Historical Background of Islam From Mohammed to 1918

8/2/2019 Historical Background of Islam From Mohammed to 1918

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Historical Background

of the Middle Eastfrom Mohammed to 1918


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Arabs before Islam

Tribal society on theArabian peninsula Farmers, traders, nomadic

shepherds

Tribal organization (Hashem) Descended from Abraham

Pagan Pre-Mohammed believed in

animist religion

City of Mecca (major idolcenter) Quaba


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Quraiysh

Qussaiy

Abdmanaf

Abdshams Hashem

(Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth

(661-750) (750-1258)

Muhammad Ali

Adbelmuttalib

Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty

Abraham

Ismail

Adnan

Lineage of Mohammed


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Mohammeds Background

Born 570 A.D. near Mecca

Father died before the boy was born;

Mother died when he was six.

Consigned to the care of his grandfather, thehead of the clan of Hashem.

After the death of his grandfather, Muhammedwas raised by his uncle, Abu Talib.

About the year 590 A.D. entered the service ofa wealthy widow named Khadijah, a caravanowner 15 years his senior who later became hisfirst wife.


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Mohammed the Prophet

610 A.D. Began to receive the Quran(Koran) from Allah via the Angel Gabriel

Proclaim! In the name of thy Lord

and Cherisher, Who created man, out ofa mere clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! Qur'an 96:1-5

Preached the new religion of Islam (totalsubmission to God) to people of Meccafor next 12 years.


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Rejection in Mecca

From about 620, Mecca became actively hostile,

since much of its revenues depended on itspagan shrine, the Kaaba. Mohammed and his followers were invited to the town

of Yathrib by Jewish and Christian tribes after theywere no longer welcome in Mecca.

In 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar, they setout on the Hijra, the emigration to Yathrib, laterrenamed Medina, meaning "the city" whereMohammed concluded a treaty with the tribes ofMedina.

A large number of Medinans, known as the Ansar(helpers), were attracted to Mohammed's cause. Early versions of Islamic practice included Jewish

practices such as the fast of Yom Kippur andprayer to Jerusalem. These were eventually dropped, and the direction of prayer

was turned to Mecca.


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Collecting Followers Mohammed believed firmly in his position as

last of the prophets and as successor of Jesusand prophets before him. Therefore, he at firstexpected that the Jews and Christians wouldwelcome him and accept his revelations, but he

was soon disappointed. Medina had a large Jewish population that

controlled most of the wealth of the city, and aportion of them at least refused to give their

new ruler any kind of religious allegiance. Mohammed, after a long quarrel, appropriated

much of their property, and destroyed twoJewish tribes, the Banu Nadir and the Banu

Quraizah.


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Tolerance of People of the Book

Christians and Jews, upon payment ofa yearly tax, were allowed religiousfreedom and, while maintaining their

status as non-Muslims, were associatemembers of the Muslim state.

This status did not apply to polytheists,who could not be tolerated within acommunity that worshipped the OneGod.


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The Return to Mecca In 629, Mohammed reentered Mecca without

bloodshed and in a spirit of tolerance whichestablished an ideal for future conquests. He destroyed the idols in the Ka'bah, to put an end

forever to pagan practices there. The Meccans were forced to convert to Islam, and the

powerful Quraish and Umayya tribes were incorporatedinto the Islamic leadership by giving members of theirleaders prominent positions in the militaryand government.

The new religion evolved into a way of life and recipe

for community organization, providing a religious andideological framework for uniting the Arab tribes, anda social and organizational framework for regulatingthe unified action of the nomads.

The separate tribes had been re-formed into a Muslim-Arab Umma (community).


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The Succession

Just before he died unexpectedly in 632,Mohammed made what is known as hisFarewell Presentation.

In it he made clear that his revelations were

meant for all peoples of the Earth, not justArabs and that his followers were expectedto take his message to all mankind. All those who listen to me shall pass on my

words to others and those to others again; andmay the last ones understand my words betterthan those who listen to me directly. Be mywitness Oh God, that I have conveyed yourmessage to your people.


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632-661: the Four ElectedSuccessors (Caliphs)

Abu-Bakr - 632-634 The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager

Omar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644, "Commander of the Believers A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just. Conquered the Levant, Egypt, Iraq, Persia

Damascus (635) and Jerusalem (638) surrender peacefully

Omars pledge to the Jerusalemites: Toleration A modern state: Treasury, communication, defense. Engraved

currency.

Othman bin Affan - 644-656 Collected and compiled the Quran Emergence of power struggle

Ali Bin Abutalib - 656-661 Power struggle escalated to armed conflict

Emergence of political parties

End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia

(661-680)


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The Ummayah Dynasty, 661-750 Empire center and capital move to Damascus

Expansion: All N. Africa (Atlantic), W. Europe,much of C. Asia, the wall of China 711: Conquer of Spain and Portugal. Tariq Bin

Ziyad

Expansion into W. Europe blocked in Franceby Charles Martel, 732

Power Struggle continues, but the Caliphsbrutally liquidate all rivals

Addelmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and theDome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691)

Arabization of the empire Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and

science


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The Abbassides Dynasty, 750-1258

A coalition of non-Arabs and Shia Arabs

overthrows the Ummayah caliphate and movesthe center of the Empire to Iraq and Iran

Baghdad, built 762 AD. With over 2 Millioninhabitants, Baghdad becomes the glamorous

center of the world Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth

Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries andhospitals everywhere

An Ummayah dynasty continues in Spain untilthe 9th century Qurtoba (Cordova) competes with Baghdad

Cairo, built 968 AD


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The Golden Age of Islamic Culture andScience (c. 750 CE - c. 1258 CE)

A dedicated quest for knowledge and a burst of scientificinnovation in a multi-ethnic and multi-faith society

Lasted for over 5 centuries, and produced a plethora of knowledgeand discoveries in all disciplines

Induced the later European renaissance

Repeated requests in both the Quran and the Hadith for seekingknowledge, and application of rational thinking Seek knowledge even in China Seek knowledge from crib to grave

On judgment day, the ink of scientists is valued by God higherthan the blood of martyrs

The two important disciplines of science are theology and biology Initially, massive translation of Greek and Indian writings

preserved all literary and scientific works and transmitted them toEurope


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Medicine and Pharmacy Institutionalized and regulated the practice of Medicine and

Pharmacy The modern concept of clinics Board exams and license to practice. Regulatory boards

Classification of plants and Algae for their medical use, and outlinedpossible side effects

Hospitals: Including specialized, in each of Baghdad, Qurtoba, and Damascus.

Mobile hospitals for emergency. Departments and University Hospitals.

Patients records and vital signs, urine tests, family history.

Surgery: Threads from animals intestine.

Opium and Hashish for Anesthesia.

Alcohol as disinfectant.

Treatment of cataract, and removal of kidney and gallbladder stones

Autopsy: Students training (Anatomy) Cause of death


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MEDICINE

Al-Razi Rhazes (c. 865-c. 930), : wasthe first to diagnose smallpox and measles,to associate these diseases and others withhuman contamination.

His extensive medical treatise in ninevolumes, "Hawi" was used as a textbook inthe Sorbonne as late as 1395.

Promoted psychotherapy.

Stressed importance of a balanced diet forgood health. Built a hospital in Baghdad.
http://users.erols.com/zenithco/razi.html


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Chemistry and Physics

Arabic terms and methods of preparation for Alkali,Alcohol, Tartarate

Discovered and prepared in pure form 28 elements(Ibn Elhaytham)

The processes of crystallization, fermentation,distillation, sublimation,

Preparation of acids (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3) andbases (NaOH)

Light travels in straight lines. Laws of refraction,reflection and illusion of light.

Alluded to the Magnetic properties of some objects


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Mathematics Arabic numeral and the decimal system of

numbers.

Arithmetic. Roots and powers

Algorithm

The mathematical ZERO Algebra (combining fractions).

The Use of (x, y, z) to solve complexarithmetic/geometric problems

Trigonometry Differential and Integral calculus.

pi = 3.141596535898732.


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Astronomy

Astrology (myth) Astronomy (science)

Movement, path, and location of planets andstars

Earth is spherical and rotates along its axisand around the sun. Calculated earth circumference (Albairuni)

Calculated the time needed for one rotation

around the sun (solar year) Calculated the equinoxes


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CUISINE

Crusaderscarried spices withthem home from Palestine to

western Europe.

Rice, Sesame, pepper, ginger,cloves, melons and shallots,

as well as dates, figs,oranges, lemons, and othercitrus fruits, were introducedinto European cuisine via theCrusaders and the trade

caravans of Easternmerchants.


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A Time of Rapid Decline

The Arab empire began to disintegrate soonafter the Golden age, and a period ofindependent Caliphates and successivechaotic invasions followed.

The Shi'ite Fatimids established anindependent Caliphate in North Africa in910, and conquered Egypt in 969, foundingthe city of Cairo.

The Buwayhids occupied the throne ofPersia in 932 and conquered Baghdad in945.


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Non-Arabs Assume Control

Seljuk Turks entered the MiddleEast from Asia around 1000AD.

They established a highly

cohesive, well-administered

Sunni state under the nominalauthority of the 'Abbasid caliphs

at Baghdad.

By 1055 they were powerful

enough to take control of whatwas left of the Baghdad

caliphate.

By 1071 Seljuks extended their

rule to the Holy Lands of

Palestine.

The Seljuk Empire in 1092
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg


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Pope Urban IIs Call for Crusade

"From the confines of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople agrievous report has gone forth and has been brought repeatedly to ourears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians [the Turks,who conquered ancient Persia],... a race wholly alienated from God, hasviolently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated themby pillage and fire.... They have either destroyed the churches of God orhave appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroythe altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanliness.... Thekingdom of the Greeks [the Byzantine, or Eastern Empire] is nowdismembered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extentthat it could not be traversed in two months' time.

"Accordingly, undertake this journey eagerly for the remission of your

sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in thekingdom of heaven."

When an armed attack is made upon your enemy, let this one cry beraised by all the soldiers of God: `It is the will of God! It is the will ofGod!'....


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Contemporary Description of theChristian Conquest of Jerusalem, 1099

But now that our men had possession of the walls and towers,wonderful sights were to be seen.

Some of our men (and this was more merciful) cut off theheads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, so thatthey fell from the towers; others tortured them longer bycasting them into the flames. Piles of heads, hands, and feet

were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary topick one's way over the bodies of men and horses.

But these were small matters compared to what happened atthe Temple of Solomon, a place where religious services areordinarily chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, itwill exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this

much, at least, that in the Temple and porch of Solomon, menrode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.

Indeed, it was a just and splendid judgment of God that thisplace should be filled with the blood of the unbelievers, since ithad suffered so long from their blasphemies.


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The Mongols Despite the conquest of Baghdad by the

Seljuk Turks, the Abbasids still rulednominally as Caliphs until 1258, when theMongols sacked Baghdad. ,

The Mongols swept across the Middle East,reaching the Mediterranean and wreakinghavoc in the already weakened remains of theArab empire. The advance was finally

stopped at the battle of Ayn Jalut nearNazereth in Palestine in 1260.

The Mongols eventually converted to Islamand were integrated in the Muslim domains.


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Tamerlane (1336-1405)or Timur, the Lame


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The Mamlukes

The Mamlukes were a slave caste ofTurkic warriors.

About 1250 they took power in Egyptfrom the remains of the Ayubbiddynasty founded by Saladin.

It was they who defeated the Mongols

at Ayn Jalut. Their rule was quicklyextended over Palestine and Syria.


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The Safavid Persians

In the confusion left by the retreating Mongols,theSafavid dynasty took power in Persia in 1501, andestablished a strong independent state, though iteventually had to cede Baghdad and all of Iraq to

the Ottoman Turks. Persians fought against western incursions, against

the Uzbeks and against Sunni Muslims.

The Sunni Turkish Sultans inflicted a decisive defeaton the Persians in 1514, causing the loss of

northern Iraq and eastern Asia minor. The Safavid'sruled in Persia until 1732.


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The Ottoman Turks

The Ottoman state was bornon the frontier between Islamand the Byzantine Empire.

Turkish tribes, driven from theirhomeland in the steppes ofCentral Asia by the Mongols,had embraced Islam andsettled in Anatolia on the battlelines of the Islamic world,where they formed theOttoman confederation.

They were called ghazis,warriors for the faith, and theirhighest ambition was to die inbattle for their adopted religion.

Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326


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The Ottoman Turks While the Mamlukes were taking power in the southern

part of the Middle East, the Ottoman Turks, a relatedAsiatic people who had migrated to this region aroundthe year 1000, were gathering strength in the AsiaMinor and spilling over into Europe.

Their success was due to good organization and early

exploitation of the power of fire arms, which was notrealized by other Muslim antagonists. In Asia Minor, Osman I established the beginning of the

Ottoman dynasty in 1293. Osman's successor Ohkranconquered most of western Asia Minor.

By 1354 the Turks had a base at Gallipoli, a peninsula.on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. In 1351, MuradI took Adrianople. The Byzantine Empire was reducedto the city of Constantinople. In 1389, at the Battle ofKosovo, Murad I defeated Christian resistance andOttoman power extended up to the Danube.

Th O B


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The Ottoman Bureaucracy

SULTANDivans

Social / MilitaryDivans

Heads ofIndividual

Religious Millets

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners /Tax Collectors

Muslims Jews

Christians


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The Ottoman Turks

On May 29, 1453, Constantinople wasconquered by the Sultan Mehmet theConqueror (Mehmet the II).

The Turks spread their rule progressively overpractically the entire Middle East. In 1517they defeated the Mamlukes, using canonsand guns against the Mamluke troops whowere armed mostly with swords.

The Hashemite Sharif of Mecca acceptedOttoman rule in 1518.

In 1519 they extended their rule through mostof North Africa, and later conquered Iraq. InEurope, the Ottoman Turks conqueredRomania, Transylvania, Greece, Bulgaria,Serbia and Albania.

By 1529 they were threatening Vienna,though their siege failed and they did notextend their empire beyond Hungary.

Sultan Mehmet II


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The Ottoman Struggle With Europe The Ottoman empire continued to flourish in the

16th and 17th centuries despite inherentweaknesses in the organization of theSultanate.

The decisive turning point in the Turkish

struggle with Europe came with the secondsiege of Vienna in 1683. The Turks werebeaten back by a combined force of Germansand Austrians aided by 30,000 Poles under theEmperor Jan Sobieski.

The Ottoman Empire declined in power andimportance, but the fact of decline was not

really grasped for another 120 years.

The Golden Age of the


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The Golden Age of theOttomans


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Europe Ends, Asia Begins


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The Topkapi Palace

T k i H


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Topkapi Harem


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Hagia Sophia


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Hagia Sophia - interior

Bl M


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Blue Mosque

Bl M i t i


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Blue Mosque - interior

S O f


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The Sick Old Man of Europe In the 19th century the Turkish Empire continued to

retreat before the advances of the Europeans and todisintegrate due to internal causes.

Turkey lost further territories, especially in the Balkans,after the Crimean war in 1856 and after the Balkancrisis of 1878.

In 1914, Turkey entered WW I under on the side of theCentral Powers. Britain decided that it was time todismantle the Ottoman Empire. A British officer, T.E.Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) aided a Muslim revolt

by the Hashemite family, rulers of Mecca.

Turkey was forced to sign an ignominious peace atSevres in 1919 which ended the Empire and put much

of its former lands under European control.

The Ottoman Empire in 1914


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The Ottoman Empire in 1914

E d f h C li h


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End of the Caliphate

In the wake of the humiliation of WW I, amilitary officer, Mustafa Kemal, seizedpower in Turkey in 1922 and officially

abolished the caliphate. General Kemal took the name Kemal

Ataturk, Father of the Turks, and

began the modernization of Turkey.


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Historical Background

of the Middle Eastfrom Mohammed to 1918

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Historical Background of Islam From Mohammed to 1918

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