market systems shelved so governments
could test price, wage, and rent controls Food supplies and materials rationed Nationalized transportation systems and industries
Control of Public OpinionControl of Public Opinion
Casualties grew Patriotic enthusiasm waned Government took strenuous measures to fight
opposition Expansion of police measures to stifle dissent Use of propaganda to arouse enthusiasm
Women in the War EffortWomen in the War Effort New role for women Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even chimney
sweeps and truck drivers Wages increased but never equaled men’s Jobs not secure After war, governments removed women from jobs Wages were lowered Positive impact: women’s movement for political
emancipation Right to vote (Britain in 1918, later in Germany and
Austria) Women took jobs, had apartments, smoked in public, wore
shorter dresses, adopted radical hairstyles
Territorial Changes in Europe and Territorial Changes in Europe and Middle East After World War IMiddle East After World War I
Crisis in Russia and the End of the WarCrisis in Russia and the End of the War
The Russian Revolution Problems of Tsar Nicholas II Military problems Influence of Rasputin
The March Revolution Strikes led by women with soldiers in Petrograd, March, 1917 Provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, continued war Government faced soviets, or councils of workers’ and soldiers’
deputies, who sprang up in army units, factory towns, and rural areas Soviets were from the lower classes with radical interests and largely
groups of socialists, including Bolsheviks
Lenin and the Bolshevik RevolutionLenin and the Bolshevik Revolution Vladimir Ulianov Lenin (1870-1824) Bolsheviks a party dedicated to revolution which can destroy the
capitalist system Exiled in Switzerland, German shipped Lenin to Russia to create
disorder Bolsheviks promised masses: redistribution of land to peasants,
transfer of factories and industries from capitalists to workers, relegation of government power from Provisional Government to soviets
Bolshevik program’s three slogans: “Peace, Land, Bread” “Worker Control of Production “All Power to the Soviets”
Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917 Bolsheviks were renamed the Communists Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up Poland, Ukraine,
Finland, and Baltic Provinces Promised peace, but country sank into civil war
Civil WarCivil War Opposition to Communist regime from groups loyal to tsar,
bourgeois and aristocratic liberals, and anti-Leninst socialists Allied Troops sent to Russia to fight Communist (Red) Army White army from Siberia defeated Urkraine retaken, along with Caucasus: Georgia, Russian
Armenia, and Azerbaijan How the Bolsheviks won? Leon Trotsky “war communism”, “revolutionary terror”, Red secret police
unleashed Red Terror, chekka Allied intervention Communist regime transformed Russia into a bureaucratically
centralized state with a single party
The Last Year of the WarThe Last Year of the War Last German offensive, March - July, 1918 Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July
18, 1918 William II abdicated, November 9, 1918 Armistice, November 11, 1918
The Casualties of War Devastated European civilization 8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded Birthrate declined Lost generation of war veterans Civilians died from war injuries and starvation 600,000 Armenians killed, 500,000 deported with
400,000 dying on their way to safe haven
The Peace SettlementThe Peace Settlement Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied
nations Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his
nation’s security Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to
punish Germany Agreement to create the League of Nations
The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary,
Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919
Article 231, War Guilt Clause Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy,
eliminate the air force Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections
of Prussia given to Poland Demilitarized zone on the Rhine
The Other Peace TreatiesThe Other Peace Treaties Territorial changes in Europe
Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears Germany and Russia lose territory
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem
Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire Mandates
• France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine
The Search for StabilityThe Search for Stability Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Weaknesses of the League of Nations Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr
valley Dawes Plan, August 1924 Treaty of Locarno, 1925 Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926 Disarmament
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Two events set the stage for the depression
Problems in domestic economies International financial crisis
Problems of the 1920’s Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 World wide problems
High unemployment Bank failures
Governments relied on: Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising
tariffs Increased involvement of the government into economics
Renewed interest in Marxist principles
The Great Depression: The Great Depression: Bread Lines in ParisBread Lines in Paris
The Democratic StatesThe Democratic States Britain
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynes argued for putting people to work Called for deficit spending
France Governmental problems Popular Front
Germany Weimar Republic Runaway inflation, 1922-1923 Prosperity from 1924-1929
United States New Deal Works Progress Administration (WPA) Social reforms
Socialism in Soviet RussiaSocialism in Soviet Russia Problems facing Russia after the Civil War New Economic Policy (NEP)
Modified capitalism The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952)
Women’s rights and social welfare Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power The Politburo Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized
power