Europe Transformed: Europe Transformed: Reform and State BuildingReform and State Building

1414

The Reformation of the The Reformation of the Sixteenth CenturySixteenth Century

Protestant Reformation Christian church divided into Catholic and Protestant groups

Background to the Reformation Changes in 15th C paved way for upheavals in 16th C

Growth of State Power Renaissance monarchs wanted concentration of authority,

suppressed nobility, controlled church, wanted new sources of revenues to increase royal power and grow military forces

Niccoló Machiavelli, The Prince• Themes: acquisition, maintenance, expansion of political power

as a means to restore and maintain order• Abandon morality as the basis for the analysis of political

activity

Social Changes in the RenaissanceSocial Changes in the Renaissance Nobles – 2-3 percent

dominated society, holding political posts and served as advisers to the king

Peasants – 85-90 percent Becoming legally free Resented social superiors and wanted greater share of benefits

from their labors Resentful peasants (esp. in Germany) led to support of religious

reform movements Merchants and artisans

Patricians – traders, industrialists, bankers Burghers – shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, guildsmen

Propertyless workers and unemployed – 30-40 percent• Earning pitiful wages, lived squalid and miserable lives• Supported radical religious reform

The Impact of PrintingThe Impact of Printing Impact on intellectual life and thought Multiple printing with movable metal type Johannes Gutenberg Gutenberg’s Bible 1455 or 1456 – first book By 1500, Europe had 1,000 printers and published 40,000 titles (8-10

million copies) Books encouraged scholarly research and desire to attain knowledge Stimulated ever expanding lay reading public New religious ideas spread rapidly Allowed European civilization to compete with civilization in China

Prelude to ReformationPrelude to Reformation Christian humanism or northern Renaissance humanism

Goal to reform Christendom Believed in the ability of human beings to reason and

improve themselves through education - an inner piety or inward religious

feeling - bring about reform of the church and society Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

• Concept “the philosophy of Christ”• Christianity is the guiding philosophy for daily life rather than

dogmatic beliefs and practices of the church

Church and Religion on the Church and Religion on the Eve of the ReformationEve of the Reformation

Corruption in the Catholic church Renaissance popes failed to meet church’s spiritual needs

Involved in worldly interests Julius II (1503-1513) led armies against his enemies Concerned with money and used church to advance

careers and wealth People wanted meaningful religious expression and

certainty of salvation Collections of relics Indulgences

Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the Reformation in GermanyReformation in Germany

Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg Looking for assurance of salvation Catholic Church emphasized both faith and good works Luther arrived at the idea of justification by faith alone Immediate problem was the selling of indulgences

Ninety-five Theses, 1517 Excommunication, 1521

The religious movement became a revolution Support of German rulers in 300 states of the Holy

Roman Empire Lutheran churches were in the hands of the states New religious services replaced the Catholic Mass:

bible reading, preaching word of God, and song

Politics and Religion in the Politics and Religion in the German ReformationGerman Reformation

Fate of Luther’s movement was tied to political affairs Holy Roman Empire consisted of Spain, overseas possessions,

Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, Low Countries, kingdom of Naples

Charles V hoped to maintain the unity of his empire in the Catholic faith

German states became quite independent of imperial authority Lutheranism was established by the time Charles’ army arrived in

1546 Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Lutheran states have same legal rights as catholic states Rulers free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism Subjects did not have the right to choose their own religion

Luther Versus the PopeLuther Versus the Pope

The Spread of the The Spread of the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536• Doctrine of predestination• Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536

English Reformation King Henry VIII of England (1509-1574)

• Desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon• Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, 1533• Act of Supremacy, 1534• King Edward VI of England (1547-1553)• Queen Mary of England (1553-1558)

The Social Impact of the The Social Impact of the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

New view of the family Eliminated idea of special holiness for celibacy Abolished monasticism and celibate clergy Family is at center of human life Stress on ‘mutual love between man and wife” Doctrine was not reality

Women was still a subordinate

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation Society of Jesus, 1540 Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Absolute obedience Use of education to achieve their goals

A Reformed papacy Pope Paul III, 1534-1549

• Reform commission• Recognized the Jesuits

Council of Trent, 1545-1563 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

Europe in Crisis, 1560-1650Europe in Crisis, 1560-1650 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Huguenots Ultra-Catholics War of the three Henries, (1588-1589) Henry IV, (1589-1610) Edict of Nantes, (1598)

Philip II and Militant Catholicism Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598)

• Strict conformity to Catholicism; strong monarchical authority• Problems with the Spanish Netherlands• Attempted to crush Calvinism• Revolt in Dutch provinces; after 12-yr battle, new modern

independent Dutch state• Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks• Beginning of 17th C, Spanish treasury was empty, armed forces

obsolescent, government inefficient

The England of ElizabethThe England of Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII England became leader of Protestant nations of Europe Laid foundations for a world empire Religious policy based on moderation and compromise Repealed Catholic laws of Mary’s reign New Act of Supremacy – Elizabeth “the only supreme

governor” of church and state Church of England was Protestant and moderate Defeated the Spanish Armada

Economic and Social CrisisEconomic and Social Crisis

Italy became an economic backwater Population decline

In 1500, increase from 60 million to 85 million In 1650, decline after 1650, esp. in central and southern

Europe Witchcraft Mania

Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted Poor most likely to be accused More than 75 percent were women

Economic Trends in the Economic Trends in the Seventeenth CenturySeventeenth Century

Mercantilism Prosperity of a nation depended on a plentiful supply of

bullion (gold and silver) Needed a favorable balance of trade: exports greater than

imports Monopolies, subsidies, import foreign artisans, improve

transportation systems by building roads, bridges, and canals High tariffs on foreign goods to reduce imports and prevent

competition Colonies source of raw materials and are markets for

finished goods Joint-stock company led to growth of commercial capitalism Economy still depended on agricultural system 80 % of Europeans still worked the land Peasants free of serfdom but saw didn’t improve their lives

Seventeenth Century Crises: Seventeenth Century Crises: Revolution and WarRevolution and War

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire Peace of Westphalia, 1648

A Military Revolution? Changes in science of warfare between 1560-1650 Increased use of firearms and cannons Greater flexibility and mobility in tactics Better disciplined and better-trained armies Needed large standing armies (conscription) Needed large bureaucracies to supervise state resources Needed more revenue from taxes – economic burden

Europe in Seventeenth CenturyEurope in Seventeenth Century

Response to Crisis: Response to Crisis: The Practice of AbsolutismThe Practice of Absolutism

France under Louis XIV Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King

• Divine-right monarchy Political Institutions

• Control of central policy-making machinery• Versailles served three purposes• Greatest danger came from the high nobility• King has authority over foreign policy, war and

peace, secular power of the crown against religious authority, ability to levy taxes.

The Economy and the MilitaryThe Economy and the Military Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), controller of

finances Promoted mercantilism State intervention in economy Decrease imports and increase exports Subsidies for new industries Built roads and canals Raised tariffs on foreign goods Professional army: 100,000 men in peacetime, 400,000

in war 4 wars between 1667-1713 Louis left France impoverished and surrounded by

enemies

Interior of Versailles: Interior of Versailles: The Hall of MirrorsThe Hall of Mirrors

Absolutism in Absolutism in Central and Eastern EuropeCentral and Eastern Europe

Prussia• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) • Frederick I, First king of Prussia, 1701

Austria• Expansion of territory• Monarch never became a centralized absolutist state because

of the many national groups• Austria - a collection of territories held together by Habsburg

emperor: Archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary

• Each had its own laws and political life

From Moscovy to RussiaFrom Moscovy to Russia Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)

First to take the title tsar Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy

Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar

Peter the Great (1689-1725) Trip west, 1697-1698 Plans to westernize Russia Reorganize army and navy Divided Russia into provinces Hoped to create a sense of civic duty

England and Limited MonarchyEngland and Limited Monarchy England was resistance to absolute monarchy Conflict Between King and Parliament

James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of England Divine right of kings which alienated Parliament Charles I (1625-1649) Divine-right monarchy and religious differences added to

hostility between Charles I and Parliament Civil War and Commonwealth

Civil war (1642-1648) won by parliamentary forces led by New Model Army of Oliver Cromwell

Charles I executed, monarchy abolished and named a republic or commonwealth

Parliament dispersed by force and military dictatorship established

Monarchy restored after Cromwell’s death in 1658

Civil War in EnglandCivil War in England

Restoration and a Restoration and a Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

Charles II (1660-1685) Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings Declaration of Indulgence, 1672 Charles forced to suspend the declaration

James II (1685-1688) Open and devout Catholic Religion once again area of conflict Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife Mary,

the Protestant daughter of James II Bill of Rights

The Flourishing of The Flourishing of European CultureEuropean Culture

Art: The Baroque Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with

the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Art: Dutch Realism Realistic portrayal of everyday life

A Golden Age of Literature in England Called the Elizabethan Era William Shakespeare (1564-1614)

Peter Paul Rubens, Peter Paul Rubens, The Landing of The Landing of Marie de’ Medici at MarseillesMarie de’ Medici at Marseilles

Europe, China, and Europe, China, and Scientific RevolutionsScientific Revolutions

Sense of order in Chinese society Competitive spirit of Europe Chinese ideological viewpoint of living in

harmony with nature rather than trying to dominate it

Best and brightest of the Chinese brought into governmental service through the examination system

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

What were the main tenets of Lutheranism and Calvinism, and how did they differ from each other and other Catholicism?

What was absolutism, and what were the main characteristics of the absolute monarchies that emerged in France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia?

What was the relationship between European overseas expansion and political, economic, and social developments in Europe?