New Encounters: The New Encounters: The Creation of a World Creation of a World

MarketMarket

1313

An Age of An Age of Exploration and ExpansionExploration and Expansion

Islam and the Spice Trade Spice trade transported in Muslim ships from India or Middle East Islam established in Sumatra and Java seaports and moved inland New sultanate at Malacca – leading economic regional power Spread of Islam to other trading ports, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi,

Philippines Muslim faith and Sufism

Spread of Islam in West Africa Muslim trade and religious influence expanded south of Sahara to

West Africa Muslim control over Mediterranean coast regions brought Islamic

values, political culture, and legal traditions Kingdom of Mali Kingdom of Songhai Askia Mohammed, a fervent Muslim

A New Player: EuropeA New Player: Europe European medieval travelers

Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 The Motives

Economic motive, religious zeal, expansion a state, “God, glory, and gold”

Rise of capitalism: expansion of trade and search for metals Crusading mentality strong in Portugal and Spain

The Means European monarchies increased authority and resources, so turned

to the world beyond their borders Portugal went overseas – not strong enough to pursue Europe Spain: had means to pursue power on Continent and beyond Knowledge and technology Portolani (charts), seaworthy ships, sails, rudder, compass

Portuguese Maritime EmpirePortuguese Maritime Empire The Portuguese lead in exploration

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Sought Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims Sought new trade opportunities Explored west coast of Africa for gold Returned with black Africans who were sold as slaves

The Portuguese in India Route to India around southern tip of Africa Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 attempts to get to India – failed Vasco da Gama, 1498 finds India and lands in Calicut

The Search for Spices Alfonso de Albuquerque 1510 established headquarters at Goa Attacked Malacca to destroy the Arab spice trade network and

provide way station Expeditions to China and Moluccas (Spice Islands) Seized control of spice trade from Muslin traders Success due to guns and seamanship

The Spice IslandsThe Spice Islands

Spanish Conquest in the Spanish Conquest in the “New World”“New World”

The Voyages Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502

John Cabot, 1497 New England

Pedro Cabral, 1500 South America

Amerigo Vespucci, wrote letters named new lands “America” (after Amerigo)

Columbus Lands in the AmericasColumbus Lands in the Americas

The ConquestsThe Conquests Opportunities for conquest and exploitation Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Cape of Good Hope route for Portuguese Route across Atlantic for Spain

Spanish conquistadors: upper-class people motivated by glory, greed, and religious zeal

Superior weapons, organizational skills, determination Hernan Cortés defeated Moctezuma and conquered

Mexico in 1519 Francisco Pizarro controlled Inka Empire (Peru) 1531-

1536

Governing the EmpireGoverning the Empire

Encomienda Forced labor Diesase

Council of the Indies Viceroy New Spain and Peru

Papal agreement

The Impact of The Impact of European ExpansionEuropean Expansion

Native Americans ravaged by disease Psychological impact Conquerors sought gold and silver New products sent to Europe Deepened rivalries Why did Europeans risk their lives?

New RivalsNew Rivals Portuguese

Portugal lacked numbers, wealth to dominate tradeDisease, shipwreck and battles took a toll

Europeans in Asia Ferdinand Magellan conquered the Philippines for

Spain First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 East India Company sent fleet to Surat, India in 1608 Dutch arrived in India in 1595 Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

Europeans in the AmericasEuropeans in the Americas Dutch, French, English made inroads on Spanish and

Portuguese possessions in Americas

Portuguese trade eroded in both West and the East Colonial empire in Brazil was profitable

Dutch made inroads in Brazil and Caribbean Colony of New Netherland stretched from Hudson river

as far north as Albany, New York Dutch West India company went bankrupt

Europeans in the Americas, cont’dEuropeans in the Americas, cont’d

French Lesser Antilles and Louisiana Canada was part of French crown and became a French

province Conflict in Europe took precedence over conquest in

Americas English

Seized New Netherland and renamed it New York Colonial empire along Atlantic seaboard Huge immigration to Americas to escape religious

oppression and for economic interests

Africa in TransitionAfrica in Transition Portuguese in east Africa

Gold trade Mwene Matapa

Southern Africa Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652

West Africa Mali Songhai

• King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528• Broke up after his death

Increased European contact with West Africa

European Possessions in the European Possessions in the West IndiesWest Indies

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade Origins of Slavery in Africa

Traffic in slaves existed for centuries before the Portuguese arrived in Africa

Primary market for slaves was Middle East Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans Need for slaves to work in labor intensive sugar cane

industries in New World Growth of Slave Trade

16th C: 275,000 African slaves exported 17th C: a million 18th C: 6 million 16th-19th C: 10 million to Americas and 2 million to

other areas

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage High death rates from voyage Treated inhumanely – chained, faced diseases and stink

from human waste Sources of Slaves

Prisoners or war captives or inherited their status Served as domestic servants or wageless workers Purchase from local slave markets for gold, guns,

textiles, utensils Took Africans from coast, then went inland and

launched forays against defenseless villages

Effects of Slave TradeEffects of Slave Trade

Lives of individual victims and families Depopulation of areas of continent (Angola, south

of Congo, East Africa) 20% sold were children European justification:

• slave trading historical• African intermediaries were the sellers• Slaves could be converted to Christianity and would

replace weak American Indian workers

Political and Social Structures in Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continenta Changing Continent

Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations of local cottage industry

Limited European penetration of Africa Altering of trading empires European impact on inland areas European impact on West Africa

Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit

contributed to conflict among states Splintering of the Congo region

East Africa Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

Southeast Asia in the Era of the Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The arrival of the WestSpice Trade: The arrival of the West

Dutch East India Company Batavia, 1619

Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam

resisted foreign encroachment Spices did not flourish on the mainland Europeans became involved in factional struggles By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon

their trading stations

State and Society in State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast AsiaPre-colonial Southeast Asia

Religion and Kingship Islam and Christianity make inroads Buddhism in the lowland areas Four types of political systems: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic sultans, Vietnamese

Emperors Economy and Society

Mostly agriculture during the early European period Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics Higher standard of living than most of Asia Social institutions

European Voyages and Possessions European Voyages and Possessions in the 16in the 16thth and 17 and 17thth Centuries Centuries

The Pattern of World Trade The Pattern of World Trade from 16from 16thth-18-18thth Centuries Centuries

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires,

and how did their methods differ?

What were some of the consequences of the arrival of the European traders and missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?

What were the main features of the African slave trade, and what effects did European participation have on traditional practices?

What were the main characteristics of Southeast Asia societies, and how were they affected by the coming of Islam and the Europeans?