History of Chittagong (Ancient-1761) Vol1

7/28/2019 History of Chittagong (Ancient-1761) Vol1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/history-of-chittagong-ancient-1761-vol1 1/324

A HISTORY OF CHITTA6ONG

( From Aq.i@i TiE$ dov! b r?6r )







, hr ev G(c \i!ei {rM

































Lm' e@4, rc 6dFarcoiisrr@. ft4dqrL .hh!_

i@n[d]n6@G4dly

he ih( Wn+ ri6 nNL !"F1,



D€re'lEE]bh'lsll'l'l}

rllLi,]ll'{!t{trr.E.nrha.r'F1nc-Mqm'



d !.- tliqr tusdj

nrt{'6 rr(6 ie rrii siqsrsdl!iq?r rr'Fn rd8k r 6i ,



l,oi:& " 14 o'v N pL* d '" !'' r{ d h

FeEd i h! N! m,k (6 H !' Fs,j l!,&F,Fdh



rh6 hid ad 6P4oLt5



lqhat€40 d re sdin.Lr dae







djEvits h $*,**, |he$ b,d r,"qme"l' o,.h;.







rE kd d6!P!4hIre







al'i!ig3a!ss1{c@]b

-$ s F! oiss:







rE uiddd $o P.4! I re

e! s drtd4 t d,rh kd hodr!d,! f 6,i oi !.





db 6dlitl ;



c,ld,@ rhlD !&o &d r



rFh hd $! to4h t!





irui6alcoJhdoryqiiohlhoFtntNdGEodly'

, hbou E!6rc ,d -@;1

GlFrcdg4rhEly













A5 a re'li 4ry EWGe.h;









a, hiy Ndo4 d c hrt tG



b ds.Mqhnihnd s U (.bt.!!!Lo;





uq"s?

s:inidh",u,{ne b!, di+i



F'sll h6B ie d!r4 d sF@r I : !,od hd











tuow Ld), &E hr (odru*hr,











Ai turv iibd d .Hrb@E | €



lErr oplB iid i;ur, nvrc hE



Ai hl,H.y/, c kfq l





P LP TEi SU''N ALtr! Lh?





I





i,i $ r idd4d.birF4l,

k @s'6, i $uh @hh 8.rur

















i 50 r d rioi, k"d;.

















ai Earty Hsory or chih,sois 173

Thc iahe. of rho Dtacs iscnb)d oi rhe Lnd s,an canror

be pracsstv Locarcr, The h shty saisknriz€d names of 0ro phcecslrh a. KasanapauMiya, ( ansaEala, Damb adama, Lavarobavas;Emasrmbasabd, Labmpraya, Mrra.chaE, Baqhapokhira haveb3enoLrl,k,aled m couree of rims, A! rh6 iirdiprion E dE.ovared fiomNarinb3d Ded chihasono rown, hcan iarrc]ly be slhised rh

rhe phccs mentioied n ir wcre locaedI'odspor A villiso my be syioiymouswirh

modsm Mlrra.h3E, nor fd avay rrcm rhe tundrpor. Hoklvq,vlllases or siml, sultx.cnrara (srsamlaD

elsewheE n rho disr d. The nimas ofvltrsess! ):irs.pokhtra ( prku4 pushkariir matrhs ooid d B$Non )

rhe dsicLbrr nol as Eaqhaookhna. Trc nam3

(p,h3ps rh6 lons6$ phcdiame'nrst odd ) mdmbs rhn rhe vllagowas kiown as such ror

s :(achmetrrwhh a ranivalconce

ns srlrand rhs vitlass mjshrbe s ru ed somdlhso ie Lhe .ea stroE of no hsh ch(asors,

Ihh pbce may bc srynoloqicillv relaed Lo Labarakslk. a Hmduholyspor, s Luaed nlnS akunda Damb adama ispnh3ps survrvad

ie rhs liidspor.

thc hold or rhe Delasovq rhe dn.cr rlas nhtupLed bv ihc

AccordLnsLo

tha Ardrar.s ahrori.h, ai Arak+no$ khs named Alaufs Phyr ( bes 605 M FI237 _ 43 A D ),e sn ard dceived ribu@ no rhe

slbluoalon ofEonsal by he tuakaiBe kmg ,s quedonabls. wo

monarchs. ThcA,akafeso kns succssdad n errcndiis his iuthorrvasfarno h as solrhdtr chhcsoig, wh eas io h n ch ldso,!remahed mdd rhe o. rraLioi ol rhe Devo ruteE. Afrn lrs deahor Alaui! Phyu i 1243 ptrnsed inro dhsrols



74lA Hhrory ol Chiuaoons

coidnioi, Therc was ao uihappy rrle ol sevsn nronarchs, colqirs

Bur prosp* v or s knsdom reirmadroweitul ru er, ascended (he throm,

,The khs or Iruraran o, tunsrl namsd Nsa pu k rens, cou ed his

allian, and soitprcEnb or elophanb :id hor$s... (Nis) seneral

Fadzr Lh.iq rlyai srbdr:d fi. couitry alonq the s3a co*L 6 f 6o Bnhm3ouka niv ."1 He s ako sard to Fre subdued Lhe

rc (qrly'a'U olr,.k.i.2 r'".no\.. et"'in'(t''i'den.o ol rhe a,akaiAs

ch rsons O,vGion r lho las quatrq of Lhe

M m PoLo (1295 A o), lhe nor.d veneliti lrav'tler pur Mrdi

(Mhrmad Bum4 and Beisala uider one kiis who ws subje_

ded b lhc domralion 6r the srcal (a (xublii Khoi)3 Pror'

D G E HaIL dsm ssPds'bly,

'nincoDoratis Beisal to tho e pne or tho orcatM'L

qol conque,or th€ tav.llr oilv axtsserdted rho icco

Kubh (hant tesemony oi rhs P

counnv of Ralran (AmGn) s subPcLed ro the (han."s I Ih. iu _

Ta'E, coiquero' 6 supposed ro be eibinell

upro A,akan llren s nol mprobable thar ch uasois, a subiecL

2 rha nam€ or he co emDordry

Fukunuddlo Ka'kaus r1291 - 1

ba Lhs Arakaiesa conuor lom

3 ttrcttkk ol q.oPata,r 2ol

sultan ol Lakhnauti s Sultai

300 A D). Nsa pu lrr.is miy



an Edrtv Hido,y of chr aqoio I76

provhc. ol arakan a that rimo happetud to ba inctudod id rho

The hhro,y ol rh. didior ii fi6 n6i tuw dedados of lhofouFre h Fnru,y s almd obs.uE. ,h6 Fdrryai,rb|drd inloms us

tha(chirhsns oma undd rhs oocuparioi of rho Muslims by the



Sn A P Phayre rncs dymoloocs! relaton

the A,ab vnilo6 {id Rah!, €ther 1,c piicpal Lv or Himu ol Ndk_

vrl chfttsois. n his oplnion, nrmm pLce ii sotrLher chhGsons

AEbs 3s Fah a, Fahmior nuhm, Tlr! em trenrs.hohl n lj s Hnbry

qe,eGl des iolon ol:lsnqll whi

ii{mcs uob'b\ *prrii ihc mm

stor Lrs E3y dr Beio3l bv

d 1&h .enones ol oe chrldi.n sa. rhe,e h novr a vLllisE callcd R3mu ii the soufien

D r or chnEqioi 'lstnL t Eobtrblv,ep'escis th. ir e bv

SrAoPt r- !. r.LrJo1edL,D'cCMrmd'' !.\o

wa sroe$abllsh di rde kvof th4a two fames. or A Rahlnr

'soooiôis. r.rh6 n.me Firrml' a.c.rdiio to him,Famtr a rla'e h cort Eazar ir rhe s'tr'h'F

The p,oblem or ihis identlcardn tDs Lrnh Lhe rad thai Ramu

be aurhorihLively outbeloE fts rilree h ceiury A D h ms ofiin

. 'b'qa io, a o P'-.'. :lr 'o r' i3

knowi abourlt iide@ids posuoi ln atrvlime or h do-/' Evci

n issuppo$d that fis kinsdonmlshr have exhtd ii tle h io'1

1 r,r Q, xvr (1s!o),232".2 A Rain, so.idt .nd crhutot Hi*ott ol b.nzrl, 1, p. {1



Ai E ly H ory ot chirhsono 1 77

E h ramu .s A D, rEi ir may bs sid wirh .dnfidsics lhrtit was

iwersbiq a kiisdom os to bo a sub@nrinedalpower,

Bains rsmal k isdom, sirtr ed ii rhs crsm6 @ri6r or thc albcodine ,

ir cDuld hadly dercisasuch frilery powar i. ro cork{ wirlr

som. principal ionhsn lnda pows6. ln focr, dls dsscriprion

or rhs kinsdom of Bihmi or lhs Arob wdleG hadlY @respoid

ro tho principahy ol Fdmu.



Appondix L Chiil.sons 6nd rto p,l.cipn ry or

n rhe r.n of a vsh:yi (Lornorilui 0 uide, sama'aEmandals as edly as rhe bar iii's or rhe etev

Dr N r( shirt4aLiih iks rhat modeh Parkotu or pairkeE p s-

lshr oi rh? ioLmare $e ktiodom ofP rik(i .id rlE krodom or Abkan.

rho ,oyrl l,m lies

prfca$es lqlre i rhs romrn.es and rasod'ss h Burmese ainst',poem6 aid elodnmis.3 Tha p i'paliry Ema ied ii er sonBs lalsm rhe rrALhalr o; rhr rh a

60,.ll"ren.4prol $ rt L a"ri "...." ,s. Halra-d !. r1220A D4 Ths Brmsse p,onouics I paEkkay,, is, r' s seiedlyrcphced by ,y"n Brmese roisuo. Tun Nyh, folowed by cortni

,ya o, PalLikek.5 IE ,Ardtors!

ar.4kl! rerere ro rhc kinsdom as trs corntry or(1hs ortoreisnci,whih bounded on rhe souh rhc r(insdonr or Amkei. h .eemrrh Lhe Lround y o1 rhe I isdom of

Z wh.h mry b. fio su'viviio

th rh€ n:me H ikelamandrla to denoie rhq ea (comilta-ND:-

I e u .ro,s:n, p,rirt t -..so"d tuttwr ieshn ir etd./ B.,Eal. p.a3

3 0ct,"v",,., (19!6), poona, D 216



70 lAh o,y or Chn.don.!

khal.nonh chntasons) wis dyms awdy rro'n e{nenc. and a pni

orihs krnsdon wds rcplacsd by fte pincipal y orparikora

lumsh.r erden.e or Lhe exhrcnce or the name pdya,n m€disvalrines bul r:s bls and populous u. z. coflainr runs of 6n.ienrand mcdevrl rimx. Ths posbilLy of s

E,sana oi a chaka or r rhana durno rhe Mushal F od cd L orbr ruL?d cuL. Durhs thc p od of rhD ndependeit sullanare thewhola.,6 wa! included

,r wtr is khown as fie prDcipahy orcrrakla$li, x s nor impiobabl' rh parikere or paeikkaya ssvedas th8 niha 6f rlr placc beweei rhs com{L and rhs saiNja for

6id46e crrcd.r. rrt rhc k,isdomor Parkara, duins rhe Passi hssemoiy ov Arahi, comlrseda sz;aLle po

'oiol modem chnhsois Divis on, subsequonrly,

rhs khsdom bcrweDi the Komaphult and tha

sahkhr came ro be kiown as chaka.ala, probabty trom rhe iour



CETP'ER III

SOCIETY AtrD CUIIURE |lr AtrCIENT CI{ITT^GOIYG

Anim sm L ,ha oldesL io,m or rclson ii rho subcoiLic(Many tbpsmen of ch(rsois H'U Trac6, rhorsh pnicoally

s,ll rollow maoy ra s or anrmsm. rha H'ndus

hsv ardrrure aiim on b allso s

or oujccrr The woGhip aiim:tsaid

reDritss

hdicde rtu suyrvil of anim dc bslisr n rhes socioties ai n ws allied Lo borh 3ii€nor worhro and i re worshjp Borh rha

rb*hso ind dre H idrs rrvo[e thc I sn.esralhom in var ous ras, su.h 3s ro holp n besan is a sue, ro ave(

'llnes!,ro w d orl ovil

bel efs cri slll be $e fib*mei oJ chiurson!,H U T,a s. The nE'ary atrd episruph c sources in Arakarl Gfer

crolp oi sprns, dm is aicisn( oenod.Tha N woBhip was a curc6 blendns or rrtu, animsm .id

rcs d,ng ii rhs mour4ilasnes.s or crrtri!,ono l. l T( s.2

h anc'e c,n1aeoN, sck6vJrors r Lre srh.oniEnr, boLh

Hhduism and suddh sm werc prcdom narl relsloir. Abflersuiveyor con.lnon olrtligion5, Lrssd on meaUre evldcncs or tr(ciitrv rnd

r. tremDhd b.low

I t,, 0.e..,"p

...&y.a Jirss xr.t\rs..)' toru,rc

2 I l s s, xv (1816), 60 Huihr. .D c ',\l



s..eLy and culrurc $ anclenl chirGsoio 131

erid sm ,s dll a liviq relgion in clrilbsois. Thouqh

strddhsm rs a disrncl and sDarsk doDt]ie faced eirhdion in fie.oustry or s btrih, ,he p-ormry of $me Euddhist count6s,

dpecillly Eu a, did not allow Lhe second srcat$ ,elislon or

llrc wo:ld to dieolr ii cli kqoiq.

tho hrsto'v oJ Budd[sm ii chitaqoi( is .oN.cred wiLh rh6

g,owLlr, curous taisrohdioi ad decayo,rhegrcd ,elision ofLhrc!sh d'r,rrcnr

pLec,sl, kiowi when srd.ihhm rrer saned foorng n chiLtsois

Accordirs Lo Hd s c Das Brhadu,,

n 1ra5 iitd.luced in lhis dsticr abolr,ha i nth EnLu,y a D

dn8cr fiom Masadha, vrha'e LM orden Drcvh.es or Beioal,

eire^diis rrom Ra'spu, down ro namu (Ramvabrumi) in chirb-qoig, we,o und$ ths svny oT a Fdjpurpriica named cop'Dala.

IE Mahavdtra Buddrsm whlch aborrhar rme, prevailed rMasadhi and Tber wos prcachod n chkbsong by Benssles

Sorne indtre.r evidences iidrc e rhot B!ddhhm was 'iroduc6dih thBd rtcr much by rhe schotar. Hg

is, howev , corecl h lrh opinioi thar in tho iiolhandre h.snru es

A D, Euddhism, espec,al\ ns Mahayanic bEi.lr, Iaach8d irs hsyday

n thh pan of $e county. ac@diis io Lhe localBuddhEt traditoi,

GauEma Buddha Gvell€d rh,oush $e dlstrlcr, prcachsd *mois aI

ssvoGl phcs and enablisied DlEma.hakres or 1116 wh*k ol

of oha,ma ln anumbei or pla.6s such as Chdk h, Chakhsah, lldri-

srma (H:idqaon), chandiaiarha, Mrhamun. shakvapuh (shakpura)

orc. which afreNards b:came Buddhkr hol/plaes, Thk nadirion

1 oL o'Mai6, ,0, ,n,, p, 65



32lA FEro,y oi chiLcaono

is ror mre cEdrul. rl fie !cllouins A.akanos? chronicler,s iara-

or Buddhisn in trretr coulty.

14i-193 A D) 1lms, rhE 3' dhi Gauhma

lri.$rnr' ii r.a ..tritry ..llEd kapiLwol Hts is invled ro

c.:rkm: aflves ...H. is rc.eryedhv rhe

des ro so €xalred 6 Dqson4e. Anrcshblatr$ o' fi8 eldh, wa: p*m tad

6 bsca*, 3idw:ss.i

ur at Mrhamun',

whoertampL vas

or, PEyra hl ^s a, {tL(16dr)i 35

Tha ch efbhLGhu or 3!.Ldh.s(smpls orCh hrhnJ n Chi(6s.trcI I -,J, ,ord- n t963r e ddismCh tasons driie chandEs!rya's rci{,i,

ro p,ovr thir catrhfr: Euddha uvervisirld irs kaiJ his reachinss fierc,Morcover, ua tuakaie$ chronicbr makas a sro:s msrok6 n makreLo,d su.iJha 6ii,,a asain, Lod guddha

nev4allorvsl

rnybidy roNakshc owi imasah hGlfsime $rscatr, howeyer, fully alcord wnh !h6 chroiichrtha( duins Tsaida

mshr havs b3sn innoduced n araliin

-ch Legons Es o,2 rrd -nr!,.s ol Buddha

,ha t:qend ol Mrtr,nlni_ a wjdelym Lrr AEkan-ch asons bslotr. prcbsbly

xraiappa rcdio rhs psple as Gauiana

adyei I mshr have bkenpla.3 duids rh imDrcbable as u suppo ed

hy anolher cnJi da ri rblian hnsuasethe cil:brrred atrror at *e ll5.art rlBlddhBntn tndta. ldar.tn

I



Soc erv and c!!,u6 ln ancieit Chirmsoiq 133

In ihelo Koki couirhsarp.iradsecE ol c.cLsiodce larar ii ovs, la'd: nunhrs. and th.y

bacane vary numdour,

wes dnly smvakasi ar€r a iew n!!G ot \tslsrichu had

spEad ihs Mahayana, ir co ruedro:\ n almoil.ilni,,uokdly:f'om kiis oh maoila

who dkhed knowlidoe rlE,;i p,Li.rlnly

elou, Sen.s abouthalr orrheec.lesi,stcsa$Em5l.d ln M,5-adha was thm ths Kor counre!. Aid f lhh rcisoi rlra

v v nuchr Lrre Malr3vra iid Hiirvaiawq. ror dl.v.l. ds.1r

'.1bLc s.

Frof, rh€ rh6 ofAhh.yrk a Lhr N4lhxyria srre.d more aid

whuD M4rdir ivrsTrrshkar $o s:holrE ar rê iI

Alrhoush ii rll $rs cdu ri.svinrye, Artdtramn.and r.rahE

very wrll rtrovrn,brcomo vsy mE drh $a aicdarioi

dali srcriois iid: nr,v .1r$1

Tha wholo rcg'on r,om tus:m ro Bmnr inclriiis chnisianahdsnored u.dorr commoi iam: Kotikid. A..odins

6Tarlirh,

B0ddhlsm was intrdduccd imo lrrar(okl coun(ies

ima J,rb.. !n L, ll a.oving h impoiai.! therirt,- lr 'rrhe sinhalesr triditois,

Dhimm:, lvG l..ared somslrcE r the

I . lrrri uanrthtbeprssEd oia, 1rh,ly. Tdan h

iv.r.s r.t th) euddr$5 of Kokikrd bllons0d roLh6 siiraka

s.hdol 1 ll rhe mrodudlonor:hM)iavair.m rxsjnnodu@d h, rhs ourlb or va,brdr (7'h

cs ury) and"ir corrhued bviht slmo* uihGrrpiedlv'rndsrftr PaLs, espcdally Dhrm.?ab, r' FE

1 shiatier. "T an ha ,fuis, N n Fry, s. (n' Bqddh6, pp 77.73



34lA Hidory or chhDqoio

(in MadhyadE:) wro arhhrd koowledor (or Buddhsm)."Ths Bisn o,llrsfou. Ssri5, wio were inclhed ro B,ahmrnicrl

Hinduhm w:riesed rha coisrhuosm. Abour this umi, r\: XotiLrd brcime such atr im2o..4ntr0 .r rhh hlhftrL a!ru(hitrorirD a.cleslae6 ol Mirldhacame nom rhalrsioi. M:ihvlir also is sidld hav: s2Gad

ihe.enohlhe rrme dr AbhlyaraG t loLh ce lry). Tsmndr ve'y

5iq1rc*1y,oF-'.r .. " c.n.d sidoby s ds aidh!eems rho! rh4y Ec i

alwa, o c.-q,t-r.lo-. /-, m .l. ao

s6vorel yanae imonq whtclr vanaFni, M:iL'ylir ai.r Kala'h}

h$lk or IE rliod or Niiravroism.nd irs

difterc bEich.s, Hinavaiism nev vatrhhed ;lLorelha, riom th-.

Kok coutues 3s boLrr vm:yr.rd Abridhr n, ".rD'rts irle (a'ywel! kiow+', ii rhn

'.rloi

Tariarh did nor rlll us mr.h ab

sirty pnod. 'lnln rh* ea,ly rmB mrnv Tnrhka Bmiles a'd Buddhisr V'h:rsrheEoddhi.c or chalrnma b.loiqBd

school',1 r,aiaLh s hy Lh? re:llG o(excavaion, I : laloe numbv or Ma\ay^rc dei1r35 hrve besi

uie Lhed ln a ve'v wld,j p t o! ihi diilct i recenr Lma

dhlsh arbr rhe d.clne or NaLndJ',2

The account or rhc chiioso rrvctleG rhrc\,r a flood or lohr

oi u€coidlron ol Buddr'ism in err4n lndja I sho (67r-395 AD)wriios: "Tlre iihabi inE of all $!ri coutrri* (o, car{i hd r) rr.



So.ialv aid cLl(u,e ii aicieii chnhqonq 3s

rci.!rhd rlnee

ssms(qvid.nrly,

rhe 9uridha,Dhamm,

ridsanqha)

Sn3,na,s:mm1i, and MulaFturaivrdr N,kayas) stouid eid4 by

sd..'l all rhe I kayas ra"aller s hclud.d

wlhi the Hrdrai: s.h3ol o, 0udcn5m. h m:y, theElo€, be

ai.rtr,r or thr ,r,:ll, rhat Hrivini Buddhism

in 3ig,io hdh cu,ns his $puf, in Lidia

h" i [4lL r on .,o s aol I P p4. o',ccdunr or s$nq ch', Newiro.

ri e kns or Sa aLak -used to mrk; ele,ydiy hundred rhou. d

sraruBs or Buddia lr .dred rhou&id slokas

of thc ,ldrspEjn,pd rdhnd j! r ,.

3ss,m:d rrt il.nq wnh o,lrer osrom rnian corrtris! chirEqo'sor M.hovanln whlch soraad wirh

r-nkrblo prcs,.s; 6 fa, 61r wsbrc P ifc islaids, F{d-dhq rlD introducrioi or Mlhayiia Euddhsm

I tr La, { Es thd "Lha fom or gtrddhsm wj ch Lho Pila khss

or Bsisal suppo ed durhs the asceidtri.yof

rh: Pah d,,6any".3 iro (7s8-957 a D), who

r 'r"Y tro'c LP 'oldls o Md1"r:1!d qlo,lfyin.lr. Mahnmurish ie."a

irai a'e m!;dal evidencls or rhe exln.nca ot MEhdvair

BrCdrsr and:lled .ulb li ahfttaqdrq

I l ta(tds,, op,.i., Dp 3ro

a launrt rl 6e Rudr R*rokh saddy, soLh Arniv-$,y Publ.{oi



36lAHisro olchirlaqons

deiii6s, une lhed ;i haiy pl.cos or rho dhkhrl tu,n's\ rhc no.i

rvlanius,i, Lokesv 3 or LokaiaLha, Marrcya dc, /ll ar L'esiraol Eod , 1!a,

^m.igl " 1,| i ,.

lshale deni.r wa msst wth Ta,a or Brdd$akri .im5hah,

sodd4; or we2l$ dc B4sides rhsD, : hl.e

iumber ol roIaryEudoh:shavc bcei brclohr to lshr wnh rho hslp or srede,

'-"nrv ro

ths overrlowhq or Mahay:m EudchGF ,i ch k,sois, "Arl I'at

imiq*,' in rha vsw or Dr N N L.\t, ''a'. !trdoubkdlv rim iGiqiol a [fahay3iic nls!4us-3ve rh

.losaly sllled b

o-re. lr s dliola'so numb - 1& rcll knola 0udd,hL lomllr, 'yr drr mi h{to_

ravhavs'et., enqhved upon 1,e poilo al iis ipl on or L]! ir.aoes

vrs also'used robewdelylisdbed oi rcra,o. hbl,i.liover Buma ln Srnskrr.svhll as h P3li'3

b.conres'1'd

Llra rre Mrrayma

bGnch

olEuddhs,

&ln.rlsnonohold

lic,&sms durio rro

rinss of tie Pahs lrioush irs iolnd!.Lioi r,rd

1,r s I trcz/ - zst. po 1s,11 ; r H Q, vr I (is32). 332 - 3r1 ; J,a s P,

v (1960), r75 - 177.

by eisEved Bodhc {vas has rechdy beei duo t rrmr dI

l(flaohuti ,jvefted nB B€us'. A small r,lallyan,c 6!ddh qbronze mr:oe of skilrul

or $o presenr v/iiLer,tr 1931 h now preserved n n3 rrousohold

2 r N q, v r (1e32), 33s

3N F Hry,SdElrji 8,ddr . p 20



Sociery and .!huG ii anc sil Chi(asois I s7

i iti, rrLh tid elovatrrh o: utuprF nJ.ds!,i uxnPcdesh, a

h1,NEprl,

norhern Eeisal wEsrehDriJrl i\L o isr, Nrhnda bars ns epiceire, From fis zoncMih:Fn sm sp,rid tur and wds. t camo! ba e&crly sad howLrir r,l axla (rr,nayan4 vhs arloded by rhis chaiee. Mr M Scoll s s or o) nron chaidGs,,,Fiiaya.

i:m r v ,6red-1 Hiryarlsm miohr have soffercd o serbackat tra hinds ol ilrc lvkhayanhr tuL6 .nd preacheE bur G

.-p'oxol !. rror were D€crised in rhe(ok'lri.:, 1rc d'scovo,y of

'masesof MEnjrri, Maitreya, and

avilrL 135v .1 tr chrasois b irssiolhs slacmenr oflaran h

ddn'ntd to 6oLh Hinayana and N,lahayana

M.hayatra branch or BuddhBm. a o,p?r tucrJr h lra relqio!3 d culruhl domaii ofaici.nr tndia.Und hrpn,oirocor Lhs Patas, wiro w.rc zerlous BuddhErs,Etrcdr:sm ,qa.ally ns M:h:yanic braich became a rohidoblsFLo,raronal lore. seveBl subecrionsI )"' -. Ll I i o v"rr, " vd,i\"n' ..hoor rtoln..ed non itr

dscovery or mul rtrdes of masesoivajqd cd"'r6 .,d - \enl 1 v4.cyarrpod..Eim,!y pl.es ol Lhe distri.l rurnishes iid'souEbts evidsnce or rhi, iacr.

The rlouir nssraG o( SuddhGm, osp€ciily s lUah4anLcro an aiqusirs scutoruGt ar in cGreri lndia

mcludng chirLrsoog rron wr.,a a larg:numhr or Mahayanic Bu-ddh n mases havs beei unoanhed i 192.7 a D s rryona Buddhid

shmsand rhrse orhe. iEssmenb ofnEUc!

wne dhcov ,c ftom a vll€e mmgd Jhiyari i Anwrra u. z. rh3

I 3u.. R s, 60ih^ni

Publ (ts6o),437

suddhaD, rr. 39n,



AB I A Bisrory or cr(asono

tind hsid ro bo "4E bissin hoiid or ima{,€s eysrround h Bef,

srl, The mag$, .cmrdrs ro

dis.ovary, belons ro Mahayrnl branch ot elddrsm oe,.t.rt iirhs p r baw$n rrr s!$ilh 3nd rhe olsvenrh c? ury A 3 uiDyol rho n.rsw..-elrhar "Lrc tlos4 t nd provas rh! erhr3nco o, I tDcat .enre of

a valGbb t ik rn rh. ch . oi irs rtev.io!menr and i6 miqntoi

clrar aiiiniries ro ihe broiza imales ol rhe Nilanda school caiia n

t oh:es."2 Th. ,maqco,otwealrh \rasudhara, "h2rq a v.ry anErtcrsse rtdn, ai eiror cok aid . vasa or jivels."3 rhobodhi .hrlne atEodhraya $udc.d wlh sem'.nr:flous oias, aid

mhi.lhs .re'mrritrrd

vrntr suoerb

0n anothor ooca*ion, D,

rhi etr imases or Brldhz iiv iotrs placos of rh: d'srcr.4

N N Lav liaoii.s anC dE.u$.sd llrc po$urcr, procsed nom

v/h Ir i ral is rhe dnE 3nd a{'slc

From rhap3, os,aphic poid or visw, rhe

'nrges

betons ro rh6

el6ve h o, rweltuh c{!u,y A D. A ricnl,/, tbey hay be

at blbd ro Eri€rn School or A( whlch rlork[ed ]n

Bsnqal and Bih trcm ,e i h ro tM n@enrh cetrLrv.

rn Phvsoqiomtal ch ac€rtrts, sp6clally rhr racaL rLw

N atrdG Nath Law ,soFs

Buddhi66 in cl,itasons", ,

imases and ta$s ot Mahayaia

H Q, Vlll {1932), Fp,332.341



,h0 hand or locat aftrs rvho had inherired Lha anis(. nadir,of,

ol the Easrernsctrool ot ad,,2

.losly ulonded wlh each orhd $ rh6 dilrerc hrion was

crsn also oJinsd loorins n rrc kinsdo o, tho chandh.3

sociely .id

ber a doss ressmbLice

S .naLh and Nal'nda, rha

cul m if, ancieni ahtftqons I se

ro s'm lar ihases uie lh6d atiio'riore or Asam, aid $e hills

T'o 8urf,*. C,'d .d sive oqdsn.o ofBuddhism n Bumr in ih6 b.gmniis

ot fiawirh whon Aiawa rc wased a bloillcss



90 lA Hkrory ol chirasoio

sudd,islsr su|h qroups ol spn(s as Naq',N erc also blloissd b Tai(ik Buddhhm, Unde, rhs

Pasai'ule's

( c lO{4'1300 A D ), whoso rerirory erlendod

,e.elved rh6 rcyal

Amwhhk (10aa-77 A D) t'od Lo subduc rhe

Tatrii[ cllb L]ut he was padiilly suocsslul. orif,q Kyanz ha's

rcsn Buma defiikly ohanged ove,10 Tl'emvada Euddhismlron

Wnh Lhe DrBa.h trss ot rlE sddhas or $e S ddhach yas

Buddhsm derin cly enrsrcd iiro a new phase o,Iarrrcism, Mo

wro wdsly ravelled pGache6 and soms

or rham tuvelkd ii rhe count'ss beyond rhe bouidary ol ftsof them, howev6,, arc knowtr only by rheh

ot' thss,prcaches

is shroud6d i myerary lik6rhe lsnsuase or rhent3chiiss. Accordins ro thc Lbaatr chro,k,lr

tsid BuddhG! Tafrik p,eachere weB eirh

rhe ruh ot rhs chandrds,

durns,he lms of krns GopichandE, Bala-

pad!, a Eu.idhis s:cs ol Sndhr, came ro €ansala and "vsbdJalaidh a rhse saan nftsmidsl otw er

Jalaidh a or TaGialht accounr has beenidenriridd by Fd s c Dis Balrrdu, wtrh B abkuid. near sitakuida,

where llanes emr',q {'ll bs seon,4 Tho

chardmn.Lr H ll wh,cr was oris nr'lly aEuddhcr placc ol wo*hip

m'shr uvc Uecn vsired by tho sase. Ihs saqe'hen

enrercd rho

ciLy or chr'oram., caplrdl or Bans.la, and showsd h's capab lxyo, D*rohhq suD o u,al Dhcnomena lrlo !f, eIf, ro wa.

Hiy, Sorik,r dud,lrv, 0,70



SoDieLy rnd c!t,uo i iictcnr Chnuqoiq 9t

,o bo blr.d it €.

ro ,(analikshena.l -Tha kino pmyld ror rorsivoiess wh ch was€ranted ro him oi coidirion rh.t he reiounced $e world ,id

itr ih6 sourh or tndia-.3

abo( lhe middto ot rho 1ei1h ceDrury, rh! ored BuddhnrT3itrik sag6 Til,yosi4 was (c,irhsois). Hs

otMahp b (q33.rots \oJ or Beiorr.,8, ,' ..r .i, ]

yosjc p6we,s. Ul marela hewasDscred by his pup,t corak-shanad from tho clurches ot rhe

2./ ,a s s, Lxvt (r ses ), 2a

by rhe hssrd ol hC hauig ioiied h yosowirh yoqhi whou6ed rosJbs(. r + ",', 'i,o or' poro le<one (h).

)o ra srcol olBudd\er lanlch-. ot.,r I "otosin



92 | A Hislory dl chinasois

who wrs convorcd roB dhsntrnder[NmmrorP,i]mbndnl

aid b6€mo ts hi.,arch Lho lmotrs oudtjhG[

or val6 a (Bodhsry,4vGired ch isrinr rrd rool vo\?s,rom

wnh fta iitoducton or Narlrhm,3 aalar" runr'i"i.."na"a

Inro a n6wphasa.

This ssdlloutuhed mos in Ea{sn Beisal

Iha Narhae helisve

c Adiiath o, Adi Buddha, ri I.cr. r,d Narra rollovss roor

Adh h. in pl.s orAdiEuddh.. Aremplsdedi.dedtAdliaLhdllsrands otr rlE Nrohesh hland (Maheslr Khal o, Meril or edevil

Eu,opsan wlts6 is nased afi., rhr ctunisl s5paraLiio rhe sland

l,om rhd main land) rhr iin,r or Lhe sl3nd, h.

sh,los ol Adina,h oia ,lll rop anl i l.idiq olr.L knowi rs

GoEkh (Gorakshd sh a itu, nie Emple

ol rh6 hlaid w(h Narha .ulrrh€ two rcnsholds or N ha culr ii chjrlaqono. Tlra leoeids

r.dltois md lirec,y rhis .ult cotu5onre rlE

lad rha! rll chiraqoiq wis orc! lloodod vr th N hhrn.

aid wrcrs rotrr valfty lc wo'ks rnd one d.lr.rosr: lDdohakosha has been Dublhhod ii rhclourcr.fd. Drtdhr.ol r. €ir, Cal.uft UnlveBny. xxvll, al 52 Hs Vijravma

ln Cordiei. 1ri*, pr 4-1. 79,223 224,

IA s 3, LXVI O3s3), 2s

TIE o,isin .nd lhs dovalopmonr or dris .uh has LDei dlscuscd

lh varylis loisrh by sevdal scholaE li[e Mm H P Sl" n

Sruddt-a Con o Drhr, lcrfl^.; D' Mrr-r o s "1rI r i

rhs'i roducrioi of shutryo Putridi D' KalYaii Mall k m he,

Ndtr srhpftdotrt tthrfi Dralr o srttan

rn his o65turc iE'Ii8t'lJ cl]b

1

2



si.ieLv iid .Ll,ui , ai3hi, alilnsono 193

D,PCBro.Lr srqo4ns

relgloi or th. Sld(]rracturyrs, .!ol rhe Ndrhr surus ,.om wio he learnr

Yosi Dractrce aid shded, .s lhc local mdrion eoes, rha Mi!resh

slmd (Mrh6\[hrl) ,s.pla.D lor hsmedil oi.

shaiaLh, adis. Plc ol MaEYetu

rldndh. H6 lludrols Lre bmiire rh6 strbjedorvious leoands

li a B.isalibalhd, lnolvi .s &rd)ianoi 6d", .ompojql bv Bhrvrni

chirbqono was rlic

I ndrhh2 Hs teamr rslaid (M$eshkMl)

ror' Ilo corhl v llasi of coG

Itr llrL ishid s bsliered

bchmonrLd rho

hlaidHis dtrciple w's

Jalandha,Drda vn,o rqures ln the l?ss.ds as rhs ou ot coPch:id'

, Jalandha'Dad. vGrLed chdighml

r"clrq or subco ie 6l i6dr'

Ediorvonhv.ucc4s,and 1rre culr of NaLhsnl

ill ir uIL,m alv g,q4d in HiiduG

ime Lha Yoqc (hoN haYos6) su..eedhg corcksha wde vsvsimple miidcd, d ii ordT to hh hoiou r'om LhtTnha rilnls

( ie, s,ahmr c.l kinqs ) b{rme kr a ,ollov€c oniv rhe

qr? 4IE qJE lqg rnlr?ri 4iri.a6 ;rF .r rE r.r rrirT E.r !

eflr sr.E qr{$ { E trrlr .qr I

6r6m 1i srts 6ltr{ li.rq n Bhrvdil oas^{rrrdha

t cot,p1)

I ,{ s 3, Lxvll (1ses),23, A G,urwdddel, rioshLor.r rrai La



i4 la H {0y orchiruoou

N R Bay, Sdri sdi,rr n, p 77

P,..hi 1330 e s (1923)i pp, 223.230

hL r3s3 B s (e46) p.36



called Ndha yoss, tke rhs pracicc amons

n. Li dohs so, rhey phle Lh. deadhody in the qrave wrh be -

rp l.es .r rrs po. -re o. d '.w bo . Lr'ld m lr.o r 1,lo.r.,o

rashloi Iris cusrom s pecul lo rhe Narha

commu ry of ch kgois.

Accdrdrs 10T indr's h'$ory, the ludm hvmion msourh

Eit, rcsullod ii a lalqe soah Buddhkt m'scton row dsea dncountres, called Kokilaids. ot' lihaos by rho

ihe vrholralc rn,$trcro

This, accodns ro T andh, itrilsd tresr visour ii slddhts(,

5oc€1y rid cuhrie in Cr lraoons I ss

Enahle as borh Lhc NaLha yosis aid B IG orqm:lly beloisedLo Buddh'd moia

'code

or presenr d,y chirhsors batons atmo*wholly b th avada, kces of Mahay.ia BuddhGm c.n sotl bo

lre or rhe Buddhtsrr or chr(asoig wirhoul

auddhisBol Chiuasons pay lromaqa 10 ccdrin de'lies, whichapprc ly eol Mahayntc o,sm rn a Ehpto i p6ha aiv lase,

A larso numtd ol Mah6yanic BuddhisL deir€s havo uccn

unc LEd ii chtusois aid hundods ol images $rl 6wair ro

ba uied,hsd t,om d frercii pans or rhe disrcl Buddhisr imasos(mcdi N6 pG6) can bs soei in muto(uds$

of Emplos, vi'ams, ard r(yaios sc.[e,ed Lhrcuohout rho dsrd.rrsse Buddhi imrses and mudras mBy boylawod !5 !n eviden$ or (4ahryaia nlLu0ncc dn thc imqre rcutptuE

llAiBLrv[lr8es)25



e6 A nhrory oi ahiflaEdn0

sized skrle or Lord suddhr m seaLcd Dos-A,

Ths idol s known as Mihamuo l aid rhe dot sheld wirh uhD$€veieice by

'ie cr laoono Buddh sb. accorJins ro rho ,4.dkdne&

clrdrh, p:yiis Elsious homaoe (o Mahinuntdares ba.k ro rho

msn ol s:nda Thurya 046.193 A o), who toundsd rhe slnine

of ilaramln,'r

Arak r,2 Trs deLy has trlci reld i adoElloi

imrsoof Ankani "is gill imroD or huo3 propo io^s", r accor.t is

'oea,ly Bu,Ds. (rr!ik,(r a dDresenbrile imrse ol sodhisadva-

Maircya or Maryaiic p.irhcon.3 Ac.ydro ro rho ocil trad rion,4(mo o probaLly a repl,ca or rho ortsmal

ois) was bDushl 1o 0ra vllas6 ofKrditpu, hom Rosh.is (tuakaoby a bh ishu iamed dspirs or his sho

orcd v/kdom, Thebhikshu ws uidolb{sdly or,id prchrbly a,chans.,in rho ahkaoese

cvl3doinsr roi Ihe modeh r6mplo s sad ro havs tre6i builrby a membn or rh3 lam ly ol chakma chieG.

Buddh'sb ol cn asois bslevcio whdECalled phora whcris alEo bs€i meiionsd in Mairiques Tr.veb. phora tras tjoen

. wL.lr ko..'Dpod oai'y n ti--.c,Suddha. Ths crm

s epelr ie.rr, in T,iDud d'aloc' and as ,Phoyr' itr ButrE'e

Fo, orl , .rli,iDns 16q.dio rlN osii ol rh0'mass

ot Mah.muit,vdo Drn BBa;uas !ncls ,,/,A 5 P, X (1965),29.30,

Thc tr.diLoi na couplci To n isrs followr:(qirr,!r rrir ,rin e3 1q qJ.i t

rrEt"{ {r1lln .frqli q[i I

mon, soo F c Daivo6, ft. pm@3ks,,





93 A Hio,Y ot Lh trgoil

Ln Iiba slra is called 'vun cheimo; the Grcat

sho ls p€6on red s 'PEjia P ami'a' oI nansen

criid,atrdha, lrd Chird6sekh a was

ongtrcl.y i qlod'i.r

aid dero,med Bud.lhhr Malravaiic imases h.vr re@nLlv been

unea hed a few ieer ipnLrrcm ihe p€ss sivaiempb or chiidra_

idtha, suddhshorchiLragono

srllhold ftcse phceswilh venna

toi .nd iot lonq belo'. rrey uscd ro pav amral vGit ro the

or waiins in lhc

ThB erli.* exisrence or r,irdu soc'ety s r,rened Lo itr LtLb?@'(t -,.is

rrid erty dmemmyT hi[a Gmplcsaid suddhhr vih 3d.a This

cleN side {rv 5dt w Lh Buddrr v

2

3

01 0 'Jr,lalley, op. .r., pp, 65 - 6ri

P,,.,,,, 1330 B S (i923AD),pp 223.230

they vd6 ti,e follovreE or oualislc Ph losotr\y. Accod l{l ro

as the psf. ion ofcrcdiorby,he rollolvas oiihis Famayar soc,

oftrs secL, iL ssuppo:Ed,NiLh i Dlacescr wo6lr D r rren:med Li! r

Fim,kshdtu (ioruhrly Bifrko,) mJ'niny ot,or pla!'e o,,, ddrcin rory GDc r.rrlr D. 15).

/ r 5 B, Lxv r (13e3),"



n ri .fl cL dqiElee

Btrl norl,iil lL r

Nobody kiora whrn Hndusm and Euddlish'naCe

ther

hsaddav n1o the dnricr To ommitrd rh€ n qhr havD rekei place

alons wi{h A,yriilarlo! or ,h6 dE} d, Ac.ord n0 o T an h's

up durlnq rhe sena tula

or thD culLssu'h as

Saivi, Saha, a& Tadtrk, n thE rcson nuch b?roG lhe pdiod

rhe ille o' tlie crr3ndmi (733-e57 A D) in Arak -ch tr,soisr oJ L osfl6', o' S1r'k1a'd -:{r.E-

rcm ks: r'FroN .olns dll aisting

,o1ha kinss oI {,i! dyias,y couplsd wirh

clloi cles or Arek.n it:pDears prchable ,h1L L,cy (he cirrdm kines) held B,ihm.iical

s, -a bull,.ouchart, comprisonEd

e ensmvld on oie s ds and .n the

1 mdoi aid trde,1i!ihin a.kcle"a,e cismvod. obrNlnoth6ywa,e Shiv ,e .Dins 'prcbtrbly app? aln ro a rlm. when the embl-

e . ol rh. xo'. i : or ql.d d'd r' oF ot B' od r.m nod <o-.ri is ih rlDm rhe Buddhst tislyph rcpEe ed by

rh' [dcci or Sr, ra".:l trdent or Siva,

a o-i. 'ou ,a

undoubbdly oani olt rher nclhaLlon low d sivisim. aIEr

mik iq aihoDrqh srudy of the .ons, chronkls aid ,trinsol ihe

c17 Mr M S colls,.ached. con.lusion rh wcthal (Sans V:isali,

thr Atioras. cap el) 'mu b, rasrded ior as ai e ly suhesabrr r i hLe Hrdu * s".3 we should trorso.o id as callnq

2 I / s B. xv (846), 239)./ ,l3 J s,r. R s, soh Aai. pubt.

s 3, xL!(1e72), 202-203



100I A HGhry ol Chirusoiu

rho Buddh'srkiiss r Bn ltrcl,ndioi rowaklsdivrm af,d Tanrichm, hr$usr Tanniciem

sohoobof borh Btrddhism and Hinduhm d!,lno $sn riEs. !n sdme

Tanrik w,kssod Siva aid Lo'd Brddha aEsholvuaride ic?I,

sulfics,irosayLhar beLwsei e*rem Bensrl

aid Arakai also €rp* enced tha trflow ofrhe ride otSdlvsmandTanucism r'rt w6ro

Asia lrom end b sid liracL,Ia.i.irmwasslnm\ssEblshedin thedistr.i fiar tuleE G 104{.c1300AD)could ior ohaiqe the teid ro any @rrociable e{e .

ch trasons sinco very oldrnr.s rris be.n notd !s a ca re o!riorh sxivjsm d or rhs Pk,rdr and rt ri(

wo,ks,1 cha .la orcha qrama

mon rch krbld borli srlva artlrantri[lormsofrvo6hip, Inoieol $esswo,ks L is sr ed

Gi6 (Frid lzreFizrii I

fi.5r1 ssFal €n.:1 (o .Ei-.Iri anorher sour. Lod s'va iys

fr.ft irqli'r (ari', Esira r

li rho Esisali sourca ir G wirren ,s lollows:

616! r{ qil. q5' q1g! |

Eqnl r(€ t5zr{r 16rr I

Th6 Prh, is locard sirakundl on 116 c andhsektfr. H,llTho ansa-praryaos, or limbsol rhesacrcd

bodv ot srti rhat rsll in rhady,cl G dakshii hisrdrdho or halr

of lhe rishr haid Ths de ries ars

4 n's V ohl rddrd (ch.3l I co ain: sonre

na rnd olhd tBmols and ,sopilo,imiqo Thelrdrd.,,ud,,,,j (ch.

Dlice isa so olT,nri..trll



rE myrh b3lrind,E snabl shsrr ir pirhas has ben Glated oi

maiy oc.asions ii dlrer.il forms The ,lr,bro.do, Prio,,s, (!'mn6omrhor olKa'd.$. o rrlasoydo ctr, ne* Iohroi tho lsssid

ol Dakshayartranas .id irs ane'mntrhs o'o i or Lh. p$rs a,s ve,y sstr [lcait. HB ffiEs: -'Iha !'orv

\rlr auddhkt llseids rcqddiiq lhe

lvorer p of Btrcdhzt co4oreal i!l cs rod Lhe .oistudlon of dupas

rhem

"lso ii, as rha pirhaof chdld'aiarha is

onsidred wlli sos.ial atre on isrhe ruins of Buddhhr liDqes havs l:ce ly bslo unaa hod ths,e. Dr

S rcii lurther M res : "TlE ider orrhe prha, asociared vrlth cedain

limb! or rhe morhe, soddes, e.ns ro br essentidlly connacled

wnh rhar or th€ L,ns.n or phauur,.2

sakra outE b:cams rcnowned all over iho

believa rhd Lord sva shall resldapormatrcnLly oi rha p!trk ot chindranarhi durins Kali era. ( {int

'dPnrre ,di,lr Arldevs tu

cina: .r srvien i rhs d6tric,

in the hland or Mih**hal'

rhe TiNk ao,k6 DrMurdd aJ sMhdrllahr h b say rhar Lhc Adr Btrddha or 1rc suddhifl Ta rik s,o s was

traBfohed nto AdLialh Gdi Inr, rhe tuBr or rha Ndhar) in ure

./R^s3. 1?Gre. 1s43,p7

local tr, qN:s on elalrodra des.riFrion

or ioms Hindu holy placcs espschlly or S hkuida in hG wo

crr r sokrvo,/ (D U L MS sl nos 97 aid a17)r dlso sco A L sen,

C c Binal, htroducrlon, n, 7



10, lA HisL.ry oi crir3qi q

l,lahadidcva or rhs Td d' tf, /vsl.r]rroior re, ArhaL i . { t

Anorher,oma(3tr)o scar olsalricull in rl'd dsldcr s ch r$!arslniie. chau.str€ri, siics.td ime

ho deiry of rhodisri.i, p iicutarly rho cjLy. sim 1:rmay b! thc caswnh lhe lMae.dhesw i ii Masadha (?Arckin), Dharesw ii DhakajT,lplreswari n Triptrra, Jashoresvra in Je$oEj Jakat' tn calclraaidso on. smiLr leglnd. may be ra.ed back to rhs

hoy ise

ofinLiquiry whcn,n E9ypr, Babytoi., Assyrii aid orher d6uires su.hDrorocrhq cirydeirie6 k4rworehiDDed bv rhe oeoDle ofrhe tocalriescoice ed Ih8 mode rempte orsodd*r ch rosw i ie sjiuaredon a hillo.k ln rhs cily. Ths .rtqiiat .hrjiecannoi be racdro in such medioval Bengtrlr qo*s 6 rhs Roj4ndo and /l{,ki!/H,M,.Ihsn,PD,ra s'vas evidancs or rhe shriGaid sronc inlosorqodde$

in oduc6d rcrcelr ro rre rnpurai i d.erm as rollows

6rliar.i Er.foil nl<r [F]!?!ir- qfi qra6 qri,r ,q! tr,

Lhe wish of rhs d. Ly rcvoa ed ro hm n i dream.2

la n2 ilaknt HB.irrhar o.e ol dre comeai oii or ire waiiio, s.iir (adal Khai c uz,"dse6yed rhe imase or chne$r( and corvaned ilt b stah,3

ed, Kal, Prasdoia Sci, p1 r, p. 30

3"rc 8rh arir:i rrbrr 6iq I

'F .rl ?lnr.r.{ ftiqtr4. E n rL

ElR {"n fth rn{r.- qrEq

Err {i t{o qfir6+ lrriri} |

Sr4ti n? o.+r..a ors,'rm!s,i EdEnro,rra



{Soouy orl c,Lture in aicrc ch Egons 1103

accordns rolhsmedlaval Ta rik wo'ks, saivhm, sakrisn' 3nd

bdoigcd 10 the Kam upa schooloflhele

s..iior 2, Anciont chitraeoE as a C€ntrs o, Islrni.s

Aborl thc mddleofLild c !r rsrru'y, I lopada or Irloyos,,c lanrous Buddhisr lan0ks.rohr 5aid bho aniu,ool chirlr'

ol P.ndn Vlrna, Thc Ilbeig, Cl,lirclel

'l r 116r,, cr,ortrkr nDply soma valuabls nlomalion

rcsadn9 Lhe culLvr[onor Ie iinsin dnci.d Ch asoio.Earlv

n the rorld liy srcar srcss on le i isiid aduc iof ancliL chirrogono as d ,spdtd ceiro of lli0du

Buddh st Td ricsi, oained equally ssnr caicd as o eitre or

culrdGlaldlntelloo,ualachv Bs.Ihsisevidenrno'n'rea$chn,ent

ci,irasons rhc clloni.ldr

$ysw eirh .irlylm. m yrdhk;rcmol.s ard suddrisr vLh as,.l Ealma ra, a wdely mu!lled Suddh-

n5 sas., r'vskd Jrla.dhsrd2 hcm rlrmes ol nE w e see' in rho

Ha camc 10 rhe c ty or Crarigrama,

cJpui ol cop'chdidk. Thse he s rolved supe,humanpDwer.

sho ly 3ficry ds, h s prp l ( shnsch ya "vc red chdigram4'

oi hrs Riy ro so(rh ndr

u,irh odo i Si{.r!,ne.U.trb-



skras rhor N aropo

Arshas N.nrrlr sivls n.1ic4 oi or h'sa ,chne r ro chJdtah-srcm,whi.h has rlshrly b€an ldo

'l '{iby Ba s c D3s Bahddur w rh

chkhsoiq. hlssilsd in thissou,cs 1Er rhes.earmoik rholar-shotrly bero,c $ Lho lo, Tib:ihad Lo r,ro.*d ,o, coisec,arn!

some rdisiotrs obF s rlE eiinen e ,eiL! or is kinq .2

Afr rre d.wrfall ol Mrqidha ar rre ra)d or LGTurks, r nysoholaGand prcichqs llsd rowr,d rh: ran n cor es kalled by'50 -h'o'

-rr i, ro.'d,0, -li\rd e i r'e-, -oi he ol lea ,nqii rhaso@untres. lr lssadthd Pafdir vonl Rrna Lvhh hh hdiad

companiois -vsrcd T'bd rrom chdrsaon".3,tn larer rihes, Fqi

8abl. Sunda6 (who 6ierchedsway over ahir€sons) sait a f,umb

or PondG ro rlreSiddlra

rcfuhed wrh a lorqa numharot Ma ra work.

104lA Bslory or ch naootur

ro Chrrcro-.4 There ev diice. I3rd us to

was a cenve or Btrddhrsr leahifs m c ly

5, ilso &. Br S c D.s Bahadur,

1'e iroia icsy{em (s,mnha o' V haG or Budd rht oru@h) tras

i sory al'oi oJ'o od.1!rsystem is one or Lho rhres mo rsendal plns or rho BuddhisL

Bl'sious ?nd socal l,te, lvirhou, V'haE relteiour'feor

Buddh sm

isuntl,inkable. Tho ,ird.) .hro,.rr crplic LIy ddes ihooiEpiceol Buddhkr nrnane G r chmqoiq, lvhrc Buddh,! icrr

3



Sociaiy au.ul,uGii .eDrchilrdsons l los

qrd,ed b,/ rha moik scholare. Ths Tbaan

sour:s modoi lea one renalkrbla vhiia iamed Padir VihaEo, Phdaviha.a 1 "tn ths cny ol carisrama o, Carlsao, rhda wsa laes strddhii moians,y callsd

ro hold relsious .ontrove,sies wlrh rhe

Tdhlkas (Brehmmas)".2 lr se€,nslh3L wrs Lho chietllh a ii rhk

,es'oi and'6

ram: sp€ad ld aid rv

e ddh schlarcaidsalntIkcTloDada, Na,aDado ArGh DiDiik a

ot thls ramous n)onasb'y camadowi

ro !s. $r. arc equally unronriata Ln lindnso!r th6 ruinsor thh

rimous monaserv anwhor3 in rhs

renown.d Buddhisl schold' aid a nariv.ol chlIaoons cond,dcd

thc local0i ollha

I triod ro tacs Llrs slle or Paidi' v h3,a n fiar lowi (chirla-

oons) bui wthoursucce$..rn

, ....LheG isai old tr'osqrc siru sd on an smneice. lslways

old mosqde (? Jamo Mosque) mus rhavs

b*i but n rhe early Mahamed

ruiis or rhe Pand vhah or old, bacaus3 itwas rha invarioble

pmdico ol rhe Moslen conquso

li $e y:ar 1904 on rhe hill adro nhs tha oldn mosqus, a *ona

LrB PW D spdrorent while levellins

a Diece otq,ouid lo, buildirs an oqhouse . k seens F no

Hrbry 0F6udd,r'J- d /,di, by Lama Taaiath

and Alako ch topadhyaya, p.25s

, ,{ s 3, LXVI (13s3), 24

sdrirlo, 1314 B S (190r), P. 657

2

3



106 | A Hi.io,y ol Chkrdso s

musl have oico bnhiscd ro th6 Poidir

t,e Bud'l i Le pl!mL,c.ry,

2tsr,1s,v (eo5),a63 J a s s, Lxvr (1BeB), 2a

Th6 sihoL, rrrs wanLs ro locale rh.5 G of Paidn vhra w rtnrhs.dmpus or modom Aide*Ur, w

Chil6qoiq aid a Buddhsr bnolo wdrcd years or thu prless rorcesol nature comDlsL6d Lho d6kudoior rhis ramous montrE,y 1o

nor bson meirboed .hrcnicleE o,by rhclodisi ravelleG. h nselr s nor coirdoiLabour rh6 loc ron iniarchEeolosEc to I iod

fioh Aide'k lla olhs l,ksly areas a,e crakGshala.Parrva. Aow{d6 ar From each of rh6s3 ph.E

a la,se numh& oI Dudd,hr'mis6

bulois ro rhe r?dh 1o ,welrt\conrurieshavs beei due ou(

li isdilriculr ro dversd'mdo llrc v:l!c ofrhs moi Leres i ihc

clhlcl hisLory otaich lndi,. Ihamoiks held fis moioDolyo,

ls nins. rhey wdo Lhc oily lcricdllEhre prpulaton Ihen devoron b laamiig and rh., I ele$

FolP.d suddh sm to'orchDrod, "o d Lr' 6 .

civllzed pcopb!. sbk rhd {he leihed Bu-ddhisre -6ed bhold reloious conrcve,ses vJ0 tr T thilas

{B t_mJt, ' I

lndians. Thevaiouished world have b b0 coivsnod b rho d nier's

rshiik a w Lh which h0 srurk a

s sar blow ro Buddhism and ,hus revlved Hindr 5d li ch rason{J

. r Jts. c -' ! or,.l,o'u-. i.!o.e.. c .



so.isiy trnd culLre ii .ti' chilaqoio 1107

IhE ml j,ous ron(ov06y

0ro Thh wrs thc iive on of Pan shva or

Paid('' crp (Pai'P:nd r rnd shva ii Tbelai'a c.p') bv ths chirla-

song P3nd Ls. Li Lho worr Pd? Sdin lm ig hole \ ": ,em kable

oives rho olioin or the Paishvc nojns, rhs loiq

rcliqious d spucrlon kr wr3

rald i rhe moni$ v call.d Paid

oaon ol Bansala, i Brddhlq paidil, I'scnhs t6 dD idvh6 olanotl w6man, worc a cip poiiled lka a thom Flom hsvi.rorv

rha usc., rhs poinlod coiical caP sproad

RajS c Dis Brhldtr, wlr'I. commenrin(oi rtu Pdnd tt cap

rnite! : 'As rcoads rhe Ge or E

rL,e olden residen6 who rollowBrddhsm Thsv told me thal $ev

I ,! ho,,ra 1.3,0!t b , si, 3

rlY bi ciosed wirh lhe wo lly

remrk or F3ls c Das Blh:dtrr 'The namDor Pand t Vlha€ and

rho dory or d.pubrion vJih the rnLhlkat (&rhmms) sossbshow

rhar chirbqonq wis aploce

orle.mii! sixreen c0urios aso

'lnor

s.dion 3. Evolurion of chtf.oone Ei.l.ct

i Cntrrqoi!,, orisii es rrom Masadhi

idig.iooutaid fonon words. The diahd

irspokli so hurildly bytEn lros or clrihsono'har

becomos

rlrsBL/vl (rBeB) /a



108 A Hldo,y otchnasong

dirrrculr ro bo read'ly undcujoodDy Lh. DeJrt! .r or d roh 01Bs.on r.o o F, .t.mc t, . o. ,

il as an lll.o'ble unc.!rr diil..

accordns Lo 0rs ( chare'joa, rrt di.l6d or chruairoii erotvednom Mas6dr pEkriror c,ne

mtoiiriotr or Masdhrn Budd\isb rowarde.sEh counDie6

in.lud iq crrhloi! ti s ib:olltety non sf..al

\kis3, c ,hL ,id sarrbh 1

Charala roh or.Maeadh

sLock, ,esonatv idiois difrcrfr d3t4cc orBsns.l-.whtle Bcns:li.m weeeh Bcioat h:d ui.tarqoia qrsar

l, 377r also s K cha( re.,,A

H no'y of rheAryai Splschhdix, c n Lx (1s36), ?35



soci.ly aid culru,e in Jtr. onr chiuaqoiq I 109

ln io orh$ dhlccts or und idld .qonsal rho trica or € l/medsval Beiqili rn rho charbsrami daLdvocables orths ch yapadarhave beai rda ned

1 I^

s a, ka-,, xv! (1sso), 331.332

Thoush rh6 tuyii rpeoch s prcdom na in rrc diabcr, $s roh

or sp.ech or earlier$nle's couidnor be.omilrely wipod out

,om rhe diall . Ihe influence of Tibero Buhsn .nd Monqolold

mc6 cai be obseru* Dr s K chatGriea verv

approp,larely ob$rucs : phoiolosv dd rynirx,

lr iotso much ii moDholooy, ch asons BensaliundobLedlv showE

a.rrcrs lntluci@ of rho sorlier l.nouase: which hava Eceded hfore

Bsioal,'.1 li a wod, chinasoiq dlakcr isdi inleb{:is li6ld

ro, rho linouGG 6id philolosisb.



6UAPrIR lV

coxracr wllH cHrYrAGonG

ou, ttrol{llllqc aborL rhc e ly Mrlm conbcr w h Chir€'

4oiq s manlv d vcd f6d niqm

ahr-rhr nBd€vrl Lis a..otnrs.r rh6 Ahb

lcograph,s T,e Mu.limsF,on the rimas loio

uoiet mh als aodorher

' omoo'liri.s nom Sduth aid Sorrii osr As a wra or 9,oat demidcolntdh 3.d rhe Amb.as a scatu ns

nnon:lmoqL n,6f,ooolz;d L,G [id. bc,vJ.ei lho sourh ind souh

h.trd r[a o,iei€1, ionh Arrcr ad Erop6tr

!lzun (s!er,3 lo, cxc,aoos wlLh

mn.i.is orrrcMkldh Easr,n, ce ml Asan,i,rh Annr an.l Eropeai cottri$. For abour oirhr ccntu,as

rhly moio.olz.'1 Lhc Eer aii'hr

wen.

chrcnrcls, vocabuhry

air th. nlrcanam.s, cLhioloiv. tavcllmo a.couiLs clea,ly indrcare

AussB roc*ht, Hi,b4 of rI.(Loidotr . Bourl?dqo aid (eoin Paul, 1966), D.

Yakubi, 'Kibh trl Buld.i', qrNadvi, .p .n., n 49

bi Khulthdb'r, qr Totr$a nl, ip .tr, n. 49



E ly Mud'm co .cL wtrr chirbsois| 1|

ch tra(oiq and llr Ahb po s aso lv os rho

of rrre silreejrl cenrurli.

Fo trmhly, ,he Nosr valEble evjd.nce or rhe trde relar oib.tv.ei chlksois rvl supplhd hy rlre A,ah

ocosraph! s rhctrsl!cs. Thos. wcrc rhedays of rhe 46rr supremlcy

I' navlsation ard exb,nal tride Ihc Arrb seoofpheB, the,eroro,

rook upon rrrcmslves tho responsbilryof collc1ing

JJcts abou(

d rlcrc pons aid coais as also cohmod [cs iva lablo n rhe

e!$ern hnds.li sd done, somcor dEm have,ere,.d ro a kiigdom

ktrownasHuhm. firshava€hewrc,o shown rhaL 'nuhm]'or tho

be ideitrred wrlr rhe kingdom orDrmapala(c 770 s10ao), who sxer.hcd swayov sorrh aancn Bonsal lTh3 Arb w,ir*s also nBnion a po bwn n]ned ssm da, whrch

hrs bsi rdsnr I'od by scrrolrE wlh ch16sons2

'l'io'crd r..hqor

ba* b6 ady a; rhe oishrh mnLuryjA D. r scEs i "rn hh lkiisMahlrahsrs'rdaya,'733-s10AD)'m { is ded LhiL s'veclKu-la o, to,eion srips, ws3 wrcck

srllsd in vllases"3 tho A€t, nrtrds otuoi

irishbomhs cound:s, wDre rEy esiblslEd ih.msdvos tol'veiiiirlmaLo,elarions wirh lre iarive 0eople The,e are sodB ph@s

bhnga, bll, ,Diisr bhais ch 'lyins scdLeisd

Lo lG.al rad L oi, commemoraL8

ths un(o un o'nodent

rhaL ,dpponod Lo (lro A.arr sa106.

1le A.rkahde chhrn)c sNrs relsrcnc! Lo rhc ravellno ot

Musl , mysncs itr rhdl co! ry duriia Prq.n pc,lod Trc Clro"kh



112 I A HGlory oi clrihasono

whils,err trs Lo an rnc d'i' dd'nn krno AiswEhLa s rult {c 1o4il'

croTTAD)sralcs: -when lr. (an atreidinL ol trrrrc)mkPdrlE lored ha fouid a hkn, p6s's

ths m ks or viol:ice upon h m.'

l,as Joilourd bY rhs

€nahliihnqnt ol tads conie!t oicountG. IleIdG6vxtle bv l\4awlina Muznrn shams Balkfl rn

sulran ch yaruddii Azrm shar (13s0 ' lr10 a D) ref{ b chd@on

as, po4 r,om wiror p'lsrfls c lvins v6nl: ussd 10 eo ro the Anb

voya!aB rsrer ro llris talercre'hni th:r naurcal rcrEx. oia of thq

a[ rad6 co r'rs!himitr Mah,i or fadGmau' (c.eo0AH). ln

he qives a lct ol

rtr chapkr v, or lris L,rtor 4rF.h,rr'r lrn'ruu'

(Pdhednoo' hD

dhc!$es rhc loFcs rron D ! E eeical ia,'h

rrJsons 3rd tom

ther book on navisalioiw r

wrirlen by s iAll chclebrn1554AD Whlienar inghsN6nI,

shoals lyhs icd rhe .osr ol ahitbsoos.

1 ri" a"a ru"","p..it, p.lg

2./ a R 5, xln (ies6), 13 15

5l^

r B,v (1336), 4664tj7



I ly'0usl

m oodacr w rh ahiksois I i13

lhD commercial commun,c ioi belweei Chitrasono ad rho

a,ab coLnties is prolusly ds bod by tho Europatns asPeciallv

rhe , accounlswe.ome'o

k.ow rhd a tively

on b?i vo o 'laareb pei.n.uL po''s. PsTidr

cuupo s and crithsois pon at rho rimeof rhen comhs ro Bsnsal,

The c ly Po usu6sa vh toE sawihe po ol chiraqonq c@wdod

wlh Arcbsals. Duadeds Darbosa, PyreId dc Laval and maiyrabmerchails skylis h chira-

Edbosa (515 a o) dares rhd rh8 meF

chads or Lhs Middle rn Bengah, "pos$$orear ships alr4 rhe rsshion or Meoca'1 Joro ds coelho aid

Joao desilveh, tho 1wo Po usuoeD commaidercvc ns chjlbsoiqitr 1517.13 A O saw maiy Areh slrips an.honns li tho halbour,2

c!t prvlss6s frcm re ,llerc of

chkbsois ended n hilro chisllv owms

poljrcal lmrah'l Ly h rlo counnv olrei made lreAGb morchansnroioly .l!s rous ol sainlns GriLoral power' Jodo d6 Baroi rh.

cslobrared Ponusu.se hisro,ai prodlc@ k nony or such a bold

oio hundrcd yoarc bofo6 rro Potrusues6 vslcd ch ssoD, a

ioblo Arab ai,ived'hsrc

(chi'Bqors) iiom Adai (Aden), brhs-

mo w h hm rwo huidred mcf,. se6hq rhetralo ollh8 kinodom

ho basai ro lom amb LoE proFots of .onque{......8s w.t

th[rdcouir suoplBs iEdrcctoviftn@of nE aBLr conGLl

r ol llE I fts6nrh co u,y A D. Fronr

Ou re dD B Dosa, Th.8ek olDrortr! 60r, kais M L DdmBs,

r H Blochrnain, I ll3, XLll



ir4 l aHdoly or c,iLMqorlr

I' appe s rtrt rho Ardbs nor ooty oi e

e r:das but crc,!sed lnflleice uDotr rhs polillcal alrans in rhedukcL. They vroul.l evoi €o as ra, as ro make ir a brse ro, re ro rleas 0Milleyr.m lG: "Ths comh!cial acLiNiry or rh: rilulramma-

d6rs (!virich in ri,c au,,ors !rcw dates bick ro Lhe rr,.llrh c€nrury)

paved Lrs waY tcr [4utilman domi ion ii ihD dhtrct."]

Thc oonealosical rablrsolsom. Nl$lm ian lcs olchirosonq

srld ro be lhe d{c.3dtr s ot arilr m q anls lur sh anolhir valu-

able eviden.a or the.omns of(he Arebs3s $ 136 n chihaooig.Fo rhescrcslosicalirlrla,2 Ganuin.d i'r rhe /v,ker fGdri by a

local po:r namad Muhammad (hdtr

s.w*. hls foGlaoer sddque ramlv ol An6a.

It h *ar.d thar r G,me ro chidasoqe uv *r, rid,.s oi (rc lrack

of a rlsh. Lik Nruhemmad Khan, abdio Nabl, inorlu loc,l pod

p,o.o,? (lrm, .ma d-,d..'nlr. or h'. . odlLo fd_ lv.r

Muhammid chuh , aLocrlpo{ i'roms usthar Munshizarar. hspalrcq beloisod 10 rlrE holy li,iaroqor (hal la Ab! saqlsiddLquc,4

ln$iic|s or smll cs.s m1y bc clrjd in Ii,s. numhe, ftos

rh{, h$r hkro,iai Marlv Ham,.i! lah ft,n rcrrs Lo a0 iieiic.or mediaval r.mrnunicatidi bd,xcen cr rteoos ard Acbia in ns

Iq*nJ-cl,o.san L e lvrircs:

oie alfs Hu$ur of EirldaJ,.d4smr'hr( ol iiL'nirr l(redallhterofth. Pophd, a src m4crarr, who nos'$ed nuch

wealrh'

l ti 5laves dnl owis( routr :i shiDs, rd r.pcdre-

dly b.o,r rd ci,arxiri ord re trsd lltriwards to eo 10 ocisal,dn,d. llc otso

.rix 3rd nddial, ,i.l rrrus ra5!d rru

1



Einy Mrdim conracr wio chilbsonq lt5

0rdva0 rn ,h. r mu

1ie i Do,s soE i law aid irve,r honou'ad

Th8 weslriy aod ,esDedabb arab m cha , des4rbed tn lirsI ot radiiq vcasds b, which

h6 rrcque Ad rhspon o, cnfiaqoio Heoxanld a grc iiftrqcrlpon

'hercyal.ou 01 G3ud. rhe hi$o ri adds

da s ol ths Ahb mmha ar. s

IliYiio in

rh's Atra H!.dn he'drnrLrrd

wirh Alfa chan ct Da snos,accouirwho hd LEer .!dcdas ai n,tu:nrjal tuslm noble ii rho royal

viz; rhe nobl. A'rhot De Bsrcs, rccount, Alh chrn3 h riresEm,sour.s and /rttr Hrsai o1Baiidluir t(hars rorl!, ao$ lhe Arabs(rhe ioblamrn cr De Bros a...!rr aDd A],a Hdr:ii or

ijkh)

madelhedistrior rh!pjvit orrser iib Liou: temrjt ar e,oyal

Bosides, lDre s rhe idmis'nrm evidrnce ioprovs rhe Arab

c0m0mwirh ch Luoong a! eirly a

sid coh has b.en ds.ovi,Jd ii rtro iu G of M.hamaLi4 , nor rar

l7 b3 asumed rEi tho cotn wrs

b,ouslrLore by rheAmb rad-s rnough rha pc of chirGsotre.Tlrccrhiolslnal LG mJi./ of (r: Arab c.n1ad vJlh ch raeuns

s id lesr ovidenrial.people cLimin0 ro b-. desmndinrs orsraikhs aids:ytdr warc 954,294aid 9000 solts D!pr.:,.,ir. r,ro! or rh4 sn.caitcd Amb de3

Jid t lqlo.r i,I a s b, rxxxt(1372), 331

D.. v, Liv. lx, cap t, D. 47 i

R{o,^r.I?edogkai

DnohrhJ ii E4i PornE,, K ichi,



116 ta ristory ot chl[dsoig

6ida r aB'esidin( h rlre. rv, or rh. a]a.. wi,ii tho,!lus ottwsnly niles 0, rhs .iry. Ths rin, Mll atrd sktlv lstrr., rcund

sh6ped headwllh qlorv ns syes set on lr. bnd's h..k lL[e ]o*,n row aid lons h@ w Lh prcssd Lrt.r.DFo .6 dl Drohbla $mir'c orqin

The intilrmrioi ol Anhc vocdbll v in Ch traqoio dite ren

ririos ro tha .lose rchioi rh,t D,evaiLd

A.abia. PedFps, rhep:oplaofno orh disrtur n the h'oiLheoiBprUdu and irs allied hisuasand Pa6ian rshs rh

'tho peorrle ol ch rlsoN A loiq llr of

a?Di voob.lr/ _'m hord wnhoul nuch dficullv tlowever, som. of rhe tuaLri. tehl_,

which do iorcommoily usDd'n

orh rcoioi.l d rle.E or sciqal

buLn.qua ly used by rhe peopls

eramplos. IhlE the$rords

lFdin

chruasoisdrlrcl luch 3s qhr

(y'+! ' .omm $Ne), akkhda ()ra?! a smirl dep noLw h i

hour, iim4, hrza (!i) -wod), alo; (llil - d.\") bd" u^l -esr)

r ,a,, ) ri.-- .1, , a. , i+ i

*a), (kum,rt!5 msi)'? I

rtq rhe rtrodtrdioi or slam

lo rien P,orou^ knoul.dqa n

scleice or la, rde aid iois tude, in Jnroio_

mcalphenomena and m Lhc seosrsphy of rhs.olnurcs thcv vhtd

malo them u wlsd in nscanl16

Ac.ord is ro Allama Nadv' &a ( t., D 1, bdh Lr! Aub. tmskho$ and khalj sisniry a'bav'

ln [hs vls of Allama Nadvl 'dp. dt, p, 4), "lLis drved rom

o-.i (qrDs) wh ch m€ans 'ro drivo nlo"'.



Erly l,,trr1m ro r.r wiLh chrnasono | 117

so drJp lvds {ha m k ot

ftiill!3n.. on rhB

clearly ob* vod ovln ro rhis day. Ths ED Jdns iauirl h rill used

by rhoCh(tsoi 3ns w Lla dhrhoushino a rypo ol bod. chuhb(p'rr,. khalu,2 brl'63 a,. some oLHnames or wrEi cmrt rrmiliar

.o ad wfth chirbsdno. strch tuabic

'emas mrlL.4 krirbsi,s da,i (JrJ), a,. ion,a, (fr.ancho,)

rrc. fouid an e.sy a.cesr ro Bcisrlihnquasa iid ihrs en,iclr irs

Some or rtu ptrc.names or rhe dktrcr whch aG emphai@Iylso rd c € Lro a,ab .onracr w h

iamcd by,ra Arabs ds Sh iiam,

mrai ir rr..let,tr or herverJrm ih6 AEblc nanr ol silhd Jamuia

t hi Br(rr. lsa rhewo,d !rr! (juik) b siqiiry x bis sh'p. "IhewodJuikm!ybr ccirecredwirrr (arurkrshwodr rlEo'lsiialtu:nrs ol Junk prcbariy be ns ,3\ell" (c [, (sepr. 1936),29o)

2 The wod d',es ,rom iir.c. (KLEliy ) mea ns b sqer boars or

srns(NaC , .P. ., p, sl

3 rh! lvod is i,ob:bly de,ived iiom JjJr bDi, a Pqshn tm

-1. n'i m J'-! h,5 1 -h xadli. rp..x. p. 6. Milr lDa!

nr, crew, and malansi (minlhduH ofsalLr, (he rwo wrdsaredsved tom rlE

'oo1word rnilh'irsiiis saa.

All,i,r Narl! oives ths der vd on of the Eh as rotlows: r'Khalat

whi.e and black aid KhalLsi

- . .i ld bo 1or u b''.\ md r "1d i u i'e larhlr o' u(s

usuallv emplovsd Abv$indn women as

ho$ehold maids childrsi bonor str.h davesrls wae very

.rEn enroll.d ro, s v.a on shps ard worc calGd 'xhalati'



1131^ H $o,y dr chiragono

ardir LD Lre Murlin mq.hlnrii m.disv:l rmes €o.db1 a,d3omeorh po uqrose h o,i6ns

nr!irion c rirhsoio i.,Biid.las Bandr! i; an AEbi. Per ai rohrL i d.l i.d Ltr the r?orsn Jor-n as,a

hidino pla.e o, qtr y ia$r-Do ; r [jbdd aid rom*im6 also

h ts fornd in ma,ye o, Edrol-BrEdir inear Anca,3'nd,Mdnrvam,33idii Deis.

saEm in Maliysa. Bar. A!(ay,. , Ea,dT r!trs, B:id Abbas,

li coss ofAEba. A sl3nce artheiidc\ or a dodem silas wrlL shcwall,o!id rhe r!d rn occai.

nd.. curs3on n rha mecevnbo(h rho porLof chiruqon! and

fid s31dr qe ' ,nlls de vrhich G fiemlde khowr ro rhlBrdr ror rhe medieval port town ot oatrq is n,ll nlnr Thero

isai o,hhorc Ghid ii Co{s Biar Dntr.r ktrowi as Jintna

LF-;.rj,+nsdrhqkhd. simrl4 visw is.ip.osed abJur Aiwra or rLE tand of uohr

(uoor, Aiolrroi plac. s saiaid D ('i Boalkhal u. z ), m acbicroh m0an a0 I rsr hid. h h beleved by ft! locrl lor( thd (l s

,nis$o rlaco wherc rlE A,abs cniblshed $en rret snLlemenr

Ne rhh r llaso ther. c Lwo nouzas mm.d ssydpr aid s.ytd

ro rhe sdltenenr

Muslms. rM placcnimG suc, is Alk ,i, Sulk Bah (str k.!1-

Llrrir) oic. show rha tuab ,tlueica or the medeval ssosmphy



Larly Mrsl'm co ad wth Chnasois I rls

Ths p,iLrciocl cause or rhcdocl ie or rlre Areh ftde and @m.

lvol rra Po uques D Et€e, Tha

o chirBsons ii rhs r6r quancr orrhe s,itee h cen!u'y. Thc appoaEnce oJ rhe PonusuossaiL

'nrh8

trdan o.ean hhdded rhe ftabs lrom c ryhs trad6 wirh rhs ea$em

countos. Pluods i9 was rhe nrei vrord otrhe Ponusuese trado,s

riorheArcb saili wre iE r 6tro Muslm mrcha msi our ol

on ono occosion aPo usule,rhorv/asdksctdrhar ir "miohr causo thar io sh p ol Moorcs should hde 'commo-

d tss al somsspecired pLces burwnh cudomrbrhcm aidpassr,om rhem (tha Pdrusss)"2 Horvevor, Lho supsnorry or rho PoF

rususss ov Lh! Airbs h cdG'n m8ucre cs'norbe denisd. Prof.$orD G E Hall poinLsout: "Ln the Ea er seas rhey ($e PorusuEs)

eieued ihe Moo's inbolhf thi ns and nivigaLhs (hen ship3,.id rhe

5lr os thems.lves wo,e ii cvdy wav supc,io, 1o rhose or rhc tuabs,

wh.h \'.n buh ror $rlrs oily under ravourable Fof,$oi



chitosons ahd srn.nd.r ot th6

TheAEb w'iros mei,loi, oo t

,(Bcc rhanorlcao(Erer ro rh s 1ori. rio say: : F,om xaiia ro

saminda h rai raEsanss. n ca tr produced he,e. Al.e is impo cd ,o

rh'sph€ from a d{3icaor r tuaen Lr4ry diys loumy rrnouoh

pLces. From Sam3ndr bumasrrii (uasn i! Ea r,16)

'rrvre y farMiss.-1 Al-ldrsr,

anolhor AGb wrEr, supples morc

From Kaira ro Samatrdm h rhnry mlas. sanaidrr isi laloccomms.ial bwn.,h*e sood pro

possss mu.h merchaidise,nd soods. Mliy comr aid so ro

th placs. k soir of rhc dependenc,es or omtrawj, rhc k iqor rhase c hr, Tha cny.l s3ma

rlD'reachos rrnom rhe ciry orOishmtr. G6iis plenry o,'ico

and com, arc ava'lable i rhs

'i'y.

Aloswood s bdusL'r hd.4

r days disbn$ by a nvn orwh ch tho warss

abs islaid and ,ho dcmica &tween LlrcLwo is ono day

Thrs islai'l h !vsll-p6opled aid rrc.uented by rna,chJ s nom trll

.ouilrics. Fro hcrc ro lro slaid or sadidil) it fo,I drys

doysdisrrtr.o tom strm dar is rlE c ry

of oashm, rh6 nis colebrted noughoul ida, w)ch s

und* rho rulo of oanmwl.2

lhi Khurd.dho L q1 a kaN M I Nai'tr, ,rrd, GdsropJrsl (mr.

hds. ofsourhln ,id'o, I 31

Al- fisi,qt a hns. Nan ,,P .x, D,

bE morc a hfaclory traislaror rhai l!ra10fElloL.id Dowson



Lrlr lruJmr cotr€cLwnir crriLEsois I 121

neqcrdiie,,is ! rv, tU,or,., J Dorsoi onlv translared fio pa$-

aJrr,om

ua ore ial ruxLaid d d forsobeyoid (81.

Mr [vlHNan

i Ellor's tanshion bul h6 was uiabla ro

I coa morc Probably aI Lha mouth

Dr Abdul Karm d6c6ses thesubied in detlLhrL hads o 1 ia !orlus on rh s.m d4 is dldral w lh Ch uil

srrds k a2p e ly rhs csnees.

wi or Lho ca,s6 is drinLr,omBdros map dishcrly shov/s rhe siruaoi ol

ch traqons oo rhc la,r bankof Lho ciis.s s olrtill. Abrl FazI

staid whjch s slaLed ro be

. rhe istaid ofs6idwp. lhe sccouir

cle $d S:maidar was siruded

ior oity otr Lhs creek or'he Garires bur also on rrrc sd .oae At-or he sLnd or saiilwipas ,vretl peo pted and

rraquenled by e,chanrs r,om all coum:.s" is .or.bohcd by rhe

sm lar aDprob oiby sele,al fora'qi rîoll,s ot'medieval p*jod,

The dLscnce or d lr.reil places ricm SanDidar, .s rdcd by

always raollal, rtre a.couirs or

aid Alrdrisi sEm Lo l,s rohl n siviis aborL

hftar days jounryLlY,lsnono aLn Karmur (amrd h

1 P .e.dirl: rt Lr. ?akhrr HRto4

rr^sP. v r (rn63), 13. r,r

3 )ll,n"a"" ,lr o,,rc'r llt or

.o4i!^k ri,n *t!oi le5ri



122 ta Hisrory ot ah reoio

samandm (chilasono). tr my be recatted rhar bn BanuLa sives

rourc 6 io' fackl sim rarly, Lhe djsrdi.enomsandyrp ro crirb-joureybrt,he dBBics from ch( D'q

'o ce\I. rJd.o"-.-

abour,l,epolrdl $drsor s:Daid ar Lhar rirc, at drsiwn6 / rs oie oi the dependeic'es ot' tunoawr,lhc knq orth6ecires"_ Hss omiawt crx ,who h6ld ha por undstho mod mio a

Dh mapal,, who hctd

Kamuj srso dreided

AccodigloAI.tdik'tnariaLioi,,,sdhsndar sitaroecohmerc6l rown wlrore sood profns arc made. rre in,abnans Fo$?$

M.iv cdmeand so b rh pla'o"sincevery early [mes,

I for.sr iavsltere pBhe,l ch La.

sons:lnon n rh. srm. m.nn* ar ou. Arib seosaphas had do.o

betoro, 0rrhs cornnodlies ava r.ble ar sam:id Al_rdrc Mtues,"s,ann Dlr y oJ rl.u ard .om Jrc ava hble hch uasons wa:r bov, or rce, wrhal phce can bc rc?d in fic a..ou ol rho Eurcocii I avelers,Aloe wood s nol a id y'

o,Abut Fi, w. cim! r rroirhal sythor r:s renown.d ror aloe word.z This aloe woid wJ5

usually c rted dorJtr

rni sa LrL.,. ri tr. n,1!q .,d,{ti(o, t,,s



E ly Muslr cd acr with chilhoons L1r3

D, Abdul ('m

mitrs rlra €rymoloolcal

sanaidar tls quorss lrom sblnsa$'s

c,nD nr.,,. o.r,.1 11! r Dtlrda ai lollods: , rr "- Ji"-

)rJio& sard robs d ived ftcm s.n, tiGand aiddui {u thri) $1,'

maidari namoof a placei, u,idu:knnomwhich.lN s brousht'

Th$ theadualwotd issamaidirun meanin0lrc wiihin" Dl(*imGrsE rd Tannath in suDDo( or h

abls rhd rhs Arab tho wodJalandhaE hhsamandar. borh eivnoloqi.ollv and li acrualseiso'



rpDendir rt rh€ Ar'b Priicip

The d scussidn oi the erly rJtuslm

slv. s b a problem uheths rhe^hb.orr;L

w 15 chkLasons l4d

To slvs a dlrhha r.p!y 1D thh much deb !d Eo,rt,m s undoubreolT

a diffculr rask. n!cenrly, sDme schotrrs, ,.r eiamrte Dr AH DrnrDr Enamul Hiq2 aid's.'lqs . r.".d"dChirksoDq spcakiis

iam or oli.6 crhd

k,msulh(. So the lrr rn mus, ha!: da e.{eilhr ro i Musl n

kinq or loa Muslim doniiion. rh. r sr MuJ m conqucd ol ch (a

h h!buddii ralsh, Look placd i tha

mirdle or Lherou oeirrco u . so,rherlarei.e rorrmkn b.rom

rhe Muslim coiouedor ch (a4cno is soi r. tr,aidm.y reasoi.bly

poi otrr Lhe 3{deic4 dra Mudr oiiDlial'V rn chiho.iq b3ror

ih. rccduib .l thr

aEbseosEphrs nor rhe natraLivls or rhr nd 3n hisrorirns lupply

evld€n.e ro conoborle i Musl,m r, iciDal y n

c4.]so do not coirrn Lre oDr Di

'E ly Mlslim coirdl vJ L, B.iorl',Ii,: &orte1ngr

Htubry CohrlE<, 1951, D

Enamul rlrq and Abdul K im, kotot Aa)5ahhol

hntq Pakk(E klon ?n ot, p.11



E Ly Mrlin co idwrh

ol Lhe schr &. Tllc o ly cvidal.e frr.u,.l r,a A,rb pr ncipal,ystheMtrham ad(h. s p3disre!, rvhrs i is tded th ttahrstrrvar,

Arab ois i, sovemed chirbgois

lor some rimo.l Bur MuhamnnlKLaics nry beanrched (o,L s L,srd oi tac rion aid rhe h*orlociLy

or Lhe nrEne can b: c:lhd

ioabilly,o 3ccept ther dp ,loi. , doPPno Ph.e or a .ommncral

kads in rlre nelqhbou iseas The r waalr4,

Presnse aid mrluene

rhcywc,e., erly Lidns peopl:, Lhey hcked

ntI'hry r,qri ,r vins our an iidependenr p,n.paliryr crnk-

soisrho

r.i:rcicato rhe Aralr iobleman

rihe works ot Ds B rcs

id.nce or'€

imbnious prcjacE

or rhaA,ahs,/ro'nshrhavesordimlsbe.omB

so powe"ul as ro

m,kelhsns.lvos derrousor rh! Eersal rhrJne, rtrr trs does nor

p,ove rhe orislenceol an rddpe^d

L s e (rrr e s) -. rror,



(JtI]lPTER

NUSLttrl COItOUEST OF CHTTTacOXG

rh! J^r ryalrbte rahrins ro Le aartiBs

Fn by rhc mid{.veir?nLr ceorrv h sLon,r sr habuddin Talish. Tho

h by!oia L nr, ..a oi $o:orLms or Blisal naned Fakhruddhtul i .o,,ql..?.l ch oror, ard b! lr ri embaikment (at) nom

s ru ed tr chsaof

wer. b! I, n

rhc (.iislir) ir G D.ovs ill,ltri.ois by Fakhrtrddii MrtDiat<

1r:e mrmory.r rrt! Mis,mr ! Ta!sh11he

rre cdrbfubd MoD sh lDvEller rh

n rs sadkawr . Hew res rhar

d I M

'bah[

shtrh. lbn B][ubt

rrs ida ifrcaLoi, Imryb3idiudJed 1r

01 Lhc ird_peide MLslim k nsd6rn of sji o3ir lndr iho 3bolr Lc

.oinnl o, iallidJn Mubfuk sfh.

n unds Nr!slim control rward Lh!

.!iLtrry rlht! d?s bhlr suh:i F ruz

Sriri ru1 luq,j srrortor srhr FaktudCin [4Lb ak shai] rrcm

soia!.oi b, rlyrs ( t3b3^

D ), zar,r Kran,



Musnm coiquEr or c,nhqono 1127

Fakh,uddin's son ii hw rLd by scr and rcachod Dllrivir Thd.erThe rus rive mun h,vosone ro ll

the lvluslm rulers or sensal Ths

spec'flc cvideicc o, s, habddin T3lsh,aati sld8 !y sdB wirh ihc

iid aho or Shams .Snaj Aril laads us to

slose rlEr c[ilhqoio f6r [V]uslm tule by

srlun F:kl'ruddn Mub, nk s5a).

eDio lry Fa(nuddh Mubarakshah s norsbred in Taltsh s ac.oriL Burad!.ori. ssrpplcdbv

lrad p6:ed our or rhe ,ands ot'rk:i,uddir's dsc-droh (ro was a

.L.n{or rlrorc) hi}rovolred is sadlawatr.1d 3.trqil and maJ, lrii-seI an ndereideni iule,. 2 NJmhmdic nd56 p,N:; thd Fa(hr:

03sa a D). Lri B. uni nirm.anlSh6h broushl Bensal (,2L,er rr kmsdom ol s.na,gaon) aidsadkawan und{hE co rolaLliermsrina, sr, rhe conque{ of

.sdr "v or!,"r1/Js "..ior around 739 - !0 AH/i333 3sAD.

Fbn who chiraeois w:sshah s n,fl cul 10 ascsihm. Boh rhe r4rrk,r.r aid rnptr,4 chdrrssuoqes a Iiie of inqu

'yabouL rhe conq?en or chilasorq by F.kh3

udd'n Mubrsk shah. The na anon orLhe codsmpoBry evenrs ii rhe

Irf-achre .r.suoqe$ (E( r6e auihorry of lhalrpuri ru106 mishtnor have beei erbnded upro chirLionrrqi chncsoig H ITffls wa

ThscB ral and solrhin chirhrons w6 probably &iig n,led h/tuarii, lvhhh wis uradrilly losrn

,alpow inrhemddlc ofLre rrtrneenrh cea(,y. A.cordns iouEAi,k4d. crroii.h, afrer lte dearh ot r\rreis-c' (laie 13rh cedury),



123 lA NELory o' ch,(4*s

one or,D )owcrillsov-risnsor Aikrn, Lhere Jollowed flern.l

a t.i.l and trnhappyby rr. nruolles or coiLendn! fidrois, rte

nqwlv nsen fo unc

Alauoq Plrra m Jre 8um4se emire .1 Thus Lr. ,xJ.r, pol trrtcoidirloi of

'hckiiodom savs a sood chri- ro s!lLin Fakhruddm

or ci (.rW d r;r, qno rhe ,rh,

Br u1a, Srlrn Fakhrudd MuLr :k Sh:,

rh lhs a1r:dion orsul,,, Felhruddlrar rh hcphsod onc ol Lhc ssh's v ceroy Sadkiwan. Thh

man wJs c,ltcd shryda (nrd fortovr)rhs 0r€ ('E 4hs or whch

ei ed rll Talsh's Lim$), pd ourrtrr thesutlan

wsnor only

a devour Muslin bnalso a prol'fic buildcr.

The Mrsl'm coiques ol chirLagono p,odlced r:r Gathiseirec$ oilhe cou6eorl,hlo,y oi clriLusotro rr wa5ior me,elv

a pol'[c,l coiquei and re]rsLols as2e.b.

chitcsoig now cesed ro b3erclusiv.ly a coice,n or A,akai 3id

conqus', ns aselons solaroi wrs brokei.

FeiceioMard, the sansil ruhre be.ams

n rhB polical, soclal, and mo,o lmpotunr h rhe eooiomic lrisro y

ofBein.l. The coiqu.sr o1Fakhrudrlin msde rh6 dstrtr' an irreoril

p. orLre BensalsdlLii .. n rho Lime rhar lollowed,'heM6lim

ruls6 or Eqrx3l as an lnseP iLla Pa or

Lhor domm oi and kaco a nm I'old oi L

wirhn a ve,y slio me,chiol Do or Bemral, aid

r /^l s, xlr Iuac) al

2 Bh r.,"nt,,"p ",,

p i37



î6l,mconqre( or chksoiq I 12s

.s rhe chEr po orBenqal It rtresavenresirh osnrury, aid rh6Do. ioi vh, r war h dlv obk',dbls d- iq.,e ppvoLs ..qF*.r. ro'd src d o' hh1

rasut ot rhs conouo s of Fakhrudd n Mubra( shah

F,om numismaric evLde,.e LL aposare rhar Fakhruddn,s rnorndell n 75oAN tl349aD) |

dsd by hEsoi Sutor Lhriyaruddri GhaziShah.2rhe

evdei.eor riscoinsmares !s ktrow rh he could eiercGa rcsa, puwsonly ior a sho rms Hk conssk ed ro appear h 750 A HI349A D aid hc lisr coms, apD€ared in 753 A H

/]3s2 A D.3 r rhe same ye rhe coins or Su r.i yas shah

AUCUr K'm,

amp6 rf th. hBh ca$ ol a.|al], r. 36

/r,d, p. 33 o, A Krrn mos apLly sussens rar, sulhikhriyai!dd i Ghaz' shah was the

Fakhrudd i Muhardk shah. The ground of hsassu-prion L cs

rollows: F 6r, SllEn rkh ya,uddr chazi shah besaf, ro srucris coins in '750 A H/1349 A D, ii ths sam ys.r whsn tha

.oiis ol Fakhrudd n

ii ths sahe pic!€

wheR hB predec*so, had mhred hs colns. Se.oidly, rhgnew sulrai inlrcdlcesh msetl as al sulun bi,!sulh., whichloslcally lerds ro rhe hleGn.e rhd suiian rkhriyaruddn shouldb3 rhe soiofsuLai Fakhddin Lsrly, ihccoiis!fsutrinkhry.tudd n be close atrin'Ly ro rhar or SrlGi Fakhtuddn.

B coi id crad bv the laremenrorLri B rula who inrons !s rh rho oily son of Fakhrrdd tr

ws nschsouslyBrle lhesrlran wasnill alve (3har6sdl op..n., p 1s7).as reg ds rhe avddn.o or lbn

rrre nudsrcd son ot Sulun Fakhruddin wis hor rrE only ru'



l3d l A rlisbry .r Chi rooio

besan ro appo4 l@m h ff,y rsason.blv 6aoonoluded rhar sul.i rkhiiyrsddin w6 defsar€d and dahronedby Sulrri lly"sSl-tsF, who,lrs srnEd t.contro,ou r.6Ernoryof rhe tulere or Faktuuddh Mub'dk Shahi dyiasry. Esids rhe

coiis, rho T,rilfi.i-Frrz lfuh,1 sh.d]ishr .nfia lare of fts ruhts

ol Fakhruddii Mub ak shahl dyn.sry. A.mdms ro ir, sult ilkhriydruddrn 6nd all orhei memb€E orlM ranilv otsulran Fakh-

rddii wsr6pur

bdmrh by rlytr shah. Th6cam6rh6.nd or$e,ula or rhs Flkhruddin Mub:Gkshahl dyiasry overchirraeons.



rDp.rdir. ld.nril,Gorion ot ch,rhsons with sidk.w.r

ft66Galcr ol6ntov svamois scholsB abouL the identi-

,m.1 Ths bFdwsliddh ssedhv cdl Ylla in his monu-

menr.l wolk cd,r,ydid,,."/ ortuh€r.2 Ths schola' solecred iho

iwo ciriesot Salqaoi aid chds:on fi ho$ likslv slres ror idonliri'

c6l Ytrleii his 'MaD or Asla in rhs rn

rj'lr ot the tod ee h ce ury" his nsensd s.dkaw:n n lhs stma

heonq is located' Ha thue h'

sha,ed bv Dr N K Bha&sl3 aid orhs scholarc. col Yul6's viow

has bsei.hallenqed by M, James wise Mr B.nov cho.h and Mr

NBRoy4 rn ods, to rom a clen opinlon, Isr us ir:mli6 '

Accordiiq b our tavs in Eensal rh wo

6 ercd sas Sadkaw.n a la chiuasons w ths Ghiar Po

rndonadl iho modpopulous rowds in Berqal ii medi6valp iod'

'1xws) llre main ddewrv ro rhe rova!cdpnal Gaur' All iho P' '

Sdoioi, commonlybeleved ro bs. co ud fo'n ol s'pt'qram,

i the Fre-Muslim penod, nood noii Fodem AdLaplaoiam ne

wh ch rhs Hooshli,$es aswaria

s s, l, 1OOn, Bsnoy Ghosh, P.sh.[,, sdrge' so,gsknd, pa 2, p 3O2



132 1a Hkror.y or chilaqons

2 v a t getsl, t,.to.t,rza

3./sntxllt (1s56),13 - 1b

5 op,.ir., p,459 shihabuddin Tatish, awhoh rhs roposmDhy of $iersson

17rh cdorury h sorho ro

wis wsll known_ wk* :



r0Glm .onque{ or chtrasoiq trl

I rredisval a.d hod i (rirerr. De

.ours,s andior,yu[rave',.(uturedbEidsr like,h,r a]lah:bad.

of coonueice.( slt bur o, n-paedoi "sr'oe who rh ik rhai rhc Ht.du. do noreo oiB,rhh,prm, fte prdo: and orh_+ riv,r or Ein

s Arun*ai,.p .r, p. rar



134 |A Hil'od d, chiiaqdhi

misreores rhe facl Vanayoolni, Laisalb0id Gll tEo !re shuded

iea, rhe coilluei.N ol or ttu Padma ard rl'6Bhhmapurar erc a,slha pl'cessnu edoi rhNe ,lveB,whsrc rcli-

slods miided tundN in Ia€s numh, siUoo io Ihssa spoG ro balhsii

rho holy war6E. Xins Eijoy M rkya orT.ipuh (715a0-? 1573 AD)

commemoraled fio'nEideit

or hisbalh h rhe kkhya rold coured ol

tho Brahmapura) To rhe dsvoul Hhdur rhs

wherc theFiidus o, nsqhboutus arcat

b he 6nd ohserv! Blslous ts on spoc,l'c days or the y.ar.

Fe.ently,som. schdlirs erp,a$ed raludaico i call iq rhe Psdma

rhe Gaises rhen trhY should

oss b3 ladsd rrom namo 7 Pod aliol erpl-

hiily d!tes rhd hs wasbom oi thobrnk of ihs Bhaqnafti whlch weknow G no orhe, Lhsn rhe Padmi, flowins by rhs side ot Fa'rdour,

rh€ nar vs distid ot r'e poet 2 Thar tha Padma h6s boei the mah

wn ol hislory cainor bo doubrd,

elhBor medleval pe,iod will pova,har n wG tu ma i llow or rhe

cansss duriis bi B.nuGb sojoum ii Bnqal

lr is ared bv our tr.vellq thal look him oi8 donrh ii hitjouhsy by laid ro solo Kamaru ((amruo) tom kd[awan and rinqen

days h his,eru roumey m son qaoD,3 Tho cruse ol drfabicoor rlmlnq haNe* ihesB rwo ioum6vs is, a3 has beon rshrlypomedour byDrA ( lm rhar ha hluiisjorrey dlhe vn rcuo

'hbus

2 Alaol, tk.idc. N0d, ed. Ah rd Sha,if, Ba.sb Academy, ohaka,

PdGdhgi ot $. P6l,rt' Hisiro., cuf*.ac,1s5a



Musli coiq$ ol chirhsois 1135

Accordns ro the ravollsr, Fakhrudd:n rcbellod ii sadkawai aid

in Bsnsal Be placed shayda, a iaqjr in rho sdvo'noGhip otSadNawai.l rr appe s rha! Sadhqanwas lhe second.apibt orFakhruddii, .s rhc svellere,pecred ro s6 rhe sutran n Sadk,waf,.No sourca o!, disposn elk ol rhe pqmanenr hold or SulranFakhruddin ova saeaon. Accordhq to B n' Fakhruddif, otrue

plundercd sds.onlfs qaonwas in.luded inhisdomiion .i rLE ptund iisothisowi reri'ory d.es nota,isa From an insciprionrh sourhcrn BDnlal hcludiDs SaLoaoi wasri rhe h:nds ot Uyas

Shah n 743 A H. remarks: -tte do iot fuowof any vicis ruda urh ch mishr have befrllen hrm beJoE his dealh,

by wh'ch ire m sht have wrhd,avr r'omsourh Bensal. so, noLn

743 A H rill hk ded$, so h Bsnoal w n rhe hands or tlyasshah.x could nor soro any othefs po

r Lhedarc oi bn Badurd .3 iho odd3 rosuircd f'om Is occasrdna]

'a.rs.He .outd reirher set up

welllo,msd admndction nor appoml h's v ceroy Sds.on.

The raveiler says thal lhe port ot sdkawan lumEhed a haval

bas. for sllbn Fakhrudd irennory or AI Shah.4 Saeaon could nev* bc a conwiienrpla@

'ol lJllJdon:9'lB5,luato',.dwiytro. 1,,.dp'E,, ,' *s i,nodnsot warcrroure belweei soiarqoi aid S saoi. lt sawkw d

Id would so ro saqaon, and kom rrEE he

would had hs marne ror.es atrd

basa was m6re slEres cary advan-

l.seousfo, hlm, whem ships could bD kepr moGsarely $ri else.

wh3€in his krsdom, and nom whm hs could makepcriodlcll ciJs

rai sh'hibuddin TaL sh shles rhd

PtoG.dh$ af tdk.t n Hrctr corftt,n .,



13e ta H6bry o, ihii,@.,i

sulGn Fakhruddr h€audtod charsaoiwnh

boLhrelisiols a

d

secul hu ldiss, Healso builr a hishwrylrom chaqaon rochaid-

pur, r all rhese B.rvir ss woutd no! have been maler alizad,r hafailed ro foh a skoiq qovemment at charsaon. As a srares s!

ha rcrlisd rhar f Son saon woutd be aracked ar aiy rim6, hswould sscape ro chalsaon whl.h v6s qeoqraoh c,llv a convenisnr

Srholare may po is wrnL.o wrLha sm( !. ) qh'ch as,ssw,rir rhs soElliis orsdrsior chaLsaon srould

baw.' ts ,.,ri!! r t: o' .Lrl: a , t-.."1u J,a,o absn!in Aidbrc alphabeL.2 r s Drcbabls rhd beiig urrim I..wirh tha naN ot rheptrce, re @vell6riiqured oflrr local people

thena eot rhepli6, wh6rc helan5 nhabiranrs * Sadsanw becaus a c[kEsoniai senemtty subsriruLs 's, for 'ch. .id d. ror 1'. \ appearsihd lbirhanams in a lo,nasprcDoDed bTnre i ive people

Ihs abovs dGcu$ion may be con.llded wirh rhe rcma'k rh ,

bn BanuE'6 sadkawan

This con.lusion, rhus mrved arby such sbholsrs as SrH.nryYule,

M Les and sansuineri,3 or H Elochmani ! Mr H A n c'6b, Dr

N K Blrdasall, and D,abdulK!,im, ctsniorbs ns ed summr,ty.TlEre hllhr be sl qhl,ndisisrency n rhe n ,arives ol our r.v6llerbur rhis d!! quire f, ural for rr'm 6 hewbDhLo rhc mmrysiruaEd rhousnds or hlles away rrom his ndveland,

EDBmj,op.t,rLellri 8at,t, trais. Lco aid Saisuidt, Iomeqrat6me,p.2l2

I r 5 B, xL| (1373), 233



CEAPTEII

CflIITAGOIIG trUJI'flG THE ILYAS SHAHI OYNASIV

a.ciion 1. Chl(,sono u'd.r Et,ly lI,!3 sh.hi Sullar6

SllEn kh(lyarudd n Ghaz' Srh, son .nd succe$or of suLton

Fakhirddii rrub ak Shal, wasderered and &thro cdhvShamsu_

ddin llyasshah (1s42n357AD), rhe Iretrulor ot'h6liieorkirssn.med alror him. No con issued by lkn'yruddln al'er rs3 AH

has so r4 been aval.ble,uhercm rhe coinsor Shamsuddt llY6

Sriah madelhs app.a,aice i^ rrs miir ot' sonrsaon ln th6 simoya .l Tha erbnl oohe rhedrorc, coiclusvely prcva rhe end or

$e rulaof rhe lio6oof Fakhruddin Mubarakshalr ovor son saon.

As ro whar eracdy happBred (o ch kgois, E id cl*rly kiown

The lollowirs racls, howevor, Ieadue to susse rhdChnksons

saE also oc.upied hv Sulloi sitmsuddltr lY shah aloig wirh

h fto n6i placo, alrd the ovetnow of Lkh'iyatuddin Ghazi

Sh6h, his brcthermraw (sonJn lawo, Faknuddn Mubi,ak Shah)

zarar Khai, who uG holdhs an inrpo ant orlce undd hin,

flediiom Bsnsal Sultin Fnuzsth Tushluq of

Delh' whom ha Eqmsed ro n%dD acrcat shams hsnar Arif,

his sca vovaos lmm chiqasono potr und*ihelhrcat nom ShaFs'

1





crirhsono drr io Lh6 rtyd, s ajjidyia y I139

sha[ (r357. r3SO A D). The

hbrp

r of riro r3]oi of suha.Sikaid4Sh:h ws d.rkoiad by rho Gvotr or ij s soi ch,y*lddinAzamShah who had bean ap2oiired by hh idrhn 4 vica,oy or 6asLe.i Bensrl,lho c,pnal of wlich wE d son saon .hi,reuddii,omnsw s mrnred son il:o.i F habad, arei5:cn or r,4u,uzamlbad whts hs ja$* was stlt a|]vc.1

Tho midr nana ensnvad on rhe coirsof chiy6uJdix Aram"shih

0390-1410AD)sy,ah irdN:r_ali ch ftsaio w.s und* hisefre vs rul!, our of.he four coins.f r ! M c, only 6n ois of ftsmc.' lha mnI iamc ll? reco:niz;d a

e 1q numlsm *s, arpsaJd Lo D iiarhsaliro re:d l*e charlaiw(sr-jt<+ )

2 D, sharmrlsrerdns rh!: pornc ou, Ghiyasddin!76nqhd !(on,ot o.4 ..i,, -o.rnortully suB or rhe

.?nted wihou! cir.r .oins,3

Tlre .o dnpoay spisLohry sourcls oive 'Jne evidsice otGhiyasuccii Az.m shei,s hotd orr.,Lraoiq so eGrrre4

publthed by syad r8.in Aslari. ti I;reri'. 152, Lha sahiwxres

"Now rhe (pllsrhs)soson is 3cprcacritrs. ahhai may kindtybs ksuod ro rhe otrrirls Karam) oi c,r:ee. dnlcLiiq them idaccommodire ii Lhe f6r ship ibe 5md.f Di^v.sh p torims for Meccawho lr.veassemblcd osid De,, ti l.ie.io 165, lhe sai wnes ;

"l hrve alruady sre lvJ, y!3s yolr sptcjous rrrrurhold. bur

Bhdhsall op- .jr., p 63

, B i 5, XLt (1956, 13-15



1a0lA HGro'v ol chncqonq

ot rlE.e leue6 u odricdly provsilrd Sdhai Chiv3suddn Azam

shah had e,hclivs coirol ov.r thJ pcd towi ol Chlnasong

The a..oid o, rr.e chneso hvelle,sl re*ilies 10 lhe l;cr

thar Srlni Ghiyisuddin AzamShar -"xercistd rull rcval auiho ry

over Cii,Goons Tra dplomar c r.lal,dn esablshed bv Ghivatuddir

A$m shalr betr{e,i rrs ( isdom or E:is.l aid 0re empno or Chiia

was rollowed ryr.sul :\.irD5e ot emb6:iesbdlv:en iho rwD

couiuies Almon ill tt criie$ d romnc msors seir hv rho

chiiEr eovqnf4 to rhq .ou of Bsn!3leiercd t$ kitrsdom(rus h.PPcned io

b3 ndri,,d i. th: k is/oa or ll:isal duriis r[ek vs i

rrr ,:ous3 or nii. c.n.eh

s!11,i Ghyitr.li r Azrm Sh:h. rula was folldwed bv llr8

srlrr: n,mal7 s3ilddi HaB* shah

(sl3.craAH/larorr tr la11-1240),siihabuddn 6avazid s5ah

(314-31, AH/r4rr 1r Lo ialan5 Ao), Alalddii Fruz shah

(e17 A H/1414 A !) iod ralrltrddin Mdhammad shah (313 A h/

!,rq.t5 ^ D) r,Findu kln$, Dan!rm dda€ oeva (ls3s 13r0 sak/a17 rs A D)

aid roihsndra Lilua (1340.4r sak. / 1414 141s A D ). rhe

rcappoacn@ or the coins ol Jrllllddif, Muham ad sth in 1113

A D pEves hisresrora oi ro rhe ihron:

Th6 rc.oistudioi or hGto,v du,hs this pe od is undoubbdlv

a ditlhul, bsk, A.loss udyof rh€ co etrrpo'ary aid Iarer sourcEs

l..ds us,olom an donioi ftat rn iilluon al Hndu nobl6 named

B.la Ganssh maiiDllaLd tho oouMof ev€i6 duri,s rhk p od'

Modsn hieroriais ofHaia Gatr8sh whhh mtv

be sdhsred up nrorhofollowins b ol Eviow,



cL,nr.soiir Cuinq rL. llyis Sl,r,l dyiasrv 141

Ths rnsr lhrco suhai! o, 1!ie ltyr shahl dynasly wso rouo\6d

in s!..essloi.... i?ho,emi red ne€ 6olsh hc

hrtrdsor rhen mnisGE..thesclfsh ambuon orrh6 noblos hadlullplay-1 Tho lcider or rhhcroup or iobles was F4a Gaiesh, an

lilluentul zomlndaro, Dorh Den.il Ar t'ri very lad, Gai6h

a$unod tha crcwn hlmse!1. "Ihis ad

Muslim slniiiEnt, sonr ro lbmhim Shah

shdqi, rhcsul,an o, J:uietrrlo invade Beiqal aid dalivs' tlri. L"i

ar klam nom rho Kalr oi tha rhr.tre.'2 Lbrehim Shah Sharq'

cans wirh a larse contis.fr ro chs ise filla catsh. llG nor

bol. Pla.o or nor 'Aup by murual coissN, :nd ths Jaunpurlor6

wenr bo.k, omhablv lor a moiev co'sdsaror aid c raiilv oi rhc

e h. son Jadu b hlim and nara

h'n sunai .r E.qel in h s ov^ pl..e'3 Brt sooi ,tEr rh-"

naja a:n.!ir pl.md his soi onlhr ihloioand'1uFd n ,h ovm acccuil !nde,1ie r,.td [irl. olD rjrmsraiil

Dsva." Tr. hmenEble l" eso1 s,hr Nu' oulub Alam4 po

Dev:, Sn Jaduiarh sa(ar wrikr:

rcE lu 3l.r rh' d"aLh ol Gaiesi.-5 But

ktrsmak.rsvassho iived aL:d ended rn $eLs.edy d€f.ar as io

coin vEs srJck

A'

"6 ThD r;otrh r4l3 A o ro 14s5 A O

lry Jdliird-li Muham 3dSn3r, tha.onvenedson or REaGanelh



rr,l^ rlrsror/ of ch komo

I ( m, (,k,os!. of .drs p 60



chnLasotrs during rhc lyas siah dyidy I 143

i' ru .,r01ro Dal. "a ddqE De.o.qJd cdo. i) ,r\ ,cs,rhd

crJaLllddin Muhsnmad

shoh.Tha

lahefs chirbooDsHB e lier colns (r4j5r4rc A Dl d h.s l6Ler coins (tal3ra31A D), bolh kiids ol .oitrr werc nlied ar chidasonq. TrtspEvesIho coDrnucd holdis of pos:..:loi of crilhsons by rhe HousB ol

m lumishes an accounrwhich*ems b

'avi

some h $orcalEluc Ds dis ch asois ln rhis

book, n svnLtLi fi ";botrr a iuidred years afrer the lms o,

Prru SBi3, Cagal; Rala,2 problbly rhr moi pows'fulkins o,al HB porlrr w6 relr all ovor rrc

rom Elis:l ro Dclhr. H: was dsvored to

n Freich kaNhioi ot raranarh,6

d1c or cioalJ Fala ar fouows: -Fromhs (casah Raia) deaLh ro rhs y@

co:saquen y []e hinory is ooni.nu'd ro rlE ys 1.143 of or cra r'4

Th! e{alrishmenr.f'dinriyor

Cssita F4a issuGly o p6rph_x nsjob unro unaGly, io histo

crirical nldy on his.4:or sicepr a sho buLsonrca renarks byDr Kal ka Rarran oinuioo.5 rre ptuseir w er rollow g rhe schoIa/sv,aw, iirends ro assocrc th,s k trs lviLh nija Gaiesh rrom

( cooala naia rose o Dromif,enoo

As m:nyas rilry rour coins ot irLluddji mnt.d ar Charsaon ii323 All (1120) h.re b+n fouid ours.rat, Th. coi ns bslonsed

rolhrca dEincL kltrds and Lrrc mirl i no E Drondun.ed a5

Therenr

snrb. reh,on baseJn c:sih Rara ol TararaLhs acEou

aid Sris:ldp and Shinoal,,h.lasend y kns ot Btionl i rhe

Srrd: (a,25rand Fn€hh. amounc rcspecLively.

The(d .Dtrir, N4:oh, l35c B s ) cai.ulr, p 31



141 A HEldry ot chiitagorc

lrco a humhle pGirion hoauss thr historhn dd say iorhrs ot h!

royaldasc. , Th s obsruation ls equally applcablelo hF ca@shwho wasb an iiflue ialnohrobefore hs be.omins tha kiig otPaidua, s..ondlv, llkecaqataRaia rhemiqrrorFah Gaisshs ms

6iohrhav6 bBeo lehlitrher wo{ (o his origin, khsdom if noi as

tur 66 DslhiLn rhe oass ol Crsaltr Rora, Ti'dly.

both Raja Ganesh

aid C:scla Raia wrc lpholdch o, BEhmanical docrie, aid ir so.msrharrhey w 6,espsnsihltroL irs ravvrl an* a p'riod ot Muslim

ruld, Founhly, ir D known lrom Tararall,s Drs$.J: rtrar c;sala R4awasakins or catisau (chi'hqonq). rhe iumhm{c avd6ncs clsa-

iy indrdks rhd naia cai*h was Lhdkigor borh chiLkgotrs and

Parduadr thes:m: rimo TE lordsrr r or canlr Haja ovtr Pardtra

$oushnor€xplhirlyr ed iirheac.ouni, hhinredorbvrrc hstoLof r€ kns wa, felr uDro D6lhi,

Lasrly, Cosala Raja was aLive itl 14lg A o, wh'ch does nor vary

muchnomrhar ofHara Glirsh. Aponno Lhc ninor chDnologrc.ldilt6Enco, rhc c.iee, ofCosala Falaroushly asreas wilh rtur of F ia

Thea.muDt of oe B ros, ll these e bkei lr6rally, €tve a

t.chrcfe,ei.6 ro lho po$ible domnrion or rhe Houss or Rara

Tha hisro,hn wirds rha' oiB hundred yea6

bsfoE rhE Ponusuese 116rvirited io ch6rs.oi, rhs Maid ris weE

ihs sovsmo6 of rhe pllcs Thsy oxcrcrssd . crcin dmounr ofinlluenco oi fi6 rcyilcoutr ar caudl ac.ordinq ro trd Po'osu-

6ehkrorl.ns, ih6 f rsL Poiusuass visl Lo chltr.gorq rook plo.s in

15r7.13 A o.2 Frrm Lhs ium6m c ovlden.o ir is knorh fi3! in

l1r7- 13 A 0, juda hlndred yearsback Ch bsoisw:s uid$ rhe

rule ot rhe frou$ of FrF Gaiesh. Thc vrrrd Maidanj 6s dsfhedln

rhe H.tn l.br,, "is rcaly I slsht curuprioi of Hiidu (rrom

sanskno m. ri,2 colis.Ilor, a Mrncter olsEle'for which it was

'1d6d'10

Prcr,$ olo Pr 'Volam '.dd' ('m



ihi aoons duiis rhe yas shah dynasry I j45

doubr, problble Lh Lhe indrcrive "srivms atuer mor inE,, hrv haw

shtp:d tha oorupron of ma ,i iiro asemblsnce ol m!nd*r'In aiorhqplaco o1ths same sourca, c dd6d rhar ,.ma

rc6 is tho

ii Ch'Iasons by rho rulau of rhe Fouss ol Faia caiesh whhh had

', " o d ,iiil, lo,d o.olllo (!s,'i l,

Iha ropo oJ a chiiose ambassador irmen Hou hiDi, r€srtfie, ro

t,e fnm hol.l of rho rllers of1h6 Hous6 ofFrja canesh over ch a_

sois rn1415AD,lheambaisadorwhod vcd archirhsons df, hjsway ro Gardwires "whci rha khq heard rharourshtF had arivsdrherc, he.e hish orfic-s ro oile obos andorherpresonb and over

.bo cam6 ro rhe po ."3 The nuhi$maLcsources pohr out th rhamisiinsktnsofBeisatarftar tno(415 D) w:s Jalaludd'n Jr,tuhammad, rhecoiv&red son ot B.iaG,nes lcho mu$ hava seir a coouhrioi ro r6cs vs the ch nssoeni$ y d rha po or Chttasoig,

svens ln 1406 A D,.i Aiakanese khs oamed Msis Tsau mwun orNmamekhla, "torciblyqainsdpo$srsioi or a lady named Tsau-bnsyo, fiesrsrqof rhs cr ar callsd anaFrhi! Th€brorhor, dore,minsd

orAva, aid aoplied ror assisr.ncs bderhrona rhe arakanese kifq."4 The Bdmesr nonarch, rh6,stNn,se an.ipadnion asansl M€ns Tsau mwli who ,lsd tnro rheKut6

cornq.s Th6sovdf,or o, froh htm hiE queco,

Tsau-mw&shdis, oi wh ch rh.llsirvo khgw6nl ro ThuraEn,wh o

5./,rsa.xxxvLr (sog),+q



1a6 lA H ory ot cr trasois

roLiss (sho lvr e rsnino'or$e

AEkanot) drhoBumAe (rhe

ii!ads,s) forqhr q,cir o1he, lor

Brm!3cw-erialiv.\iall:d othav 73B (1426Ao) "bv thd

un red.iro s orri.rrakiresg aic ihe Tslalnss." Ths Rdzas.,!

then nr.aGs rirc (olloHiir.vcf6, whch have beei summa,zed by

si,A PPhavreasrollovJ: :

Du,iig dis period rlrc deihrc,.d ki,Ew* tt:idins ot $e rch otri. ih! olrl,r.e, ,ho be is dsased ln ware co!ld ior al,od

rh . ir. D.lli irns (na ro drd(r

7hmro, whlr a lrrss amy, coish'lns or clephanrs, hoEes,

ch ioc afd lootsold aB, also'doss asla,se:s buuocks taicd

dsabled hy moans or non hooks bared vrlh ro{ llssh, .erzins

whch,lhey wre causht bY rhe mouth and eas:ly ove4owered.ThaeleDha sand ror*s lall mo Dirs, duo for trrem !nd covsed

abbtnetl o -nphte yrtott lneA,skanrse errl;d t,eds the I o,

enraDoirq i herd of wld alephanl

He also iistruocd rhom'n

$6 adornainiiq cl!pha s.

04or ,! arc rude fo rd. ,trdtr.ri.dprhc (ri. reat\l ol hk klretlan- Hr rppdn?d d

s.n nt.otktin ttc^dldk!

dmirr u-r,.r'os (idc rr'cd as

ural, (han) b @mhqid nr f,I 'trclora.i. Thk pscoi,

rv.trd.nt dntt inptisar.d M.nz

rrt nvtD H: d.orcd ad lkd @ sEnsrt

d1wo noblas nt sd Dambac!

iid Bab su r.nry outhG itrLeitions,rorsLhcrv/lLh a hrle amv

ThcY ar vcd w tr ord:6 to



plrce Moi! rsau maui on,h. rlr'oic atrd btus back rhe hodd

:nd ski or u lu Khsno. Ti.rrped,rbn e6 r,c*srr,. u lu Khenosurfered rh6 ra6 his crime des vad, and ,hc h{orizi rocodsin slowis rems rhe toy orrha peoele

rk @ru.d ktra. hr||d.r vr: fot..d b . lbnn b'h.

desrcddhi .fb.inl tiblto tr 6 th. hn1 rt rh t hbh ii,1 tt an.hk i n, th. dh.ot thc

^kor kaE: kc ilLhe retta., thtu En, ritl rte' tr ltr

Mssrsu mwu havhs so! dd of..pirl... (He) mn{uldudv qridBd

cily of arakan callsd Myouk u. rho ciry wtrs rounded . in the

th,oi4 aid closed \h chcqu.rd c re" i .he rdurh yln rr hls

nrry rhrec yrar (r4:o A Dl.1

cai be deduccd ircm rhe rb.vo

ouobiioi. FiH. ManqTsou mwu

asylum whh rhe q.vMor or chitra

rhei u&*rresrredve,rle o, Gh'yasudd r A-m shah. Th.ruqiti!efor so o tim. 3id rhci dancd for Gaud

seondly Mens rsauhe dayed thorc ror a lois spe.(ator or all thar

haoooied du,ioq Lhs koublous D iod. rhs touble probalry h.d

i1s,oorEt the ,rpid chansh oi 1io Ltrone as a resultor rhe cons.

onacvol thocsu e,s r.aded by F.la Gaicsh. rhethrcis was rrsn

occup ed by J:laludd n Mulrammjd srih li 1a1e AD, qho rul.d

com,o abry riu 1432^

D.

Th,ldly, du,hq his sby al Lr..aplLil, brahrm Shah shaGi, kiisor Jaunpu, (F.rused by ihc chroriclcr 1o be rhc klis or Delhj)

iivadrd seisal oi A D and probEblv in

o' Jquiq du, no r \Jr shil' dy,diy l,l7

1 t,r s B, x I Jq{,!,, aa. aG rLalks m'ie



r43l A Hierdry or chjhqonq

1420A D. By rhs fiBr iivasioi Raja G ash yras humbled, bd rho

secoid iivasioi ot rbrahi shrrqr wr mpulsed hy JahluddnMuhammod shrh meiity Lif Lre na oi of rho crrrorht{ u ro bobelieved) owiig ro ft. wi3dom ,endorcd by Lhe axited ahkanesa

Fou hly, ihekjio orBonsal i Erum rorlhe *rutcss rcidercdbyrhs Arekaneso kiq, disp .he,tqeieral Lr !u (hcis ( ) wali (hatr ) to 6scr

Th6 desnedob]ecLw,s achiev,r, butLr L $eiqteachqorsly seizld Bmovns Nl!trs Tsau nwln

irs ras,rlon aDdro ti.r p3El1y on rhe iiaro,s. The crped onaisr$u mwui was reii{3Ltcd

llyas :Ehi Ii:;.e.2 Bul Narntrddh Mahmrd S:rar hidnrt becom:

F rrhly,lhe rcdoed kiiq, lDw:,i



cri[iqonc dlr i1 rh! llyas shrh, dyr]sry 1!9

L.n\, a.lose reidno or rhe D*s.qerevrats Lh Lh6 rr ored

klno, "qor,id of ris alli.s" Thh mams Dr rhe Arakanese kiio casron h s alleqian.. ro Lhc rlerofBen@]. He forid?d a Ew capbtprobably i^dhs ihc old oie insscue Ths kino died in t43o a D.

Ths.hmiichr aEs rh asl e.ois or Lhs dD.eafd tinq were nr3.nir, ill thro, rrD kiic iD mred his brorher Metr Kha rias h ssuuo*ssor Bu rh unrs!a! d;l:yo o!

Lc eda.LrDcnDnirddould iave

!.brlorc.

enh8rore of tl[ ce!**d kiis3 sons or Lhe reoeit { ? Man Kha ri)rlcd tho khlrdom berdre ir [a$ed o Moi (ha I ii 1434 A o.

eisal lhano by Fattr Gsicsh was

tlI mistuteor tre nccessore orsrlai ch!isrddm Az:n shih chLlaooiq w$ und.rbt?dlv one

orl,eonnciE, mtr so: rnsrebcll'oi. Hsarhepdoc or Muslrm.iorm on !/N h dlym.E thrn s

p$ or Lhe Biidu\ prved sphomsh! 2io J:t:trdd i. Lhe c V ,edsoi ofFara c.ocsi furcd rlrs rde n tavour or tsGm

he nesror.d llv,! shali

r!: ,ul6 orrhe rotrsr Dr n.ja cihesh w,s r,m ined th BlsA H (1435. 36 A D) by ri: is:ass n Lon of srrsmsuddm ahmdd, thesoi:idsu.ccsor or Jal:luddr Muhrmmad s1,h. w h rhe acce-s; oi or Nas,udd n Ma )oud, a d srnr rohr v! ro Lre ta* rutq.r rit6e lorlyasshaii sulr3ne,1h.li. ol D lyas sh,h dyissLy wrrrenord Th. f:cb abour

'r,e

M,h ud shaj: co rol orer ch nreoos

s prove,l by numisn tc aid riir6ry cvideo.es Trc .oins m,iLed

A Hl (r!3€ 3s A D,e6rerh rnm hold.verch ksoiq. From rtrc criios sourca. ir rsknow,

1 mn,aiE,,t tt' t'ar, s*at,f84s,,, tse3 p 143



l50lA H ory ol cri'Gqono

,d srlhn Nasnudd n MrhmudShih, i old, ro minrain diplom i.

..tr ,r 1r3B aid r439 D 1 The missions musr have Lr.ei seitLrcuqI rlre pcn or ch bsotrs I'ke rheemle, oiet

Tre eaud,an co ,Dl ov- chidlqriq especrlly i1s sdoLhrn

erFnsion row d

c,r!,,r., Men Khari or Ali

xh.tr (a3a rass

^D), s.e$oi or Mens rsu mwui "did iot lons

oI ]a [mq o, Beiqal

hr .s Ramu'2 ]he inudim iameor rhe kmc

odicaE h t 3lrhoritv ov?' aDoioi ot ch Gqons Thc rror'ilrar,rth spe.rc?llr' drs,[n hr proceed:d

nnemeit or sn Jiduran, sa:ka, referiis ro Mei kha{ spolrcalsGy, th he "r,.s,;d rh: whole or chdqaon lrom B-bak

GlcEd a coiiecure @ bet€ve. N5venhelese

kepL sourhcrn ch trasono uid* thek

connol tor mo$ lime oI rh. ,e ored llyas shrhl regime

bY hisson Ea ba PhY! or(allmahshah 145sr432 A D), vrho p6.o.dcd rarh:r no h

'nd'look

:oi."4 rhe aval'bl5 sources h'd

possDrsioisrn Briqil coinr of that &re {la6o

A D) iow erisr

BBisalea and Po6ii charader, ds usll a!

Srmcss som: b:ins n,d.k byrht vhe'oys ii chna{,o"g o'heh

ii rhi nam3 or fir kirs hm:elr",s Thc &Iudimnameand (a1'

mah endFv:d ii rha cohs p,ove rhe Iafl o, hb co rol over

clrircqo.d. \i/c should nuch impo(atr.e on

I srkharov l\4ukhopadhyaya

s.,alqr,rii,5,Drh.8a.rrrr, p, 13t

Phsyre wirA ths name or rho []nq Ji



rhe lv* shahi dvnanv 1151

ehjyre s rm-k thiL lor the nert rall c€nturv rhs kiiss ol Arakai,

! ol the klnss or sensal rhey

rct'rd chl(rq3on.'] dtriis rhspsod dd not

lGiry Fhay6't shGment

The ep srdplri. .v dence defhiE\ Idk thaL noith i ch rraeonq

slrould be undei rho eliecllve .Ddlol ol rrc Beiqal sdlLan ii 1474

dlai o.cup on lll rhe r''si or

sultai shamsuddin YGUf shah (1a7ij _ 1a31 AD" ri8 son and

ar An old mosque DscriPdon2

,tr N ,azar ! zEids rhat lhe bu'l

w* con$ruc,ed by Ra iKhan ii 1471 A D duhg rhe r.ion of

sllr.n Fukiuddn Ratu3k slrtrh.

Neni,e,lho ArotdE. chrenrde nor.iv other sourcs slves slqh_

any hodlc cnsasensit lrerween sul'.n F h'k

sllEtr B llk shrlr 045e_ 1474 A D)

s amon!, oa'lv iidepeidc sulaN

otBensal. A pow rul ruler aid a maiv sidad oci us as he w's iie

sulEn would noroiva uP the claim

€qu.I rc Barbakshalr i sreisrrl'

lsdse, we can ar bed say that

Ba ca phyu aouLd nsv exEnr hs aurhor rv Lpro ionhrn'h

La_

sois which wrs rhen Lidd elreclive .o rol orlho Caud s"lhi

Tre rule or B brk shah €id'd ii 1475 A D and n was tollowed

hy rhar ol his sor and su.cesoi SllLan

numhmalic sourcc5, he nigiad liom 37c-336

sh n5udd r am1d, Likrprioi5 oi Bm3or, lv 91

coiPur, pD 9? 33. Acluillvlrtr reirJn Lres s tr 1476 A D



mosqus bullduiis hls tule.l Ths mosqtrs is situ ed only ahoutrwo milas D fie no ir ot Radi Kunb mosque

whar was rhe pol trcal cond Loi or ch Dsonsdu'islri!Lmecannor bssdlsh oLty shrad unlas rnore coicrere evidencls cone

ro I'ohr Somr ooh otrs may, howevel bs fomed in rhe lsht of

rho ava labla sou,.as Lt cai be coiiscrurdd I'drrho dntut o,

Bd uiequally b4vJeon rL'e Gaudiai

aid rhe Arakdieso evd.nco detunitelyprovesrie Gaudri .otrtrol dver n

hk(oriol rocods fr ish

a! p.sesnon r cr drqong as ia,

The hisro,y ol ChiLGsois b w..n 1432 A D (lhe yo.r ol rha

de h or Ea Ea phyu) aid 1as3 a D (hc yc or rt'e mrc$ion ol

sulhi Husrli shah) slod ii obscu'(y. rhe picLtrre o, Gaud, AEkan,and Tripuh presei6a sony specLa.la oiweak r!le,.rd admiiist4vainsrli.ency wiri.h irseemscid ioL psmit fie tulec cf eso couE

rias 10 claim atre,le.dvDand uidispuBd autho ry ove. rhs whols

ol chirGsons The rule ol ShamsuddinYusur

ivsly followed by rhar ol siGnda, srah and J3laluddn Farh Srrah

O43l - 1436 A D),lhe lan,uleror rhe reso,ed lyas shahi dria{y.

Tno Abvss'niatr slavesoiwhich rhc hLor

llyas shal sulrrnsph.sd

overconlideice uslDod rhe roic. Arl!_asll3r klngr o (own

to havs ruLdlor seven ylaE (437 -r4ss A D), This's

rhe dtikermaaadbY '5,odonsa d .. i:,:

rrons and ths r€sullanr adminisrdive breakdowi. The Rdjdhod

doos nor s@c, cally rern ro tho Trpua occuparioi ol chitbsois

bafo6 Dhaoy;nan kY.tAck;rdso hislory

piciurc of succ*sivo mk,uh, Dlots 6nd rcslcdas. Ba ha phyu

or K.limih shrh was succeeded by rs son Dau lya i 1432 a D.

Aft$ Diu lyat dalh ii 1492A D, Bi tsa ioyo 0492-1494 A D),

rha unclo or Ddu lya and tro son o, Men xE r he.:ms Kno.

152 lA Hhrory or cnt,oono

1 I a s P, xn (rs67), 323.32s



chiuasons du ns rhe rty6 shahr dyiady I 153

Aiiq ashotrEign or rwo ye s he died 6nd lvas succeeded by Rrn

0uns, son of 0au Ir. whorulodford tew monrhs ii r49,1 A D. afidhm rlia Lhronew!s caprurcd byre l.is s. rhs, uncla by rho morhsr,ssideol F.n osns n lhesEm6 yao, rhs abssncoor Mrst;D rsmssor Lh4e knss indicares ften bs ol hold ovn chnEsono,

1.1d rJloaotud.d.^!'ar rrd

'.i r.railed r 8xorck aulho,iry ov rhed,srcl rlrei th6 q!'sion mdynarElly arrse, by whom was chrr

Ar rr,h $:se we havs io alrehaLi

rwo Eeisaliworks iamoly, rha Ardqkr Hcari by rMuhammad Khaiby Kav ndr" P amesw.r. Tha surhor

of rhslldg lH6dirsLaksrhorFasr Khan, one ot h s fo€t:lhe,s wasrhs lod of rha provincsof charsraDa (ch isrtma deshp r.l tn rlE

opinion rh fr.s xhan or rhe H hlz t hosque iisnrpron aid Ra

Khan ol Poer Jr,tuhmmad Khans ssnealos,c!t ,abtafiorsrhadb !16 oi6aid rhe same

ras besn laudsd 3s an'llus

ous ru16.. The aurhor of rhe^t,qt,,6oa rutrhordales "Mna (han Gon or Hasri (haD) or hsrchte,s

b6,ury was,3s i( wdo, Lha urrque nvs arows orrhe qod cr Love aidlooked l,ksa b dssrcom, cha,miis ro womE!, I (ha poeo bow

c)bhr h sr. oos""$o- o mJ,/ \ ',1s,and sroiolks Bhm$i who is calm.nd deadyasweltas an abodeot'nnssodmeils.-4 Thsaurhorol rhs P,rds,,, fis,robtorcro w @s:



154 | A H sro,y o, ch rasois

',P asal Ktr.i, son ol s rikhar w6 ai ahodo oi mrny vntuee Hewasmade by rhecrcarorss a

dNmereeoi a rh rh could rutfitau

chiihllons much snrltr. Tha,dm,nBraivs headqu lors ol Lhe ure.h

"' , '" ,:,^ ,e ;",rhe place wrer .T F"..' . ,J

Eon Mina Khai no, hh srandsor cabhu Khan LEs bse. nded rnp6dorea as a subodtnab ro rhe rut6B clrher or

lord or chnhsoig (charsr dsshpad), trseens lrr he ourw dlyexhibi€d loyatry to rrr Deiqat sulEn brL jn prad,cs ho ruledhisGrnory a. an indlpcndeDrtul{. Hsac.ompt,hnenE,dss :d

ii ths 1wo Eonsal works, dre ,llurnrld by 1jc erecrio, or rheaclrtsvemenr was rl,c

malnEianco of Muslhtrleinno troh ch (arono nspirc o,iiue,srs Ankai€so lncfttons and tho doppn,s or nEreriat halo tron

irqeu, l]64n sdrcs LhiL Fani Kh.nwss Lhc

1 rrlq .nr ul mrra rE) riq !{n.{llqn ! {!s+ laiq rrG.-6Ell.t]c;rna,q rrl9 +1 I

rdti. 68 irrin {r.rc i



lly3s srah' dymny I 155

lha Porosi/r .1or,otltraiu .learly :rprc$ss

rhar Parasal (lranwas rhe sdn ol Fadi Khan, can rho Mna Xhan

ol rhs rtldqto, Htr,h U. ldonrlhd wirh rhd P asal (hai ol Lh.

tndl.L i\rhrbhddu l we.,a incl,iod tu rhink Lhd rhd rwo peuons

e idenical P asal Khan, Lhe

rulrd his parehil tc iro'y lik! an indeFndeiL ruler, Dut his

surhor ry was sho,rlvad, as Suliao Nusaii shah brouoht rhe whola

! od'o. tr h n J r4r ,ho" in. tollo*ino

h s i.esoi rnd mads RasLi tha rrcitiersuddsri ionhdn c[ trosons clds ro Trjpum border The PoEsolr ,'/dro'

bh.ror c)sa,y ddes rhd P asal (hai wasonvuded wih rhslask

or manasom6nL dr TrPUG alhns

rhe ysd 1493 A D E ol niu.h porran.s h tho his16ry oleeisal

i..ssoi ora Fowsrrul ruler to rhe throng

od ora decade The 7rDlru CII^-

nj.h givas €vldenco ol rhe Husa n shahl .o rol ove, chitasorca or .h" .orqraa. h is p*m.-

sible ,o .av that hs 6,ouqh1 ChirLaqong under hie conrol



CEAPTER VII

CHI'I GONG DUBI G tHC HUSTIN S AIII DYIIASTY

,a,n shah.nd Dh.nv.m.niky.

tounded by srlGi Hue n shah (1493,o, Beioil a3 rhe Fusato shahi

iroa:Ly, I h also knowi as sayid dyiss y [ecelso

otsulLao

r lsaii srrls claim b be a szyid, oi h s &drhl I s soi Nuvarshr\ (51r r532 a D)

.irrno rs huef:1,,! Lme, as.ended Lhe rrcne Eorh Atruddnshah ar. dil retd

ctrlshreoeir..d boo!vol!nr rule. rhaass$naridi of s!tcn NryaisMh hrorrhr his llu*ous. as ro an eid in 1532 A D Ha yEsnrccleded ![ hh m nor son suhan Alauddin Ftruz shah (!532

r5331D) tr ,1'id a'1,wa3 prohiLrly mud4;d by hir !i.le who ascendDd Lhs throis ofBeig0la: Sulkn Gtyruddii Mxhnud srrah (1s33-1s3sao).

rs3SADbyShn

rha Rq,m,rd or rhe cr,rcdd! ol. t& rrrr. k,iss, on! or rl$

p icip:l sources ol Lhe hlsbry ot rlris penod, qives evdcncc of a

1 A coin or s,lh H6,in shlh dabd s31rccendy baai drsmve,od thisotronds(upro r524A O), /no,rt'rl tuld,, o, rre



rd HL$in S jahidyr mr\, r17

iidHus.nshah,sulhiorc.udw hrheobt!.1iv:orsubtusariqch-trasois, Alaresulr, chthsois bocam6 rhe rhcare ot war bqrworD

kya 1r4s0.1517 A o), th. ualia T

n 143s Saka or 1513 A D by r shrhs acaind hh.ppodc Hs dmyeour rhs Gaudai fo,c6s rrom chnlx!otrs The kiio coiseouenrlv ntrctsold coiis ii chitusons in gar

dj.,,r", Dh yamankya persd,a[yled rhs ormpaisi ihro chirlaronq2 Eud6nLly, Lha Gaud suhan,

no ortur ftan sulkn Alauddn Husain shah, wrrosama aurhori(y, a d_Arii ro hold

Trre que$ion 3y a s. whqn sulr

sons und$ hhsuLius ton.shed llqhr on 6e dneot rhe conqrcs. The iaiidtve ot:n tncdeiL,ehrhq ro LhB iobb book3 sqqods a Lneot inqrnv a6out Lhe ea,ty ce,ee, or Hus o Shah. or a B MFabbullc[ Lh nks of Do B rcs rcfa^ ro sulrai

j tn$ 3 crnr'ad

fi+L

frri rql.,lr ifr.t a.r L

6Pr isilr ! n i4q ir'aa I

ir$,n qr iir 6l.r crlia r

. l.9r {.r l$ Gtr..- .[rirl rr rr':i?' qr{ t. nlr G6 I

-n4j0,d,0, !t22. ono ol fie chiEqoig coiis o, ohanyaran ky1

is prcsarued ii rha cr naqoia li,vssLv Mrseum, 5!e&rim, cd4togue.farfu, pp 23,94

a {! afa! r fiC.l{ r.r r

.61'r irsb rF A, <r..rr i

-qrs, Mukhopadhyayi, op, d'.. p,310



150 A Hrflory dl ch asoio

l'sain shah.l lLs vc! mrv Lro.ois drod ravotrrrLrLv sid.e rr.a,6d oJ hlsa ^,

'ouohlym,espond io rho 3c.otrtr

s drrliculry ro e{.blish a^ idc( ryol rhase rwo Ncons. ac.ordiiorooeB bs, rhd nurdgr ol rhi Beioal suhan byrtrenobls Adb andtheLte.s becomns 1'e sulEi or Bcisrl had kken DIa.e oiehrndrcdye sbirore r\e po uques6 tnn taf,dsd h Ch troqois, Fbn,ha av.ilablo Po ususs.souces I

Iand is h chtuqdng bok Dh.e ii r5t7 AD.2JL . quiro mprchable Lhal Hus,in Sh,h ascend.d fie .hroie or Beôat inrh. rrer qua ler r js noL unlikalv

rii compurins ltmq. 1,hkh wdsqune narural lo, a

lies rhousandsorml.s rxry rrcm hE oLvn. The hdoriai mus havchea,tr Lhs rad Lioi.botr, ra noble Ahb nom

acrually vstied rh s prL ol rhe counLy aid who.o]e.Ed rhatradr,ioi when ir lrad.lrcady beei $rown Lodirodar tr iho Lme tarorisnor rak.n sei.usly, eilu'ed a $sn ro. an ambirous proiecL ol H6ah. Lr rh6 m da,it,

sovehororchl[asois be id risd wirh Masiad.].ara Fasri Khairhai ir m.y be supposd lrar Husa n sor himself idmiued 6 rh,..or.l.o n or 1r o

b.came rlre sllran dr ciud he appoinbd prEsalKhan, soi ot na iftai, Bn olrhor in iodhen Chirra

'610L( ro I rd o n a.ol o ol.F o o'.." o,

Sh1h, hirhe orvhpped ln a s5rord ol myra'y,

To'6suDrrM

nlhriv:, Husrii s\news ol lho rovees Lr his army ar rlD handrof rhe klis or Trpm.Has-"iL a laroo rc- iro'cem. coisisLnq of,Twclve Baisrlas 6id

crbh ouFr divkionsunde rhe commrnd or Gaur Mruik.3 iEsllEi su..eaded Bu1his occud ioi or



ohniaoiu dunns rhs Husii shah, dynady I r5s

qnor of rhe coiquercd ror nory3

1.ii6tln.@,t {6:€.c l

iilr{rft lrd Frir ter- rr_tbjd,, t 24

rrtu^lr4n&arrti a5r rL

--Rd,a&t', qL S Mukhopadhyay! c/r dr,, ) 3ts6Fira {.c 6q rii otr ilrr I

r1, tr,r'r 4r{rrEr rrra4 Nri l

irn.nrii !. al4 crlin dtd

Rrq fr{.i sllrr Tiiil lriqR.j.m,r., qrs Mukhopadhyaya, op,.r, p 313

,r'.( $fr{ rrq r qrFir 1;irq I

4n" lcfii l4nr '.Fii {Ei I



160 la Hislo,y ot chnbso's

Arakan iiro offscl Rosns Mddar (lLr, rh. conqtreo ot' Fo$ns

vz.. Atu.Eri ds r n.ls rwroeo I

Arakatr exprdidon,l Th6 rills n avan, aucoF

d'ns ro rlro l, rlkb,r,, beloia6d 1o a olass of TiiDura noblss.2 ThaT puGs soon aftq sulGod rs6ackd rhe h6ids ol rh6 eremy'Ihe Tr,puh k ns DUd havs losr rhs oonqus€d ktr orhs rhous)rhe najaDa,adoes nor dsrhclly rBlars hs lo$ or chiftqois.Had he nor lo ch aoons fim ,herc was io rcalon or h's violeiL

rhe farluE or Hosais Madan,3 hh senoral. Thsof roops uiderro'n, commaid or

l436soka (l514AD and,somupisd n in rhe ne{ ymr (1r3, srka)

whEh issue rousad tro! dspteasro ol Sutrdi Husin shah,s TrBla(r8,sam a mob powedsr erpsdition uider Hanai O H Di) xhai

Th's expedi'ioi, accordms \o tneRajannld,

conssEd or ona hurdEd Blephair, tivo rhousaid ho6e aid onelakh or looi6 rhs iql?-al, iopons rhar fta .bjectivs or rhs

ioloorc ao,o* such a phce-i.ma m any prrod ot hGloryofn.lhed ro rhnk fiar rhe wordins {tlr,{

(six shqs) rs is louid i dE MS copy issubdtyis,onat un r

hBe.qal under rh8 tule or rhB tndapsido sulEn e.anE qfk, ln{rGa ,..rnaE

iri {Ie arrq (r rrn ?,rrB l-R.iamara,

qr s Mukhopodhyaya,

".ar D 313

rnrrqrr,qiairii iranl€ | Rajomaro, [,24."r rfli q n.?:i 1l .6inrG I

c-r{2<fi fltiii ,rt rllnij !r - rbrd.ttfnfl i{rri rr< r9 .5I! ler I

d s Mukhopadhyly., op dr., p,313



ch rbsois dmins ths Husah shohidynd y 1161

6:p.d1of was tlic conquos or Tr'plc bul s hadly h€lov6bls $on Tripure whits chirtasons w6e nor

L ll rhetr pqmansn y coiquaed, ChitGsons was morc valuable

to hin iL,an irc russed and unprofrabls hill iiisdom ot Titpur,Th8 Bcisil amy was litsrcepred by rhe T puru ie comlh.Thc lrlpuhs delis.d astdosem and rcukd rho Beiso) ahy lho

recdablshed his ?uLho' Ly ovq Chnbsois .nd

$ue(l sold.oiis rrcm rhosac,ed phceol Fal.m iswara 6s a ma

or h's subltrsaton or cr!asons,l

The ,eDe ed lalurcs or th3 Bs,sa

sons srea y.siracd 0e sulhn f tror dcpr rd hlm, tt was unlikolyrhal a powdful aid amb, ous moia ch lke Husaii shah would alloLv

lisT N,a tulq o hold an unopposed ocouraootr ol ch asois.rcas siva svidsnE ol rhe Beisal

sulGn': alitoi conri('cd cxacsino ot audE,iryove, chilragonsnom ihs Lims or lh8n aflvrl alch asonqinlst7ADrorhedowr,rslloftha d7itrry l/purd dd rh. Ai.kdi.$crronkh supply ndired evdsic6s or ths iacr Bur otl rhs$sourcesdo norshed liqhl $e nnal coiquBsr .lchilcsons by sulLatr Hu$in srh. Eorh rhc najoDord md $sPodr^.i! do,or.e-o'o rro, o\LShah, ii ovc qtrie undisn ti€d ro rhe psople

otrhore

couiriesLer us eiamine oie by one rhe avail.btssouEes thar supply indirccrcvidences ol rhs Hu5aln shahlocc!pelon ofihe disrct.

0n ne.uLho, (y of Lhe .oDGmporary ponusr€sa h o .ne wsh.vs d8innB cvidoico or Hlsan Shahr ooouparioi ot ch aoong.D(nsJoaoco?lhoaid Joro S lvetrsr (151?-tBA D) viBtr 10

la.e waso (4usl Joao c&lho

came ro chi'rasong by a ]vloorhh vesol and shyed lor some rimo

1 qq{Ellr rtrl w\ q?l,L

ELFirq qrco'' {n r{l{r fi!'iftl rro rhe €diror ol rha Rajohd,,,

orSirakuida (16d., p, 298)

-Rojonolc,lr, 3r, Accodins

Falamdiswdr wrs anoth6r i,m6



r62 lA trido'y ot chinaso.o

sdvehor.l Th s shows rhatchjrbqoig wasrh6iheld by ihs 8eis.l srlbi who atro s.r up a reout4 sovenmeir in

li d PolLquese risrorrnFaryaesruzr3'am kLh 1h. pon or ChirGsaoi appears m hav6

be.iheld by Lre ksq orAekan,,wh:n s,tvsna enrercd rhe Dod2(1517 - 1a a D) h4 no tolid.rohidodan Do Bsrcs einlicirly w @slhd,1hs kiio or AEkan was

at this he 1s17-1s)able.rrorhskiiqor scisar,3 on .,,o-rher occason, De arare was no sood iostinllbelween A6kan 3nd Beisal "1 oi thc same authorry is leamrrhaLrhe tshymeiofch(rasois coandrhs ume (t523aD) useir

tr1.h'.

-o s +.!Jt( ,hI .tr o Frria - srrzrrhus dhni:ss rhe posbit ry ot Lhe Arakanese lo ship ov chnE_

ddm or Beisr. Nou rtE p,obl.m s 10 wh ch ruler or fte t]ud o

rhe laior rheHusatn shaht rulars who had dsriitLs hold oi chiha-

t/ yeaE or rs rajsn hs wirpreoccupicd wtrh s,bdu n0.he koubt4 or h s trii3Luhl succesyon.i rlf lakrye s ol his rcsn, he hrd ro he otr h s srard asann Lr

F ia € So0-, Htrrry at the ? ttzts. onqusB h ,r,a,

Sbpheis,,22o Ap phayrc (!, .n,i..1/r ".d -ssodcounr conmir srh lar mEl&e.

otcampos, oP. a', pr. ?3,30



chi agois rlu.ns ltre Nu$in sh3h dynany | 163

, n'c poh of sh4, Moreovo, r,e.oikripor,!..dc.sdoior rhrcw

lislr on ,c conquor ofiow rsr o,ks by h'm. sul@i Nusrr shah(1525-1532 A D , in rh6la@ pan o1his Elsi, had ro kDep warh on

theeip3idhs ilushalcmpi'e unds sibr on th! w.sorn frortior.

lhoreroro, thssubjuq4ioi dr a lireq pan or

rcsioi mishr have und li[on 6 th

Nu$d Shar in rhe a ry p t or ris rciqi. Br i close eraminaL oi o(

i fovou, o1sulai Hu$in Shah.

Iha,rr.lcirh ciroitlc supplias iudned cvdsncs ol thats6aiishahiocclDarion or ch asons. All Lh. Ahk.nose rule,s tom R,i

whlclr rhry did for f*l nece$iLy or Gkns Muslim namos rhodeplo€ble condirion of Ark.i m'sht havs helped aiy proscl of

ktrrory. Pmbablr, kakai srbmtt6d 10 ihsaurho y ot rh€ Beisal sllEi and dlowed somo pdG of rha

k,isdom ro ba afioxod io rhB k iodom or 8ens,l lrre maD orDe saros shows a hrse rc rcry .ompris trs sourl,dn Chtbsoig:nd apo

'oior AENai uid$ th. jurisdom ot codavascao (?

(huda Brkhsh Khan ), rhe Hurain shar

chirksois, 'IhE rh6 iorpos ble urhss ahkrn h,d b!ei broushr

Maulv Ham'dullah xhan, ,hs tocal poor aid hkrortan Ln hiE

book tddkh-t-chdtzon locil trid Lon or rho lvlus-lm conquo$ of ciri'Gqono as rollows :

From ruiis aid lsqeids ir world aDpe rhat Lhis Nuyar shah

rinco ot Bengati wetrr afrer rhs

dsstrucrioi ol caur, wl , a h,ge i!mb- or Murlm and HiduBtrsal, and shacked r6 rvruss, rook

L 3 ddmicils to, h,s

or his emrs'aroi ro rh6se prls wd rhis2

Helu hsi sbres ih "oie Alr. Busaii or E;shdad Essisred Nusdr

Id.rkr, pp.17.13, ranr BloDhmani, / A5E, xlr 0372),336.337



164lA Hisrdr of clri oqdnq

lvirh shipsaid msreidls .id !h!e rased ,hs srand d ol vcLdrv

N6rcq ln $d.ou ry (chi(asons) Husaiiiror thi. rcien, bec.me

rhe kiiq3 son-in4.w and lived, honoured and dilrinqtishon lThs tdr t lurthe aads thd thesulhi comremohl4s lhe oioucd

brd ie, pla.e 6r victo,y.z lr may

LrF nolntsd our fi Nuv ihelid Mudiin con-

hd led hh vhrorlo's N,moarqn ancr rha

ille.ed da rudio.or

Gaud Bur the DoslbiliUor hh

Ekliq Drrthe hlnds d h6 Ankaiese canior

1n;i .d!ld liv hold rDon the

,iidirloi whci t ws il,-"Bdy ii a ..nrrsioi,

B-"nqa1i wdk .amety, rhs Praral/

^,1ah?\hrtatdirdtne chhuti Khahl Mahabhldta q:rte eunter.e nt n

sulhn Hrsaii shah

c ded.r obviously lo, rha o..ui ion of chilrrn:r (rvlndrsinht: Pstaoali Mahzbhanta f11l-e.k^t P.tl-

q3l KhaD, Lhe lluixior ro1 or Rari Khri wrs a ,ur.d riv sulr

Htrs.in stiJ', t(srrk N.ndiii hc arrulr(â,, n,ha.

6r,,ra ?r rh{ ah\oi (han,qBtr al or sulhi Htrsni shrh,

rell updi d,! Triousr.nd keDiihe

h th4 cave ro, rhs sarerr dr hk lir4.Lh lilpirc or tha c.*dlor or hosrilk es

aid con:equemlv ro rhs T,iou,a (io bv rh6

aususr Kh,i, tha T,ilrE kirc Ms speidiil ht dry.

2

arl3 {r sir ilii {irjrf{rnJ$l.i arqsra lirE lri{tfEla r{rrn !o, irlE irqlirq3. sE nrti'6 !E nq,

-OLAS /, 1940, p, 259



rr\6 Hus.h shaht dyn*q, r6s

i a,y rmc lrom Lh!

sideol rheKhai. Ths Khin w.s dhilins awsv h,sdays.h eJkr tr

od, \.wr .t6ri1.o

s allowadro eitoy tr iiotruptrdty

rh6 rruir ol ths oonque .l T[ s is ohvousty a da$c iiraicaol rhe cralrdion or a pdrcn by adopcnda poa, hr r help! ujii esrbtshins rh€ ract th sllLatr Husii shah ior oily fullyconqu 6d

chi[agonq bur osGblhhed hir aurhorhy fnmty ov* LhB

SLill moE iiromaridnor the Hus

sons i! Eupplied by pod Daular wr.trlrr Mar,,, rha pod esth, rhesulr i or caud appo edHrmd

KhBn ,adhikarr or chirrasotrs.2 The poerspscn'atU mgnrions

the sulki of caud hv name Hrsaii shsh 3

I ci. ("rri rir)s.{rhfo 4t(, qJi i|lirrirr! elr

"l!crfrlrr I

ifii,Ir ailiE qrr E3 49nrrrr''o rrjH fnir .iiq si{r I

lnlr qe hc {rr ioqt['slrir q..!r l4rr l[r;r i:ris I

srri i.ri. ielrh ciq.(rcir! <i{ a5rr qrlrli .rr{ r

Iiii lr4r {rs!ii rrEr.rrrL -ot,bz, p 20B

qral.n .de{ir !_16r

{tu+rtl k. (hi6) F:d,rnvihat,n, lett,pp,t416

in rqr! irqiG Eiri$fqa rlnr, rl.r rrr



rsuxai Husa n srrjlr b,ouoh,

chtraoonq !id* hs occup.Lioi definblv Laroc 1s13 ADaidorobiby vJilhii . shD Lims or hisFusii, i bom Atsb, lcrr tslons iviLh hs l.(her Bnd orhiimsmbeBol rh, tumly, hh o siial homero sd a h Beiqat. He ,ived

d chirtasons, madc htmse I wall.a.qu.inr'dwirh rhe Io.alqov6morM:snad j Ah nay Khli and rhrotrqh hin snrercd rhs roval cou

evenruilly b4came ai i.rluEnr,l noble, soon

anar hh bBcon,iq rhe sulFn, h€ su.ceedi in s:iitns obod'eica

VL lid old ov" n r a la.P ol T.putaid A,akanesr aqq,-!ois on all sidss, ftom r sl3 io r5t5 A D hk

succ6$rully challenqed by Dhanya-

SllGn Hus i's hodni[erpritrcls w3s urdoubkdly

ot Dhanydmn kya rcnovedeiemios oi HNan Shrh, rhs la(d pounced

up.n c, traqonq w rh iul lo@ aid rcconqu-{ed ft. Theconquesr

ot Chirhqonq was rollolved hy rirc oc.uDaLoi of 5oms pdrsor Ahkani Th6lois Dmod ol weal sovemms tn A'akan arre,

nre rhe proie.r ot conque$ hu.h more

Shih r,,us rollowed rhe srit of krns oha.

had onlyhw

y.a,sblforeslpposed rh Htrsr n's

who a..ordinq to local

cr tasdtrs ,om the Arakrioso. wherhs sudh

Amnzs Khai and Khuda

campalqit .anior b6

sald ,kh .e ain,y, hold of rhe conquercd

tuom 161, ro 1533 A D

chita{,on0 remahed uiderrhs Gaud an .oitrol excapr a shotr Ived

oc.upario. df io he chnEsotrs hy Devrmailkya li fa.i, rho

Hls.li shah, o6venoB 6r Chtaqois m8ds $eir hold ovsr rhe

dhticr so wall roundad rhai ir be.ame slmo$ impo$iblo lor eifierrhe T pu,as ro ch:llonse rhs h6semony orrho

Boiqal sllbnare ave. or a po ioi or rhe distr cr



Ch(asois drhs rhs Hsarn Shahi dynasrv Ij07

Socrion 2 Chtrt.gons uoc.r rh. latsr xus.in Shaht

Ihe qloiodr resn or sunar Husii shah eided ,n 152b A D

n thesaD?ye , hc elde$s.n Nus'arshah ascandsd (h6ihbnerew kns ,lnherired hs tarhor3 sood quslries Lo rho tul and

hicapp€ r.ship ii impo o admiiisr ivsandmilwywo*,dcquired a dorcush s,asp or pol cil probhmy,.l

Ttu hsryads ofsllEn Nurd shih wsd ovetstridovJed by ploLs

and consp,acGs co rived by his.ou ie^. Ths podusuae hkio,ans refd ro one slch cmu whiDh had Glaros ro chirLasutrs.

Accordhs ro rhc PonrsuBe hBid are, Kru.ja shihabuddin, a chmarch:nr or chmasonq Bid sn rctluo iat noblc 1r de royat coutrin collaboEl on wnh drhe' iobl.s rtr ed on unddh.nd plor as! nsr

sultan NNd shah. hs a m, (hwijr shjhab.uddii enEEd hro ai auiai.s wirh 6 potrusuos cohhrideF.

'."rce w{! o I,no ir oro- r,ne'5rn 's- r rr.'..'.s to -,os xd erfl o e!-,Fs. per-ir,o,ro buld a fo{iich bsoig, itlhcy woutd onty..id !n e,psdirton

ro help hm ii his prolecb"2

our rh. phn r.itad aid shihaLjuddin riod b es.ape a pe6ra bouid vesst.

Nuyar Sh died s a vary rsmtar tisurcn local Iogonds aid ddilions. Ac.ordins ro rhe Iocal rad or,Nsnabnd a subuf of rhs c y rs named i,rsr rhs sulGi whosoadorhs, iame was Narr srah

lho rulis or Nudat's ,ule ..n $ill bdsesn'i sode Dta.os

of Lha dEnrl Mv. Hamidu)lah t$ai ,erers

FaLhabad and rh4 mosqua lhere, wr,ich was bu'tr or oiamsthdl,ictt'. Ho,61i.

"l havo mysll see. Nry6rs mosq@ whioh E iow b,oken 6nd



rbB tA HErory ., ch{hSdrU

,uii.d aid r'lled wirr ruhbhh. Hissrear raik, rhe lsisrh otwhch

t6"s n,I end!, turI e k - n r, Lrown ds .Nu.,a, Bdd5iah _

dlshr and h ois of rhe I sesrtaiks in rh6 prc_pat(roned E6rsa!.Bur mo p r of rhe hn[ hav6 now bEon dred up aM iurded roasicllrural feldsr residenrhl vilhses havs sprans upoi rhB bark.Ham'dulhh Khinwires rhar rhe pl,.e wasoncs a well knownlade c. ro. The i! isof a oalace situred ien ir ei ed wirhD

"paopla aho sar rhiea, ir, whch decayedaid sor covsred wio

run{,].s aid was tuuorsarN6 t|ence psopto s4 jr on rrc and bMed

'tdowiwrh rhc setpe ! and all".2 tn rerercnce io orher remdim

or Nusa"s rula rha rha founddion ot therownor Bhalua, rhc dssins of rho Bhotua bik,haz i e scn ally rcretred ro rho rim! or Nuea! srah.3

Ttu nojohdld irorms u5 of a sho tved T pu6 occlpadoi or

o(clp'od ..s l ozieccld pb-s or E:tamdr

and took a barh ii rhc holy w er To .ommemohrs rhis ftuat acland orher rclioiors obstuancss he ord,ed @iis ro b. enoraved.

Ths place was call.d Du,asha by Iocal p'ople, Trs rouney brhc srcred place was followed by rho occuparon ot chrralo4.

Prob:bly, Dov.mankya rook adv.nrasa or

p. 2e, I rs. 0 q( ./ ,4 s !, xL (t372), s36 _ 337

a i(@rla{r {lri r dla rislqnlini qnrn +ir r{i3 ,inFflcl $1.c' i,r qir crEtq;i!{rtr t&4 61lr rH {,q' {iqrrl



ch risons du, io'ha

Husaii shihi dyMsry I 169

ths pol ricil dhoder which lollowed Lhe asssinarion oi Nlrdr ,rz shd k 1532-33 a D r$ r.ip rJ

lrold over rhe dn cr, ,owevo,, la{ed orly ror a shon 1me, Ihe

closlns ye s ol rhe re'si ol Dsvamai,kya wero mark.d by coi.luson i'r ihe k nqdom caused by,ho dB6 ro ! e la,se{ calo mssacrc

or rhs Trpum amy orlc,s, wh ch, oc.odins.lo rhek chrciicleG,

s,oarly undom'ned the nilLa,y reisrh or the kiigdom This

possibly rcsulrcd i iro los!or chkhgons lrv the T,ipms.

suLGn NFar Shah wat suc.csdcd bv lrisvouio so. Alauddin

F ruz sh,h (1532 A D), wro rulod onlv ror a f€w monrhs A local

poel named s dh menrcis sulhn Firuz shah as his pdton l

Tha lrcra,y rsdlmony rhlt provss rho Bensal sulhi's conlrol

ovd rhe derhq The lnfoûiate youns $lEn was mo p,obablv

m dered bv his mcle Ghivasuddin Mahmud who ns{ as.ef,ded

r " s.oJ-F or r s,otra'oo,c'r Po'.LoL",c ior.leba.'

'o r a'sme

ol " s.hcn d-r nq woor' rn

h6 edirice was bu'Il AlLholoh mo$ par6 ol rho iis$ipiion

ol ho 'ut icItr.kily pG$ ed. Dr, Abdul Kirim makss a pBinsakins srudv ol

rhs Lnsc o on, strccoeds n rcad ns rhe iame of rho kiio, aid

rsrir dq{r r.\ ?(ir rrc {.nltrn qrrr o{rrc alis thGr

q d1' ?it rrqr iali{ s{r!fltinr({ qld {li1 rtq, ql8rrl

- Raianala.ll,33

J n s P, xlT (967), 325-330



170lA Histo,y ot Chiuasois

doredly hden,ilied him wirh Ghiy.suddii Mahmud slrah wlrosorriyar was aho Abul lvluzairal

From rheve,y b.qroiris or hs .uls, su Lan Mafnrud Shah was

vcry anxious about the ris ns power or Shn xhan . llo md hkfir$ rcv*e at rhe h.nds ol the Atshan hcro in March 1534 a D

ar ihe batle or Sfijoarh The 6ulan beis halpl6$. mado an

:lliancc w h rl)s Ponuquess or chiuasonq ro fishLback rhc Pathans.

Bur fiis did nor apprechbly improve hs pos Lloi, li 1s35 A D,

shar xhan suddeily appoa,Bd bEto'e the satq oJ Gaud. Ih8 Porrusuee h coope,alion wi$ rh. Bensal amy olfered a sub6o'n

rc.hbn.o, bur fa'led. Sher Xhan, howevq, wirhdrcw his siesaoi

moi6y coiEideririoi, lo 153s A D, shd Kh.n aea'n ivded Bensaland d.ove ou{ rlrs sulrai hom ,is capicl. Prcbably, dring thit

,1, called by rhs Po usuNe his.

roriaf,s as Nosazll' rc occupy ch laoons. rh8 Bsnoal rhrono wasbecame a sce'e or p,ivare

war b€rwosi two Husain Shahl 'v!$als, AhRa Khan ond Khuda

Pakhsh (h,i 1 'Ihis cvlnL v uauy bbushr

I s* hf.a ch. uiii, sa I



lDE.ndix Hussin ah'hi olli..r. lr chlt..sons

sensal tid Ponusu6esourc€s shed lshroi ths subjed ol rhs o4,i zaloi of sov imsnr i chnrasons

uid, ths Bus.in Shahi dynasy. Tho rvJo taadzt t! Mahabha-Cr,ortler aid eo Bensali PoEms

lhh subjecr, Ihe Pararrl, Maralnl a darss thatsultan Husai

Shah appohled Par.oil Gan, la.hka, khwat aid eitusred hih

or Trpura arf i6.1 The ausuer

(han p rohed sovsrme al ddries ii lha sssonod Lernorv w h

rhs helpor hls son aid skidson2 li rhasr6e sorca ho h ndedro be rhssoi or Ha i G!n3 (pcsbly Mdsiad_i'ah nas( Khatr or

rho Bddik Shahi nosqre nscriprioi li H hazari u z.). n thg

chhuti Xtlani Mahabh aa, I h d€d Lhd chhuli l(han, soi or

I !!!.- n..r {r .ii .r iicl!r

niEsrr i{l)ri r!4 .nl9 irq i

f6,iEr 6t, ffl{'! Er ('l

t. 4,1i.. rrtt ?rr {F c5 n.or, D c sen

rfz its €id rdE,Iilral{r

e:ri6 r[]$ ir{l lii.Gn i{{'sr4 .. .nrirts .e! i,6!rn'{r1 lrqt rE qtrg rinrr'risr! rrq .nqr qrlro (t{r r

or , s/, 19{0, p.25S,259

3a" erbhashz O sahi tya. n- 14A



172lA H stoiy ol Chhcaong

Lashk.i P.Egal Kl,ai was ono ol 1ro commridere ot srlhi

F. vPL h" rleand succooded in hE p emal Dos. His admhi,arva seaL

wss siruacd close Hills i [r5 nonh

or Ch,'EsoE rt old., r' l,ou'o d b'all sider aid by ihs.ublime mor ansoirheean1 lLrousrly

conospond. wnh mod*n PaBsilpu r 1lE rvl Gahl u z

or Abdd Kd m exp,es3s doubb :bour lre suppoEed sover

iorshio of PaBsal Khan ove, the wl,olo or

rcirly poinb o{ rhal

msai rhe qoveho, or vi.crcy aid hence bD'h k1he, and son could

i.r chim th6 hoio or brrc(a,in's vi6w s srcnorhloed by anoLhq Gqumenr rhal Pamsal_

pu4 siruaral closr to (he n.rrheF bordl ot

known io hrve ev* ]fen the caprhl ol rhe whole or rhe

14 rr il. s.B E .Er

Eriilq ir6r r '.1 tt,rn!{, ir! r!, e Ertn r

- - Itir Eir:cfr, aale

qrl lftq rqlr Fnlg ttl',i,r' k:i !nl.i: ,llr riil rr

'

rq.r lnE. EJd la {{irLr

tb)d.; dlso B S l. '1940,

2 Lashkdin Porcian meaisti army,'acamp,,.....'ons balonoing ro an dmy,, a sold\e(. \H J,

3 s P, (No r, 1371 B s), p. 163f.



chi(esons dudis rh6 H!$ii shah dyiany 173

The rwo qeislooicst bbbsl

w,iden by rh8 local posr ituhammad Khan, have re.e ly arouscdrhB ioraEdor lhe hGrorans ln ihe oedio.es, rhs Dod Na ions

Rari a! 'chir,s,am dashaDar' ($e lod or rre provliie or ch tra.

sorg), inLohediare pe,$n w,o is almon uiairmoldy dEntir&r

wrh th8 Rsri Khan or the E brk Shahi mosque iscriproi'n

rhe

HadDun !. z rn fte insdplotr RoslrKhai {vlss hrmsru MrrL$-Ala. Aboui rhs rds lhdion or

i.leiLty Gabhur Khii and Mh.(,an rv, r P asal (hai aid chhuti Kbtr

'especlve,yor ,a rwo

v.isl cd A,ldioihdid&r, whe,s rhcr' ac srowi as soi and oreidrono'Rd'i bn u.Aboul rdm pF

d.s..ida swerc divded 1lwo l8cs.ore srE Prasaril ie eidho i^ PaGcalpr sourh or Lrrs Fsni

lhs w )i$ mlghl havelived somswiare n cenhl ch trasois3

o, Abdul Krn could nor llnd orr ony s'sricro,y

ielson

ro, rhe pod's compl.lo lqnonice or rha PaFsill I ne orFas' Xhar.

Itr oie ph.e, hdwever, rlE po srplJis the rca.on or hls avoid3nce

ol uotrocc$ry de€ils which mishr msre hh wo ( budensome.

An opnion in ftG.oinsctioi, can bero,med

rh ths Paraslli InewN elh4r peished by rlro Tripura h.k5bDr1 rhe yr 1532 A o or slowly w thrad lnro obscu,ity by

thes!..es,a polirical clraises. Probably thiswas the Emon why

the Dod d d n0t a[e norice or th s line.

Khsn s pov becanre somswtLh 6dilary.

wrh rhe de.aden.s ol fi. P agali liie, rhe Muhimmad Khi

rhe rbl.s see a 1,.

e.4,, Pdkn6, HBb,y co,nrcr.. Fi* s6eon.



174 l?'\ Hbrory or ch Iaeoid

l,iacrm, or13hrer,o. DrAK im and orhs: hrvs ide iried

Hamza (hin, L,e lrG llraidsoi or Rasri Khai wrh Amnzr Khii(Am?rro o, Anr4mo or'LE

Poir usu cse wriEu) ri tlE pedsrea,

he isdes, b,d 3s rr.onquo:6rdfrho parhans and rhs Tripu65. IMr D c Bh iach va rook (hudr Bikhsh (han (codavascao or Lho

fie dval o, Amrz Khan ro bca Pdhri aid

mrde rhe IBG dsrealed hvHamza Khan2 Bu ftish awaak ayba a "rhs_ br' rhrs s

,is reveGes 3r ihe hands or Am2a(han. Th€oi the conr Y, be evidenco or Khuda

Dr Abdul K im hos

riohrly Donred our lh rhe P hai who surre,eddefe rhs hands

or lrahzr Kh,n or Amkza (hai was rhe Noljazn, Lhe Porhan gono l*nr by sher shah,3 aid the facevldcn... or rho vicroiy ot Homza

bolajdft rrm,1 (han mton havd kkei ii activepan in reputsiigkya, rho accordiis ro ft6 ndjdn,rd

held pon".sion or io heh chijbsorg lo, a lrrier Deriod

A Beiqil poem named ldirj oi,r wr rei bypoer Dauhr waznBah€m (han supplies ntomaron lvh oh slrd Lqhr on rho prcposd

i rhe a(rached seicaloqi..t acdouiL,Lhc po sives r I ls skarc, of an

'llus[iotrs

p6Gon iam6d Hamid

ceiefolsly ioLoilyon the Door aid nDedy brroi rhs beasb aidrvcb i! well. urhai kiis Hrsaln sh:h he d or hs bou 6ous

.hemkr hesd q,y nd w,iEd ro €s hisv uous dhposirioi, arhis ordq sBv6r,l 16 ibl6 morhod. woe employod ro pur h'm to deaih,

5u, ovo,y rims Hamid khan emaEed allve l6m (he jaws ot oe li

bysomo h,aculous meaN This mado rhs ki.q doivincod ol $e

1 af,r E'iq !r t,h rd-iErnt

dii,r ltErq i-'n

Bdnztrq sottl'td P ihod rdr{o,54rh yeai Nos 1 and 2



chilLaqohs durns rh€ rirsaii shar dynasry 175

Hamid Khao ro rak6 ch so Gdhkari) of chadqrha. The orricer

ai'adhikd'or chnbs.is and hs fairhtully aiecured hh duriss thrad bestr i$sn6d b him, A hyporhstcal view mavboexpre$sd lhar

d, which, accodnq roourpo is

ri0 P,orusucse hhror cal vrorrs suppty a dccited sccouniwhrch s exienery vatu.ble r6ear

underrhe larar Husa tr shahitule Tho po usussehhiorhis me onar tead 1wo r\4oorch,of,hdr namety codavascao or Khuda EakhsI

rhsLe$i lh|k apponrme musL hife rakei ptacee ], ftin 152sA D. wllle na rr f,s rhe o.cureices o,Ponu9u6se hisroriais ne ion rrc iamo ol $esB trao orficers. orrhese lwo orricare Khuda Bakhsh Khai secms E ba rhs mora

r .r hi! G-iba 'a!o4,... eo.o,l. r10r rcd.. orr.a^rn. r

-nr ,r.s{Ftr iillF rii.r :rr4

u'u>sr{ qiiF z.rTr -D P P Y, I a n, 14 "j6

Bei$la o o Fono te amcai _,, tbit_



r76 A H on or 0rnbsons

of senqil, trom Lhe (erirory of Khu.ra Bakhslr Khii.l This nntr-rion oxplcidy ponri our rtrr rhe klnodomo,Khud6BJkhshKiilay wholly ro rherourr o,rhe(ahap,!l, qnch po$lbly borders

tha reriro'ia] rurhdicroisB€\'- rrr ,,d Amz'

(haf we,e Lhc rwo mudim va$als orrhe kinq ot eenqal2 Da

weiohuo (hudaBadrsri (han wth rhe rid,€

dciorlng his orics aLd s.6idly, heaid Ami:za xh.i by desdibns rhe rorm*

as almos( :n ideDeideir rule, and iictrdes Lho latrq drc.1ly!nde, rhe k nqdom ol Bensit.of Khuda Bskhsh pEcs?ly knowi. h mishr

(posrbly trs san[ha)

qrdne,r Anorher c Ly pe,hip. tha chclpvr

ol hGkiogdoms6corcspoids 10 thcqu kB or Lhc same namD, si,uare

The e ly o,Iote, .arellumiided by rhe

Ponusuese hdo,6m ielare thar a $ e orua we alrays arsri!

Khai.3 P,obably (huda

jerlous or eith& aDpd nent o, promolon ol Amiza Khai ro thcAmza KMn as asovernor or chidaLsf/ osTanded alds i r

t@fr $uda eakhrh ]{tn, bli he couldLr er qua(61 ,aached a cl mlx du,hq rhe lad ye s or sulLan

Gh yasuddin Mahmud Shah.

. o,io do crtisa dvidc o Seino do B€ng.la das lotras do

v4salos dcl €y ds Eensala..Fsnao Looez

De caslanheda, rr'!,,/' do Deseob nento s conqoirta dd

htlid pelas Paiusueses, Liv. vlLl, csp, c x o, p, 4s2

e dh.ordla qudB ao hav,a on Le Codo vascai', s Amarzaca'n,

nrcreidoido cada hum sn$nhdda cldada,.. -De Eanot,



CEAPTER VNT

CHII'AGONG DUFIIIG lHE AFGHAX iULE

sup..Ba.v ov.r chid.eons

Th. h,srory or Dlrsal r,om lj33 Lo tsTc A D may prcFrly berehed as Lhe Atshai oB,lod. ln 1533 A D Suhan chiy.suddmMihmud srrah, rhc lan irllr or rhe Hrs! n

by sh* (rotr sur trho rhus occup€dGaud. Ths ruls or rhc remnared wrh Enrudq or hls q ai&oi Fituz Shalr(in1514AD)byMubarizt(hanwhoszsd the rone lmmediorety afi$ and .sumod ihe rirlc otMuhamnad adl shah But rho Ecisal lhrone was occupied by

Muhammad Kh sur, who ioi beingsaisl'sd by decl. iq indapon-

de.ce rushed ro Delhr ro caprlre Lhc impcrial sepro. Bur hs wassh n itr a deadly rhe Dclhi army ii 1555 a D

ind Dslhl rsedablsh'd Beioal alrholsh lor

son or Lruhlmmdd

Xhan su,, caprurcd ihc Beis6l rhronoand rcok rho I rla ol Ghyasu.

ddii Bah.du Shah Ne foL ofly 0roclain,cd h m*lr nd6psndo

ruld bur aveis?d hls rJl rfs dcnh by d8re n{, and kttinoMurrammad Adrl shah (1557A D) Tha ru10 or rho House ot

Muhamms'l Khan 1554 A D and rl)o aurhoriry

ova, Ben{ral pr$cd iiro rhe tunds or rhe K,i'ani tamily. The

Xa an! ,ula h ed r ll 1576 A D aid n Lhc yr oaud (arai'wasderedod and derhrcned by rho Muqh:ls, and Bsnsat was

m.o@oGrcd in the Mlohal Empirc.

Ihs abovo s , Uef suruey ot rh. h'sLo,v ol asnsrl lionl53s1o 157cAD, burrha hGrory or chittsons isdirforcnr. ThE

h€ro'v or chrcqois du nq rhh pdod s chiolly a hhbry ofalmod



173 la Hi.rory or chnksodo

co iuouslv,s and Lurmoils. The ohbiriou3 sovertisis or e6rsat,

h a d_aadty wm orrssltritrq ii rh€ froqus chaiqo or

ov lrdnip. The aclv{ics or $s Portustres..hronolosicat acoou r or rho €venrs th

occu ed dJ'uu rhs pi,od's

difrlcullowns rumly ro rho palciry

Nev Lhele$, lre sources o nor atEqdhqwaidis. Fo,6iample, r'e(wo c/iro'rhr, rsABkaiessatrd the

TripuE supply nvrluibld msar

n rc.ond,uciisrho hEbryor ltu d'nncr drlns

h orais @eqrilty B6rd.s, soms Bsns.tLomple re.rinloi, rhe mosqus hscrplons,

rr. :ccoun6 ot ro'. sn r3v6llcG h6lD us

ro solve ntiy phhl.ms.

wrnLor Sh xha) Sdr occupisd Gaud, tn

1s33 .39 A D.] h aopra s Lh a lL le Uelno or dur ns hts riraltre senr his seieraL Lo occupy rrD oullyrs

dstricrs thus he se hs cipbin, i.ned 1r's Nooszl bv rho

Po usrese, Lo chirhooie.2 shy (hri as .i drpul mrlrbry

rhc prnc'p,l odewry ro

Benoal". ansady acrivrics, chi auoos

becimc r En nronni,ald a d ren,lror rhs laEn rcaly 6nclud6dbeLween criyasuddm rlrarmudshh aid rho po usuesB3 Sobprovonr ttu Potueu*e fmn comiiq ro rhe reiel or MrhmudSh:h wi3 ar u(c hsk lorshsr (ran, and probab\ wkr rlrkeid li v'ow, LE siir rho Noianl I

i . s3o p. m€idado rj x6kaisu, l:uosazll cdknrccd, p. !52 Bsl€r

maruscnr, tiL.h.i r Hrnliol

Lrrc sano 1'nc (M ri)'s Edcir ,ro, | , 01s)



rho Arorhi Rul4l L7o

Khan in M ch, t53s a D

s0v6 asional ro ihcqovunoGi amiz. t(hai (Ahzrcao) and (huda Bakhsh (hdi(codavascao) rorF,eirc, chief or (ha

decids rh. qu rehrutly acknowtsdse tha aurho'iry 6r rh6 kinq or sensatr 2

The Po uotre.6 hi!rorian Ca$anhsda axplcirlys:ys!har rhe Nosozn

sovehoB ii his ravour

The couGo ol evenk Gaudduins rh

(

De was r3srchansho. rn Juty

by,he Ponusre6c svidenceT Ths Mrshat crpluG or G.ud uidotr_

idadd d" Golro .. a-no

huir sorseihor da cidads ._ D.3d,q, p so:l

o Nos:trI do xs(amlr e romisse a ddad?

R C Majumdar .r at,li irdf4ncd Anb,t af lndo, p.43J I dtsooanuiso, op. .i', o 1s3

Rnoz, p. 142 ) aanlnso, ap. , p 222

'es:o Golm . cdsroitud4, P,

453; .lso R c Majumdaror al, op !1, p. 43?



1S0 A tlhrory ol chirri.i.

brsdly put Lhe Nosazl n rls.omf Ltrrc l1 .pp. s dr lre bodv

of rbops uider rho Noqazl's commaid was n.t Edequde Lo deiond

his own posi(ioi. lhe Po usueso mltarv aid

which was gailier orcmGed

iiom Goa. Theaid wa. ii rhs romor a r.valerpsd!on (a,mad!)and

conskEd or iine vcssls Emmaid

Nuno Fchaiandoz F,ene, who had beei appioicd fch'ef or rho

cuslom homs" (or oe po

'own

orchnlasois) bysul6n Mahmud

sh:h nor oilv declred himselran allv ot' amnzr (hai bur iirervensd on hh blhalf os con. rou a lkou

Ah zE.ao). He advised

lre could easlY have

sultrn, Llr rhe erisrirs fol trcal s Ltrrloi upset him. He had no

drcdve ro, ,c/lor, conq!.r. Meaiwhna, Annza Khan.ollec

red , bodv or loors and ssit il aq! trsr she, shah's capkiirho laue, be.am€ vnually a capll

Ths Noga.l ii his mnrln.me a3ied

rhan or rho 'Beioalar.4

house orsld Shah's Noq5zil.s r s.ehs rhar Femandsz had

some hold on rha sold ers or Amnza Khai bscause he could dissrade

rhe Nosazil6 BuL slhngely, he hmselrwirhliriy Podusuose whor S.mDrvo hadsenrashorc eve trally caDlurcd

rha Nosaz,l aid shur lrim up in one or S: 2ayo's ve$elt whsn.e

arrer sr monrh3 caDiv y rho Nooazil m ased ro escape by bribns



oL rqono dur !

a n,|cryadv.nrurer by aamc

suleiman B sa who played an im.otunr role n th ssclne or s,rethsy $do rlfr a sallior wirh sixry med MooB or Sulcrm6iBaGia a lved ar . placs oi rhe baik or a rvd, w lrin rour leaoues

rllian.e wirh {he B.isat sutriD,'he

soldieB of 1r s ,q7Ior ciq3q.d

soma ol Samp:yo'sbehdved cow,dly.ll Lhrouqhou, would iorseid.iv DoT r!lr.,,rre h8,p, no, $id a shp ro dsf:id a po usuese mar.hanLmai,

whrh was ii danser, inspi@ or Fsrnand.zs rcpeaEdly,sris h m

PonLqLes s6loisr.

o'oso fr3b8lo aid aid h collabo,aLioi wn[

'hntroops or naja sulemai loiduded

p ry. rha.oal'trotr aid rhsyoops orsulcm:n

su!s! sold-s mcludns NsE Femmd, w{a rj!redo

sm clrdlcam apo o! eh hum ,io qudro

lssuas &qrelh .dids huma s:leob com sese a Turcus,que ss d6rouEm da Am.di do sol!mao Ba:ia. D€ Bo,oJ,

p. 503. .E e{ado xr a cousa, ro?o Era Beooah s.ssnkT .os en htra sal-"orr que sa ar

a,mada de coleymropolos Turcos, 6dlidoo hesma iola eh Beisrl:, ro,asmsrer em hum ro quaro leqoas n4s4- The'Turcos'ranslated by campds as Moorc

a cu.ooo"p.

.t, pp. rz.r:s (oiE,h.da pp 484 45s



r3r t^ ri{dy or cLrrrq c

r.,.".11...,,.,.u..v

o, eve s tnro considsarioi, rhe iiomaloG

io dw nq orhrtv

(hai aid Khuda Ba[i5h Khrn, who had atrEdy heen rt dasmrs

d'awn rn rhee L{ sise, khudi Bakhsh Khai Ms uidoubGdty

aL rh s saso, sh$ Khads ssieralrhe Nossz I arived chilGooio and

occupied rho pon rown

in Juty 153S A D, slopp,d Jtl knds ofNos ,t ,rd placad him

o, !trrivourble Dncm$aices Tre p6 usuese nivat hetp, .arlisrsouohr by MJhmud srh anvad at ch xaooiq

lL aDpftrs rh samiayd_

nol wait io iirer o on behitt or srlEnMaimld shah immed ely, brr kepr warch rrom a cldsc dkuica

oi dr,A coi64 ot cvefb. Arrer much retucbncs tre ro ne,j Amprbusy n layiio ses6

lnder Lhe Nootzil Ths bsiss.d Nogizil -.sked rorrrE hetp orFrcns pre,erho rarher

'dbs a prison* or

.1r". Fsnandez responded ro rhearDen or rhe No.arl and !rs.L nriohj



Chiibqons ,lrins rE Arsran Hulo l1s3

Nosazt, brr 16 rims€I

Lrn"iny Pitrusu6s whom s npayo had se urro,e, evenuilty.aprured rhe NosE/l

'trone ot s.mpayos

v*sels". AIte, six morhs crpriv,ry m Lhe h3nds or rho po ueucselreNosa:l hanased ro.scapa by bribns aslhordi d,. Th!

do ioi mel'on aiy,h'is o, lrtr lale here

ahc bur ir s ovdenr rtEaL { s rimo,3 ,oaleof ,rurcor of-Hajastrl€F

m, loiner drc anid {orces o{ At appeas rhar tho corfs.t*acy ot amirza Kn.i, Lhe potusuesr

rnd srlnman sais. courEed. The Po ugulse,own rsb dis, y@e deferred aid ! numb$ ot rham rcr6 irurcd.

alr upLly nop ar Lh,ssksesivns iohodyLhr horour of rho conque* or ctilkooig

r rh. na93, an tuakaiasa ins.rproD,l crcovded ar chiLra.

-niJ,"o ro vhds. Ls i..,riJ.orenlcved on , slw D ara clcarty poiibour rh ab,!r 1s4o,ct AD, chidasois was dariiirety under rhcAhkailss occup€rioi. c,ir,a (fnamd cokhs

,/ roh rolrtrcJ n,ei' prolirrcd ai e,cellenrBin (Meno 3an0 or srlbo, srid rc bo a vsry powertul mon.kh

Tho clranstns pot,Ical ev.i6 tr' ptk.aofa' .l' n ' ro o de4.

olE4oyman'kyair rs4oA D prcvc .d,hcTrtpuEs rion meddlin.o rhc crilLaoono aftsni. Ttr. cnEuyer pan.ipanr,nrhc waro,

thc ,ovJs !l AGkancsc mon ch MinBinorsux (1s3ti553aD).Lc nvad,is fo,c.s or Mm do aL

rrsrroduced Khudr Dikhsr (han,on,Dhap Dbt€ coid ,oi r EL h6

compllkly d sErpearcd roN I ic sene, iavd Lo bc h6 d of dsdLowi ds rho rc rowi .id c,ushed arl

Lo srch an srronr rIa( rhc nimes or amtrzi

wn4 btotsd our ot

1 {."o,d"" or ,r,. As.r4c saftq ot B Eit, t,lsr



13+ tA Hkbry or Lh,rasd d

orc'ena,. Mi,r Bin s m'l Lary srplo h.s ar analooy wi$ . sro,y

i', I idu miroloov. The o,v runs as Iollows I once rhsD duseJ di..o.d b*Dn cs.d, " mJ- .orr

m dEdty tishrins caused

lyhq b3inqs oi eaah. Brtnei(,e, orrheco endenb colld dsre rreorhor saehq rhem fishrins oach 01rcr

miohr sulpes!rho 6asla

or shdbad,s Ghs ii sze, rhouqhtor reedinq lDoi rhe mon$ss.Ho tEi fell upon h s rired prey and qobbhd up one a,ior anoLher

eanh from rhe ru6ollsli .lmos a sinila, m:nror, Min Bm aii h hred rho conGidmgp es . d conoue,cd Cluaqoiq orhs n rhe i.rar oa or fi.yo ls39 A D or ii rhc eadv

or Lhe lwo DeGoialrGs, ono rh6

Nosazl, who wassen( by sho, Khan ro coiquor Chilasons :trd

rhs oLher Rala suleinai, wE sa 3 iavrldoh'hmonLrc chnb.

qonu, s d',rc!h loba Bscbl€hed s Gracrorly. In tha H,lerloi D.nror, lrcNoEazl has bloi ideNfiedsoompnarv€ly a I'rls known ,surc h rhe hhroryor rh6 Parhais

I rorc E ro doubr rh.t hc No0azl h rha Potusurse conuprion orclrhor rhr iame or (,e(rs or rha commaidd who was s6nr bysh4Khan ro occupy ch nasons rhe PonusueD usually co upr rhs trr-

id mosr ol lhem maybe recognzod

wrhour much d'rf'culry. Bur rhe casof rho Nosazll is d'lhrcnr

ca{iiheda cle4ly spgaksof him as a Parhai capmii olsh4 (han

n rhe opmloi or DrAbd0r frahin,, rtu Nogaz I was no orher rlffN hm (lrdi Su,2 a brcrhor or S,6r rhan

.urhoilrarvc inform'on

Nizao Khan3 hold

re,srence 10 a ruter

su,3 n .E.rgit Doen iamed to,t, ryoiru,

2 ./ I s o, xv 0e52), 2a3 !il;rL! qiqrr. iFr{s:1i1.

tr.,ris i.r{' rrI1 r3 r

rlr- b,{!i rerFr qir4El_ro,ir drru ed A sh t



rhnbsonq duis rE alrrh.n ruhlr35

(\an. HaG rhe rukr,s called ip iaid shah, Lhs Lwo L rtes which could

bsadopred

oily by an indepsndem rule, and rhsrcfor. could io( be applicabla

, il bc ,strsdlhd rhBewerc rha supB,lluouscxp,es ois ot rhe pooL,n exaltrns hk paroi,lhus remrinsamols scope

rordoubr. Thc pocLs, ,ereeico ro tho tu16, ?s ilhe ha{erofr whiroand ed elephanl'rai56 susprcion oi rh's

only rhe Buddh kin!,s of Btrha aid arakan arc rad rion.Iy known

aiimal lMosr

prcb6bty

rhe roisis ot Lhos kinse

olch rasonq wss occrromed d Lh imo ro rake Mrslih qames

besid6lhsr Arukaneseaid P3li idmos

s incl,i.d Lo tdendry the Nosazitwilh rho

rch alhe, ndu qarl mcdiiic an orr'cer or the navy or iakhudawhioh meais shipmAE,. oaz (p,onounced os suazil, sozl ol.,bylhs Po usuese) ii rhose .l3ys !v^ not morcly a ludicial otri6i,hc was ile vened wtrh vaious knds or poweG aid ilidions.

a ,rav6t oli.q commandhs a company or

iaval toops. Ilre wod n.krudd n supposed to have hoen ddivedkhodi, iThc Naktruda or owid ot rhs slrio"

acco'.]ro m 116 authl ol rha Ani, 'i s avidenrly a sho lorh or

nrv khuda He Ixes the coune or rho ship".3 Tho rsm has

lrflr dehnod ' 1'c Hobri./o,ni, asr'askipper iho mano, ol a

F, Mri,qre reGn 10 r'c kl e.f Ackan ro 1,. rhs .pom*so,

or trm lvlriG Ellrl,inf, (^1qn94, ,233) Nlz. N halso sp:rks or 'lje

(ho nacre, or whn.clcprriiL (M za N hai, 3ohzri5kni.6,'arb,, trans. M I Bohh,



1S; A Hisro'y 0t chitEsoio

n.rivo lescl .l Alliia rridvisulqc{s Lhar rE wod is d

i:o aid Pe,;,ai khuda, m.:nliq a masreror Lhc

rn licd lr:(J is som'mss

p,oaounced as

.jri.!i, r' '

ro ii $en rllr,.5l \rorks. lL srDrld be norcd thar the Po usue*

wrraG pur rDI i,c ancli (he)bro6lha wo'd Noqazl whch hd_

oo ., orqai.

SulsmrBaisla who .ccodns rD rh. PonusuNesouros, seit. smBll traval

c)irracorq. DrAbdut K m is n.l'ned bidsnrrv BsF suleim ivirh sul''nrn (hai or rhc Grrnl dyiary 4

Eur rh$ idenrlrc loi k dorbr,rl can Lh5 sulcmrn BaGia bo

de i(sd wnh slhmin Kri,

$e ,Arb,,,n. he ps Us lo ans,, llrB D'oblem,

The larher ol lhls crlet (hr Kh ) b; lo rued,o rhe Bais k bo or

'hsHrjotrLs. rn lra' rljvlarlqrc!onri3,lrreBha,)he con-

riiually dsirry.d p,eim:r1on aid Enad6,iies ln'he

rim. of

sal,m (, , raj KMiwiLh lrrc ,o,cis iida sho whil,, lroqiis6rhou or himaDd ss or aiiihlirioi aidsold rs(vo sox ka aid rsmal ro mc'cEnb.5

a./,r s P, tx (ie6a), 2e

(B -,dj.) 112 or N (erlo b n! ry

durtf or rhr to.itarci, (E s.holr ,crfb a rhcory



crnhlotrq dunno rrtr Arehi' nne 1137

d.r.o orL,. m trt,Y Prows$

sul€imatr Brisia po$essed arla snd ha'nlOhr

htrle se a podidtr

ol nio occupy chiLrtsoiq 1,\6v Sularmai has br:n @lhd as Rtja

s.crion 2. chirrasons onder rh. succ..sivs R.Eihos

shrht hold on rho

lescd oi to lhs AE_

kanmeethq n Lhr lder Dad or,h3ye 1539aoo: nrhesfflv

pa ol rh6ieIye . Aslver prile iirdjnionlliiouaqB, aGchsd rd an Adkao6BremPle, dDdlc ed bv an aro'

ddails rcc diiq Lhs pol'Lcn atrd culLmal coid,on ol ths dirdct

rhe he,o ol $e hd dois was rhe lalhe,.r ka Khai Dr

Eh lasal th'nks thoL rh! sulrai, ro whosedauohbt &lidas

warm ,ied, war sulr.n Ghiyasuddh Nlahmud Shah, lhs

h$ rule, or $c Htrraln s uhi dyiasry. '!1lLh rhe msstcrg

or ch:y.sdddrn Marffud shah3 sons by rhs ,ri o! sher

srah, r(alidas as rhr hGband o, a da4hl( ol Mahmud

Shah, posibly conrdo'.d himsslr deiurc su.cc*or, ro tho

kiosdom ot M.hmu4 sha5", and in Lhrl prebison hs mu$

Lo helP Anizr (hin, rhe Mahmud

ansr rh6 Noqazl (3 P P

Ardi. A*.orles, !L 11790), 333



1a3lA Hhbry or chibmno

I./arntvn(1sos), pp 562 Phoyt6, ,p, rn, a. t72n



rrtr Arqr,ai Lto I t3o

hlr B{olted i houfthry or trh [nsrJm on aLt snbr

Eolh ths Aod ,o,said,ri. Rqonrrrshed I'shron rtD !rris!es.eies o, polnical evc s dtr,iis rhs pqod. The A0ion.Ji do*ior prdcholy rell ol chirrqois by Lhs Ara-

k.nos-", whic[ mghr resdr r ]e JliLrI

coul. fto noan,h inrorms G rnrthe Palhan crriel or chiboono wirh hh amry iunberiq idr le$rhan ons $ouMid rook shenq

inT,lpu,

chel be idenriried w rh rhe Noqazil of Lho Po uqr.se hkrorhm )Th6 Po !0u6s8 sou,ces darc thar 'a Noq.zil nedl.o rlD Po u,

fuqi(rve Palhri crcf ocved fo, E iiGrvei-lioi of rhe T,iDUra k ns B loymai kya (c. 1540 o. 157r a D) 1o

.d. (ino Bloym ,kya n,esg ry

divav Pdhtsi soldGrs undor hh seru cs ii

rho idj,n4,a nanares

Bijoyfran*ya who 1,6 prcbably

i .omm:id or rwo rhouraid trdoDs led rtsrh€ exhd PaLrrn . jo,of chnlaqooq (r dr

Nosazil) wlrh hh roopr toned ftc a:pedi on,More troop5

aid car ases und, rhe cohmaid or ths Tri"ir u/6zrrollowed rhe adv6ncis roops uid ,oyal.o mandl Trc ,,-b ied opsmioi was crowiod wl,eqained hG posi, oi, tha ft pttc ch@ntE

Ilr sh (hh evenr wlLh ir e.

suP2les ndredsuce$ful T,ieu,a ooerd, on sdes rhat "w],ls

3 dq'qe, (,, ,

1 r$n, Efnli h6fl itlrFrq.a qrs 6i6ra+ a{r, qnEqr r

r iflq'lEr

n.r n{E rrtlnL

,5E 61r rir r{,.,qrr



1516.47 D). m rrom rh. no Lrr cillcd iirh4 rrrcr d si( (io 6y wr'h bn 'rre

Plta

r\e ahkan{. ct tnh rha i7hrion of rhe r/-pu4 clrMnh rcqadhq rha

run4ely,lhd arcrd,ls rLr.v. w Lh dah (..1546

^D) and rr ro dl eird of 0ro conquEr lrpro Fantr)

howevs, laned oily

paiatt Ine Arckatd. ct@rrchtellsor rrcAGkanese rco..qarioio, chiriJois

'nmrdd6lyafLerraBrhriw \(irh aEkan wc!

over tholorr Lhe Trpuo circrd. says iorhhq ot ir. Ttc rrct4i€eC]]rrrde.r.-: ,1'r

Arakareseala n lo* ch rqonq, A .l6s rLtrdy of rhe rripurd arro

u colhbohnon w th rr'c P hons

mrs hBvs r.o:irad chrryono.

!v1h rid catrd s!lhn Probahlr,Biioyman[ya r.mnquered chhrason0

sy b.oinn no ot Lhe do of o k

kha (1553.54 a D', s!..*sor ro

n of chnhsds. rhe n'jcd.r.

sdvsiflsnt Ths,6volt w.s due 10 iDn-paym3nr or anear sal yro rhe P h so)dieB ,L rlre rim

io( ooly klled the chier mn s, (!v3,D or Lho kinsbur .d. DDpah-

'.mro plrrds,lra c.p hl

hathho apLn ro usu@ r,rdTripu,

He ev.i secrerly arredeJ

.i, dii!r., rra nrlti r{'!rj,.+ "rl{6 r;if; Ear qrrLr

ins, E!, lqErlqi -Ji,rir r1i!ii{ , bB iif, t{.e r.ir I



ch tasano du'hs [E Argh.n ruta ]91

Bur rho plor learidour d an un3u

Upon, odared lh:,rre Lemple of rh' foun*n sods

of ohrtragoic fled 10 G'ud .id rcpoded rEthe isws srea y inlurared rha .u]lan who

wrhosr nelay ss a laEe rslnrorcamenr2 hdor Msmank Khaq,a vr'a wrno, aid a Elanvo by his w're3 dq 'rhc wou-

equippcd my.oisdsd or ihr* rhousand ho6e snd 1en rhousaid

sh elds.3 rhe ruiawiy F h,i.hsf orchrtr'sonq jo mdcena,iss inrh. I puE ai y joiicd

'horE.line rorcs. Auhi

parhai army, rhs len or solrhsi

,l,shr. M n a( xhai occupi.d ch ksors prohably tdons

tirLle 'o.isni.6 ftom rhe sde oi tho T,ipurs.4

(caudesw ) Lhar senl o,p6dilioiro occupy chilb3orq 7 'Ilra Rdlomdo doB heqoi noirhc. hc trame

I E" lLrr oo D i ri {r! -.t r

..[1.n!.Err

iri,.rr lln rr1

6rlixi-r rla,.+ ii:r rrihrrl{ srl,r ,e. .rir aii i.ii.rlli {t. q{ rn E..,r qi\1 r:{ tl6 trn (iiinl r-rlirq:re nrrri 6is rEr:r 1..rllrlqr(E flirrrrr -rl:? :r: ri{i

{nBr "J tiir iifun!'irrr .rE? Tr{ l.ri,r h:ir rn.i ielnqr

cr i!^ icar Er rrlr.ai !rrrhri ri{{ iih lr'ii..i i1:l'fliri iii lril rii:,ri cl{l ,



i92 A H dory or CtlLLasors

io,rhe ddo olhs su.c*srul mrlcry ope[Lion. 0., A F.]ior

rishLly lcs hrm ro be ]lruhammad Khansn,lrh' adhonry ol Lhe joinrly (o Mdmd,akXhai .id Lho uiiamc,l dspo&d parlrn sovehor or chi[aeuis,

ovdhn Chi[asong and subdued atmosr

command cdrcd're

I vicroriou. hains inE Ahkan and forcsn rhs

A rkaiese kiio 1o submir b rho au ror!y or rhe Bensal sutr.i,h s v dory over Ahkan,lMuhammad Khan sur

ods.d rhon'kns AH2 (1555 aD)srylishimsall sEnsuddr rviuhamm:d Shah Ghazi

decE'on ro conquerArakai his rc.enlry bom a sllrFd orT,ipure

clolmrd robB

ih6 msGr or ctrir6odig Atrer rourhg rhaIripurusi Muhammad srEh wotrld iaiud]ly rurn ro rho Ara[4Lesekom € polircal 6cena of chi ogois. this

rhoughr misn have rmpned him ro Gad hs vkrorous ahy ssiar sourh asArakan. 3!L row hr he prccs€ded s nor kiown.Ph6ably, ,e d'd noL p,o..ed lpro rheir cop ct llrhe capiral oraDkar woro oc ,pidd by him, rh.i ho woutd sivc ordqsrhdheorinrhs or coins s'otrld Lo donc jn Mrohauns (or

Myouk u), capiralhc ippomred a pa$.n sovemo, i AEka, orh. could ik4 atry a5p,ociabb ohdnoo ii atukaiese €ovammss nor kno\{r. PoMlrly, lr. wis sarsried only wnh rhc subm r otr

or Lhe Aakrns$ knu ro hih

of Arak,f Dropcr, Probabty, und

1r4

nnr ot rr[ .oiir

r I ,a s 6. xv 0cs4. ,72 waslr, rIr c,1,279, Bodseri,

GLolostc rt trddt co[, pr,J1a,I 390U, u l5ur Lai.rruol.,



uhi'ragois duins Lr3 arshan Rulo I 1s3

Dr AEM Harrihullah

of lh3 rcdd no of rhe leoBid h rho coln aid aUeoed rcferei.a ro rhe

coique ol A,akan by sEmsuddi MuEmmad shsr chr:i Hs

suss: 'Trc mdsirl Ieqsnds was rcad rs z b A*an bu( fti5 clsarly nkab, wha( has been rcad as A ol Arakri 6 obvioBly

1lre dor of B ol udb dor ot N appsars b'lowwhd should bc reld as E ol rk3b, Eesidet $s Mrslimq ievd

sraremen2 not oily conrli.Ls w,h rho koowi tads resp,crinsB.i03l5 holds n rhs perod hur is sxclusivetyb*ed on a cl.arly wroig of a hhtnama oions or Muhammod3 coiit. Dr Hrb'brllah3 vi6w has bcen challsn.

sed by N B Saiyal,3 n de[6idin9 $so6rli,q rea,tiio of

shah s conqres or Aiikan. Mr sanyrl poiirs our rh rhe atoro.sald .oh was nol rheonly spe.menorMuhammadshahhArakan

coiis. Ths coins pressved in rhe BriLch Mus6um aho indicd€rhs same E:dns. "rhe ac'mcy or re

smiia iuhhimrhrs Ikc Lanepooe, RodsarsLhus be queBlioned wiLh li(le rsasoi , secoidly, by,1he k,owtr,ads", Dl H:biblllah L was impo$jbto ror aweak Benq.l

kns r counrry Lke Arakah orfial'me.

Bur rhs polrcal cond ion ol ArukEi and gensal do$nor lusiry rtu sraremeir of D, riabtbutlah. ti s nuo Lh MinBii was a powrrul

'iona(h,Uur he was

m ked by mtsruls,aid iL la{ed oDly ror Lwo ycare (r553Js5,1 a D). rBLo bs

(ha assumcd io Mtrslirn rirh :s his p,sdsEsor

or hs chrm or soveBgnryov,Ch usors,ihs 'oisonably

poiib otrr DLk (ha,s tos or Chirtrsons. Mr

uscd rhe aqrli.ksd rerm Arakai 1 He(mLrus FD B;nJjrs

1l e,c s s, rsuc.s, xr (1ors), oe2R o aamai, op .n, a.27s3./

^r r, xv,t 0ssr), 11



1e4 iA Hi3hry ol chindsodo

S€nyal rlshlly rhlnks rLEr r\B viclorlo!s csmprisi ol Muhrmmad

shah m:d6 an €nd 10 h s ,ulo. oi th3 oftd haid. Muhammad

Shrh su, was a vory

afrer rhe dedh ot clam shih (1563 a D) Lun.hed oi a carcor

and AEkan prcbatrly becams hs fnso8i row a p.ws rl honaich Lko sijoy-

bY rep8 ed a(sh.n auacks. Ladly, rhe

vew or D, Habbullah thaL, the Muslms n6vol Eed rho angt!

ckad lom Ahkan"$(cebooks tha iame ir w 13i asArkhaikoid iLs slishr variarionr.

.r '-t'r o \,s a ploGliz6d ,olh ot 1E

^rabc ch oJ) (pll,o **.-"

hmllar ro $a m r toims or name or a luu !'ry

aid in rhc loh hc probably sisravB.t rhe wod rs minr nam€.

Ihsrcrore, rrio ,acr fid Muhammsd shah

l*$ a p! ot ir, rainor be scriotrsly dispur6d.

Stan06ly, rlE coiqu*r ot AE[an by Sulran,lruhammad sh.rr

crmk,r ercn ro Jre ch nasono cEnpaiso ot io sltGi or caud

nikYa. Hs odnod lrs wn f,on1 ar rh

rlme, rh6 rnpra i0to rwo wnss tbao 1

wh 16 rho ,ishi wiis (dakstni bazu) uider rlrc com aid ot Kata

Nrz, arc nins slcces in Syrrel, ue rsri wiig {hrm bazu) wsa.ron in ciirtssoig.

agarnd rho PiLrans iid for

Lhey unsuccesirly lrtd sBgo ro rhd fo

1 rnn"am"

uaz, u a pcrean wod prciouicn, jho samo and

2 vri {r r:s +.n ntrlrr r.n,ql.q rr qrir is 6rr)a 1i I rsjhrtd, t, 4t



raillrc h:d oily ru cd wntL,orr€ I is iv,o.oid. 16d,ssans.lsiu vor! h m lanng mantrd ror tsummoncd Kald Nazlr, hii veGrai sen*al and ft. hcad or rh8

J6inriyr cxped Lion, .idordercd hid ro lead rhooflensivc op6@rion

asand $a P.rhaisot chilr0onq. rls.oir red on rh6 seneml

rhr disniry of beins Iih army or Kala Nazi,,

srrer .rivlns ar chi(asois ro,mod rho fro liie or a ock, (h.

prevoG letr rvinsrcnoiriis n rs r.ar- (]lacharsa oi ihe Parhar ahy n rhe momlns thrs lollowod a severc

rlshr is wirh rr$vy bloodshed oi borh sd.s. rn $o larsarre oln,(ala Naztr, rh. vilr seidal suddeoly round hlfrselr su ouidedby Lhs Parran sold qs, rhe.owadly Tipun eld e6 did not domo

ro Lre a,d ol rheir comm.ndc,. K.L Naz r leu lishitr:s bmvolv,

rcd to rrren own ro Lo hko res

An&rhen railu'e

r.rha sre !3q

brle. rhe

wrllol rhe eiemy fo( and an army, rhree ,ou.aid .tronq, lriqh.

hEned rm lnorcparid PaLhan ooD: ar dead ofniqhr, Tl'o P han

by rhis srdden dh.(, wsd thbwiinlo dEofdcl, Thgb*iegsd

Mrmdak (hm (?

chirLiqonq dtr,lnq lho^rori

Rule I 1s5

{.6 .x t.< {tn .rrfl iri,lcls ir.r .na .F, 1.9? iElr

A .',o", n-d, ot hoin,aron r ,ho pdifd, 5.qqsts tcar

rh' PalDn occupied rerlro,y was chielly centred oi rhebwn

o, Chirbqons. Thouqh rhe Parhai oarisoi .u.cessrully dsrsided,he r ,os rion in rhe rorvn, no Pdhan visilmr amywas po sd

prcmnr the TriPun armv nodmakins hrord h1o ch kqano.

irn ti: l..Jrr is! dq' t6rrrrrlr( 1,rri lrx r+nb rxlrl



1e6 j A Hilrory or crtriqono

Mob a((rra. ) wxh h s drtrr r rd Lo es.ars 6y scolis rhaw:ll

p,isrior and coiincd inoi .as..id ar rlre ins|q toi or rre heid B'ajrmin Dri6r. wdr

slc, fi.ed b Lhs founeeiby a rraudule mears. Thsy rtErL ptmd ?d rtre rotr and sanedIre hundred sold tullseach one weishinq oie seor. Ths etephanG,ho6s and rhe butlion I us acqur.d lveie s. ro rre c.pkal6 boory;

dTor. "plao.1 e

Un,o ui ely, th! Irip!ro chrrtre does noL menion rho ddeofdE brnh. Dran.h'm pubrhc dre batrrcln rss{a D, rhtye ol Muh:mm:d Krraos Ack.I .otn aid 155s A D, thoyc olB toymaniNy s Larishya com, which commohohe! hrscomDl€r on

obssved rh.r iie .onquasL of Ahkailouow.d by a proloised war vJlLh Eiloymailkyi ror abcur a

the T,inuh (ins.ould nor

brfore $o dcalh of Mrhrnmid (hai r Decimber, 1555 A D.Probably, criaaqofo rlre rripu,a khs ro hhkiisdom nrh,errlypa ofrhe ys 1556 aD.

Chirhsonq remEned underalmos s doiLiiuousTrtosa occu,

p loi fo, mo@ rhii a decade (? 1556-7 1556 A D) n rtro hkroryrh rrlii E n's rors rule lras suce3svstytdllowsd by weak rules of D k Kha {rss3.1555 A D), Tsau tha(s55-1564AD).nd M?io Tsekya(r564157' A O) Nriaorrheso Arakaiese kinss could clai

is.o$iry of rekiio Muslim iimesi Dea'h

,,1" or rr,rur,,m.,a Khai sur n 15s5 a D and

sooi Bsioal mdwrhpe,ilous

d

r,rd. o.51r atso ./ ,{ r 3, xx0350),

crrrlr rillc I{e.E i(qr .ir !. E,r rrr rJrn! r



chirbqdns duriio dio Arshii nuh I 197

irs hh1o,y. Chiyasuddi eahadmshi,, soi and

succ*so' ol Muhamm:d ns rJb .i e Lo

a D atrd hs LroLhq GhiyNuddtn Jahl strah

ascended rhe rhrcic He rulsd only ,or Lries

rr eed"d b. ,o

rhe rh6ie of senssl nyt g r ms.if as

killed io{ ys , occrpied bv T6j KhK.miiin 1564 A D

(15654D) andhis broLhs srtoim:n succee.rert Lo rho rhione. it6cl tha P hai rule rn Benen nom 1556 ro 156s A Dor!h .ked by ,,oricidat warr ,requcnr .h:nqes orconsaqrs Dhtulo wh ch orearly imDanad ,D strenorh d( rhe B!iq,lsrlraide. Moreover. th6 Esh'ed M,lril enpirc mdn A[br w:s

loomins la,se ii rhe ,6rerinom $o Benqal sulLans ThoE cnqrm es, !, e sloymiiikyaa

Ttu acEssioi or sulemai (rEhno,y orBeisrl. Hewasai abh tuler,.od fsrored

'h.lon

p,asiqe of rhe Beiqal 3!lun. o Lo .4'sar 6rE

Beceirly an isnpnon,l I lid oi rlrc wall ol ri old mosque

Itr rlro villa$ lsha h rhe Saoskh:li u 2 hi. b3?n Drbl'shd hy

Dr Abdul r( im. He, arcr a srear deal or dilficuly owiio ro lrs

< ccero"r itu lno'T':ncsl,J''i-rLowhosc reigi rhe brldiis or a mosquc in tha lbly no h of

A D is . rbuled. Thoush onr sclioh

'' 'or rlll\ s' ..,sd

enlan n ths rhnd 1ie or Lhe irocroLoi h v.r

.led, No, evrd.ncs re ava lablo 1o Drove whei and hou chlb.sonq p!$ad on ro rhs Pathan ruls Ircm

Howevor, the Pathai occupalioi of ch rasons is .otrlnmed by(ha a.ootrnr ot caosa' FEdenci, rhs nohble venerhn vavslle,



leAl^ n. y or .rrirbqo^q

Eenoah......Ths D6opt6 aro

hrd rhs pooplo or ch isan wore borh subtccrs r, om ktns.,,r

Bipymanikyi dicd wLhour s Nale ror nnd in 1494 s.ka(j72-73 A D) . Lloie L,rs us0rpsd by udavamanikva. tn rs73a D, Daud ( 6oi :scended $s rhrons or Beioit. setnq an oxtrrordinary ahbirious nroi crr ho chilbqons underiorc orfodivo co rdl of caud. ac.ordnqly, he dEparhed ! bodv

oi troops2 nos bty Ld srcnsrhen rhs paihrn tordes al'ody holdins

Th! ktnq ol T pura w rh a vicw ro

.11,E1{ r:r1 i{n{nrlir rrlr

tlh !r rriri. l{ !r..61Ths Rdj,,olo slar4 rhar rhe Gaud :!l(ai se roops ro chluigois arqfte dearh newiof aippmrva r,a* e*oa rr,.cip al. This susse* 0rr so lois B toymanikya wrs atira, rhe

les,'he

mosqm lnsdlpron (1563) aid $a accornrso,cas$rFrcderi.k (156e) shduld be uiderrho afolrai rulo bsforc rhe deaLh of E,ovminikva. an

romed m rhs .oniecloi rhd chnGqonsar ca{ ib ce ral po(ton lvas brouqhrcon,ol bi J Lodv or Pdh.rol EiFymanikyd's rclsn Frcm lharilms upro rha rims or fidsndiiq or 6rpodiridr by th6 c.ud sulktr rh6 parh.n po$ossioi

ol chitlasoig was mo,o or le$ i $lt lovemiio unir.



Ch lr.sons du ns ,ho arshai nuh I lse

i'norcsp(ins rhr P hai

lalg6 .oni.s.iL conssLins ol s2,0OO soldierc aid 3o0o oaients.l Bairghan N ay:i. Ranaohai was so

imprdenr thar ,i or ao easy vicrory over (he

p,opos.d . chl assarl oi rh, rr hin amry. And rctralty ,1hov

iotrv rhncoi.riis rhc unirvotr,ahto omsns or

lound rhemsctv.s

oiimy tn rha rcribtccl,Fse rhr rollo,, lrroTrlpliE, ac.ord trg ro rhecdimdaor Lh:r

c rd, and D ohrrrd srthisnrroratoops utrd- rlF lo,nr commaid ot Firuz Khan Ai and Jamat

lho r'Tw:lv3 aaisalas' olso t.ltowadrhsm6

1

trldsh- srir {{i rj{{r dairsirnr r.q fl:i il{ @l (s E I

'Rajamrla,' r.ns, Hsv. Lons, J ,4 I a,

16'{a

ltr{ nlq,r .il rirrrin{ rrarr 1is t[1; r {.qrL

irr !, turir rrir fl(qrE (!'rrr

Eior r.e Urq .li,ri .tc,:lnl.il< 1l qrir qo iircri cl 11lr

6i|n nrlrlq liire qnr i{rftL qh.irr .rnri frq srlr ciEq

lt

'Tw.lvo Baioatat probEbly mean rro chiorra nspopul.,ly known 6. 8a,a Bhuiyis.



200lA flbbry ot crri'Esor

ln sD re or Lh4n sulletuo rcpe 6d rcverees in rhe h.d3 o( 1rs

dBcded 10 coilinmwar Lh lollowod lancd for livB yeaGl ( ? 1575.? 1530 A D ). Ths

commsid cl rho Tnpur a,my was a*isned ro P ncs Am amanikva,

6lonq \'lLh Brima aiollrn qen*il. The PaLhans.. tho oftd hand

w o hd by Jatul Khar Paiii. This urusually lons pertod otas spo,adicftipu,a anacks on rh3 Parhai

'6ldtsiro,ios or chncsono rri J rcsula, w . ThG lons dEwn

w wrs lrvomely T pras, "Ar rhie peiodlrrs resulr or ir,,2

K 6i i I re h palhai sutan or Beisatiohinarad in1576aDard Lr&yahrtrirya rhe Ttrpft kins w'.

sika o, r576/77 A D. Bur rho cipulson orLh6 d.ar[ or Ud4anrn kya d d dor pur ai end

ro rhe Parhoi Ti,Dura

'ivalryovd clr rasoqr. Jamrl Khatr patrni

of ch riooio m:in€iied a precarious pafirf, holdon ch{agoio lnLh: fa.e of T,pur. aracks rrcmrrano h atrdrh6 tuakansse iicureioislronr rhesourh, Acdord ns ro rho nojof,ilstha Parhai tulo

'nch rasons iprdtacLed iFeinsnca for rivs yea6

{? 157j7 r!30AD). The accou e ot natph Fi@h nja3 ao)bc w iessLo rro loiq dhwf, w baLwsoi

tr s66 s rh{ rha

Trpu6s s!..eeded iholdns th3 po$4noi dt chkgonq torsomdims bolo,e r finally Da$.d ro th6 Ac(ansF The parhai

sarsonino lorcss oi ehrreois, dscoirecbd lrom rhe conrrlco rol tr wcdksn.d nith,y op*aLions ot rhaTrDud fo,cas, oo!l1i ior m.hbii l,n!lho .nd of LrE PiLrrai ruls h 6;ud g.vo

Ch' rsong. rr was

Kns Am amaniryi Lo ov6rDDw rh6 parhan sarhoniis furuos,already dscimared )y rhe prclonsod w.6, Thk tollowad rh6

1 {ir {i:i rsr EUri af{



ch ,sons duns 1116 Arshai Bul6l2ijl

of cr usotrr. TE d.blddn pdlhan soldiarc

could rcr rerun ro cJud as ir rtrd reu i rjre h:idsor Lhs Nlushalsrhsr eremhs. Tho noloD,r, giv.s ovid.n.s o, the smploymo ofthe P hrr soldrc. ii rhe T Drra amy.hdndoied rhsr ahs aid anowsd rhcmsrves to ba obsorbsdanoio Lh8 crvrlan pooularioi i Lhe dkrLcr and elsawh*a

rho Aloh:i rulc ma sd by warc and

.i ol! wastr ' )on ethnolosy, Fhcenanca, El,o,ors edif,Gs

n$,!Llon or rc d'sui.r. A 1a,3. iumb* ot ptupls daim LEm-

sclves io be rrD rn h's work iamed trr!/uaru, pod o3ulat srares rhar h s a,oedor,

Lha colophon ol a p.on h inown rh

rho rurhor sabnld Kr'an (srrah B ld Kh.n) was a bom Pdhan,Tlrc Parrti Pr.vm or aflizish Khan did eralr somd P4hai faml

Tha Pa,tui advenrurcre, warioî ionlnehrnE6, ,ho c€ms

b coiquen, dd iorroruh io uDcouiw afbrTh. Mushak, fi6 successcrs

vs,c , ai i,.h P"cmi!_.

Th 6roru, rhoy prcrered 'o ,8main h Ch osono rarhor ai laca

rhe rsk or h.ins kllsd or anslavcd by !h6 MushBIs. W h ihaby rl)o Mugrals ruiy mo€ Pdhars (ook refuss

orrercd rhen se icss ro whoevor hold rh6

sremies, lhi (,Ughals,

au of whomwoE rhc c.emres ofrhe Parhans. Duo to rhel m al

visour, rhay we,o appoinrsd ro rosponebla poi' such as 6a.E,

khnoazr, bo meanng headmei. one such rcaza wa6 a.iz Kh!i,ths mdquo of t-tulain

h r6s3 a D. The ffi.is ol Dolriz l in rhe Paliva u u, dhim thsm

Io rMauey of. a', p.53



202 lA t !6ry ol Chlndodio

.JEr to bd ol rlD Parhen o,ioii. k l. sid rhqt oE .l thsir

.rcebE hsld rhs hia mansabund4 rho Mlshal ru10,

Soms ol rho plr.eiam6 ol Chi,ssons ptovdo svi&ices ol

iho Palhan seulcms in rha dhticr, Tho Parhantooly iD rho

Dhy, wa. oncs tho dsidcnrial arca or rhe Parhans.l Tho ,en!

@ll o, Todar Mall m€nrcis a mahal nrrud Sulainaipur (po.

puldly oallsd Shakpura) which prcbably @nmsmoGFsrtu ruls

6l sulsiman lGrani oYn rr 3 did id

1 oonunso, or, .ir., p, 320



CHAPTER I!

UXDER THE SUITT ATE

rhe mn i:ls ro, a D,oDv drdv oflrlois and ruicLioiiig

n€cLkallY lmpo$bla lor us

b-{c, rhan cicino ariilrble iiom ho€

Tilkr, sulta. Fakhruddin Mubamk

sulLsn e !f son q:on, Ihoush Fakhruddn l.d the loud.ll.n

or Muslm a'la n cr,irbsois, hs coiqtresr wa! in io soiss fnal.

chirasonc is s fuded

bY somo lrosflc ioLNruslim .otrNes

which at o a.prcd or rh! dEticl. Thsv would

ior allow &n un eruDGd Mudim,ule lo chjEsonq rh8dis-

atrd aqaii by tha sulrans or rh6ll/as 5lr6hi aid rhe Husain ShahL dynArias ard rtu whols Alshan

po,lod s bur a Denod of w bnwean llrr Tdrums, ArshansMd

A,akaneso (oi rha xup'aia.y .vn (he dsticr.

b wcoi rhese cou ,r!. vndally tun:d Lh6 d nrlcr ro '11's coc'

kDh or msd,oval Brioal" Thewstk rulc at

dijr!.e f,om,e capkl, ai 3s!lr

tres \,ee soms ol E hddrs rlIr lad cLil6sms lreqre ly oslip oul or [hs c.uoia grp. Thes circdmsanes mada rhs

esablshmln, o, a rcsular iod nabls $oveomr almod Lmpo$'bld

io .le Dlcluio aboul lhs lodal ddm_

nisiaLoi of $o MuslLm sdcis or Beigal is availablo Wh.r



20a I A Fisrory or chtrhqonq

s rnowi s th.i rido, r'e sulrai c prrlod ,hc kinsdoni was

dvlded inroiqLim,

admiiisnarive pumonsl whar was rhe precho poslLon orCF ;sors '..-..!i.

Eoidrl's

ior kiowi. undor GhivasMdin

A2am Shah .id J.Lluddn Muhimmdd shr,,

minr rosi ,nd in wrs sryled as hBha.2rh! olr.ial desrsi on .t ltu sovcror of ,irsha chaisaon

is d rrcuh ro say how lons,a6ha ch s:oia 3dmr€t'arivo nime o, Ch bsois. Fomrl'G rima rp ro L,s eid or Nu$jj shahi dyna{y rh3 p.s{ioi

h.vo only LtE rrtrr!!NsarioDs rrL l, ata.r ranr6 coutd ior

.llled M,jls r.Ala itr a lo.n ho:quc msc,ip ioi. tr may be is-

lier rl!.s srrahi

chh![ Kh.i . avalaLla n h,: (vo^loror]l

oor I Pans.ltatrd crrL,$i ( i) rl,ey ar rr6crrdas Ladrka (or s -LasrLkal)

aid ichrar (hrvrra qri.t, ndicdo LLretr hiqh srrus n the .jvila6 woll as o rhe miliwv admhErdioi of Lho d6ra. tudm

Lh6iadrs or oriciils rFoyat r jtes, robes

ol honorr, sifLs e'c. rhem€LrfaLne ofrheirappohhenr sulBn ahrd(ii Husaii srrah is sld ro haE sa

wazir Famid Kh;n to becomein tdffiatr.orchiraooio rrisidr

rion of oovemmBir undq hdoeende sulriine Tre aidkord

Fo, an elaboEre

ot .dhinknarlon uidcr rhe sulrai s *e Dr A (aimt valutbL conki6ulioi eirirled ,aspecB of Muslim Admiiistrartunn Bensal down to A D r533', h ,he l i4 s P, t (1s53).

c-pB, pp 63 did 76-32: rlso H N Wlishr, cotalcz!. ol atrtth th. hr fi1 .!n, n,a2



Adr nisdton uidor,hD n,lhnne 205

8,r's.hr rerers bby sllran Husa tr

know rh. i.mcs ol Khuda Brkhsh Kh (codrya:cao) 6id Ami(akhri (Ampicro) lriously d4nb:d hy rh!

de' iMu!l m iobl€Ni),'!a.iloc(v6,lsi aid oovsnaddres (oovcmon) oul4jrLjo arrlri flne

Noqszil, Mim ak khin, JaDrl(rran pi ri dt:

As rh..aD,l or rr. rrsdoh wisthe di c, rhe srlrrrs had o dlparil LrselyLeriirory rid ror locrt

b.cn rhe oirrcsl

'dmrnsralo6,rh. scosraprtcrl p

ol Bensrl ii{t orl[r coistdn.,L.is nu h,ve rIow.d (. ofii.eE

coim.ndqs,rio i.r durds lvarc ill .u1ono_

acmhB mrivc sk(r\ ot rr!larer H6oio sh3r,i

Lo hrva ided hrialysoN dsl.edrd row ro Dqrohr

rLn. ons. The sov-.or woJld hie

tol'mpo't andoxpo (ade, exs{$ iudh.lirho.ry,DUiGr rh,im iale, chasthq rhe Dn:r!: ard so to h. n 3 wdrd hD had

!o srBruh6 sll LrE^.has or DUblc adniinr.rion DLxhs rha

Beisrl so rhi rdh or m rnary oGarn ionneghbotrs can hi,dty bo s,aqoDncd

Ihe disr'cr .ould b3 ebr!d only

T prr, rhe Ar.k?iFsa, rhc h lr tr,bes and



r00 A rh'ory or chi a!,otrq

lhd,oror., ir cai Lhc sovrmoB or rho dhi.r\{ould lriva

'obr 6s well as cvl admlnsl

o' ,o" I rmi6r'''or!nd-q r', sullan e, Dr Abdrl K ir iprly rcm ks : "Ths civil

orricers weG :lso ]r$ds ol rB a nr .. . . i,B miliLory Lhnador

w6 rhe,elie . ntrdh.rbl fact of Muslm sdminis@ton'n

Lho non lown prcleded no'n rhe plundd or iho pGrss, anahyh1d ro b_" idm.i. t/ sarioned !r rha ddicr ho?dqua cE Th8

tr r-'"n' 'lo 'i

s.iden' f6m Lhe /r, Ar6ar aid rre lrpmd.,,roikh. Tho $rsiqrh

dtcmot ro occupy 1'e ro or chi(6sons,

cav3l,y aid int: ry m4irioicd i (,, ,r, r A*6al2 should io'hB hren h rs li,e[l sens.

dst,c, s so m!.h rrllor Mr, obviolsl! the resul! or d sputed

rlsuro olrh! o.r'soriiq toopr supplied bvrhe

(he adrrl srtr1. ol rhiios.

ths raIliro alsu'rdlvsois or iheo,ovh.4ol chkqoiq provide

ii .mole scope ro, spe.lldion. Wh,hq rhs ';Eha chalsaon

unds lyrs Shihi dynNls was subdivided iird small{ oEoe

pr4oses's

d rr cLh Lo .ay. Evan ir such small

.dmiiistrd ve subdiv,sions

lo.dlon a,o equslly

1,rt i desF! .r.qhhLy 11,d

rhe hdlo,ialposcssion F chi'ra.

4o,r wd. .:ll/ r",o "d rh F5 ch'r"ri s

{n.lrdd hoiso,it I lrooi hundi6d



AdmnGLnlotr rDd rh, sunanlLo 1207

Even rhs n

ohLym or SutLao Hukirdd'n

8rb{shah .outd

noL asibl:,,ha Jurro v or G;ud

small, anismrie,and:rlas reJ!i{, ro a smrll unir dd,no th6

smarl rr r compBoo the nolrhsmprobiuly nordrperdii iiu.hoi cei@l aid.

sulirn r6a i siL' ruly corqu .d ch trisons Ly d v trs our ths

chrGqoie 3id rlr ara(aie5c Jrom sdurh n

3 i!mhr oi .dmnis(arive dfricss

ac.oun6 ol ths rogsieElra roltricrl cordrno avrilrbtc I

conlemporiry Bo's,l woris ntrk. L posiLrla

administ vc ui Ls und tur sd crooruteE was s!udrydEd

whom Lhese ,,oc as sned.

Ths MS.opy or Lrcnoiom'L m lons six shiqs aid 5ps.itraltvnEnEs FamLru rB:mu)

rlre Rolon,rr ms om sr Eiy:.2 ikisdo N orprin.irar ri3, ii.cludns rhar ol simu os hLe as A

Mifis 3lons w lr rlen maps Lespec:lly DeB. os',) shol, oily lvhjch rho d stricr 3lons wtrh

H'll ch krsons wJs

de amtrzrcao (km(dom ol ar za (ia,,) atrd the sou reh secror(kinodo'n or (rud; srrEh Khm).

rha K naphul dvded Lhcir r.nnoritlursdrctroi. Ih0 po us!6s3

hBrorians srv rlrat bD h or r]Im wnc rhe 'Moo,slr V sals- uidd

rh8 Gaud Nlno ,s c 'ldoois wso ir .an reisotrably be miFdunr rDr the admrtrisrsLon otr,rs o.cuped Esotr nrlldmq ro po

1



tssisncd b Atr'Er (!'ii Ly 1E srlLdr Bu1 rDactrat dde

0lthiiss roll a drre,c so,y

ahi':, xhai, Lhoush t,csd dEcomrirurson savqil oc.r5ois could f.r bs d v.n

r\"!eL,(rL'iBorh-hthc Po(ueussa chron.l*, blhrved lr. . somrmdeDendo rute,

of chirbgono iored Ere c no evdenco hetpiro ro prc!6

baoid or rcbotloi .ransr rho sulran ot Gaud.

caLos.rcally rsllahour his subordmaon Lo 1)c sulGi or 6iud. Ths nrap ot DeB 16 ascrib* ro hm a la(a rad or land comprshs sourh n

Ch rLaooic and H ll ch tdsono and ev6i a p r ol nodem Arakan.

Backed lry sucr a bis csource he .ould nor

only d€fy dE aulhorly of Lresovemoror ch ksois brroven plunse

l!n{ly or savar.lly be hs c€itas

dd nor menrion liy orh sovsmorol Lhe diricr dunng rh8 Husa i strarr tule, Lhoush Ds sarosmap locd€s cha.om €hmsons HiU Tracb.

or rE s4e ot Khuda Bakhsh Khan. sur

alons wirh rrc, kn o,iil a$iqim4iE

6nd ,he alhtri (,0i, P roal (han as ,uKhai wtro ruhd trre rerirorv

rvirh tha h0lp or Tha Muhammad

xhBi ped'o,oo isc,ojs rtr ovarlord.h p olKhon (chaLisEm Deshan D Lf Deshapari Had' (hanol lk' y

$urccs and Masnd.i.Als RNiKhan or rhe cp qraDhic sources arc



^dmidiL,. hder Lhe sllbnite t2os

dsrLicniorrLc r bo ;ir!t7 srnr riar hr h4dq!a( sms snudad

;o 'rvh e ii nontrdn ruteol rho Bsns3lsulirir and ,hs o'3ar dGrance i@m rh6 cqp Ml save RatriKran an

o:2ortui1y ol acrnq indepridstr rubr. srlLai Husljn Shah atrsrrccoiqudiis chiiDsois appi med pacsal (E , sdi ol na*iKhan,

's'odqr filieaidi,

F (chE,, and Hamo h, bdde,ino rha ri Jom otTrpuu, chhuii(ta! suc..kr.( Pans.l

rorl, /9./, byDaulaL \irJr I Bar4n ([aDv]sh,ve Lr.i iirohedrhar sulEn Pusa{shih:ppoiii.d aioLhsorrce.n6m.dHamdt{hanri idhk4' (covsro4 or chttrreaiy rcrlicnce ro 1ie he and pla.a orasiq.ment. Dr Abdul K jm

nimes his assisfed plac. as modem sikkunda u. z.l whareveroulo!rtrr c rrles m orrl hive bs6tr irrihued ro PaEs3l Klrai, chhunKhBi adc Hanrid xtun by rhe s,isrlee poels

qdaE or rauzdacaod pos 5ly hetd

i,'qo'q -h" doror'owsu.' and'on,!eas Ktruda Baktuh

viics or chiliagono Tho abova

nor rho ktrirorial

orrcsh uem squal ii stze. As a whewrr,,ahsk( s!llan Hrsain shah was Irlly awaGor Lhs seosraphicllp.slLioi of ch rasois, whrc[ wdsl]Ef su ourdod bysome ho*its

oloflcss h chifiasoio. Pamsil Khri aid his sucrxsor chhuiKhan were c ,usredbyt,e Husam shah n'lhfs lrirh rhe rask o,

.rck, Kruda Bakhstl

s vcn rhe chse

or doal is x, rh I

r AGkai*eirhssourh.

Hamid(haD w6 probably crmmisioied lvith rhs rask or de.l is wiLh rh6ubssmen or chGsois H ltTradi Thesovs orship of rhe qhotaol chl(aoons i.l!dhe rhe ron rowtr wasassrned ro Amtrztr Khan

l./,r s P, xlt 0e67),33o.331



210 lA Hisrory ol clrilraqonn

This,ooeaikarion ot administr.rivssd up wo,kBd woll lill fie 'losinq yerG or rha rulool lhs Hosaii shah' dvia v eul rho repeaLed

Bensll aid th6 Emporatv Mlshal o"trp oi

t u confGioi reEtlhs h rh8 slrki:sDr !e ,al mnnol o!4 chiuasons liesecrcumdai'es 0ive thc

subo'dmde oftc sssFcslly KhudaBtskhsh xhan an oppotlrLv

or delyins rhs aurho,ly or

ch(asois especiallY durtr{r rhe e4lv A(shai'ule 's

ava hhh

ri h qonsEliy ackiowledsed by rhe 5.D1.6 fiar 'rodr Mill'rp€ icularly r.laiis ro ll,E trn.onqu .d aoas

r basd oi1lr6 orevious Pa0rn do.unsnb.! ol the sevea

mahals five aG rsr ror aI Thes6 are Talasaon (var. Malsronl,

chdqaon, Dsosaoi, sulaimanpur ( commoilv Shekhpur ) and

rwo mahalt namsly s r (dues non salr

pib) a.d S?lrwa werc rhs rcvenue vold ns nnpcsG lviErhd rhs

rvo mahils covsred all t e Parhan occuD.J

d$r'd cainor b6 s:ld wirh cqc nLv. The c v ol chirbsonq alois

lv I i8 adioinns aeawd ncluded in cha$aon,

mah31s, This mahal was bodsrcd on

(Dovaqra'n or D,ans) wnct mlohr rous,tv nNorpdGc rl_o whole

ln&,ol a ei rdm ths oulh ol rhe (an:phul 6 kr sourh 6 sanikhrl !, z sul.rmoipu, o, slrorrpu miohL rousily cor6Fon.l v rh

1 To,l"' Ll"ll'' a""o,n, or revanu' or B.nual

ot rh6 lGnan rulsrc

rs rho la{s ft .o co rol ove, souLheri ch laqons wh]ch

rhoy losl o Llra AEkrn.se,i rhe ,e1! roll SmihdY, !' ro iothe6ren Po oi ol Go lcrGgor, pud ,uls,s, so rlnE,rca l,.s perhapr bced ts:clideJ rror

rsrc rcll. Mosr Diob.bly. thoK ran ruleG'aotu.l holdhs

bsNeei Sr.kunda rnd Bai.khall



rha ,!l@Eb r21r

a llqs aod poculous vill.sd in moddnaoal'

kul' u. z. rf our iids rlcdlon ls .or3or rhdn slla,manpuro, Sheikhpu, conrprhed thsrajor po ione.l mod6ir Bdlkhali

aid P.Liya ! !.'s This mahal Ylelded douhla rhs amounr paid

by D.osaon maha), which comp sed a l.rse Dotioi of ndddo

sods oo ions ot P,rlvo a^d soalkhni u, z''Mod i Noapa'a villass ii Boaz.n u. ?. it ths suvlviis !4"" "rNawpna mrhl rha ip i.n trcbollha

Halda f ih low;r cou6o bodarln( hll ftioes on (ho e*L ToasEdaii rhs locarioi ol rh6 ,cmiliiiq mehal iamelv Taligaon

or Mals3on h e dmoly dirlicun. lrLai bs idenrifi.d wilh e h'r

ol the Mushn reveius documeii or Tala-

n Ba€i,rdhala !nloirn ndr haln us mu.h b lo.aLs eirhd

]aliroo mahal o, ene.rly in modsm map.

river (ri.Phul w4 in.tuded rndq.r:.rs.r iid sri'ritrnDur (ala! sheikhpu,) lhe po loi ol tlls

Tilaoion mahal

a :ubsb ,al p.iion of tho zimlndari olreolde. Howiv , lhal

lLdlrn-ri, ,!sLr wlLh rhe tururc hisrordns.

ald orher hish rankinq olti@rc in ihs

.ivil and mlir y id iisnalion or fisdsti.Lrhorewm olfiGcrhe$ 6fri6E wsrs apooinr8d to Iook atr6r

of ddministratioi. For shmpls, du is rho

Fqn or SLLlhi Giiy*uddh Az,

.nu rh-"1'jj pils, ms.2 Trr Po'LUgose hisro,iatrs accouits indrc a

und,rhe Frsain shahi dvn,sry'3 Ths Guazil



212lA Hsrory or c,t aioie

( o& ,, w-, q (i,, rrdier aorr nof

iudicial adfrink a'on. rorha.e orr',als aGnor D-msblD ,o toh a

., ,T Jdl Inn i on il

A hw recods hero lisHt on lhe rcveiuo

crlledon ii chiuasoiq du,lns rhe p;s Mushal Musl,m paiod,

or Lhe

kiiodon.chirrsois u*d rcs!!d la:oe

rcrums .f cu ons du!.s tu rhe .snal exchequer.

und rh:^r.han

rle wds diyrded

v li jrr a rum or r1,42r, 310 dams (roushlv

roll crtasoos rd rr pa=:d ovn rr rh.

Tod& M ll obviotrsl, brsed or Lr.edl,imih:5 nro qhich rhes k, was divi&d.

nvJ wsc rriiral rgo ..m.&ed dilrcieir

coll{cd chGill noa Lhc s2]r pr s. Drins ,h? 0a,hoi and q+n

th8 erlhr rcshls. chikaqois and sandwrp

imDoflenr alt p,.rd.iiq

beei deriiEd $1hra. o,lly.o [8r. k cai b! a$umed thaiaqspe lor rhe maikiric.ollhc army{aioied,n rrrc hcadqua 4*

'hePdtue@$ otrldioi or a'l rL's

bsside! hb o,ri.ial duras h.s ro Fer

fuicrioE (v do Hl, p. 1171 ct z1



CEAPTER \

POETUCUTSE ACIIVITIESRr I ( 151615sO)

To rhB medioval Europoais, tidia w,s a hbolous I:nd o, ootd,spces 6nd h6\nr bu!fsw Eu'op.ans i! rij [me h3dsN se.i rholiid riomwheErh6yobhhed irrs6 .om od ,e5. Tor[d Lhe.toseol $e r !.iLh cetrrdry, rhe PoflnorrrTtswere ibie ro dilcovd Ie ly D or rhe nen oreD rada reLrron wkh

ruroG rhEtr rhce pophor i riyrhe olly elDmenr. uL

6y evcnrs of )llase and dc%sdjoi

or ths Po uouese a.rtvlkr iichi(3oois is rhc wririnqs

oiLhs P

Pd ls:llE whi.h crunks or rrs ver criser', as raras Anroiio c.rl

dao coelro",1 -Havingbe!n s-.0r

Gbmerl: orchrl,m A1,, amacrnr or.(*svs cr,ns€, L!de)Ho w€s cordi.Iy rac6 vad hy rho qovqnor or

oovior wds qelr disposed (owards





fts Dal amba$ador sart by rlE P

rameor LM krs ol Po(usal ror fac'llGs or trade and lo, pemi-

whse rhe Podusucss mdchanrs couldvoyasue and aichrnsa soods w h arher p. s of

Lhs c?piva pilor and rLis iephdw, allertheir disemba.kdon, of chitasono all

rhh sreartyen,ased the sove,ioraid rhe dren'd,iB at ,k courno doubr bur rha oovend rcsr f,ed hnsollion) doiiq .nr h;m Mo'eowr, ht mrdo io

,cp,h:ls asaiisJoao coslho who r'eiparisncld iorh'ns bur kiidn.s

rhs mh.rievoue acrivi,s oi sllvsira rocoslho He 3lso .sr€d

hid Lo orfe, hh soodorl c.5 io Erop rhs so( ofacrvjry. The h or

. c,npEd a coicliarioiibur Slve E wotrld iol ltEi E Lh.6u0sel

MoEovar, hd \ould not allow Joao coelho

mdrec prclemis 10 do e rlmsell as h6 was

pizs or a sh p fullor loodsBms iollar ar.y,,o rlEpo nconsquen@or$ ,Iho qova,nor rook

tod hre be* ro rcsror.

peice bBiween rhem. 8ur nis auempb cama ro noLhno aid ha

sail.d lo.china Silvona arrer o r,uitlsss,ay ol'{'vr monlhd'elledaway @ ceylon "wirhour csicludiis any rcary ol oEaco" wirh rE

sov io,ol ch'ftoono.4 'whilsr atEanoal, silveira 6co ved a4rnvt ion frol D kiis ol aEkan b vsirrhd po ".:

rhus rhs l6L atrenFr ol rh6 Po usuesB ro gan a toorns n

are uianimous in Lihmiro the B6igalres In hi. D. Bdrcs aid

c n, Can-M.ri. rs33), p. 2L



216 A Hinory ol Ch trasano

hinoriais louid a s cficrory explan{on of

silvs'ab rll s!.caE m rhe hab ruat rcac4ory i..rol $d ecisaleechar.blrA po uslEse iobhm3n i3 ed Joaoii nd3, rcpo e ro ['ssdv e]on otr Dercmb

22, r513 AD i)our Sitveni^ tatur., whtch, iccordil ro h,m,wN duc tr rh4 rp yns. iid fccbra" clra.co, ot'rhc peopte.2

rudsq S,lvrnr's adroi was nolhiio shor of

eE aid p:o".lt' J ! Ryley had ro admftthai the Ponucuese co!td h dty hav. chosei

lvs ro oblao ior rlEm a toorhg

A)ftouoh silyeD {all6d 10 rc.omplish h's obj€cr or erfec

his a rade vJ Lh scnsat , 4- L bec. e rn edab),shsd cHom

riom rhe rin,e orslvena's vis b Beisal (moiD precilejy chnLa-sois) b soid .nnually r, Eeigal a Po{uguese ship wrh m ,

dhaid'se"-s lrlonur 4y, nD iirormrtor abour ths aniuat vglro chilasona] lrom 1s19 10 152j A D by po usu.se tradmo

wssls h:s come d.wn ro us ac.drdiis ro rhe Po rsue.s sorc4,in1522-23ADDom

caphinar Pacsm r'se ro chars.r (chrasons) for 6ssh1.n.s,,.6

ln 1sl6 AO Lopo

kcep is w h -rhe yc lvcusrom of setrdine sh'ps'wLh nerchandiso ro Bensal, Atrer his



Po lsrera a ilirles in chirtasoio 1 21,

Poiusrss s cojB sabad'n (Khw,l.

shhabtrddm), ai nimale or rhe lloveho, of chirhoono,l

vessl was btrilt r Llro samc plan a, $al ol ths Po,rusuos,

P6rcm ,mmedEtely ruhed a cotsai, plundercd rhe ship aid mado

d"r.-d pergn,,! ac..on

shihsbudd f, was dssignod

.s su.h oily b pltrnd$ tha m c'anGsips rnd $en 6crib6 rhe

qulr ro Lhe Po ususse.2 Pe,hansi rho arl wss hujlt aner .uoh

a dssrgi only ,o savs *ll nom rhs Po ususa pnar6, rovins

was nor Prld&d by

rho Pdrirns and Psredt actioi musr he.ondemned oi moral or

n'n Alronso de Molto Jusade

3rlor, wih h's comDoiions to rho @a .lThey m wLh urmosr advsEiry in rha

unknown aid desolate coa land lo' wa or lood and drlnk. Ar

lasr ftoy found some B8ioale6 rshe men, whom ihsy askod ro

suids rhem ro chilGlons. Tho rbh6hen agrsed ro dd rho samo,

h norians, they Playsd him (Mr ,n

Jusa o) lalse and in rhs biijrory olKhuda sakhsh Khan. Th€ later rvas lhan ar w wrh hi6,n€iohboun

'nschlsf' posbly amnz Kh.n, He immediarely mad€ Ju.ads

.nd hls compan ons capLives and dsmand€d Ltuir se,vic. itr rh6

them th rc would sd thom ns ir h€ won,i6 w.i. r .6 oJls blr "h, rro- reapins

hh prcmses, hD ((hud. Eaklrsh Kh ) lmpisoned rhsm tn his

nuib lave, dos sovonadoreods chdisam



213 A Hkrory ol chtuasois

c y ot Sore'.l I Lhs po qrress Bceived

did nor s Fly rtrc sdvemor. prcbably ho wa ed more, rh6

ves de Melo, I nephsw of @pLain Da Malto Jue e, was $td

ow Lh.$ Tankk Br.hh.nas round

aidsac fr.{t himberorc rr d8ry.3

I D" Br,o" i""

ri3D hserL rro ptacc on rho htu bank oi a



Po ,suse rcLivLios ii.rdaoors 219

all irs.otrlenrs lliea(.ns6meiL wm dom ic.o'dinsly Da [4elloJue o wasssL,!lt lyii 1529 AD and rcLumed ro Goa wirh

xrrw6ja shukulLah (cojes,kuru)la or Lhc Po usuesowriLeB), cou-

sn or Khwila Sl,lhahudd o

Ar rha besiii ns or rhe E:go or srlbn Gh'yaslddn Milm,ud

sfr\. r.a Flo.ion hd,&' rle .Ltd1 rd ' o oo r'

r p.. w:s o re

amicablo. n 1533 A D Nuno dB Cunhs, r'e Po usre$ govsôr

or Gor senr eroedirioi .onscLcd dr nvo ships atrd rwo huM'edmen p,obably ro holp Mahmud Sh,h i hG

h s e ly dl(n.ulrss1 ThB erpediroi was placed unda ths co-

mmsid or Mrrim aifonso dd Melld Jls 1.wlro vsned chirtgons

oren diplomrc atrd Iin:ical reeo,isrlois w J, dc sulun or Bensal

sidsrin

a suilable ile lor o lacLory'.2 D: Nlello ws 'iscsvedwsll by rhe sDV ., or chiLtcons' and sh r.d uiloadins h s

Lh alL his pasr erperlen.es !,era ompletely

lo{ro him Ho,'ined

ot' ryis ro wn rhe coiriden.e ol rho

loc.l iurhornes by ra, dsalie, al€nrbd rhem by rEudulendy

srndrliir hisoo.& ro ivod ,yLmE Oo M:llo ssnL

aid eleven o e6 torhe

,oyal cour dt Gaudiv Lh va,iely oranicles

3! prcle :, But lr w# sooi dhcove,ed I'arlha p,Bents w-s rhs

olen soods o,isii3lly bDlonodd roa MElm mscha aid rcce ly

pluidered by a ?onusues pGte trimed Damiro Bsmaldes 4

Campos,op.

dt,p.

33, coreaB(ers rhe ev6nl to l1i.y6 1533

A Di De Boiios 153,i A Di Farya e sousd 1533 A D, Tho

dda glven by cotr.a sroms t. br m ly acouEE.

campds op. .it,, pp. 1t9r60, Tho Po usu6s6 vicdov onrcded

Khw'ja shihabuddh b mproo o ek.'o

kil rhopnab when

rhs h or would.nrBr chiuaoois, "whon rhh pidt ocrually



220lA Htdory ot chnboois

,Lon.J3sdr tndh,, \. 41s: qt H L p_ 232

of Baqhdad (J^

s a, xL 0373), 2sai}

3 A"co,djng lo lh. u,Iho," ol H

€ue$cotuptidnofoazi,aloDofiier unde tho sulLan a.

.l {p 177),rh! ,otr:zil,isPoirtr-

ankinq iudcialcuh *6cdive



Fo us$$ acriviries m chi aoois 1 221

J)drhro,,i r oadrngcotr. o mc.ical ardwassl,cn ro lhe3lcl. Alrar a Isw days. , Lhoy woro lorced !o mn.hsixlsaq!rs durhs ore wrrob nilhrritl drey roached i pLca call:d

Mrvd'.1 F,on rhic nace, rlro unto riiL6 c'prives \{ d tnatly,1'.n'o Ga-d ro s ri

noLlike nron builkoba,{yi lhe Po trorosa

ii donounchs indignaidy rtu behaviotr,

or rhs i3rvo people. They hide rhe rdre, solely rcsponsibh lorou $a msfo uies surf?red by $Pn

'ndoFdenraid imp rkl iuds., mosr of en sdivnies w,e

too shamerul ro be dDtend,d and lor rherorr.nd is dcrivhss (rEy

wda apprcp&tely dean wnh. lhuy ruird rhe toB qi rade or rhh

cou ry, .ommnEd robbsy even ln ilrc reiiirodal w o,s, evrdsdcu oms duries, deried Lho l6ws or rha.ou ry, sid evsn d ..l@

couitrv Tha provrlral'uleB

had 1o Gks nrois rehliarive

rha PorusuEe, how6vcr, cduld nor be iDrmidakd by makinouori$I.. on Lhe suLhonly of cons, ,in the

DDso Fab:llo, rho Po usues6 capGin ii Sarsaon, ,tenr on6 ol rh€

loids with I trLy mei, ro rhe orhd pon or charisaoi, whe,e rh(y

fouid rhmo ships cho,omaidel, whch lvsBd vei rway noin r€ po ', Pcbrllo rhei

rd rhe'sozil (suazil o, q-) iifom'ns him thdt "he was seitby Lhr oovr,tror (or Goa) wrh .hocchs should Eend ro ask rE khs (M,hm!d Shah) ir he chose ro

lbdaLe (hs (Po uqtrese) p,hona6, ii whlch c6e healsowould

IibsreEhspor6 and leavo rhern h $an

Ttrs name and fie locaLion of rha

plac6 crnnot b3 saGtado ly id.iLltied.2 Co""o,'tp. ,r.,, lll, 649i qr, H/, p 797



ar chiIdsois reacrrdot rhs Po uouess Lidia.

BV6is' di th6 Beisalno,s powfllul arpe.lirion coisisr nq or inoslh m:ined by rhreehundred iid hrry rhs command or Anronio dasilva Menszss. rhe

tho kins dl Eenqal why arfonso de Mello, ,hs

had sone to 6dblhh retahns of co.co :ndI.leidlinoss wa. so Mdly rcared'.1 He was furher dnecred, it

w, wirh 4ne and hlood,, h .ass rtre poacsrul

percuaron ,aled. rmmed sly anor hh atrval d ch trisors,Alco.o,ado ro Lhe srlhn i,w h rh6 messaso

of rhe Po rsreso soved.r aid wi'h E thrcar thar tfanv h m

worc done rd him :llow6d ro rcrum wilhii a

hoi , w world bs dochrcd aqriN him".2 B( suliai Mrhmudshah paid io hald ro

rr rodk al.ocoBdoM."r{1t", 5ee rs

bumt ir dowi.3 Hato pur rh6 iiiocenr c Dlis ro rhe swo'd and ir is shred rtr.l

ths .d s were c rhd ctuelry. Mrny p€optsware rik6n @prive Msaiwhile, Alcocoodo andhs men secrerlyroa.h:d Ch tosons Th6 sulai did rh6 ponusuese were pEpar.

hq ro, doadl'e eralhrion Bur tho potlhot

sutLan's hu(fut cncmy

222 A Hhrory or chdraqonq

,bd., p. 36 suLr:i [rahmud shoh cema edt l5,ooo as raNomfor rc1e46 or rha caprivBr, which bains

I\,loi..or d.cid6d ro pur rh. .iry o4 , rs.



PorLugles6 acrvilio3 ii Ch trasois t223

of shd xhan sr n Bihar when rhar d!n-ser amouited b a of his kinsdom, he b&

f,8w al'es ro mcer ir. Th6 outran,,asked{or

Ponusuaso help aid ln reru,i he promhed b shir rhsm Iand

ro secL the, racto&s ard pcmson to bulld rod,c$ss iichlMqonq aid sarsaoi'l lreidsh p, all rhs

rs ordc6 and A,fonso doMello, who had be6n subleccd ro ai impnsonmom ro, abourrwo

trGGd mili'a'y advi$'

li 1533 A 0, fio Potruouo$, sd6 by s de wiLh rhs seisalarmy roushr asalnsl rorcG i recosi ioi

rhs Pdnusuee, 1r,a sulran " gavo ro

Alromo de Mello a pres. allokd ro€ach or

money equ valenl

allovris rhe Ponusuesa to build to rcs$sitr chi[r9ons6od s saoi.Pos bly, he rhouqhr rh l he wouldis'po an( facl'ry ssofbuildns mil k,y sd:blhhmsnh itr his krsdomL I 3/ vo.ld a, r d.4 a.m.o

'ins

.saiis hrm. so, ha relraiied froh allowins rhe Lo bu ld rd rcsrcs

n chirlasoiq ands qaon. Howover, "he peinnred allonso de

Mello ro bu ld ra ores and ofror€d ro sivo rh6m cunom hou56",3Th. soll.n, d rhe @q!ed ol Ma{lm A(onso ds Mello,

Nuno Fsm.ndez Frc D, rh6 chGt o, rha

cusrom-house ol clrirksois, o,a od himlind wnh many hqu5€5

empow ho r mr realze tonr rbm rhs Moo6 .id Hndus wholved th6,e

'rdsrvehim many

oLhprvihoes ov&rho pcopta

, Ilrc poonls werc ind6od sunrtssd ro soe rharrro Kins



224 A Nisrorv ol Ch (6ooi0

hrd oivoo ltu Po usuosa so muor powor 6ndsu.tr : rihrool io in Bsfqdl , .1

Femandcz Frsrc,,moed'arcly

olvnerhiD of rhe cr oms house of chirlaeons rhe ,suazit, orc1(aoois relL trd sna a( rhis rnd was (very sad- bccause hrh! worJs of casanheda, hadwas raken (bv

i$piconarod wiLh po$ hl1*, Ar;otrso v,znswl cr maid8'.xne

'oclr iEsons (1537

A D), mtryms a 4rer or Nuno da cuiha wrtsn h,opl,'o

Mahmud

shah3rcoucdfor helD3 Abour rhis (mc. rhe polcal actvrt'cs

on whlch ocB,ib hosiL.Lsd loland

dslay mrshr haveMenezes da c'odo was

a lsn rrcm th. -srnlaiiino rhs cambay

!,ran-.4 ths helped

landiiq al rhe ro ,

da cunhat l.tci ro rhc sulrai. ln ih6 l6(err

rhs Pofluouess vlcaroY brouslr ir ro hh iolcelhrr h6 was trnabioro s.i.l hih aiy hrlpp,ese ly, but r'h. v/ould ,surcdly sDid irhs followiig yed".s Thc sulLtri boclma hishly olEsed ar rhis

assuctre :f,d dr ira rcqucsr ol de Bib ho ser almod all rhs Po.nss, buL ,kcp( only rve Potusuesa, ncludtns

s for Lho Dromls€d relp .6



lrorLulusa crv,Les n chnaqons 22s

Eur rhs polrcol scene or Eeiqll ms Jasr cL'inqns drhi3a D, sh6. ahr .q.''

m\aded Eoioo,. and d@ve ths oulran our Ircm rhe capihl. Ju{ar

"isbme, rhs 3$krancs arivad ar

c,libeons. Ihh help was in tho rorm or a naval tl6er comm-

Ttu sovonor ol chirasotrsdspdchsd ,hh lleei (Grher a po ion or tha ma m lorce' ) ro

Lhs sllDnr (o ovarcoms thedLr,culries. Bur ir w.s loo IaE, Th6

sulran, defoded aid d,ivetr or lrcn hk .apikl died of wduids

!^,h.i ,B news or'he

rsll ol Gaud

ch (asors, rhsp,ivare war berwEi ADnza (han .nd Khudo Eakhsh(han rook a sq,ious rum. Nuio Fenande, Frane, whom Mahmud

cunoms ho!s, i dwned

and de.lared in f,vou, of Amnz K[an.2 Ar rhc rma, a Parhan

commaider, calhd rha Nosauil, arivEd aChiuaeoig aid rakino prvob war boMeen iho

rwo Husan Shoh gove orci rook io$6elon or rh8 town or

Lhs polirioil situarloi ol Bonsal was undetsoiis

Gaud bv rho Mrshals PUt rha Nos

a:il in uke, dis'rc$. hclp or rhs Po usussa

mads th6 Nosdil 6p1w.4 Findino rhr ci,y ,n such . pEca-

Nuio Fer.aidez Fbne,fio oewly appohtBd ohiolof rhs cu ohs hous6 or chnbsons advls.d sampayo, mmm.nd6r

ilocr ro conou* ihs clLv on bahall ol rh€

No hmo (uo Xdchai tomotr r cidado de cooro, Dhsqou 'chnioah Va.co Pnos ds SamDayo com huma Amtdo, que o

Govs,ntdor maidlva 6m soco"o d El Fov de E6nsala, D.

Nuio Fahaidsz os @n.+ro!r a rcou Amazacao, adt@rl!d4,

I A,n :.cao v.do .ao nu6o'a preqd 0 No!



216la irisbry ot chi(hsd'c

kis or Ponusall in d l6mma. He could nor

m)ke up hi. nrrd vJhe,rB io ioitr rh6 srlGn or Bstroal or bconqus rhe 'ow

r.r 1tu kins or Potus.t. Tho €plivs Noszztt

"askld ,o, lhe help o1 Nuno FamanJoz Frctrs preferiis r.rhe, ro

or lhs 8snsitas,2 Feh!-i&z w6 to , . hous! ol,ra Nos.zll and ,,iissuaded' fie noopsof AmE6(hannonsezhx rh3 Nosaz,l bur hehimlalf wirh nrry

,s'roro ovonru6tty .aprurcd

rh6 Nosa: aid n oie or sampayt's vesselswhence, ilLc, rrv rha Noga:il anag.d ro es.-

V ansr, L. i ailor , !. .,.'d',r " o,qad qll6m

1,oo, j"ru

joi.r dc r Le, ,o..ss or a-,-d

F€nq Dloqo F€bello Aatros h collabodrionwiLh rhe roops or suleman B,isla coiil!.Ed the dBrsn.a.4 casia,ihed, djd nor, hDwelBL spe.rry lhe atradkino pa ry by iane.The codse of eveiLi suqled thal rre .oililioi or Lh6 Po uouese,

Fila sulem wA d6rc,rcd by rhe akckchssotd€n i.tudins Fenandsz

ftdE w e iilrcd dilaE upon rho dsLaih.r

sme leioLr m:kes s:hpayo solely rcspoisbls for rhs loss orOhitmsoE by rhe Po(usuese. N. resrcrfully comme s rlDr rrh

,oush th6 ,oll./ aid iidGcrerion ot sampiyo rhe kins ol Potuoallo .' c .1,oo", wlof" 6rsdea,0 sro, xhri strrt irre.occuD oi wirh rD loubh

2

rro, rrEtr ndtrd I r ton see ut5d,



n Chntaoois 22,

6r ioiqLess elrawhae! Fndri rn ionp .r .ir is a rootlrld

ar 'ho p r ftmpayo srllEd rowdds P;str2Do Banos, Caskn-

heda and orheE did .or w'rs h eahcr anr{hioo iorowonhv

n chirLarsig Fdr

rhe nimrioi ol 6voirs thar happ!tred t,om

A,shans, .id rho Triptrras hrvins held $o

rikidsdt th. Po uquess Ths Po usue* ii allaoco wrh Sulran

chiya.uddin Mahmud shrh louqhr .sains srrc, Shar. Ths Alshan

rule* ,m'ohr hav6

ladoLy",3 Tlie Aikaiese could ioI roqrvs rho

Potrususs6 ro' vJh rh.y had donD 'Iho Potuques. courcd rh6

6llan.6 wih rh6 Bu,m:is, rhs rThe Porrqu-se 2lso

'i a.p,a1..1 i"..

orar rhs dnr:cr. Tri

or tho lo..l auLho iri?s

rhar nor only rll the rdDs conce$i.tu and r.'ro,lil

p'iv l6se6

s6nkd by sutrai Ghiyasuddin Mrhmrd shoh w a E[ei 3w.y

rh ,phceso, sB lsm. Navern'ebs, rhs Ponuque$ rhe po .nftsly. IhusPiiro wribs in 1i4s Msnhoz sailed hc

potr or chaiqaoi ii 0re klnqdom or Bensal .4

occup loi of Chirbso0ei rho Po ustr6s6

ft6 dnimum tadlne h.ilfties and (h o war

s assip deoel Ey d, Ponusal.da cidtda d6 charis.oi quo sa

co dii!d., p 45s



2231A Hso,y or crntarono

io alsn iro 6xcacr ro dv,n ran sails ro some orh, pons

ol Bensal. vJiG rhs objod n visw, rhey coictdcd a rsaiy(oi April 30, 15594 D) wnh Pd,minanda Rav Frh or eadr.si0ned by Niamar Khan ('{sE'cr.) md canu

Eisw.s (c.iiu Bysu ) oi b:hrr or rha p'iirs. rhe .tsiaLoricsro rhe tca,y uidenook a joffey ro Gdi ro mqorDra fts aqe-

ol lndB Ttu leary prcvided th

irhs Po rsuae sa ls) m el,( oo rhue (rhe potr oi Bd a)wnh his I ceice ii lrEy rssd ro qo ro

sEoit (Po . cGide or ch (i!o.o),.mdshan so rtrere (chirGgo,o no Dore bur

all .hnt so ro ,he srid po or Bsui iid any oie ru, ivdo th6 conrj/ shrllb3 puihhcd 3id ,ll pajoxs cary,is otr

n:de rhe,.lwrh ch(Lrcong) shau loje tho sh ps atrd oood!whch wll b'.oirscded

h! my,n rar rhs kine Id rryvrll be p!lshed's

rcb6ls.1

rhus, rhe p(poso ro imoos a ..m'nerc€tblo.rade arorid ch tuooi(, po aid ro dip,ive t ol irs neu&ice as ch'€i pon .r Beiea. 11 krhis commercia blo.ka&

A no in Bakta courd

iever he a strb$ ure ror chiusoisorins rhe subsequenLK hii rulo, rh6 Po rquose src.eeded

li csridns a rew ol rhetr tGr prlvlsoes,

whil6 visirins rhe

d rloa o, e ihis"r "o'i 9 .!r ..,p. .car'ano .-ct. r\zcanchorcd h rho

peopla ro .emai away r,om

piracy inspirs or rh6r srflerhs tor rhenotreidins aorivirtcs, Caosar

sttrtht h trtlbr Hnbtr, p. 4



lo !0Lijo advriis

F,6d*rN[a wh l. ra!cllre r Srdw p found.rha potrusaUo.arraitrj

0r chsan

in

ahiosatnsr RsLor

ot rhor nhc6(chirEgone)

ahdovoryday rtrrs w4esome da no-,1 Ths ravslls, and his compaionshotrE h qraat ler .nd anxoLy pFdicrqs rl

ever/ momenr rcltrliorory ac0ons uoon 6en tves by rhs atshaisovemor of s.ndw'p Ar rhis crdvs hous, ,eoo s cached thB

islaid thd are Po us,ll€s or ch sai rad shino rhs soverorol ,har cirie (ch aqoD(),-2 Thh oitv iicreisd rh6 re or0m kvelter and hcih€ir h@,!l end. Bur "coir ie io (thsn) sxpeckriom tho oov-emd, or sandwip "dd .omlon,'rhsrn aid -baLje rhem rhatrhey"s,orld fe&o nolhtiq,,. utrmarely, jo po usuese were rorc.dLo make a coocilbrory asreeoen"w Lh th s .oidnion rh4 rhs chiole cipratne or jho ponusals

wrh rls shlp should Ldns" 3 rhs ponus

bv caes Freddhla as

"a qe lemsi .nd To ,void rdrh, dekrioruLon or rcl.rldi ruha and rE Po rsueeeinhabrr.nb of rh tocrliv, Lha po,1lsuese .aDEin -co.re ed ro

he, rhan hs would @k6 ro h ids

.roloh ruro.t o I ,'on c1.';qoq,du d ror ro-a.e rho'r olo b.ks. r€/ "F dsps..; dr mp,.



CIIAPTER \I

!v,s idhn pdsly lidian rsnro,y ill fi6

.Dhicrl posron or rhe couirry, sn HBnry YuL ve'y apily rem ks

'hat AGk:i "brd6 much rh3 sams rehrl.n ro Bu,ma rh Notur,di.{ io Sfleden"2 slrur orriiod suhaby a hitl ianq6, r h lod ed

lndia, copdals, chiorly ror ns lo.arion, n ioioily rcmahed idepeidsnl o, ks hGrory, bur

eideavolrcd 1o axpai.r irs rer Lory n rh. sunourding t cE wh,

crmo atrd ch rasooq was rh. rid country ro

bs Lhs vlcrlm or rrE teriroral .mrrtr'oi of rhe Arekaiasa mo..rchs.

'ha l, w\c, s .il"d A, hrr by.-s,orc'€,er i.dlhd b. -owi pooDle YakEhl or yekettr{ or Fokh. ao; or rh6 land or rho

Rak[as d khd ar dem qlds in idian mlrhotooy. Tho word fiak-

Hamilroi, .ri .i., rr, 300

a Hohlron, ,0.",.,

x, 302

ion ot Rsk-khiik, der ved n6B Pali

wodF.kkha which ii ir6 popu b r dsn iricarion merm a hois(er

halrmai hill ber$. ,. Tho couitry was i.msd Ysk-khaFuh

byBuddhisrmlsioiaris.rromlndla urs3, xllr, (l3aa).2a),



Chmsons undor rh6 Ar.kaEss Gsrms t23t

'hEiig isdsived l,om Pal wod flakkha Turq, (s6re Bdkrha Tuisa)

o, h'll o, rcn:kkMs Thr,4rai.i$. d'd,i.hme lon (io ser,lsmo or a svass EopL6 call€d Bes-lool rEr srands t'or P,li

nak.ass. Bep,os.nctivt mas8 ot Bloo (osE)

be seen n tho c nos on rhewalh orAnrnda

Tsi,pl..z Hamilroi 10 lr. hisl imase ol

ch or Arakaiese r€mola was belnq suaded by

(Faksas). all rha

io maEDuh aira, th6 ani€xaron ol AGkan ro Buha ii 1734.3

n'ainiis rlll, hill ransss aid eLvar.d hidas BiLuk lauoq, a hill

,aDs6 on tho bord,Iha,ldnd TheGlorc, rha supposirion rh rhs nane Rarkalns beaB

or rhc hil ol ronskkhas h raft reirble

Iho iahe Rsthriio, ir secms,'s

or mtrch aitrquiry. sn H yul.med Arsyrs in Ptotomy w h A iai

' o rr e ba19 snr.o.ed ro Lro orFo 10. rlv,r mics cr,6.

H YuG's assumprlon is 6uppo ed by Mc c idle

"anocEr,lls

I l,r so, xxxrt(tso,r), zr2JAr:D xxvr osbT) ro

3 ao.tro', ,l .ir,, l, 3ol Tho oad rof, ,elaris ro rrc H'kkhasor naksa6as .lro ra ly sprc.d rroulhou' no h ead i rid.*lFEially r asam {aR, xvl (323\, 34e)

4Si' tr v,tu,n r-."a,!,.f rn" no),,/ crcs/dprkii r.,.rr, Novemus,

1332; ilso, Phayr4 or, !., p. 42

s Mc cfndl!, lrldr trdd d5 dxqtb.d r/ irls ririB ond Aflhii, 162r Hall..f, d'. p r41r aL:o SrH rub, ii praldh85'r

tt. 4.t., L.rEdthktt jorhr, No!, lu€lbt om, nsLJui,,1s6s),p r,o



132 A Hisrory ot Chtrkoono

by 116 naio ol,Yakhaiis,lFahai2 ii R hiduddnt(c. 13toAD)wo*, Ncolo conri{1420-

1430 A D) w,iim orrh?couiw3 Stdi Atrcralob',a Tu*sh nalis.r bsloisns ro I re mtddta or rhu u^

n Rakanr (<il)).4 rho aurhoGol (Eaia.t-^kbon, nnhl,nLcn ichoibt znd rird^lr-lnd.kr4i4 w L6 I A*h_ank (Jr:)!), wrch app6 s also uirh o slill .haisa n (D

^kdenronoant) Frthy lbbt)ya. A,l rhs$ tohs a .loslly ntaEd

ro ho orio'nol one li ihe mad'eyal B€noali Lkrary wirks aid

' He'E l's nrp. rr nd-" . r.'cotoquial chirksoig dalecr, rh. couitry

E caued asHoh6nq,sh'bens rcplaced br,h. ro the po dou€sB

dnd orhsr European ftvelleG and chloird4b, r ,s Recooi Hakal

Atrkan whch 6 nrar61

'Ih8 s ly relarion and Burha, espe.hllyAdkai, hr. alrcady be€n d3cussed in connoion w1h LhedrreE169'mes in chiGsois. The

'otaronberweei chncsong aid Aratan

is'nrlueicod

by seosGphical, dhnotosical, cuhrGl atrd h nor:colcons d arions. From abour 1530 rill1556 a D, ie ly a ce ury,chirl.soio w.s under :lmon u eirupGd Arakanese tu,c wrrchis undoubrodly an imoo a perjod ma ed hy mom..rous eve s,Duins ftE p6 od, a .ompaiy of sis\l soverciois su..esively rutcdArakai along w h chtrhsons .nd chi assois Htl Tad. wilhrrll dosporic powel All ol ihdn wsrc nor or sam€ cstbDrsomowsrs sood soldss darhd . erBd co,rnen-Lal Do,Mr llks rhB N,tlohol Enp G .nd rn sxpaxeonts( powor l,kc

somewere chanssn or rhe Eu,opsan p rares:

sone wrr Ed.readed Lyra s, r)Jconrh 'oiot crueltJeslnd Lvcd



Arakdnoe rcsi# 233

.n ieru€. I'ke m3iy or $. r.n.who wU oY be remembe,ed wtrh €rr-

BBDral, ln€htuE lr ,iU hs

h ory or chiuasans urd4

M.ns Dh.lsuns or sikardrt Sh.h (1611'1893 O)

M€ns Phahuis o, Si[8nd& Shah, wonhy

,a'hor Min Bii o, sulian (1531r5j3 A D) aEcendsd rho rhroneol A,akan in 1571AD. Tha B rhh travell* Balrh Ftrch0536

a D) mBnrons chuaqorq slons wiLh Ramu as 3uhr.d to a6kan,1

Ths Rnjamq,, siver deE lsd accounr orttu €ique$ olchirrasono

Bd nei,her rhe achu o, Ralph Ftch n,rse nolonora bods ds prcc,sedaG ol hs conlus orchhEsons.k appeaG r6m F che's kins .l arak:i nru$

bero he end of ftB v?rr t536 A o(lhe approrimd,s darc of vslt ol Falph Fn.hr. Bui rhs svanr

could not havs Ekei plaB sa,lo han 1530 A D, b€causa

belo,e th d a tu had ro be dn

Bureno Nauno lBay is Naunq, 155r-s'l A D),

rh€ impdialin kins in Buma, sn a P

(ot Euma) dacmiisd

rhar rhe kiis or,ha, oou ,y(arekai)

shorldbo

rcdu@drohu F'siron, hs aêso6 had held rowade rha arcia ki'ss o,

Buma."2 Wrh rhis objscl ii mlnd

Ackai Prchably, rho exped loi rail.d bac

1 "F,on S .saon I travelled hy rhB 6u ,v ot iho kins ol

'h6

Mosorca or Mosen Mdshq hiv6

almst conrinuall whi.h be ol ths kln'ns& thrn tho k'io ofTppr.,

ir otren i€ uodrkiisot Fscoo ' (Fo er, id,Pi Frt,l, P. 26)

2 Pnayb, op "h t' 119



234 | a rildory ol chnhs6is

ellscr Ih6 Blheso kins wi$ an ve nins td

rhs Mush,l sovsmment (orcbasy in ls,oaDlsuddsf, d$lh ot rhe Bumse

kins s.vJ ouch 6lial ros'kridn shah with rhg dociomE ol rh.

Buhce oerl oi n,a esrsn sdo S'kaidd shah could trow d v t h's

whl.h wis rhen utrdar rhe occu?dion ol

ths Ttrpurle. Th€Arakaies mos' Fobrb\ pdm md b harrpud

ruls 6vorchnksons

Ralph F .h rnd'cabs lhn rhe Afkanss.

did n5! @rclude ihe ho$l' ss belwssn rrpuE and aEkrn for

€hilEsons tll fts rimo or h's vsr. rhe

naj'mo sive o d6'dhd accounr

shah lor rhe domodron

B*ids rho tor o,hlor hos I rY bdweei

sava shel$ ro adam sovenor ol Famu

and chak&a. Ihe lar6 had iicursd disolo'ud ol the araknese

kinq and io avod Punshm€nr he l13d

The TrpuG kins unde ook a m,l arv prepaEroi on a v r

!c.ls ro G6vor Chltraedrs. Hs deploved au lho av llbls loL

rwelve eanqalas' also rook

pa ii rhE 6xpedi,ion.2 rhe Po usue rcops iomdthe

invadino to,oss,3 probably in rh6 hopa or rcsaii i(, $en IBL

hold on rha po &wn Ths kms, beiis enisred ar rhh Ina,v

ods6 ro his troops ro dopan ro, ChilEsoie,

1ss i.i. lrrr .ar'rt 1.E.'rL2 n irci lit E-qE rel

MoB 6ccure',1v,populr y known

sEned rh6 allhrca or sdms .r g

shaiit or rh. dgllaic Bene, whrlrcn rho Mrgh-F,nsi dep,ei.trone

3.nIFr! 1", (ii (rkir qE{] ,r

4 ti tsi q{r .qi lr, ('Err rL



Chhragons uide, rho Adk.ie3d .osl s I 233

ir o rou'd !64 A D, qd:arr N.,avJr

wrs appo .d commaidoi.li ch,t ol :ll mli,,y lorcot ^maDu,l:bh N ryai, aiorh6, $i or jhe khs was rproii'ed commandsr

To a3sisr $em in fi6 rield rh'os orh6,

v{,an qeis'ak o6rivan) cmcry chaid,a Da,oa, chodh sinha and

Ohhor6ii! Nar wsm odeEd id m .h lonh Wirharcm,kablo

speed, the iivadhq aid occupied h.2

crc$ed tha k laDhul Pdht's bv a b dso

of bods3 whlch rh. menoGbla crNiiq oluidd xarexss all rhd tir

kinsdoms' (6rhs, e0bFcr p,lcipalili6O ln.ludiis fiaFu wsE bbu'

ohr'nro

rubiacrion byrheT,hu,rs4'ha vicro,ious amv thon

R4ldnlrd, resolved b conqun'h6

'kh(rlom'ol D6 s Urh 5 $h Ia rhinkiiq wheiher ih3y

would ro,low rhi,r . hal rhtu. all on

a suddcn, a smau Ahkaiese resimenr

6cft rii tfl na olqr I

{tit !r ri{ lrr irr kd inl x,q ri lr er 4nr q{ 1

.i(r4 orgt rEr *:tq q @ n

ars4 how rhe Tl]|)u,.E @utd red.h F.rus6 prir.paliry 6f Dhns, whi.h lier ju

sduh or i[e po ln reply, ir 6n bo

sad rhar rh6 Ttrpuca rollowdd a hi ll sids taci rlons rh6'iv6rHalda oid (he uppa Eaches or rhe ivd Kanaphuli. rur

h Iha coa$al plaios. ThsGl",o

'h .sooa' ol D ano Lr' _ I'cson ,T !6:.o!n .a swrv

r,om iha,ouro p6$irly B6d bv rhs dn..tio trom io,ootrmaiied uncorqusred ov.i €i. r Is ro b6 nored rh

rhs io/dn.ro does nor he ioi aiy @iltu arioi bdw.ei ftoT,pu6 rid a Ahkaie!6 lod3, which €vo suqcssrhd

inrs,or iuiqls ,ours

tii4tcic(hr n c-{r



236 tA Hkh,y or Chirrasoiq

rho AGkanss ahy Eocodins ro$e ndjonoro, r,ishlsmd dssnsrh6 vas ho$ ol r,ipu6 sold e6. The Ahkinose. rhreupon

wrh Lho Po uluosa m,ceiai€s aid won $e

ovor rd rhen sid3j decid€d rha rard

arkaner: !lsorouslv chnqed ths Trouras che.ksd $an proere$ aid comp:ll4d rhem b relhq! sh rhsr Dosirioi

Tha T puras w,s p,aveiLon riom odlinq atrv supplv ot

provisions. Tha dsmmriLUre or ths T,pu,as w:s comple€ aidrhey wa,e rorc?d

Many soldie6 died tho p, nces could tror

oscape h dh os and hid o ro.d rhemselves oi ,odb and pli s

collsccd lmn rh6 nsady h lhz P!'susd by Lho Ahk3nes. sol-

die,e clos. up.^ rhr hen!, rlr rer

who w ed 10, cookioq ncB and diFd toisItill'd bv ihc ah[ancsc; saded oilv wnh

Thus rhs rl-.alcrll-"dwirh ihs sa e hb or Nsrleon or

rhe s.ili3i e\r.dn oi or Noias Terblybeaairo'06s, theT,ipuros rcll ba.k ovn nonhm ch(asoiq Nsv*rhel6s,

'eqiined then momle 3id itrsrrd ot b€inspuBuod by rho eiemy thoy b.oai ro chas ,hem. Abdur one

rh.utand tuakaieso 6rll s Gll ,s a ,esulr or ths charos.4

Tha firoe conmaidqs, who tu.hed rho



Chinaqoig uid fts Arckarc$ ,ssimo | 237

capruEd rha l. .r 6dsa,h1 by showlis

n$ialbl,very. Tho

,eve6ss coneclled

hs rcquBred e,nce Ral.dhd.'he

crowi p n@ aid rha lommd.derin chiel @ ponpona rha w rll n6i year. Prii@ Rajadhar

iitohed hrs hrhu proposal ror .e$arioi of

\on'lrPs rT.nro.y ol rF" -rio,ids .:redin rns c bt. TTp,olosal ol rempo,ary suspensoi ol ho$il ry bdweei rhem aidodarcd h s soldi6E

Skandar shrh, how6v4p6conally lad a camprisn

conq!€s of n ii urcr d as d ro

10 bs in closo co acr wirh rhemilG,yops ois ol h's owi my. Th6 r,ipu,a, r\r ro-l pl./ dld oid-Pd

-oolizotr

of ill hh avalablsp,iico Faisdh N ,

ro md.h hro c[rtasons Tho T,pu,a ahyand sncamped somswheG k rha ph.o The

brorh66 (Trpu'a p ics, a .rown of ivory .s prssenr a.d a Ic rr,rho subi*imds ol whch is nd.hred by

'h3n!i.h,,..Price Hria

dha,6cEpred e pre$ aid rha orhd fl m6 aDcoetsd rhe le .,.P,ii@ Juih who becams anq,y al nor qeritrq anythlns. abusd

ss Adkaiee2 The ms$ngs roponed rhe hole m.rcr

ro rho Ar.kanese klis, who bedms rf,rurla(ad ar rhe dt.spc. ul

lmly ol Prir.s Julh

,ellied hk soldh6 ro fshr rhe I'iptrros, wro vrars also drawi

up ro lqhr The tuakanese avodad the pil.hed bnrle, probrb\,

the, sold ere, So rhey

rcsoirad ro junqla ,s\riis. P'1n.6 Juihar

'zrlEn.frrn qkan 1i ,

Th€ pl.co .anror b3 locar-"d in



233 rA Hhto of ChirEqoi0

aid hor haaded vouiqman, isoo'iis rhe oou'selsot rhavddan.

driyed hie torces 'tr rh3 pla is aL diad or niqhr Mo$ otlho A,akaiese soJd6rc styed behhd e watls or Lhs Io a0d

dlv r6f rhNend of rh.m rtrivsd d the b 116 lield. Tho

salhnr o ice $ooped down on iha aE[3ndse a,my 6nd dis.

qrearsliusE l rho T pua hY rh6i rush€d

.oaln* walls ol Th6 whola T,iprG arny

unds, prln.o najadhn wtt employed ro pull down

rh. AdkaoosD ,o . The A6kaies6 had n is said abour

r'ni holc rd ,JrE o' i,b J'ns n

rhsro aid ey b!s,n io sholl h6av,ly oi rha b6i€qiio TrlpuG

soldi.G, r.sulhq r heaw casuElrl6s ou, io opriLron, an ehoh!ni,

nsmsd ray.manqaL on wrjcI erhce F:jadh

Djur.d by strrshot. P,nco Jujh si.sh waned ro mou rhisek_

ro hh horeo rhs anim:l

w fi save,s Dain, b"came vioh $sinq rho oli,rorns onamonb olrha piic6, s.ized him.id r:mpled

ils red S.oi anorJujh s qh's traqic de h F4adha, i)..,ovhI ncc iid.ommander in chief

by aFvclin rlroxi by an A,ak.iose solcs, riom d h llock aearry.

HN i,owly ascaDed lhelanlsnd. Tha lead,t*s T'pun.myb'qaiacLioi whencs 66y wsrs oivei a hor .hase

.hrr rs.l. s6 ! n6s3os io XnsAnnamrnikyi cqJesriir him tosend b,ck

^damShih rherusrrve

qovaho, ol Ramj,id honlv b {ween thon

s\ould cqs.3 Bur

, oe \" lr. +.r,' !r F" G" ,'

rrn '€rt{'

ir .flr, (rir Is-' h, !r, .,rr sflr r nr I

2., tE" .rEiri .nr.qqrr.E rre .qt, Mn lr!]i,

3 r-. s'rr ft" "'e rrrc'r.rirzr:a *{ iln rlrh {zr{,,



chi(rasono md& th6 tuar sso res ms i23c

and nmsr;,ed d,eex hs to soms hidd'n pltB. Krg Am .naiikva

dde,minod to coiLoue rh3 wnbsr,nard,l: w$ urnlyd:r3 sdatrdral5i rrsave his nstronols

ovas3dn lad dxc,lprion

Th's rad s,oushly co'bbo,ard by rhc accou s .r Fclph tibh.

Tie mosr ssnncan( resul, or rho w h thai r &cid.d Lhe

aseloos , val,y bdweei rhe Arak.i.s and the r pucs ,o, rhe

rhs wroE or chraqo4 m.ludiis rhe HIL T,aots aid $ey rcrained

n forabour a edury and rhelrpuhs permancirly lor ch trasois.

Chandr.sop nalha, PehaF he chilr roval

aflLator T4uraro be G^r3ll!d ii

a remple,f ciriraro^s.2 The T,perJrned r,om claimms sovqo snty

i!.nc i.dzaoyi 6r solim shah r 11593 r6i2 l D)

Msns Pr:lauig or skaid Shah wassucceoded 6y ht sn,Mens Fadzrsyio, sl m shEh I ln rhaearly yea6 or hE Gistr, rhe

qov6,iohhip or chGsoie %s boio hdd by Mah,pinnyasydw

a qrrr s olr ur a rl's.o s J.n or

ser b $e kins add coiduccd he rrrairc in naresmai,ik m.nrc,.

srr-. {llsr nrrr€ q4E hirsrs.r qh, q." !!,1r rr. <'^ E1s

nirro {{ r.. i66 lrc cr olrr.4 qrlr.I c! Eqjri.rlorl

r.3:n r1 ri {.rE' r'R! !{ Ien

freturinq ro h5 etudiron H vev wlesr "Hs mmrilnioi olbsal p,sadonrs (esoeciallv il u. th. eeor Hndu law-slve,)

116 mon valuable worr6 0t irr knd ftroushour BuhE,' ,0 lhc of Bur,*. Hi{oir, p. 93)



240 la Hisrory or chiusob q

ln lses A D'he

A,akams. kins jo

latqte,p6dron asa Br rh6 kiisn,ofo rasois w th rhearmy

wirh iho kis. Th Aralansss kins was also hslFd by hs Po !.qu... Eubi.ch loi whioh. rhev'e@'vad d6ne'ous norhsnrtrcm rhc

kns,l Ihssxpcdirioi was crened withsuoces. on hisrcru,f,

Matap'inydqyaw aho l.d ol chilaqorc" dlsd

and ndr probably Sinabrdt.n uncls

Tho rrhidty relaroi b,{wean rho

$on ruh6d to hod'ro ona, ln 1602. ths

saMwlp lrch tha kins or aalla- Ths patioric irh,hna s ol

Sandwp rcse in iebsllioi. c vrlho, ,uki or ssrdwlP n2da

ro Manuel da Ma os, 'Cotrmandq ot B.ndal

ol Diaiqa',3 ro eva rhe kland. Ii re6poro€

ro rh,s rcques! Matos m.do a d6csm up.r saidwip (aBalhobecaFo rha joint sovshoh ol $6

'dainThs kiis or Arakan

ol Sandw,p a meirG ro rhe peaoa o!was dso sh ed 8akla. who 'idined rho klnq

orABk.n"4 ltr rhe Mds Dt f, 6ue eiro,

.beson ro bc alare:d tho Ponusuose of hi3

do mlon, His .uspi.ion d€siqn6 upon hls

rernory, rccodins b Fr Guenetro w.s 'rosrsrod" bv rhe counsls

ot hs M6lm .du'ers,

much favou. ol

hltr. ThsvadvG€d rhe kiis rh.t'1r w.s lnwis b pLe so much

tud h rhe Ponusu*er lor rhsv wer6 a poople whon it was

campos, oD .i., p.69 Si.badi mlshr b. Po4uqu.se 6o4uprlon

or srmh.paLi. campos wEsrh.r in 1502

'kins'ot chlrbsons was " rho uiclu ol thr k nq or tuakan'l

3 D.nvds .t. d.., lt, 143

4 canpoo"1.

ar., P os



chLGqrtrc uid4 LhB Arekanxe csm.1241

ouLod!" nom r ,r.o

1l,o Ac[aiese kins, n order lo chlsrisa rhe Ptrabt, d eptrched

r fls.l. which redchod oais on Novenb4 s, 1602 A D Tha

eor oii 'al" 1 . Po'i-oL" s'1iabr'nR

.r .h" &r, md. plac a bo _ ro 'o'lda 're'sL . Orlr

6 s all Po usu.se rlc6l lndcr MEioel

or Dons P@bably to kreP vsil ard h

Ponuques' rleer uidd Matros could no1 wlLhsrand tho an'ck

Domnso c valho we exersng swav ovs (he lsland $ a "sover

oo Novcmbry 10,

Podusuess hisroians. aboutono hudred and fo v nh! ships w6E

caorurcd by lhe Po usuese. Siiabadl, sovsmor of chirbsons was

rillcd in lhie combEi Siiibadi

was probably succs.dsd bv Andpotn rho vouns brcrh of

qr c H Payie, Irhonstr dnd

se.ond3on

ot tha hiorelqniiq iu 1610 A D Accodmq ro 0otu,fl6 A!m{ d.i

Ansporan was a n.Dhew ol rhs krns or A'akdtr who tul6d

to ft Matr que and F8rya 6 sous.,

brolher ol Monq Aadzasvi' Th6 l'td lwo

avidem il fian oLhirs.

F€nao cuareno, '1he Helatons



242rAHnory ol Chtrksono

Ths Po usue$ vcLory and rho pr$ibil y ol lhsn rdd o'Chirhgons 6roired rhe lf,hab .ib or Lhc ciry wi'h real Thoy lledro wh chsvs dnsd'on firy I'ksd rid rhs whol6 ol rhe ciry in.lud'ns

ns lon w,r l.rr undeGidsd

da,s b capture rhe rowo a(d irs fo . li rhis way rh:commoi

poopls lvdasubi€chd ro rhs ,6psacd Poflusuese incureiore wh ch

Llc @nmotr Foplo.

Tha k is h! ledly se rredev ls

brr

rms (o Eke teElalion

srn6m6nE h ahkatr prcper.r TlrsAdkai€ss ,eElisron ws qxe

cucd wirh maiY'trusl'ies". Acco

n orr,.1 _n{lirco'

maidez (or Fs aido) was mdcle$lv LhEshed and wasdoDiv

o, o-e ols. on a D \c a r "d n or:br'

Fr And,a Eoves was also ca, o Pn.oi

i3'olved ro pur ao end to rhe Pdtr!

su...'lllu(1!s o.. r.. .lr o.rsirdi'PLdvdlnos.onro 1'r p' dre3r irE_s16d

saidwlo ii the bssinr no of rhs Yc 1603 A o' He "setrr af



chnksois uider rh6 Ankon.ss r.o nre 241

''The ssllaot c vaiio w onlvsixraen lesss

des.oy:d fi.whol6 lleer orrhe Arkarce Niio. Nea,lyzooo Ara-kai6e were killed aid a hrndi0d aid rhl,ry or $an .hips wers

de{byed, wh lo rhe Pdrtuquesq lor only si{ mei'.1

Bur theevD s rhar lolldwed rlr's eBassmonl do nor ius(lyrhe i drioi or rhe Ponu-duos clnoiicle,s. How thh "biliaiL

"badly d,hissd"'h own ll..i has

nor besi e/phired. "c"rualho s@n round our thar ha cduld

ior wrhrind aoolhe, a&ck ofL

w e unlim Ed. r,6 Poirusuesa in @mpany olthsnativ€ .onv6'b,5r o ,o Jao rincoda"d 6I s I b"lols ror

ro srinu,, Bakla :nd rhs kins of Arakai

d hsr becam! msnq ol .lLoo[ Pla.e in March, 1603 AO,3

rDhon,l0,el!rlon

bdrEeihowever did nor la tois, a reconcGms wa sve ully rca.hed

Accordinq @ thq chroilclss ol rho

oomhi.ais, 1[e kins of Ack6n :dually oftocd 10 tsbuild athisown c)?croe rr'e.hurch andrhe rosideiF or$e Domtiicans whi.hh, hrd dcsinyed and rcque ed rhem b sLay tn h,s kiosdom,r4

rollow oq ris reconciliarioi orovidad

surficio 0me ro srcosthen rhsir ba$s.rh6y coidu.Gd soverl hodrt icrrsions n diirercnr D B ot Lhs

kiisdom liablo b ol'Gb rheir ev' donssanymorc, rho AEka,

d nsly, in 1607 A D hs or.lesd his amy 10 Lak!

hs rown werc c.u6lly dealtwirh.tisrorils, abour sii h0idred Po rquetaw e



2441 A Hi6to,y or chiLEqoio

pul b dealh ii Dhig alons.l rhs survivors ol rhh wholscilemast e 66r0PBd b rh6 cortl slands

powerin chlnasons wss grcdly,aduc6d rhotrsr ior crusired Ther

Nmplers evacuaLoi historaos express s s', is

unlkely asPyLad ds Lival duriolvhs "in rcodom d the P,b oi thh (chr a

I beei crlp2lad rho a6kaiesa

icr$e&d rtn suprema.y over rire Gqioi. ln sam4ve (1ao'i

torcs lrcm chiLE s Pluodqed rsg

cl ls or Mtrle { ? Nlald{!r, a o,orp 01hhid!ln th' lidiai o'aan)

iid kllDg is anv boo(Y ThDY rcL i'd, PYdd th6 ryelierand hs cam-

Ar thE fme, ric sland or Sandur urs b.lno ruhd bv Manial

"commands or eaid!l or Dianst'.4

ArLar his de h, Lhc admr nnlioi or re islaid was sazed bv Fda

po.rion.Fsio (rinprrall Lhsch di.tr itrhahilarbiiclucio womBn

and childrei or rha ishDd to d.nh Hs "Lhsi collecled'ooarhor

i nmbd or Moo6 and Parhdis, wlllr whom 1 . m.i ,ed a rlser or

Dur.h d MasrliDnam i 1603 A D (vido FaLl,.p .t,, p.33li)

Fdn.ois Pymd d. Lnral, Vogsc oltlorcntt Id rlL.!,t, i

,rd. M!tros l6n r3 sLnd in .h ss or F:r6 Khai d iis his



his isla klisdom and 'ins bad upon

dkckon [$ Po trsksd r]eet ielr s\ahbdz2ur (xabaspu dr rhs P6F

rrs!€ss wire6r. rhe naval eis,gomsd

'hd

lollowcd, Fns

Khan was killed ssbsran Pinro oibscams the ,trb, or Sandwp,

The Po usue$ under conzres iow wanrad ro @ap're

l.ndns ol rLre Po,tusues6 sold ss was bdv.lY oppDsed bv "a

la'se numbd ol rcsollle MooB, co manded

dsrsnd 3 corld nor leskt tha besreoqs nom

ladins rn rhe island. Ths Muslm soldl.6 rh6i rook shelter

behiDd rhs walls or tha lo( Tha ro was dom3d iod .akei

by rhs ivad s iispns ol d qallanr dsrencs bY rhe M dms rh6

rebliaEd ii 3 v Y su.l mainsi.All

,hs Muslim inhabita s o,lheislsnd, a rhousnd n iumber wet

n-.lrod n cold b'ood'6 sebd:ao

m6q ol rh6 Ghid ir ss .n indeoeidetrr



b,oLherot rlie Arak.Ns0 kitrq succsedsd

or chiLbsong. Bur n.t ldooarrdr

ul,! :rrl 4'apo.d was c o€ l"d r,om

D,ii.3 roo( ;sylum in slndwip aid souolrt Goizal4d .sistaic'in rc.ove,hs hs po$. conzalss, "acco,ciisly onde!voured rc aid him

btrr sooi lorid Lh hs had nol sulr'cie iumbas to opp@so

pow. ul a kns."l

ordislyrerunsd to Suid'vEi ac.ompanied

Dmbrbly, Lhe arkane$ kjng won Gonzalss over ro hs sde by

dplomacy. Tha neirv. s..dwip - w h his

,'rs, rirlly, rcsu,e aid oloDh:nre".3 A1l rhEa $msE weEeFotr.li ro elcire rhe q,eed ot tha pn o qovsrnor. Sooi aher,

Goizales mnrled rhs hde, rsn wircdhol,c rsliooi. lt rvm

sovsmor was s.u.rlv mtr

ds,ed o, poisotred who isir srned all

oily lor h s do0btrr Bll ris hdoiqhxs, his bloor and l.$ly his lre. Thh i3

,o' rh. all'aic-" wiLh a i,i.ked psson.

coihles' illi.;r coineirioi

a op 10 ,hs, "conbbs en&avorcd ro mary rha w'dow to

r rha lady wolld ior ch.nsa herElson Meiiwhile, coozres fdrcjbly

qav8 up tha wdow

matrred rhe 'khs or ch aoois6



ehin.oons unda' rh6 Arakaies. ,es, e 241

rE lo,rrnrci $rcws Iishr upon (re co empoDry occurcices

inuqhal sllianco ro 3vsnse himsa)r rh. mtrd*an snvoY to lslam Khin. t6 Mushalqovs

rhe msdiarion ol lhhrtr Khan. The 8.ho

I wjs d dulared rEr an8 mselnq lslan Khai he {An k FaEnk)

would hive hh ens aLJahaisniaga aid l,ould pdsonally

. ,s o.td B or B .km .E dwat F'+s(ss6 rian con.al's) rhemasB oi sandw,p, snd Lh lo would

a Jas r to,'s manreiaics ai,l would

6nl h m$ll n lhe crclo or the loyal ssvrds olnre mpe,al

Bulhe llan 16ll fldowins ro rhe opposiroi

Arre, Anapohn s 6ipulsioi, fte k'ns ol A,akoi Bppoiitd his you-

ns soi qov iorot ch rasons under llrs tde or 'Al.manF,'3 meai.

ins Alaman, lE govrnor. only rwenryrhrca

Probably, Mnza Nath6n rook htm for i

iho peuian namc lor rhe Eurcpeans as well as the coiveredfdher wasa coiwred cn6rian, ir is

hqhly p,ohabL lhar tEsonmisn also belorg@$d laiLrr.

The also mi nbure ro otr, supposiriotr rh rh.r6 mishr bo ihrhs.nd son rcld'cn

8di ,j.ai cle.,ly

lus-rho n.ohaw orsolim, ndla of rhe Mashs" (housh lron.mc or rhe larho, ol Anik Famnk has iorbeer n,eirioied n rhe



yeare old. Thehves(!r. rookpl..o Low.ds

Manriqus dssdribes

Msaoioud'prlnca aid "sidowsd wirh sood

adva iq! rid also proEct . l

Meanwhle, Klno Sdlm shah hld ro raGB a ieur ch'llenos

sEdual Muqhal sipaisoi

French tav.ller PYErdde L.vil sivssrefsGnce

ro (ha MushaldBsisns uPon rhr A

(ue nihrary prep dlons ortheAak:nes. kins He wdrsrrAbo

fih,lme, l letu (1107AD), rhoMoqor(rhB Mrsl\al Empqor J'lrai_

lo,Oooelopha s 3 Ktan, subahd or B€n'

qal nanstaned hG 4pilal l6m B.jnahsl b Jahaiqnnagar rhus

Mqhal imP.IiaLhm

of Lho aGkaisrakhd also rhouqhl

w; rhi"*d l" klns o Aomadr a

r.atywLX Gonzales inwhl.h tw.saordodth 'Gonzalee should

,coi?ales should commaid rho alllod ll'.6aidacth a crnm(

oaivere, oP .n n, 146



itE Araka 6ss resiFB | 24s

wnh ths Ar;rai my as { marched alois rh6 coEr and oaL aUshould bo equ.tty

rha kins, accodif,sty, rook rhe nsld wirha van heL," He also dsparch€d by sa. a fket ot 2oo ve*els,c ,yi's 4,000 mei, which was roroii wirh Goiratess @r andbo

Mushal reriLory. Brr coi-lssreu.way from

rllesBnc6 ro rhB ihoughr eirhcr rhar h, had.cc€pred a 6 6e ior ro iira'r3ro wrh tho adv,nceof rh6 Mushil,or rlral hs had acred (hus kaacherously lorsvsns. rhe dedh ot lhePonusrose wro w asl.in n sanguet o, Dianoa."3 'Ih. kiio ortuakun, itErctore. "hrd Lo mser rh6 Mushal ro@s sinsle.hand6d.-4The AGrai6$,oros ulrin sly taced a dsfa ,,owhs rorhe3hrh6-rul delecrion o, rh. ponuluese-5 ('ns Mens nadzagyi ,,oscaped

on ai 6lspranr,

wrh oily, row fouoweF, ro rho to ot ch rrssoie"6 Gonzales cohmirbd anorhq vtltativ whsn,n6rookpos$ssioi oflho a6kai ,leatw(h which he was s ru$od aDdm(rdo,ed all ihe lEkan capbins, Whar k mo6, wrh a bold ollrcfl_lty he $rour !{irh h's ,hor and ptundored oll rha toirs oD thsArakan 0061 dpecially ihose or ch bsois, Maiu, aid nomu "7"Thls trcachsy aid ii.oleide otr lhe p or conzatoe orcarlyon,ased

rho(ing,

wro c,ussd a sk[c ro [e run rhDush rho b.dyor hisnephrw, whom conzates had sivsr is a hodase ror ftsking,s rh6r aid had on r hioh,lsoo below ih€lo of A6ka, ih hi3 uiclemishr yr hm

2

ol..r, p, rTieho oanlm,



2j0 lA HisbrY or ch aoond

in Is kingdom uisert]od. Hiselddson, Mene Khrm.uis orHus n

Shah succaded ro the rnrone rn rhc somavs ,

f,.ha xhrmluns t1612-1622 ao)

a' rho r a or Lri\ dc!?Es.or

ol ehinagonqwas bons held by Alamaira, his youns& bblhBL Fr

s wsre ho ile rooach o e,6vendurins fton larhors lir6 r me,

ensaqsd in m lirrry bund up "ror secu,rns hlmsslr rsa'ns aiylioLi@ which hiselde, b,orh3r miqhr employwhen ha becdm.

abslub Lod and emp orol an

e{mraiioi or rhe sosmorhared ol hE brcthq Husali shah, rhe rbadaiai monarch" of

arakan, is ior ld rosBek. AlamaiF, oovehor ofchir€gons wasa srcd lriend of rhe Ponusuee: oi the orh ho;d, Husain Shah

bo6 bi(e, han6d aqain$ Lrcse peopla i h6mnd. wr t6 rryis

'o,sou@ Ni6lo

du is hsfarhsf.,esn slflared impisoiisnr ar the Ends of rhs

beiis 2 Frcm this rime hh oilyN mlly Lhe eovenofs

policy or f,eidshp w Lh Lho Poausu€se wrs hald n delesrarion

by rhe arakaiese lmmediarely alr,his sucee*loi, rhe elder b,orrrer (xns Hlsin Shah) dd6rmmed".

n $e wodsofMa lqlo "ro sarisly hE h red-. "rrhlack oflovo and hs uiboridedlsd hih ro iive l.!ks .nd nos

youns, brolher m



kins asa Ei Lre

.ouic,llo6 o, rh! Arakansss krs "as whollv

anrh'pariis $o schohe ordtack upon hG teiii(ory, Alomoia,qoverior or Clrnhsono conclude, a d.rsisivs 2ll,3i.s w h sebl*rDn coizale., ruler ot $trdwip Aocodi0s 6 rhe Gmeof.llrai@abour lou, hundrcd edployed ro su d hisbody

J,rell .sre n, -.s A

"xe$

e ped'onr) loft! Iadt.aqg

ro rhs c Ly ol ch rasons md hs burwirhourrh Ih6 sovedo' -had metwirh sisdsGbls$mBs Gid hs hoed ror 6 frvofthleeidiis '1

Bur rie .xne.1ariotr or rho qouemo, .ould ior bo fullilled,

K ns Husaln Shah cam6 Rula, or sundiva

rGolul".r tr.se.rrl/ rJlrs or h"r'nsEtuane on behrr d, rhe D,ice of charsan

b Pla@ his vDunsq

rha combin ion, thc A,akaiese kins tiod ro

dinov lha Po usussslo hssds. Meanwh16, ft6 Arckansso had

chiksoig .id rha bssieged Po ususs.

r3U lno,e disr€ss. They now "relt rhar rhB war wa. hinC

rhe srD€ms Lord ol rhe Maoh Emonq nor

oi rhem Lr!i only agrind hG owi bdher,"4 Morcove, rh6ythouqhrthat, "baiis bDrh s, rheywould come ro sdme asrcenent

'nfururc

so rlEy depured

As,amsholld baAsem. Bur ir h trnl,kaly rha' rhs corcnporary

Ahom kiiq lvs ,nv bd ro i{eruene. Pbbrbly, rha klns or

Tipu,a, lhe nadironal.iemy or $e AE[rnese, 6id who wasI[6 neishbou, ol Lhe A[om kiis ishs6 confussJ bvlhs kavol]6r

ro b3 rhs kins ol tuss hlmsdt



AEkai6a kinq lnroined condiion and bo€qinq

him nor ro 1ar rhsnr p sh."] N€v rhilesJ ths Pon0gu.s. sld'smus,.'ll

holdino rhs lonsuc.4rrully agahotrhe atrackins Aaka-

Kins Hu$in Shah, rhroush ai sivoy,

rsminded Gonz.les ol rhs re(y or lihndsh p coicluded belw-"str

anapo,.0.nd rhe vic.,oy or Goa th6 k'ns fu ha' bld rhan rh.r ho

h msel,lrrd beei an rtlv or, $ grc kins oi Pd uqal aid sincs rhoi

ro lrd oeer -am.a -hq eood 'orlnilia.

lr rhetuleror S:ndwiDwr

Ddro

iiE,v.iedrll,hamishL

i etueio oi lr,s bshalr oovanor or Chlua'

oonq, h'srebsl va*rl rhe,eroE, rhe,!lq or sa^dsip was uo€d

volalion of ahska3s ai'l compach

{rhe ankanese Ins) ramous gBat-lGndrarhe

These d Dlomrric deal,iosbv

ths A kais$ kho rhowconzales

in a coDirsed and uiravoidble siruarioi.

',f€e peopla" :id he could ior cotrLot 1tun

he asured Lh. snvov rlEr M wouldu,iGls,w rho ory rnd tr .asor

rhsn dhos.eemenr

.v.n amood do ro rhe.prlrc'oi

o

conzilashad anyrh

is10

ohlacr.3Ar rlns

rcply, 'haMssh envoy

wa. salhr,od.id urenr bacN wlh a16tr0i or Gonzres addEsed

.4 Tho s.ms sivoy rvrs rhen

Fo,trsress toops ar Chitrlgons sirh Emorino

off6E iom rhs kiis ii cose or rhsr w(hdGwil.s BrLrho Po tr-

rhB pr iceaid,esolvcd b ligh, 10,he a

2s2 A Hhr6,y or ch. asois

I rDd. This s .iorh6,inqai.e or Po ugles5 neadqi.



louM no alr6marivo excaFr ro iolensilv

ow ba'f,g nrspodenr' could n6! etrhyprince rh6n himssn bok rho tiald ol acllon

and uied hs mo$ Idsstan example bv slrowiqJ pssoiol bdvery'

was oblqed Id rslns. rvirh his hll th6 detpsora Iss anc6 or

milk of rh' carholl. f3nh,,'

Ari( q.inino pos*sron or chnkoons bY deie rs his rebel

brorhd. ihs A,a[ane$ his ol{l anemv Lhe

chier *oiohold or

1r, (me lvrs Saidwlp. Nera Gonz6la! aidor'lj o,qiShd tw l' d ss" 'o

Ih6 hlaid Fhdmq no hope ol surylvali Gonzrles subm'ncd to

rho :urlro,iiv ot Goa and appEaled

rrcm sue aniihilaronpo$ible ro make rep'cals

tse ml.hr h.ve rhouqht lhrtrha proDossd iiv:sioi lvorld compel

rha Aiakaness kiis ro mise rhe sisso ol rho slaid A Ponusuesc

rled was accordinsly trider rlra'ommand

Rdro, on rho app,oach ot rhs Po usuoso

rlsi Lho A,aktiass shss 6r fte hlaid or sandwip wd D63iblv

\'irhdrawn. on rh.li rhe ie month coizates jdined hlm wi$

rrry saih li themado

'dqGd

ro he

Durch hslp il Jishrins asainn th6 Po usuess and this was rea-

dly ,ospoided ro. Tho .omLlied 1l6t



was rilled ii a on,

d rledl Thslohr

ops iorot ft.ro rhc a'ra.dy de.l'-

' Ithis Eo6n. H€icolo ad, hey could nsvar

ind.Dddenr Dtuclorlry aiywheG in Eeioil and A*kai

Ttu,€du.ron orthe Po usus$ ro

errac( on ,ho hno,y or uis rssion Husain Shah iow employsd

H.nceld h, rhc Ponusuese in$ead of beins

hh enamy, bec.nr6 h ' obodent ii$ruhe b".2 Th6 A k'ns$k,iq o,anred thsi,lands ro etrle in chirLasonq espediaUy in rhe

p'incipaliry or chik6$la, auronomy in iheir

. ar .s lLIl/ dw?o

and h6 Ieri ro rho Pd usuoso ro suad r

l6m tho posihle Mushal arhck on

,GohDo&6 uide' he aoqisol rhs Abkansso. th6 A6kanss6pn as

p,vaEs6and rhe .omblnsd matudeEagand ln tho coa{al dhticBor B6isal,

nllickd $en lull fury on rhs (housands or hio.etr! pBopls oteensal lo ha i'{ h3ll a ceirury, whtch eJned tor rhem lGriiqbd h,.mo!s iame in rhe medieval hisrory 6f rhs sub.o ha ,

Ihe Mushals as srcc6sors ro fis ArohlB, cl,imed rhari{,hrimmadGEly 3fis rhen occuparidh or

Gaud Thh was rhe iiclusion ol chituqoiqii the Muohal lrnd ,oll as one .l rho*rkaE lnder rhe .uba

sanq.h 3 rn his 7u:!1, Jahansn me ions

re(mon dh(rcr .r rhe Benqql Drdvinco.a From rha ,c.ounr6 or

como rokiow th lhe Grce Mooor (Empemr

Jahrisn ) jitrids,

25r tA rrisro4 .. chi'r5.oio

1 /,rs B,r s xvl (1e22), a?

2 s^,k ,, Au,onr.,b, tt, 123

ttrztk.nlrhdrghi,nans Aloraider noqss. 3d. He y Bev. dsd

Now Dolhr 1963 p. 207



o, rasons und* tho Arekanoso rss'mr ,is

rrEm rch loan aid A$am) and rhus b.com6pos.ssod ot rha whira El6phanL"l Talish also siva3 6e'donoe

racl H. w,n.6i'ln rhs rc.oldsor rlraqanuiso

was dnrsred ., 6s one of $s dsl.ulriis

urse led (dhtics).'2 No runhq w $s: -Whsn rh6 muhsaddis

6ally whh ro pay anymai whoe sahrvwa

due, rhey savshlm on asisnmen

All rhess evidencd provs rhdt the Mushal. clamd rhe rishrorwhi'h, in lacr, was boiis ruled bY

'he

Fr Ma iqua dBssbos Mo poslbls rouras, 'Lnouol, whloh

rh oowsdul,oe Lhs Muqhak) could mosra$ilv cnter'chiuasons.

"lhesa 'oadslsad riom rha laidwad sidc throush Lhs pnnclpal(ist

$rorhe ci'y or Ch lsar'4 or Lre sea

roure rh6 iiavell, tsl$ a ry is vary 6atY. The

enemy can yl wnh his rhsr lrom rhE o'v of Damk (Dhika)

or lom oie or rhs dry poirs ln rhs principalkv ol Bulva, and

rhus plshs dowi f, s'x or eLshr day$ 36ilv,.aclr th. i.laid of sosoldiva. N3@ Eklng ro rhs open ssaaid

c,osLns ,ho sull ol sundiva lsandwip), about fire€ lsasus across

ol Pahisa (Pa'eisr), lyins upon . wids

swilr ,lve, (lhs K.naphuli) rhen leavins rhe city or Deaisa

lorc Chdorn."5 Tho lrnd roure

was urlised by Lhs Mushak undsr.l.hanqn's rulo ii thon uisu.

..6ssrtrl rcmob Lo miouer chlGoons

occmoi horlr land joiirly u*d by rh.

Much.l6 itr $sr successful iivson ii chrtraoons ii l666AD.



2:6 ia HhLory or ch(hsoid

bDFa...wnlo,he Muqhal govoinoE w e buld,nq Dh.ka as rhen sear rr.doiikt ion, rhe arakanesa w*e pushing Muoh.lbouid yback ro Bhutu.. ti fid ths wide ver Me a raitod roprovenrrlra Nvo ef,emies lrom dlackrg (hs Enroriss ot 6,ch orher_ Tho

the AEk.nes3 nvadqsandrhs Ponrsu*a pnarcs by dccuDyiis chirbsois Ac.odiB roa Po usuese coiiespodeics, rha Muqlral sovahme ,dsGmiiod

io m ch uDon crdio.o andpE$ iiLoAracoo..l surrstanKhan,sbrisr aid exrchsly busy psod or vrcsroyatry did ior a ow himio see his phn @ha ro a succe$tul oxacurion

rn rhs ua,y beomning oIOasm Kh.isqovsf,onhip (1613 7A D), rhe Ara[andee 6'd on ihe rr,tush'l re irory was ,nrsnsi-Iird. Hsteri s ro

AEkaness kins ,,m ch6d @ Elratwa (Bhulua) rom Arkhank

abdul wahd, Lhs Muohat rh,nad or Bhutu. abaidoisd rhofotr ol Bhulua wtrhour 3 banls an.l iell back.3 The ahkdo$!,rheEupoi, pluideied strulua and ths Haja of ths lvass, nwirtrdur

sroppiis Et rhd placo pureu€d Abdll wahid io rhD.ams hanmr

row d rha kigdom or a,akan. BBidss; d,4000 o{r n,akrrtockmcn fiom govshdr,s

'Blshop Dom Pedrok le{di ro

19, 1512,', qr Fev. H Horen,

rhB viceGy or Goa, dr M.r.hI r s 3, Nr, x (rst3), 4-13



chiLbgons undq 6s AEkansso resim€ | 257

rha chiar .ommaid Dt

hlr son sh:ykh F id asshBd by abdui Nabi_

Ar thir rrms, tho Ponusu6$ pnaEs under lhs command o, rh6

c vatho (7 Domif,sd caruatho) atucksd rho

tuakoigss nBVy and plunde.od iL Ths ponusuee a ock on rh6

Arakanes6 navy inspn.d lhs Muqhals, salnq dosirous or achis.viis succa$ rhey q

'ironsand d'ov6 rhsm

to rha 6ourh b.nk o, rhs Foni,

tn rho noxr i,iiy .0as6., rhs Ahk nase army's.in

[email protected] Ehrtur ood plundeEd rh6 Muohal criro'p eur ir was repu-

lsed.r o srcat cosr. Tha6uc.ss.trhMushal a,myslimulabdrhs Ahkan6a lonirory. Oaiim Khan can.Blod

all orhd projscc of €4ed rion and dreded his ei.rcyand rcsourcsor aa[ai. iAs h3d boed ,epeabdly odebd

byrhe rempo,Jl and spirirual soversisn ro conqu&R.khans (Arakan)b seiz6 rha white slBphanr and to soid ro rha Gubtimo cou ,,.hs rhoushi ha ,,should oow dkec! his aflo ion ro $s @iquos

o! rha 6ufuy o! rhisobjecr in vi.w, o.rimKhan callod a .oui.ll or lhs orti@6 ot iho

rho plan of jnvason. tn rhs couN of discu_

s8ion, one of rha s6n*:ls namod Mukhlis Khai, polir.lv w4md

rhB sovemo, rh "n ftr invaioi of Ftskhaig resulrs ltko rhsh{aeio_ ol Assn. ir F nor rdvisa.blo ,o p,oce6d tomJ.Ens.r-

n,s,,,-l H". ro..'",..d,k.d rhe oo.p.o, ro t6ad rho camp q.parcoially if i( was ro bs undo ak6n ar . , Th. sdvios wa,Bpprowd by all iictuding rhe oovsmo, hi sBtr.

On .n aurploiou3 hour, Oasim t(han hunched hi, .afrpaisi

ii rh. siily prn ol $e yoa, 1616 A D, Ho peEoialty p6coo.ded upro Bhulur in suocostvs m ch6s, and s.oamod rhorc.



253 | A Hllbd dr chxrasoio

Th6n ha d.puEd Abdui Nabls'vns him Ih. mnmand ot a

laGe my onsistis or mo,a thai 5000 .avalry, 5000 muskotse6200 war slephanb aid a lledof l000w boaG rowad chirla-

sons, The n6me ol orher seieGls who accompanied himh rh€

adrdrijrci as ,ollows: S had Khan, shaykh

Kamal, Mtrza Nurtrddin, Ivlz. stdid yar, shaykh LJme,l4ar Khan

Mowa,i, shaykh Oorub, shayrri ois'm, shaykh Ar:al, Mtrzo Saqi,

Jam.l Khan (b:orh -n law or oas m Kh6r), D6w.tr khe, M za

E6s, lm: Khatr,Itrran E.hadu,, in the rcdr wLh th6 resr ol lhs amy

amy ol Lhe vanoua,d aid kap( hrn$lf inJomed o, rho nook

rhe i6ws ol marhiio o, Lhe Mushal (oops rowad chiLrasons

rca.hod rh6 e s o1 H!.4i shah wtr,ou! much dohy. Hepmm

prlysor

hlmselr ready by moh,lPing h s toGs. Hc had.lreddy

kspr chinasois stroigly to ,rred" aid he "rully equipFd" thg

lo wirh ans and smmurion. To resd 1ia Mushalsmy he hu edly

s6nr h s commandcr, crlled'Kuamgn'(( rmk , a h'gh,aiknsArekdneso m lita,y orrcs) by rhe ;ulro' or

'lrelarue ahy corsisns or dne lackrnro ry, oie (housaid wd bo s

and four hu red cteph.is ro Kdhqh .2 Kiis Husah persoiilly

followed hm wnh iumberno'hreo

lacks

Fr Mari'qus htoms us thar Ahdut Nab (Abdun Nab), alENababo Vics,ov or Daack" e)qaq8d in mtr'ous wirh rhe Po,

(tn 161s a D) aq iq'h6

ar.kaoess

(rEPo usus?) whabvcr 'maiias" .r mo l.ly piv Lhey dErcd."

lre also ask€d $s (of Ahkai) ro comr ove'." (^4,fiiqu..

, 146). BrL ths mrep,..y, ecordhs 'o o!, ravell.r laaLi.d

Dr Eorah rjrrlly rhc aoho,rion idonlcal

wllh Kdhsh ii



chi{aqone tndar rho Ahkaissa reoims 259

ioli ry, ten rhousaid covalry atrd -iinumqtbla boab aid cloph-

ths derenG or ths lo or chir€soig'"rThs advanced amv hdq Kaamkdi oisassc iBelr 10 build 'hil Lary b.ss and a fns lnsol

'rercn.ai Kalhgh*,

NevonheGe, m e ly a ack oi tha Arakanee ahv was

buildiiq of rhe tuaka-

ne$ tonat xarhqh hod ior bBeivd complered. TIE Muehals

wqe inlohsd rlEr ro ot chiLrasdns wasquha lMdequa@ aid rh ihs tuakrnase kiiq hid not vd.iiivedar Chinasons wirh lrh ro,c4. So, this was rho poper lima b.ls lhe ,oure or fte A,akanes6 obsktrcrons

s had ftan aid sh.vkh Kamal, the two Etrshal ssnshls

who dalmed thcmselves rdmilar wirh rhs clme, reached (arhshar

roure2 wirhour

nmcd elv alrcr $sn aii val, rlrev delivadda viso,our 6!sau!r onlhs unriiis Lsd,on ar dayb'eak. "The inmards

or rhs ro bravely defeidsd Lhe lo " and qrcscd tha Muohal

show€i or shclls, bulleb, a(ows, srcnsd6t

ballslas 3id .l nqs

alr'es on both sdes pos,,ion .f $o Mushah

as '1hs vlc'ory w's

oeD6rels headed bYS had khan, addflly.aUed onahanon Lhs plea ol apooaoh isilsht ind 3dv*d Abdun Nab io rciiro

re$ ror the ishr, Ihey tu he, propo$d that rhey wduld r$umo

Thd .omm,rdet n-chisl ag&d ro $is

rhg Mrshils Esumld

,hck arc.k otr tho A,ar.n.3s ro . Tie Muqlral charcs conrinuedtr I n ddry bu|he/ t'J kd i riptu,nq rho ron. a l;n ih6y

P,obrblv, Lh. invad,io fo,.es made lien rode th16!sh Falikchh.n_



?50 A Htsrory ot chirLloons

dsclned ro b*ieso $6 ro oi 6ll sidcs. Thh phn, roo, did iorwork w6ll ae ths hish a.d {,fl sckuid3 Hiits were poreclnsrho fo( t6h b omr.m stdr

.utriis irs rood suppty. The ,6r irmy unds sa,hrd (h6n andshdykh (am.l w4 or $pptyitrs drionino

io rhe maii bddy whtch wss rhetr hytns seqeima suc.eeded in,ai.hs a srockado

Mlohil Iies or ms aid S4h6d Khai and

sharkh Krmdl did p,a haUI no,hiiq ro rce6h rha A,ak6noso,,cm buildiig rhen base. rE advaocmq ahy und, Abdun Nahinow fefl in eraaL or provisions. rhus ihe

ilselr bscssd by

asked siihad Khan lnd shaykhK.mal why Lhs A,akanesa so.kade which vras o s,ho such a

supply. was nor yd demol'shed Ar this

n'oloirly ,spted: ,,A. yo! aB ufabl. ro occupy

we lrc unable o

rhk dociads.rl Mulhs] oflicsrs slvs wiy rodhpail Tho rood slpntv relt sho . Th€ h,ny s6asoi, wh'ch

Murhal army was nor tgr o[ AIL rh6a.oieideEriois, ac.ordns b rheauftorof rhe Bo6.n$d!, compoledrh6 lvrushns ro wilhdEw rha sies6 of thoio lall bsck Thsy

orrsisivD oporaLioos again*th. dtrsdln€ Mushah rn od& ro p,.vror suipolvdor riom hu-ins inro $o h.nds or rho gnemvi rhs Mushats d$roy6d abou(

Pdrsatra by rhe Mushals was rh6 oily ourcoms or rhs Mushal

Ths ,zamind 6,vosalaso aid .oms



rho Arckanese cs me I 261

Thus rh€ Mushal

snd€d rn a compleb falurc Th8 phi ol iivlsioi had @meoutb?h or orsim h.r. rors- b.or's ol Ja-drsL

v.Loro/ d'o Iea,n nornirq r,.1 rF rd..3svor.veEr in h€ cachar and A$am campaisis. h is also a lrcrrhat rh. hilih'y pGnso or th6 Mush.h hod suik ldw duiisrhe reisn or Jahansn who d'd tnhe t nodins tmm hs wafio,rdhe,. The hvddns Musrral ahy sr6 rackins in dGciplrneaid

limmp.r o'sim Khai sl.cGd AbdunNabi, an oqually as a commaid sho ii rhe

words ol rhe aurhorol rh6 saha

ond who 'could tror rcld rhrolsh rhen (Sadad Khar and shsyk

K.hsl) pl6a rhbush his simplciry."l th. dlssraosrul dkuniry

amons rho Mushal senehls conLibsred qre&uv ro rhe isilurB or

rhe very beqinnlng, rlra rwo qensElr sa,hrd

Khan .nd shaykh (amal we,s dkcontstrred wirh rha appotnhehrot Abdun Ndbi as emmaidor ol rhs eiEediriona,y rorcls snd

6ey disresdded rhs ordrs of rheir aurhoriri.e !o whdaversxbnrpGsibl6. Ihey boa*d rhar as rha roure ro ch isoio wa well

wsrc rhe rirbs p€6ons

dmpaisn, whilocondemiiis ths dssBceful DIo or th6 two ssnsElr3dr,/no, wiitss: 'F,om rhe boqiniins olallairci

Sa.h3d Xhri and shykh Kam.l had hesn .d€pr rn hypoo,isyaidrhey wds dhpl.rssd oi b.iiq m.da lho rolloweE or ths alors-

sjd (Abdun Nobi).'2 Th6 arhdr rhsn Da icularlv blam.r Sadad

Khrn lor rho raljurc, who 'zlways bshaved liko n6d s, dnd cow-

ards aod cared oily lor hh prot! in cash "3 The tuo s6i6,alsno, only rcmaitrsd inaclire ii fi6 crircal hods, especially, when

rho siid Arektsnes.lo was beitrs buill hutdisdurosod rhe toops

when6ver po$ible lalgelv responsjble lor rhs



262 | a Hr.'ory or ch rsois

,a'lurc or hs Mtrjhil

msr.bla st6ams, ch a.t6rizo rh. ropoqrephv ol chidagoiq'Ar'kan

ssoorlphlcal advlnrasemdoubEdlv qaG mo

tuakanesr bdra, Posirion.

dGnor o' the Muqhab unde lbEhm

Kh6n (Fa'h-i-jais, 1617'1624 A D, brcrher or Nu' rahan),'o

shh.buddin Talish wiles rhor rhB subshdar "resolved ro conquor

charsaon .trd dedory rht wicksd Mrghs.'1 rhs subahd h'd

ro6vs h,ow th. arakan.st rula, savs

'{Th6

Nawab in 1523 A D)

H. {rho ",.b' 'amals or dectos

uide, his Foval prcmiso, Fos alvod.qeous r.hs- shich lwillsinc. rhay mrs sllll b6lGsh in rh8 memo'

,hs of many or your mirhierc"3 The mveller iiroms rlrd rh!

consona.y lailed lnachievhs aivrhiis owiis ro rhs lovaltv of



rre Arakansgs rcs ms | 26:r

ddubr, but lra Idchd

ad6.uro kiowledqo iecssry ror uida akhs or such a d lrculrmsk. He hunched hs campaioi duins rh3 miv Eeason rhs

whoh micht bavs bei uid sdimabd bY hm.

was ona ol rhe

war council. had Gaueded rhe qovend to bs lullv awar ol

tha cond Lion ol rhs woarh& or ihk rosion", befoE hs undsr

rook ,he Gsk, Tha Nrwab rcf!*d ro Gke nolics or rhs couieel

abandoied rhe oonvenrlonal ,ourc and rook

the cou ,y o, a.ha,ansi'l b chnhsors.k'nss durns rh6r tnva.

ho had lcl6ded rhi! roura. Poseibly

atua.k on Lhs to olrhe common roub. Th s ,oueused

by him was, porhaps, Lho,vsreii (3d rollowiis tho ziszas couree

orlhe Asaloiq T'bub,y iD chilraqois H l TGd.,cois $od o, rwo

roly rhoGatrd hores dnd roor aid ons thousaid elaohaii, Tha

Niw.b peGoially commandsd rhe amry tsid proceeded und6r rhs

quidatr.e or MiEd Nurullah, rhanad or Udaou,. caoihl .rT pu6, "H.vlns rlve6 ot Fsni (rho BsFoiland rho L lte Feir) runsly buls which

was impa$abla sven fo, an ani Throusloll rh6 w.v nor oilyrhe Khai hims.r cls €d iunot* wirh hisown

'Itu cou ry ol Ach aig' me ionod in rhe solorrdi's

coD-tused by D, B6dh Lo ba Arakai. Ach iis, lvh ch E nowonty3 teriu.ls6don ofdsns6rorc* aid h lly bnan, k hsn|onadn fis Rojomoloinconnexon wirh rlre eveib rhar rookplicc

rhe rallry or ths Asatois T,buriry andi mo rimo dr irs hislory L er

supremacy war c abtshec over k atoisin I re Ii,er pa ot rho 16ft .enru,Y.



264 A Hisro or ch raqoid

ir was round imp@slbl6 lo, fis boahan

o,/inq dobablv ro rhe irtrow, swllt aid en,e-

maly zqzag .ouBe ol rho r vd. lb.ahim (han, howsver, d'd no(

yiold to strch .dve@ .ncumsranes. H6 rook a shall soidoLfor him aid m:d6 his way rhrcush s@r drt'icuhy. Ih6 hoGEs

@uld nor bB rak.n larthsr. Elephaits, tha only hooo ii such

rheft way wift siear drron. Byth6 rine,

rh6 mos romidabls rho (hh Thb wad rh.

,or amy 'nd ir was e,owho mors.curg

!s rh.y we,e nEkiis procrc$. Moraovsr, irwas ditlhulr ro pro.

curs ,arions h su.h 3 thiily nopularsd and a bidly communicar6d

cllm6. AII rh* hodile cncumsGnces conpelled $6 Khan ro

abaidoi his mlsc.l.ularsd m'lhtu oparaioi! and Loslv6 up hG

hopo ro h.vs rh€ 1,urc16 0r vidrory

lho utrrucc*lulMushal

'r6mprep,odu.ed adveBe ifrp,a$ioi oi rhe poli ca aid p.ycholosyor rh.

countioe coi.sdsd. lrdipo$d rhs inhereii wekn:s or rha rvlus-

hEI ahv whi.h henGloNad c$$d ro excir. ro or rha ABkanasa,

collabora,ion wnh ca(i6d on thotr almo.r

lnoppo$d dapreddioB in rhs Mushalrer ory. Tho r'rush.ls 5or an

rh aiakai war 5n inpiesiable cou ry, irs

llaar was invincihle, and ib lo,@s could ndr bo ovsMhelmed,

Talish's desc,iption2 ot rho millary st6isrh ot ih6 Ahkaiae Flynasnily rh6 adu,l rhiis bul n 6il6cc ths 6xasg6rared re.i or

rho MuohrL Id rhe AEt:ia.a milira,v rorus

wiLh swiii rsvercElr. tha Mash F nsi pird* cotrtd revas.

th6 6a{al dktrlcLs and .ven fa her iire,ior p8n or th. .ou ,y

rh6 Iocal Mughalofliek,who would lloe away 6vei ar rho siqht ot a lsw bode ol rho

bsyond numberino, $en rlor.or rha ser (h iumb ), 'Forh,,,



c[ilEsdns uide, rhs Arakanass rcqimo | 265

thrri lhud6.Dn. .r Sotin Sh.h ll (1622_163! l D)

-. lois '(hdmtsu-o s.c(.odad by \rsn{sans. S Srdn.ha) o, Sotim shah [ .n

1622



266 lA Higrory or chkraqDiq

was rha mosr impo :nr proviics borhin ddrosy

'ndin ,esourcss, ir was a cusrom rha! soveoo6hlp

should bclons 6 or rhs kiis. Unlo urlG\,

rhs kirc appoinred "a Mash s6odse," (an AEkan6s noblemm)

menrion lrlm bv name

bur says ftar fiis ioblomdi -had trcd his uhos @ obkin th''

sow oEhip, slmply h oder ro be rcrensed on rho Ponusues,whom h6 h ed iironssly."l Mqn,ique rnds our rhe 6us. .r his

loushr rsaiis th6

Ponusu6o and was takei pnsoiar by rhsn dfiis rhe rifre ol

Accodins ro Manique, tha sovehot ol Bamu was rPdmarr'

(AdkaiN (do ol iobiliry), whose htlueic. was mada ussrul

by rhs tavelld n Maniqua pEi$s him

B r'an enlshrened ru]d :id sG ni6nd ot rhe Po uquese"4

Tho i,av6l16r du,iis h's ejoun in u,mu (July 6, 1630 A D)

how ol cou ery aid kindnes's

lr/harever rsellnss rh8 sove,nor or Chindsong miqhr bear m

hi. miid lor the Po usuess psople, ho rcaled rhem wirh ltiid-

lmmrdiarely atLs hh sppoinhenr assovehor

?

placo or hE ?c.ou (p. 12t) rhE tavelkr,sls6 ro tha hrod bry dhlka whi.h rhe sovemo, orcha

rvhich may mean rhe

s.h6 s lhsnl or rha idh6, of lhe sovrior againd rh8s[mu]ares douht Lhd rhe

m'ohr bB a son ot shabadii rfs A,ak.nese qoveho, orCtltra,i t603AO whitc



chiliasono uid lh! Aiskane$ mq me 167

,nvL?d alt I[a ]sadins Por

aid Dhns ro a caEmonlous mdins. Th.

da!6s es w6,o all ,ocsjved wiLh lutls! his slepha corps aid hs owtr band ot muslcians to r8ccLv.

rhsm -ar rho e raics a bilf sp@oh h tho

rho hope rh wtrh rhs help o! God aid rh. asbEice ol rha

owr rhe eremY 0h3

Mushal, and rhus obrali fi6 approbarion or hk Kins and Mader.'lar rhe cDicluson

"a mas llcanr f6sri which lsGd hosr ot rho iiqhr. accomp-

indi.allon o, pleasue aid sood w ll."2rh6 oocas on wA rcundod orl w$

Tho suens thus .ireruch pledsed'ai rhis corcmdious

!ifonun.cly, our ravells, ,ound nodins btrt"evl ii,enrions"

df rho sovehor behhd rhs geduro or tieidship, Ho ,Gnkly

ot tho slnceriry or lho

rha lator "ourw dly plsasurc a, meetins'rhs Ponlsucss. Msn,iqus ,rsi b,iios ssrious oh s6 asainst

rhe Po usue3e, Lhsreby hoth sarisrylns hrs dasLE lor vensoanooas well as 6nabliiq himslr rhe mo,o 6asily io usuD fis P,hc pal,ry

'arystrch "sv l ention'aqaiis

would nor havo ler ai oppotuiity slrp o,fmir'ns rha ls.dno Po usuesa capLaris caprivE ar rhs houBorrho biq@r, A car.rul oramialoi or fte sub$qua sve s,,sla.'",1 o ir a"voll"' {. . . .lds-los.or! i, bL rta lalicous

'tr'en(on or or



263 lA HhLdry of cr (aqoilr

r$ romu sovenor,s khdly hsliiq

rhe larar i collabo'arioi wirh rh6 Bensdt.oissidsirs or chakE*ta w€€ makins an md hand ptoriis wi6rh6 Mushal soveridr or Dhaka ro ov rhrcw us A,akdnes iula

sovc or of Dharia wahomed rh,sscrc( plotbolBvins rh rh'.wourd sive him ai opponuniry ot $i,iis chi_rEsois. a gene,al dEconrenrmant was possibty provr ins ano,u

of chokiasala osaii{ rha.lisn maserc. solhe,o was norhins

uiusurl ror rhem b w,iro ro rhs Mushalhetp ii cse ot th6rup,isiie Ths sovehor or Dhara qho mu have stadly €c6iv6drhh.pDsal, a$u,ed rhsD ol hc Nrerjal supro He3tsopro.m'$d rhar "he would remaji ror $e $,hols m.irh or Ausuy

neel l The porud.

q._. :{Fr a.",\chiksois s6hed 6so Ierre6 be,orchand aid

lskrs wcra rrauduledly unrei by rh6

rdamor him$lf as a masns ro sarisfv his ill inci[oi asdinrh6 Po uquose, Maidqua 3l@ady had charssd rho sove,norofhis sv'l dosisn o, Priicipaliry of chartsai.,

M nqEt unju ,erubd on (hh srcund 6ar

'lrhs sov6 or had his h rd rhci hewould

io, .lioârs rha Po lsussei oi rha conrary, ho would sus ror$6n .uhnds in mareializiis rs Dlai as somo of hh prcd,c&

Secoidly, rr ha had

did hs rcqus$ rho

eono as aorlv as Do$ibl6 ro ms.r

qovsno,2 was rcad'ly ,espoided b, aid-whhour lo$ ol rime" lhs kins ordeEd $o coraisiri (K amkerD

2 Th6 leru wiusn by ih' govohoi

kansse kins rcachsd rho cou ar

or chi(asois ro theA -

rho ord or Mty, 1630A o.



chnLasors rid rho Ahklnes6 rdom6 a6s

gdi.s lid ro y qnbys, aid rh6n repatrwirh

all6peed

b capbin w:s al$surprisa arbckon fig po 4uese ro makerhem pisomrc ln cas ol rho f.iture or a iavat seizurc rha

Rahu." rvleanwhits,

huriedly se mosons s ro ohnbsons (Jme19, 1630 A D) ro wam Lhen coudrymen rhsrch

orrhe imp.ndino

Ju,e 3orh. Mr[Lqus who w!! rh6n prca.hiis ii fia po osuoss ohur.h Dimswas Gpoired or iL Mosr ol rh3 po(lsusa sailors we.6 rh€i

pltrn& is Gid oi rhe souh coas orBsnsdl s @tomo Gonrales Tlbio, ons of rho p nctpal ponu,

slass teadeG aidIha Ponus(ass inhabl@nb, huriedly camg

ro rhs .hurch ro seskArakanes6 sncrc3ch-

msir The rwo leadsrs c,lhd ror rhGe orh.i

wsll,, b coms ro

The leadeG al€r ac.ures ol discu$ion dscid€d rar Manique shoutd l6ad a mcrionro rha cdun or Arakan o dtlry ihs kiis ard rcs ai. him ,rom

s, on Juty 2id, t63o A D, Man.memorable tou'nsy trom Diang 6 aGkai.

The misslon was strcce$fulr rhs kiig or ftakans ord s Gcruiis

Nor oity rh.L lhe kiispromised b8rorc Mairlquo th3L he would aomovs rh€

soveiio, l,om h

ssuvjcs" aid would appoinr

'ai uprishr ma.

Th8 Po usuess me$enoor rsachsd

nor arakan proper ar the edno^



,701a H{dy or ch!'Esors

in Cha,iqsi '1 Ma Eue

E kms wa. cdriedPonusmso or chitraqois trom a E ibt3 and.P,obrbly, Manak Rdr o, Nlanqar R., r yduios brorhd of rh6

king sucdsded b

Dol ra {o y d.

Du'iis rhal rim6 harlre kingor AGkan wirh Eb srE wo h

Fupess t00,0oo !s piehkash "and w h or. hmiliN ho nado

he should bo .onsidsGd as loyal va$aldnd

rho src Lhar ho would serue loyally whei.

cs 'snra valuablc dres or hoioursloiq wnh maiy preciour q r.

ro rhe nsia of rha fohdn was csued.ohnh'nq tha soveretsiryfnm in h'o wo'dr aid ro atraii ekmal glory by helpne Lhe

The kins s melhod or submt.ssion and rhe qyle or expreseinq himsau hava obvtoustv been

au'lror 6id rhgss shorld nor be iakso l d,allr'.Nsva heles rhe po$bitiLyor sndhq or a mhsion.id E msut.

Fnr motral asieehsn beNeen rha rebet [nice aid $a arakrtrsrkis cainor ba rulod oul h has aledyatromprs driio rh6 Bisi or Jahsion 6

did rhe n6n was dill loomns liruo. so,ir w?s rho d'plom:Lic d.alinss on rhB patr 6f rhe

^,.kaiasaktiq

to sua ror an alliin.e wirh the Ebal pric.Trro

dasn.d oblscr p,nce nor oily qavs up

hc claim over chiGsoio but acknowledged "rha Eovroiqiu or



'hoAGbme resimc Lrn

his (he A'a|aiosl re iro,y.' rhe pincs rclu Gd rhoahkaios.

o his word and sxps.red rhd the ArakaieEe

kro wolld hetp Lhe prln6 it ne..s y, in sahins ihs rhroia olDelhi. x should be nored rhar rho .srceme wls iove, dhho'

an smp8tu,. ND

by hrm rhrousho0r

ch asois iom Lhe Arkaneso, The Arakaiese klns Ii his pan

sendhq any warlite

enrelpise 0 rhe Mrqhl Etrito'y dunns

shah Jahan, rhoush rha p,acrico or pna.y upon the co.$il aEas

,esn a ler bl. iamiio v's red

ale .rfecled bY

i-"\ or I o ro.n"l p. .e.

o.. o ,,op 1JL,-s

PdB Muidy, while i drino hls vis ro lida if, 1632AD,(chdsaoo rohe,ly belonsino ro rho Mosoll,

tuakonese lordshiD ovs chrraconc.

M.nco T.a ni ri533a D), fl6rpadisvi (1633'4s^ D)'rft.doMint.r{164s'52AD) 6nrTs.hd.rhudhahm. (1652'044D)

Khs Thrri lliudhrmm.,ras succ€d.d by his son rvrens ls ir,(hd ro, a b,i8r p6iiod or rw.n'y elshr

dsys only. He \qrs murd6r6d

eit lover wro now

I 'Th€ Dash rc! de', qr I Bm. R \ sorh Ain publ. No, 2 is6o

2 rk rntk "l kt, Mu,tt, rol. r, Flrtuvr so.isrv, o. 152

3 tro w6 rhD qrciL qFndson or

A,akan (1525n*r a D)

Th BlLi, i lo'mfl tulo' dt



212la H6bry or chnussrs

po iown viiually b a h.!nr ot ths poûqseso nseboocE

Du,ins 6e ruteor Traida Thudhanm:, chirEsois bedme a

ot Stldt a. 271_ "r,o canoor oP.

- morsr'. hp rr p, 393)



chirla3ono undor lrE Aukaiseo rosimo 273

Ehc!ol6!uss ror rwo rcyaleiihs. oie wr Govnd: Maitkyr, ths

Iieuk kins, who b8ins driv.i our hy a usu4er, rook rerusa otois

wirh hh younsd bmth?.,n chiuasonsl aftsNade hs prc*sdEdrow d th. aEkane 6pMl, wherc he livsd forsonoLma rillshujas

Tha orh6r 6r'10 was Princo shuia, who belns d, voi ourbyauhigzib'g .my, cama b chirrasois otr hs way ro r€ Arakdtrssa

cipi6l. Hir prsssnos ar rho ArdkanssB cipkal de od (oubtes

in vvlrioh couind. Manikya was suspecLed ro havo soms connoxioi.shuia sull€Gd a rasic eid ar rho haidr ot {ha arakai6s6 aidGovinda Mdhiky, wa3 oblisod ro so b:ckoi hk rsruh iourey rh6 priice cama b childqons wharo h6haad rh€ iews or iho us ,pd'r dca'h. Thercupon, Govjnda Mai-

io his rhrcno. tn

buih rho romplo ol Chiidranarha aid ox.avdsd a dishi ns ir.

Aooodins ro Gaurio, Schourei, . mldid.t oJricer se(iis thsDurch Et$ lidia Company. rhB ,l'ghr or Shah Shuja lrom Bens.lro Arlkrn w.r lollowod by rh. Mush.lof Di.ns. Gauii€, Schoured rc@,ts:

Ar rhis s.mo rin6, n happei.d iha rh"rous

qenralEmnJ6mbla, nqmsd Nawab 6li6r havhs rcduced rhs aitars o!

Choousa (Shah ShuF) had plan6 ro toltow tha_p n.e oslar a. ho could, and he sanr arrord wirh a iun ousahvar ld .e rhs villaso ol Diaisa on rho bod or rharcatm

ol Arahi wirh plans toenre, wiLh tira aid 6word. Tho nsws

had alrhed rh€ .nrl6 cou rys'doi 6spoci:tly, in fts aGai6ar iho wa6o s. Ono raw .vcreherc p€opl6 who woro

ll$ins wirh !h.n tamilios and ften oiro s in.der rosav.

-Aojonlla Chhrxamiorya



2?a laHbro,y or Chi aqons

$em$lvosln

thd caplBl0iry.1rho arakai*o knq, n dda, to .ebull$6 pt*ibl. iruoh, atraok

or c, rqors adop&d €olo-re d46n6-sasrct s.honsl u n€s

rn odd ro quicklv ,Bnse rho dilanm, rh. kinq despdohed

hs rmisxles in all dirediois ro dnod au rh6 subFcG

who would bs b ror abls io c ,v woapoin aid'i

ih8

way h6 quickly as$mbtsd . drons ahv. oi8 s@! .ho a

la,sdiumb6i ol oale4€s, €quiEped lor bdds call.d into

(od wirh cannon made or small pruciou.piocoe ofsui matal,

li is ior knowi vrhsrhar Env .bsh bdwoen rha Mashs and Ih6

Muqhals lctuolly rook pl6co or ior. N6vdrhol6ss, rho co em_

10 Mn Jumla's pDje.r ol rn iivrsion or

^mk,n Thoplai

was,b,ndonedas arcsuh

orlMi,Jumlit audd6n

de.lh, Tha rask rh€n f6ll on shahra Khoi who 3uccaslullv

erecu(od lhs phn ol rh6 Muohal iivasioi o, Ack6n.

lhmsrndm.rt soidup was boiiq sovsned

by oilawa,, "a ,urw.v capkin or rhe Mdsh'l ,mv,"3 d$iis

rho Mushal astLrlr or rhe islaid ll r665 A D. The Arakai6so

kns dspdchad a ll'er io hslp Drl.war asaiid tho M!sh.ls, This

bads us ro think ftar Dilawar was sove.niis rh6 hlaid unde,

rh. rur.lasa ot rh6 tu3kaneso kns h caiior br precislv $id

when Dhwd sain.d rlrs pD$6$ioi ol rha lsl.nd From tho

,.hu ol rh. shiDwrocked sdlloE0l rh. Tdsch.llns (1661 A D)Jwas a Muslim who Eeiv.d

rhom cotr eously, Iho iurhor ol (hs ldmsrnodo,I lunhor whrs

1 caurid schruien, 'voase qI M s [hii .l^

s P, xl (1956),



rhs Amkamsa rosm' 1275

occupied rho l.land bsfore 1660 A D

t.cdon 2 An O{tlltr.ol therttktnost tdnlritirtrio'l. chittieons

rh. .dur.6 nate dl lor ths histo cal dudv otrha Arakanesa.dmlniruarion ii chinEsons h mdsed m'asrt' A lew incldsnral

rcma&t m.n. bv to'.irn avalls*, chrciiclets and h orlans arc

lh6 P mary eur6 ol'ntom

]on.

Ths A,akoiesemoiarchs tuled a l.lge ndct ol lard includiis

choisons aid Ch Gsois tlill Trdds lo, ie lv'

Gonrury' on6

ol rham srylad him66lt or tho hlshss and fia holt powsdul

kiis or Arakin, ol Tppora, ol ChacoE s, 'id or Bensah'"]

Ihis InfLred ftlo indi.abs lhe clalm ol rheArakansso rulorc ove,

a lar96 po on ol tasbh seiqzl Th6 coirempom'v B6isale6

dderr cosoiDo $e Arakdie.a soverclli as 'Lod ol whiro phanr

iDhabal M.uns"*d). 'Lod ol whiE aid Hed Elsphznl habal

Ths ,jskanasd D'oviio6 ol Chirusons wd subdivid.d iirosmalle, ldministdivs t rs, crlled bv rha lorciqne,t as'kingdom'

and'principaliries'. Then exacl numbq cdinor ba tdcod lr is

srarsd ii rhs ncioh.ro lhar rho Tripurde rook Pos$$ioi ol six

menriois soms ol fto kinsdomt (6lvaO such

's

Rambu Chaka'

r,a, rnd Doang-J id.3 TEe 1slt I'a'6 soms rela ion b.rroel s'r



276la Hhtory or chiuaeoio

hudpur, H rih2!r aid 9aiath.2 This ejshr div,sions oxooEr

wilhin rtr: liflrb ot rho modo,n rsd..s6urhsubdvsi., and rherelore have hl6 coiisxion wnh $o @tvskiisdoms o, collsb 3ccou Tha Europ€.i tavele6 r,,quenity

in size aid rank. Th3 i.c. in.i.are iho prkmiisncs oriho rwoaid F,mtr ovd

ths rule6 of all ftcse thsd,ms wercvs$sd wnh cenain.mounirh6 posirioi ot ftny

of rhesr rulsts were hoiedir y.

rf, all tupedi Lhe vic.foyalry ot chirEsons w3, oi. or

tha mod impoftN po s ii rhs orsaiizaiion of rho AEk.ne$sovahm6nr. Tho iown of ch(hqons wle rh6 hBadqua abotrh.

rerk.y io rhe wtElo Maoh Empirc..r Tho Areksnoss kino wae

Ann. Publ. No, 7, 1960, p !s4P (Monsoon Numbor, i364 E sl, 34



chir!.sons undr lh6 Ackm.s @siho l2r7

lully .waE ot rr snd ar Shfi:buddin ratirh obsorv.!, ,,rhorc ts

.lwarr ems tu.rwo hy c)a wort nhful Dtlnmatr or rh€ Raj,hlr chdrs. ol rh6 Oowrms.r ol Chlrsaon.,l rhi. .hd! $ rhe

vi@Ey of Chitusoig hrld . pcr oi ot htgh tmponanc. tDrh.AEk 6. oownhonr, lr.pp{B rhd .Itu ol eo@$iotr orrh.!k. wd s.@Elly loll@d l, rhe .ppoirhhr ol ih. sowmorol rho prcvlncr. "Th. p rcipalhy of Chariq.n.,, sy! Mairtqr.,

"b.loased by hd.diEry rishr b rh. s6trd .or!? rhhriidolldw ol .uocdsion, rollowd in owyoosot

Th. occ.sloi of tE ind.Ua on dr h .ppoi.r6d €owmorm. cuallv ob!.n4d wirh tdivhi.e' R.ldlitrs ro cr dudd4d ldndros ol cntlhsons, M! qu.

w,ne 4 ftr ooreror) im.diety (.t@ rh. aoioludoi ot 6s

inlEur or oEiby) .4 E work io .oqdtE . fult kiowled?ool hre E ovin@ ood ol how h. @uld b€r ino@s. hr Eruhl.dva ac6 '3 Tho 6iden@ ohh. sov.rior war pGibly rlo.r.dwirhitr lh. lon, Ih. D..l.sins Mushal .hy rouM rho s6va,tro

ft. so@d ol chirceonc erqt alrndt in.Lp.(h lv Esq-,dins

$.podorruis

ot.dminbnfliv.

duu4 ftt. tud. himap@r afu kiis 10 the loeienh. Grodno (i602 A D) w @$ar $. A4kqo!. .ul, -hatsi up . ktnq (h chitr €ois) utrrl€r

hlr hitrd,'l M.i quo m.nriond htn rrh6prii6 ot Cr.lts.i.,5Plrrd d. Lrvat (1607 A D) rhou€ht or him (rh. tuLr ol ,Chrd6!)io tu ,a p.ry klno of rhi. proviie o' rrhor a gowmoi wirh

2

3

5



?73 A H srory or Chirhqonq

(hs lda or kiio.-1 D! Janic .onllsos rhs qovs'nor or chila-

'toins of rh.i darB (1460 A D) iow sxtr..

suma b6ins skuck by rho vi@roys ln chi(asons.3 shhabud-din T6lhh slso supplbs 6vidon.6 ol hsuins or 6tns by rhe govs,nor

i his owtr iam.a

Tl'6 AEkanxB rkle or llre poe or qovsmo6hip otchitrasonswas no, oi' and rh. s:ms rh,ouohour the p.riod. ln di ri.k!-nesE rmpl6 ins.'iprioi or 15i10.41 A D, tha A,ak.n.so qovemo,

ol chitasonq is dssisnatd rs chardilah Faja.s Accordinq ro

Maniiqle. ,ho holdq or ih6 sovsmobhip ol Chnbsons wasdon-

iried by rho rirL ot Lonsonja'o (Loka6i. vz., ruln or rh.

o.oDle) In atrorhsr Dla.s or his book, Maniqtra wfta.rh.r klns

Motrs Fadzssyi hsralled lhs v'ctrcvalrv olchirl.oons, wirh tho rrle ol 'Alamanja,? Fstiins Alahrr lha

F.m! was iexr only

asenaiied lrom ths

accou of Ralph Firoh, who ptrE rh. nams Ramu ioinr\ wnh

R6.oi (Adkan) whilo denoilid rhe wholo ol rhs kiisdoh.s

3trsD, x osar),68e

5 A n, r (179a), 299 rho nanslalor rhoushl or rlrs E,m

adklmse oorupr loh of shandllya B.ja

3 For6,, RorDr' Ftu.t, 0.25i olso sse zDz, p 233



eh ooono uida rhe tuakaneso rscing t 279

A m$ion y vhll.s chnEsons io 1593 A D calls ta kinq-

dom of Ramu. 1 rho kinqdom (Eya, dsh) of F.mu is alsom.

'oisdan rh. fn|ta Chnnt.l. ond sno orher s6ngrl' workr,

ThB ciry ol Hamu hld a sribsic imporEnca bs.au$ ir $rusdchi(asons ro a6kan. h all aspecb, Bamu

ciry whorcds chitksois wa d cormopolilaioio. Tho cirywrs knowi ro rhs&akaioss as Panwa. Ma qus,

whila vhir'is Ramu n 1630 A o,wres rho nams ol lhssovst

ior 6s iPomaja"2 a.codiis ro Manrquo, Famu was -rho.hiefLown in rhh olsricL and fie usual &aiotlhovicercy l. charso'13

lr .ppsaE nom [ilan,jquo.

usEd wirh lho pedomrno of ce ali runcriois as rh. hsadolchaice,y on bahall or rh6 kiq or tuakai All kind. or rcvonuo

knsacrion werc b bd hada thtuush him. Document pemi(ing

nom tuak i by laid

had ro be subm@d ro him lor oramii ioi and '1o mako rhom

valid 4 Ma iqu.'. ob$narron rhus poinl oui rho soosraphicataid administdivo impotr6r6 or Bamu h rhs kiiqdom ol AEkan.

x appsaG rh allthssubi6.rrh6n .uzenin wirh .hy aid iavy al lh.ndspolal ii c.sB ot hi5

covehor ol chn!

3 P P, xLv (ot 2, 1917), 143

Th. wod'Pomaja o qln os in'Paiwa{a,'lho earor ol Panwt(rhd AEkando iams ol n.mu) $at is lrs ti.ihold.r, who

look (aro)'hE

rcvenues, sendins a sharc ro rhs kins (r,ld .igug, l, 94i). Th6!ova,no, was also knowi 6 Bamu-lr or

rhs nof holdd ol Ramu (rtrd.,p, 91n). Ths bm s m@niiq

add o, holde, h cdnenr amois rhe tribesmen or ChilragonqHII Tracs. Th. rcveiu6 c6lhdd h rh6 Mash ro. ary

'sknowi as 'Sooqrea' ( I ,r I 3, !v (335), 36), This i. rh€

mlloquial tom otslg,i or lho gto 3ai or o , ol,avonuo,



26d I A Hldory ol ChirusonO

.!ons ioinad th. tu.?dr.- kino l. lh. tdort *Fr,trbn lo P.eu.l

W. hd. ll 6 *$ .urhdiry o, Gu4 o rhrr th. chLt 6tchlk h dl!.rdh.d hl. ..El [email protected] io h.h rh. kin! wjrhna6l ld@ drins h-E .l€ob ol &ri.m O9O2.O3 A OI2

An idpon. nili!!ry olli6i.l rhar had Ellioi ro rrE AEkaaesMnlMi of chin.sons was KoEmkrl,3 @ dum ft! doLn@of rh. prcvlne d4. .d ro, h,g. .{rnr, Tho FonusuM hirlo.

,-6n Eo@tro dalinq lho p6l 6 eptrli sd.Bl by @4 rh.aohdtt'br rolsi tb him 6r6mond, ol h'd toE6.5 IMmr.iq@ oy!, ir wE "a tido cordpoidms lo rh.t ol Cdpr.ir.Gmral

ol o. .nd ldd 1016 wnh !.,,€ Shih$uddir T.tish dstind

rhi! po.r @ "Commandrn! dp.rr.bndsdr',7 fto i.joElo iDrom,ohiolr.ln d a commmdd r!h6d ,Xu6. M.shj

uas6 md (.mr€rl, ll .ffi ihar h. we wurr.d ,rom rrAEk .s mbrlity, whil..p..kinC ot $o dudrion ot htGotfioqT.lalh whox , E{.y rla, lh. aahh ol aEk.n 6.idr to chli

3 Tho .p.llhs v.ri6 ir diflssi! eurca bootc, Manriquo wireCoEisr . Th. r.iodrdi m.U! ir 0! Ku.umoni. tn fi. Fdty4Ilnnd dnd Ir rt6 AtcagrMnoh i. srd i! floiouncdKaDmka .od X.Emk bri tupocriwty.

3 $r qll rDr a.'rrr,, rlE ri

sr(R Ii.E h{ lrtrrl k!{iGrf"r trl tI[ tr{r ritrfi r r



ahirboond und€, ,h. aEkines rcoirs | 231

The,6 wsE a nuhbd

ollicials whoss tl 6. hav66me down !o us lhroush Euch source

3s msdi6wl lrerary works, plac.n.res atc on6 suoh pnr wa'

loaza which Ir curcm amois rho (hvouns Tha tibemen ot

chitrrsors HrU TEds h meais tha collsdiis'soni

or villas'

h.ad.,3 Anorhsr dirlisukhsd rtrto was khnoaja.' ln . m6dlov.l

in chtdsoisHill ThcE

rillrho elshthrh

€:idence * 6a,lv as 1494.95 A D€ Thopo_

$o hold$ ol $l' pos, @iiot D' pisol@lv

dsscrrb€d. a kadli in o$ rim6 u ons who is.ntu €d wirhrhoad inista Dn or a 'paE' (olshlv a villago or a P'n ol hl tnd

4 S.bnid (han, 'VidYa Suida!', qr S P (Mon!66i Nuhber, 1364

6,r R, \,r (1aos,, 135. Th. re,m wat rclar6d ro tho adFiiit;

*atlvs and ,svenua colhcrlotr ol a khui lha nibohli

6I r s P, xr (1965), 123



282 I A Hkrory or chturaeoig

w rh,, ot rJB saocodl r' {ood iue on rho baik ofrhe nvs k iaphuti acc

rh. (aiiaphutj Brvn are soms h lts, hishand tow s rard ctose ro eadr oLher.

.rhe low h,lls have

ro ris levrt ol rbs

dvals rhs 6mp r or Aleiinder, and s loweB (burt) arc as

hish 6 rhe hlak !l buruj. F:i.y cainor sound (hs deprh ofib moar n:qharon cannor rc?ch jE n,chsd p apd.

Li rha fo rias beei

Irows rhc rver K irphul . oi rhs no h std6 G a talo6

Laldrshil ctose ro rhs dtrch,aions Lhe .ntr@ norh

1

3



rh6 tuarlnos rcshE 233

aB hills IE h lls

luisls so dmse, rhd ir s impossiLrls ror imaqio 'oi. wirhtr rhe ro rwo spftss now, rhe wdsrthe Kahaphul Rivo

wh6h rh8 channsl ot rhe spiiqs becomes so b,oid rhai ri.lba boar can $slv p*s rhrouqh n. As rhe looDlo or ft6lo u$ .ll rhs waE (,hi issues) in s*sois orher rhan rhs

6id block rhe ourler ro rh6(ar

n,phul Fiv,. on a heiohr wilhin rhe lo k a rdmb, knownsaid thar I oia couldpe,ro'h ihe im.o$blo tear or drsqsliq . l:,oe qui io ihs top

or {ha hill al the we sm .om$ which adrolns T'ppaEh, B

b.lls would ral,

r u x'li4y srock, do 'oi rhe crher srde of rhe K napl,uli.' of rhs

,o ralkh w resr ,Lrr) is a lorLy aid

lo or chaloaoni ft s lull or derei.e mae,hls ."2 lhs ctuB

of buildiis tho secdnd

tl.6 ii Ih arca. ltu Bdiadnc,

rapd E ol rhe buildrs ol sn AratlnEo reld lo in Kdhsh ,3

Ths Alamsknamh srares ol an Am[onB.e fon d Ram!.4

Ac.ordiis Lo Tilish's n mrioi, norhdtr chitbeois du'ino rho

was kansforf,sd ioto a soh or'no man's land

keep $E e!remo ionhsii lroi(ior

or rho kiisdom a desolate a:i so as 10 resist rha Mushal inv-

dslon wlh rh6 heln or n uio, This remiid6

.r rhe ancenr Fomais who auowed ihe lrc *



234 | A History or ch Esons

plB ro ba oovercd by loE{r, rhus maklns rh6 hovom.ib ol

rh. iivadins lorcosdilricuh. Eolh Fdri),'r-/trry, aid fie AhmSi,rtri pplv aviddne otrha complers dsGoloroi ol ft6 no hsmpa ol rh5 dGoicr, eEoo.iallv rh6 rro ol laid borweBi rha sa.mast lid rhs sirkund. H,lls sl habdddtn Tali.h dhws a 6kerhor fili .liha 6s ror6k!:

Frcm Jasdh, whs'srhero war i (Mu€hat) oupc*, ro Chdsaonl.y c wildemgs 0n rho skft or rhs htll war r den$ junslr,

wirhour dnyvodis. ol h.bilarlon o' liviisbslns, . (Ths Mishs)did norla.v6a bnd ii rh.6n or a b6aqon rha laid irrcm chr!sron) roJasd.r rhs nonrd or06rs,l i'. o.seo r.a o6o.rion.thlckeied rh6iunslss, desnoyed rh. al, fld ol6s.d rh6 rcad $mll lh oven rh€ snako and rhewid coutd not pa$ troushl

prciecr of dBpoputa(ion was uken in hridi! diricuh b as.ilt.in. Tha soh'rn., repons ro ur rhal rhs

Invadiis Mushal ahy uida, O,sin Khan'zohhddi' or Nzampr Pa.qan, (whtch probrbty c.mp,kad wholly o, plily h.dah Mt,s ai and sirakunda u.z.s ) uid6i ir6

.ublusdioi h 1616 A o,2 on $e sans aurhoriry, we e hr.hedrhar rha paru3na used ro soid rup*6 lir huidEd as

'eveiu6ro

ti. Arukaies €rch€qu*. Iha R.h,rn&i olso sivas 6v'd6ica orrh6 sxeronc. ol ! h shwry ii rhd arca Th. sraEmonr ot trs

sriartur rhus l6idr roprovo rhar rha area rill rhon was notdavoidol 6ctlsd populat ox

hal iNtsionr for@ d

dhai. 6p .s desolarlns rh6 whoto,sa b3rw*i rh6 tlsr Mushalourpod d Jasdi. and fta vlcjniry of ths chirkoonq rowi. A..@uft rho qhols popuLrioi was d,ivrn our rom rh s pla.. aidrh. v.abd arc. wa! l6ft b bo omduolly covsBd wirh juislss

Th6 tuakan$s rulsr. otsorivoty hodad rhs dsreid or rh6ionheh nolr' ov6. b rs



Chkcsons uida rhs Amkano$ Dsim6 | 235

lna ABkaiolo, b.lievins rh rhesa p5opl6 warc lnhical ro rhd

tutuslims rnd lir ro ba no l& curds wrh $en Dowo'lul ll.sr,.mployad !h6m ii their 3svici Forulsi ravsu66 qivaan accouN

ol rhis Ahkano:o policy ol $s prdrscrion ot rrc isr wirh rha

h3lp or rho ro,oietrqc A.codino E Guorcno rl6OO A D). "alhodall thaporl(ot chinasoiq) has bosn sivei ov6, ,o rhs Po uquos,'lOn rhs .urho,irv or Minique, ah.s mai (rhs pdnusus) w.r6in rhs s.rvice of rh. derended hb rbnrier

aoalBr rhs enorc.chm.nb ad iy.anny of rh6 c6.r M.sol, 2Edainins rho tudkanee poljcy, Md,iqus ru her wdrssr

wirh rho obiocr ot .acu no rh.!s Lwo enuaqcos {by hidaid ssa\, rh€ Mash kiissdo.lded b alw:ye 6roii ponususre

ii rhsn Fnic., sm ins the b.st or rh6m rha Gik orca aiiBilar.., di 6vei!6 pbducins lands,

oi $. undstsEidlns rhd rh6y nainraing't

thdr counrryhsn and al$ Goli6.. .. Basides rhl. ainual n..oms, rh.y woru .uthotu.d ro kks $snvBlts inro rhepftcip.liry ot Beisala, which balonqgd ro rh6 Grcar Mosol.3

Be tur's accounr ot Ma ique. H6w 16: -rh, kins or Rak'n, who livod ii prpsrual draad of fts Mosot,

(rh6 Po usue6) e a

suard, td tha orordc 6n or hirr,onrie4 p€hiliis rhem io oEupy

a serpo( call6d charisoD, .id makins rhsm sEiE ot ldnd.'4rvlanucci mskor

"simla, ob$,vaiioi, H6 w,ires: ,iTh. kins ot

aEkai reldd nuch oi rhis cla3. ohr Ponusu:s6) and mad6ljtrlgamuirol rh6 kin$ hit neishbouG borh r,om rho b:avoryot rhalloGsd Eon, als

rh. /ilos4, EmDiE, t€56.6s A D, ed_

Archlbald coiEi.blo, r972. p, I7j5



Po !{,uese) we's shglged

in chnqsiw, a pl:.i by .he Moq-t .ioos

ol .orqudiio rhatknqdofl-l Atoxridar Dow wrrrs ,(Th6AE-

kaios. kmq) mdhhined ar chhrigons $he po lsues haidiri,rhe empne dr rha Mooule-2 ti rhe vi€wot

Mm,Ns, ths ldlusu6a fl'or fomed -rh' ba.kbond of (ara

k ese) navy,"J c liis rha iuma calskaasrh of rh. podusuese

dmplolm. or .!dndeed been tor (hs seven hundrad and firw

rhs Mssh rular had ii his D3y, ih6 Mogoresworld oi boLh o.c iois (Mushalo empGro coiqtr4chtrasois

'lurno $6 strbhdrshtp tb,ahim Khan Farh,

,.jans) havaez:d chaLioan.... "1 rhjs wholesoma dependsncs

defeice oi rhe kinqdom aid rhs coh$.

queii nesliosnca on rho padof rtE ah kansse ru leB h.lpsd ro b nsaborr d saner ftd rhen aimy sutrercd ar rhs haids or rhe [rushaL

of chjrEsois hstdMuslim fihs du iq rhe Ankadesop*tod. Thi: w,s obviously iinitalion o1 the prad,c6

a- s.o-"d ro ddoD.Mr

or a p r or Beosal especiatly ch trasons.s Falyiis upon rhoi.,o1, hr. sr A D PlJfo

s or kins Msnq Tsau mwun. Ha

wrn.6: "Fron'his

me (1426 A D) rha coins or rho ahkai kiissboD oi rhs rovctso, r\6r iam6s and rntos in rhe pesian characrsrlihs cu on wasprobabty l6r madaoblqabry upon rhemas va$ate

2 el...na* co* tr. Hiswy ol Htrdd , rr, a:o

73; Ha)I, op. .., p 390



aLri(asons uido r|e ankd4e dsmB L2s,

sovei8'sns aid rh6 Arukness sovoiioB ol chiu.sois, n arbndcd

a pufti ndmad yidtaJ,rd4, wrtusn by pod s.bnd Khai, fiaifieG

s P, (MoDooi Nuhb6, 1364), p. 34



bB la H6rory ol chitwdiC

arwhoss cou hs liv.d ror aFoilh. H.sh6: "on beiososs6ncd ro rhk pdly kins (lhe €ovonor of chitusons), ho r@jv6d

na w h orar kindie$. lull llbsrv, $vins

ihar it I would rcn.in w,,h him h. would do s€ar rhlisr lorm6:

.id indaod ho badd brln€ Ea raimonr, aid lood duv bv dav in

Tho AEkansa qovernme m. alned plblic hous" along

6 rcval ,oads Accodiis'oldlhn

A Fdinh. ! PolJsu'so ms"on y navell6r, wrro mrde tsmp.D,v sr.Y in chldagons ii l63s'

40 A D w'nes Lh.r builtoloig rh6 roval rcad

Tho tu kanesa adm dht ion in chirlasoiq w:r on rhtwhols

bai6tidal b tha rubiecr pooplo. AIl tho Bsnsalo€ ooun eoob

ol Arakai DEi.6 Ihon solsAsir ii highoundinsrsrm lotftsn

s.ciioD3. rrok.n.se &ol.r.'t.rr' t'dono lh' t'u''lim .nd Hindc

'cbioclo

pdiod or Ar.h conraor wirh Alakan'



c[irbsore rild rF AEkaie:r Esimo 1239

.dihci v/th 1r: r.nuslms as ca,ly as rha

nlnth enrry A D. Ih: Ai,kd.r.rrrcdr! sives @rorcnco rolh6Mlslim $trhme

day. (7333r0 a D).1 Musld riqi6 aid dervhh.s usod b vhir

rhe A6kaiesa 6asr. Oi6 or rh4 i! drly known evi&ices or tnis

tadr h rho 6ii3roicB or ir6 Muslm shrine. called 'sada, Muqam'

6c rsrcd alono ihs.o:dline or aftkan.' Thei 'Bada, fi4uqams ars

sh i.s o,lgii3lly crccr.d by rh.

rollowere and devoraes or Pn B3drdddin Bad, i-Alam,popuhrly

kiowi ae P s.d,. This acr or commemoElon susle srhar Mus-

lim shls and sailoB h:prancd ro land Lha .oa$ ol Aiakai

as e ly as rre lotr $enllr .6nirry.

The shdual Muslin i.rlhtion nLopoltcal 3id.uluralliloor Arakn b.camB mo,e rorc€rul dunig tre reisi or Mois Tsau

h3lr or 1is sulr]i or card (Jalaluddin Muh+

mmad sh+) EerhcJh5 h,ono.l

Muq:m' seo the conubui

ea,ly p.r ot !$ seveirssn'h ce ury rhe ru1,6 ora,akan adopred

Mrjlm Lmos ,.o i.s ,oeo ,ho-e drias ! ma( ot rhstr pat ol Fsnsal sspecitlly

ch hsois. Two

rc $s namc. ora Muslm scvern

od nars olridiah rroldinq PsBan nn6, rhs tsLiryns b tha lad

ol $s slaaic peicva,ioi o Aiik:n. rhe Muslim EUbiusdions otABkan riom ima ro rims unddul)kdly hcrcosed fte lslamic i0lluancd

subms'ion ro rha Husaitr sh.hi ,utet.s Tho

$ 6 rrEr rM Pa ti atuv ol Muhammad

i I ,i s B, xll Oeaa), 36

2 For .n analyricil sttrdy of 'Bad,ion ot Mr Slddq Khii in rhel

4 .i^

s P, x (1960), 12s



290lA Hhory ol ahnrasohs

Shah Ghazi enrsred inro A,ak3n.r

The Mlslim populatron of rhe koodom or arakdn (whlch

inc,uded rha Muslm or ch mooio) aturada szeabl. qudi[ty ro loh a socisry o, ften

ol Musl'm popularon in rh8 knsdom ol Amkai was due maiily

ro rhs b,ins^s or a hBe iumborofdprivo Muslimsby rh6 rl,lash,

Fnrsi pndes I'on Lows Ben,.,3l Ths A,ikaioso, w,Dr Str A

P PhryE " appe& ro have s.nr rumbars o, rl,e inhabla o iiroAhk.n dslavso...They lorm aLioutl5% or rhs whols popularon,"2

B.mi$ wire:,'Alrhoush r)e kii9 ot n!kan bo a son( le, yar tMrc ar6

peoplq who have e h., chdoi ro

nstawd bY Lha Po usr6e .in ften

rhus p,ovs rhs i8d rhar rhe MusLm commmi(y of ABkr^ was com.

posed or borh rclusse 3nd dpLivc Muslms Pod Alaot wnrssrhar rho cosbmporc,y Muslim socery ol Amkan wrs composed

of va ous elemsnG Fgypiar, syiai, -Iu,kish,

Aby*hian, Rumi (ayza ian), KhoGsil,

Dsccaiiai, Assamese, Bais;16e, K

csne.l Asians .id a ho$ ot oftor iaLomli,ies,6 Th6 6ccoD of

Oia or rhe mrin srhilc grcups i^ rhe kl.id ot sum ,a, id-cd,a Bt tonn-.o, 1'ti 6tt,nt_t

1975, p. 59)',Ihs props Maloy iams ol rh€ plac6 6 Achoh

The Ponrsues sesetully colled ir Achcm." H./, p. 3

cochtn was calkd by rha Malavs Krch r vde H L p.226

rhr .ir1ar{ rqF ljicr (,'i'f .enorlr: a.! Enrs4,

sorl, icrrl. {Ft. Ei}l, {Rr1 rl,

2



chitaqois lndff rho A.aktne$ rcsima I 291

rhe co emDora,v rorciqi tBvelLerc ,hrcw lloht on ths Muslim

etlameb n Amkan, w rino in rh. besiiiins ol th.savenrsn'h@nrury cuereno obse ee: "Tho Moo6 world .lwavs bo s ibos

rhar is very srbmksiva, wnh no oLh desno bLt 10 llvo uid6t

hr (kins ol Arakai) prcIe ion."1 Manu.d ddas rrl shah sh'

uh duaq his $ay io Arakrn, "lotrid maiv dwelleB !n A6kai,

Tha Mudim popula'ion ot Ahkan .oisi{ed ouqhlv ol rour

lomed rlrs hrcesr pan or'hs

rolal Musl m popularloi ol Araktn-

Muslmsr,om Lowor Bonqal contrlbusd

eersalos Muslims rn rhe Arakan6so

The lavour showi

rc $E Muslms hd 1o fte erowrh ol Muslim iobillv ii Ahk'n'

Accordins Lo cue sro

IhB wo,Ls or Daular oazi aid A16l

Namj M3rls, sved sh.h etc. who lEId 16-

.F..1 qiorl, Irt't. .r'{il d!il. lEr'll.uriql, qLi ?riirl I

qzlrt. !{Brdr'r +r1n1, !n(Ilir1.{ri6, .iid, r{18{ rrilrI

r.i !!1 l4{ drr4' rhr .c6'.

l{i"i ir. Erior r R B s, P. 12



292 A H'edry or Chjrtsqoii

pooslbls posls in Alaolr wofts slvo

ruL^ Ewad tt€lerned Muslims.l Thr Musr nobrrryai,i Iaa(ed men contrlbured

,a giow,i o, slamc crl,d6 io A'akatr

Th. Muslio i,rluence made a deso ma on rhs eciery and

rion of rL/ludim ioblirv ii rhe c.,ona'or rnml of rh.Aiaraiasa

mona,ch. M:jlish Navraj, r sciio, io'srcr orficitrlly cdnducrcd

rohally p,6n.!n.ed rhe sDlrmi dulics aidrespoisbrlles or: kiis 6i,r ursld rh6 naw kiio E fouow rh8$.

aiisr rh6 con.lB:6i

ofics. tko qazt,

lEquer'ly emoloysd in rhs Arsksne$ govsmmonr Muslim n.ii-whlo ha wrs eliis

,o ply b5lm La rspliLrul mode ol salu-

k0 ) b,fda rrcmadan inrlueice whi.h lrd ro ioDen bsis moro $cldld ii

ro the Mudm comhunirv and tha

Bongali ller5ntre prodtr.ed a brillair srouo orMurlhwilarchiha sovsnc.nrh cenrury. k h railly amdsins to iors Lhar tho

Fra-..s1. h d lorcrrn rulsB Eutth6 mo{ h'eEsriis

o! .ll k th bern{, in dsadly hosrilry wlrh $e MushtlE ii their

6rl{z ql4, rtq qr({ .rr3rrd., pp 26.27: aiso$E 'E6isal,

ottlk. al Btm.n Hhbrt, p- so

alacl tko,dd Jvdfrd, p. 2,iirl!e0.. 'i

AGka, atP,



cllr.0o,ro undor rho A,rkoi*E rcslms 293

lo,ssn rolarrdns rhc

orc esrp,ivleses ro rhe Mrdims onoidsd patronaqa b rhs lsl.mic.trllra and qava inrluenLia! supDo ro $o Muslin Foots ln rhor

Io rhe Hiidus atrd rheir cullu,e sla&d

i,om rhs vc,y ea,ly pErod or its hisrory Trc chandn rula (733

-957 A D) in Arak'iyriries.d thr ovrrlow otsaivism

oidTaiti-T s vo1.". rooDq,l.6 .ro "J_ .mr'c

twelrL, c€murcs ot A'yai inrlueico oi'hs

rclsols Iro or rhe Ariraissa. ihe ll^du ltrfluen'6 on socirl

and rclislous liro

0s31-t5s3 A D). R6rnnis ro tro srvl6 ol

buildhgs, .on$rudcd M,M

Scoll's

I'mi*r(or ths rempl€O is ienher Mohamcdai nor

Eh Pindu culrtro bssai ro bo Pauo-

nn.d by rha Amka^6s6 khos in

was .ihb ed ln rha culru,6 orHindu lgamins and liloritv Eenqoli

ln rho cou . Ea,erinq b rho paroiaqs ol ths Arak6icss kiios

Sn A P Ph.YG w'nes: "ln rh6 inrsid

coloi ds trom B.nsal, bmuqhrby rho Arakrn kirsi I an'nclinsdto rhinL thar Ue A,akanae h.i cht wers ia lans, imeE va'y

&ahhaiicaUy inclln6d. 3 lr seems $at all or rh6 srislla. Hindu

coloitut or Phae.s iamlon were pdssibly nor coloniss ii lhs

olrh8i ws,6 idlcposd

1 c, E B Joh"don, 'soma sanlkrr lnscdptions

o ,4 s, xl, 367145, D c S(c , liscripllons

ar ri'akan', E ,, xxxrr (1s57), 10310e

2 , ,r. ,c s, soLh ani, pubr le6o, p. 4s4

3JlrB,x (r84r).0i2



294 I A Hhroly or chirhsois

Eeisol aid werc rocd to ssltls n thoiew

land. Amons om rhuo nust bo s.mo le 'ed peEons, wsllvdsed in rh.n slrist*. Th6y w,6 dsksd ro demotrstute tenkiowlados h rhe royal cou(. Mr

eihr6ncs o, S,iskft la iins in medisval Buma, Iha raxls reLaGd

b su|h $bjecls os a*rolosy, a{ronomy, 6edi.n. law. rhdoic.id rclisiols s lprurcs weE p'ese,nd aid cuhiv edbvihasoho'

]are reridns ln the,oy.l.ou . D, Forchammar (1330 AD) wri'ss

'Ihss ar'sE s real Sriskir ll,erurr,olike lida wirli N:s i 3nd B4oali chdad.rs.

Hid! coloihG who ar dil,e"

rcnr pe,iodr... ssnled i rhk @ud,y." The c! rivarion or Sanskir

oxorched rrluencq uoon rhe Muslim wIeB of Aidkai did holped

,lown sritk,iric Benqal.

s&tion 4 t.sacy ot rh. lr.kan.6o i.slmo

The clos conffr betrvlei chilbqonq aid ;iakai rrom rimo

lmm8mo,ial dowo A,akamse rcsims ha. letr

disrincriv6 m k. ip6 or so.i6ry ind culrtr@

ol rhadid fi. Ths iams Maha, bywhch rha Mallhs or Chnraoono

Hll Trem iirodum ihem$lves loorhns k darived lion Mydrmd(or By,mna) rre ia onsr nrmo ol rr'e Bumtrs which is oilyS m,t*lv Bo\md1si.

(h6 sred Bohm ) md Pomsnl (rhd s'sar poatrq), ihs rwohono fic iiiles of rL's [vrash ch efs of chir.ooiq Hill Tccrs ddarrch th6 mrddla or earlrsr. Tha nams

Bowiioni occurs in an A,akan*e in.c prioi (1540-'4r A D), dis

covered ii ci LGqois.2 Tha Em Bow,igri of ths ins. prloiis th3 deb ed lom ot Bhaswai Gutfixddrd.siri or s'ear) in

HsmlLon, op. .iL, rl, 777i

Eol Fo,ch8mmd, Itrkor,

A R, n t1lsa), zes: r B r

arso, I ,{ s 3, xLrr (1314) 24 aid



chirrsons unds, rhe AEkancs rsoima | 295

Ssi3tir Pak,lr vocabults,y. Tha wod Bhsowai

ro any €r6l(ed p€Gonasel Th6 reh Pru (variousryw nen as Fru,

F,oo, Phru, Ph,oo and svei Phyu dr Phyoo ( r' &inq rcplac€d

by 'y in rhD sa,ly Ernish rcvoaua papds), a rcspscrabls 1irl.,

hsld bv tho hsmheGol the ,tlitrq ramrlv ot Lha Maqhe or chircsons

H ll T,acE h.s ils

n'ld by 06 r fhso.

Mon!, a rrla p'erixBd(core.pond ir'onaEs ii rhe ccnual Asiin Moiqol km monq, implviiq .ial€d

Ihjs de vatioi may also bo appldble rd ,s Ltla

whlch LhE pB.nr day HiU chier or Ramoa,h is kiown.

Peopld or rhs tuak3nesc chidl e1.m6 s otBsz Drericb As a

tuliie rt.a rhe Aiakaiesa ould sslh whereever $ey likod. The

Chiuasois dudis rhe voubled vod6 rollowlns rhe dearh ot kins

rhni rhudhammi (163s a Dl4

P.litrll coasrttntbr,no, la,aarl25, 1794 rn 6uhese laisuase

i' is kiown rs so M,i cyiwhich hsee rrpd, p. s7

SaE h,ra. ch xiv, seo 3 Ths wo,d Mash s allkd ro SanskirLs msanins husband in chirh-

soiq dalBct may

namo Maqh is inva,iably applkd (o borh aEkonose aid SeiqalssBuddhhb G'e rhs ani.le s V Muss in H J)

,nt.ap," C)o1.tt. O'Mrlll.v wrir",. -DLnB

rh€ son ot s'i sudhdma (Thii Thud-

hamma), Nsa Tuo Khlr made his es.ope tom rho rown and

Ived in rha ivilddiess; and c,bin msmbors or rho roFlhmily and o1ha, nobl.s lslt to, Ka hai a pldca in Chilasono

oid *rden down rh'6 Ot (ha 100,000 suadr who ws6EErioied ii Myohammy, 50'00c dlsgned $e kins and !01



296 lA Hidory ot chltaqotd

Buddh sm rc.sives ? sscu,s pt6.c ii r,E naishhouiiq 6utu

tri6s. Bu,ma roEs Lhs s'at or suddhkm andit wrs rcvivsd also ii chirbsdis. suddhhr mrsesloi ih' r6m.

pl6 :trd nond$6rias

in ead of .aes. lida, Acolosil miss or Lord Buddhal

h6s bsn uiaBnrad in rhe Raiomahal H lls. Two imases ol Lod

BuddhE wore duq up ii thr sliidol Maheshkhal' n the mrddls

or rh6 la$.enrury.2 Ths Bum3n sLyls ot sculpltr€ h evidenr

a.o s'uo"s bu'ir durnsde seen all ov4 solrhem chnrasonq.

A li4e nombd or dishr or resrvob oM ihsir excavirioi

to rh. AdkaissD

Dishi' ii rhs sdkaria u. z, oi the

nuins ol d Mash Emplo srlll cxd(thE) arc s,ill seen all over rhe ddrcr

sep.cialry fte racr iyiis ro ,rLe souih of rha Kao:phul.

M'1, or'la ph "14

For ii.6ice, 'cuo km maaiins cow, is louid(ii Fiozao, simrl,rly, ,noa, means burfato,

No.bila 6id sr on.

mirk4s in naisuria aid sd-

keila u. z ae namod Brtvsuch

olri.ds 'Hoaz' vras also animpona adminl6tliv. po$ uid4 rhe A6kancs0 and Hoaa har,

. maoi in Baigun]a

Kolas.on in Patiyo iaffi of . lEon o. vill

tha csp ,l, 6his wrh 'heNs. L,I Rooi, wrro w;s rhsl

p cst, atrd serLled down ii tunrha lndJ Ns, Tlr (hin. Theirhe K as catLd ths qlvehor o, Kantha rha kiis olM€m.

asri." (o Milley, op. d.,, o, 67f Ihis Kaniha, rho place olcai 6' t:tsirifiod wnh , villdqe of

I3 r n 5. \1. ('"05). kr. roft o- in

1904 ls p,esorvod ii rho cily Buddhhr hmpts.



chircsons uid rhs Arckanss resims t2si

villags Fosansni in Ferkchhariu z onqrnarss itr Bosans, Boigalivereron ot Hakhrms or arakanl Muk,.chhw q (popula,lvMallik chwans) i 5 k.ita u. z. h probibly rs rctc of rhe

( ? c€trss or Ma iqu accotr ), rhs

h6l&r ot .n aiakansss admiihkarivoposr. orhe. ceiomessuch

obv'ousty €irher rhe aiakane$ names ot rho plo.eso, rho tramErdiached ro rhe tuaksi*e pcriod. Abrvs all, rhs n6ma ot ft€

have 6?en dertved nom ai ArakriorB piuar

insdipriof, or rha re h ca ury A 0.2

Nor only rhe names or de ptac* burror 6nmpta, phora (Lod Buddha), kyans (ehpre, ,kioum, in rhersrh csni!ry Erirhh w inss), phuigi (p ed), Fauti (cl6rcy) andwods or such k,nd hsd mad; rhef way

The AEk.nese hrllei.e on dre$, tood, so.al cusroms erc,

rh6i, Arakan.se nsrs. rhs uppsr po ,on h kiowi as ,doma.,

!^d rhs lower n 6 knorn as thamr, Trrcnames orrheuos-lums as Ahkmxa m hod of w@iis rhem

orara.a . Brburs drrobos.aDty, traFatoJr

3 Th€,lh nanrions,luns. or a cloih rouid rho loiis (vol, ii,pi 293)



29s j a Hisrory to chl Dsoi!

bolns u$d Io bo womsi dutuq ths m i_

dal p. od, Ths aEkanee mlghr havo bdrowed rhs pradi@

l6m rho subbnrln€nr and afteHaids taismted ir ro chiltosoig.

so, rha .upposirioi thd rhB prec ce .l wsariis iwo pieces of

clorh o snared in

Burm3iizdion of tuakan, rhe l,rt s.ve up rhls prcGri@.

was once wd6lv

pevalcnr in chlksois belo,e tha intodocrion or rha chd{bn

E,a bv rhe E,irGh the Al H6ska a'd rh6

B6nsall E weE

most popluld rll the snd ol rha nitralsanLh cetrturv

3€ciioo 5, isrn.ntB ot th. Tripu'a cont'ci wirh

Thoushout tho sxEo h .eirlrY, rha Tripu,.senrsrsd

'nba

osdoly .o{lcr w.hot chirtasons. wnh fts obFcrv

sdch Dowenul Tipu,i and Birovm:iikva

@uld ovdrun rhe to cnd; bu! Ih.ir hold oo

chilEsonq, ercepr a decade orLhe Trpura rulc uider B'iovmanikva

Ia$€d lo, a very btier 'im!TheY,

the Atohan tule, tr h:ldh!, a po ici ol io ho'n Chirrtsono

und ,hen oc.upd,oi. Amoie ths rln$ co 6ndi.s powe6 (viz.,

Bcho6l. Arad "nd- ru J

u'**,-r,Io-"**Eensal a.d Arakln could ndr mik6

Survivi s tace or r,. nPUh

vivid specbcle sven iodav. IheE

u. z and on lhe

occ!parioi ol chiruoo.s isa

i,e srlll some Tdouras Esidinq

boderl ne barween chirbsons

L'[o o$er Hndu rulerc or Bcno'l, $o Tr ptria kinos usod ro

accohplishmonls bv philanLhmpic w0rksruch



Chi'Egons undq rh6 Amk6ne$ resim6 | 299

.s consrucdns bmplos, dilrolo, la4e hnks

or rh6 Liom ruld ove, chirhsonq. lhobotom or rhe ldd io such ai 6{s lharit has beei mtrvairad into.uhivabts laid, ontyrho ruinsd emban,

nor be srid wlrh Eny

who amono rheT,pua kinssduo rhoerank.,

Tho Raj,moro s 6 kjnq Dhmya ankyaA,akan. Ths ldenriri.dion or $is cnk wilh

rhs Trip&r diohi h rhe villase K atd.nqa ts.r cors asubiacrol coiiedurc. Thd v'llaqe ismsd lipurr suhaida ii rh6 Raojan

u. z. aid the TapuE jaioal2 n6 rhe rown Fay hava rclarior ro

rho T,ip a rulo. Tho hill-anos nsmcd ,Ghonsimurha in rho

dis*tous etrea of Tri-

pua soldie^ lrcm A.ak.n durins Am imaDky3! rub3Sdms rripu,a .oloqtrirl Ehs such asmurhEhlk),lanoi (olan

lo,m suppo,Ed .nd nada with bamboos .nd wdods) havo lound

0.c!$ 10 th6 chrasons dBlsd.

Tho mosr rcmdkabla chirecuEl rcri-virler h Ch'traoons ii Lhe Iara medkhl Datod h rhs chandraidharempls

in sirakuida. Tha chandEiaflr! rohpte oi rh6 psak olrhe hill, was brill by covjndamoiikya, rho pious Trtpu,a monrohwho l'!ed 1 ct,tr"oo.o ur o.t". to.bwnqa pahcs revoltrLioi,

^trerhh redoErioi ro rhe lhrciq ho bullr

a Gmpls dn rho chaodranarhs Hilt aid crcavaied a bik ne ir,4

Fo',6

rc o".rA

d6i 'eld' m '0 n40, T,,dnlcom lh reqdn

4 6l{7.E ri!.r{r qt tr?f ,

r{r]iq?s c{E,sr eil{r f(r Lr



trinc€ shujs s so,ouh in cllirt.eoE .nd th.tho so 6llsd shui. fioad

P,iico shula Lhs luckless a.pnanr Lo rhe lhron. ol Delhi

aid dspo'ed nom'he

subahdaGhro or B.o!r) The ouGuns mpar.l mv uid$ Mlr

comlell:d ihe lrustatdd flns accord'is

'o r. ih.s..dnd.'obo h"{4 rdrerlo t'r.r\qaYnroTo AH l,hc n4h

rouG bkei bv tha lusirive Drhco ln sd!poi Lo d*riiailon, has not b'ei sarisracrorilv

ssbblished so rar. AlmosL 3tl rha co"bmporarv sources hold

ih shah shuj? anc hs Erry Ietu

ro lhe Aknstidn'h, "oi ths (ollowins

day alror sradn rcwrds AGltan, rheY meron rha w:v o numbDr

snd Po uqtress ssnl

assd shah shuja aid hspervund rh'6rd3B

or rho kins ol a'akan.'2 (h.u (hatr ssvs th , "((heprinG) ioa_

hG pareoial oHecG vBssels or gold aid

ii boab, rowed bv rh6 Po usuesesailore' Ao'ordiiq @ Ma r'i\

atrd rhs subseqtreil evo s hsvo bean al6_

by Mr slcdiq Krrai n hh .emmsidtble

s P, rx (1s66), rs5'2i4,



chirrdgons uidq lho Arakai6.6 rsqlma I 30!

n.rurivo, rho priica was rcbbod or 3ll rh6 trBasurct and igw6lle'v

ol tuakan'1 lhs 'venrptuid-ne ol \lJist

bls as Palsiga, D'ais and some othe, placa on rhschirrasonq

w{e rhs nororious

Flundorlns opehtloos. lho conrempoGr/ Enolish facro,'s reporE

corobodve referenc' ro Priice shujai set

ioum6v b ohinaoons lr slaEs: "aboul $o I'Grondorauqus(

...he (Shq:)tled bv hod and sod ro a r,onLier ton or $e kins olAnackans. 2 This t,on ar pos w€s ids

'ca]wilh siLhor Diais

or Chlhsonq Tho Etrslkh and Lhe o ch

tacro6 definirelv shE rh lho prlnm wN broushL liom Bansal

ahada o, rhe klnq or Ai:kai

Bur ts sizeabla bodv or opinon beloisin€ 10 ths la erpedod

lrolds rhar rho ,ouls Eksn by ShuF w3!maiilvov ld throush

lho hllls and juiqles or T pud aid chGqoiq. Ac.ddins to ihs

aulhor ol rha RiFz,r l,d i, "strlbi shui. wnh a number ol loll'ftsice Pro@Edad ro

(r+tzrr."l Chelds Srew . rol.owiiq R. d.6nGrcc rhs w,ld mounMiis ollippsE, rrE a loos ard waarhoms

jorn6y, ha raa.kd chntorois."4 alexands Dow{aE$"Havlns

.uch ar Sn A P Ph.y,e,6 L s s o' MallsyT atrd orhre Wirh all

E r , (16551667), p. s31



302 | a Hierory or chilaoonq

oor in3bilry ro a.@Dr

I./ s- ,1 s. xxvt ngser_ se



chnlasons undd $e A,akanssa ,6q mB 1303

o$ disposal, But ir doos ior b4h.llvditror

much lrom,hs Erslsh Facb,'.,epons, lr,nsni.noh,aid docountsor rhs co empdE,y travolle,s suoh as B€misr aid Manucoi. Almosr

all the.onrcmpo,ary aurho,res tsll ftBprn6'ercmporary dsidencs

Abour rhe P,lncab adlv ties du ns hisb sf.ky'is in Chirb_

his@,iane say pnd callY nolhrnq Kh.li

Khsn wir.s that fte i&a ol occupyiis

on tha frc i66 or $o BaF of Aakh!ns.-1

ft ics shuia mish' hivs li his mrd a

klngdom or Amkai as a whols a (o makc

a baE6 0r hs br.rher Khafi Khai's srara-

msnr is indkscrly ,r,oflgn,oi,oi, accordins ro

wlr cj, lhe Drince

Bhalur' e lier on h s lom.y to AGkanmsnr of ths Prnce's p'oj€crol s'izn9 chirhqons has.lotridtloi,Noweld OD prolocl had any, could never

Tlro loctsl iiadirlon and lolk poemi supply slideice ol $€

Prlnce'6 sojouh n Chncsons. Accodlis b rhs local iddirions,

his p,aye, somewhe,a ncar rho ddsah or Pir

Bdr shah, siruatd on a hill roo a' rhe hsan ol rhs citY. Alocal ballad- iamed tan B t Hcrnotd ndrd6 th ds P,in.o

10 ,ho holy sh,lns ol Pi' Bad, and oenercusly

dhribuLod alms ro Lhc

r'.1 n'hs, ?. "o,6Pi'cuously sk@d bY shhibuddn Tal'sh.

Daraled bv ths nacirioi and the banad hrve r defiiiro lounda.

2 dtsilF qrtF Erir rr.r? rrEar



304 tA Hbrod or Chnaeois

The ..use ol rh6 P,in.6's dep ruG rrom Chirbsonsl is not

a plac6 1ik6 ChiLrasons coutd nor sen6 as

a basa ol opeErions rsaind rha mighry Muqhal Empira, secoodly,hB mu havs head rhe iows or rh6 p,osrss or Mt Jumla,who war drocGd by rh6 Empero, auhnqzih,dlv, fts Ahb'a bouid ve$als wors 6irher unavaitablo at rhs poriar thar rlma q rc sails darcd norvenruraromda lkeajouney

moisooi and cycldne Th€se

ioiidy or evsEuy iiducod rhs Pdtrco rolir up his m,nd b I?avB Ch ksDns d ro make a ioumoy ro

,hs IocJ orhds

A6idi,2 rho nama or rhe Eequm(shah shuja,s ecoid w,ro) as

Dows and Esals,4

shah shuja ar6 iamed as Gulrukh Eanui rhe eldesrp ncos (probably 3he d d nor sccomeanv th€ fuoiriv. p ly), Rdu.

shai A. Besum, rhe.ecoid p nc6qrha rhi'd p,inceswasn.med

nkk memions in rho pa y, a sh@r or Shuja mmed sahe B@

The

com€mpo,ary on rha iunbdandnamer ol rh€ sois or shah shuja who rohed h'n. 'rhs A,on.

3nr4m0,, spec tcally mei ois zaiiuddn, Bltand akhw6nd zainalAbsdii fioush ir ddls nor say who amon€ rho p'ncosacrualy

n fi{ c{r rei.r {in +Enitrlsi risrs rrqrlt rliq iril

1W Baa a. An Orcn4l E ostdpht.ot

or rhs chaeckbsddiq Khai in rhs / A s P, X!

has besn discuscd by Mr



Chitbsoiq uid{ rrra AEkanes6 resime 1305

acconpa ed shtrh shuja. Bem,er, Maircc, d Bawrcy menton

sulran Eatrs (also spelt as Eank, B quo, o' Bon) ae Shulat ronshoss acriv6 rcla in rhir evanr has b6en relaEd 3r som6lensth

bv $6sa sources. coni! van voorb(q rhe Durch !hi3t lador

a( Mduk-U nairiois 'Bon SulLan' os lho aldesl son, in a ls(trro iho headiua ra,s ar Baravia.

A1 rhal i,e, rhsrE was aw;ll kiown ptrhlic ro,d rrcm chilra-Adkai, tha &scipl on ol which h gven

by rhe Eump€ai tavelleB.l P,lica shura msln have lsed rhis

ro A,akan Thk m:d, sub*qDnily collad

shrja Foad, orsn * kom $e lerr baikof Lhe river Kariaphuli,(or Bundrn, AiwaE, aid (h€n alkr cro-

rhs A,akan Foad

map sho6 otrly

,ouohly co esponds ro rhe noddn chirh.Th s pa or rh6 rcd runs6irhe, rhDuoh

rho hills o, p allel ,o the hill Eises. Locil kdirlon asc,lbes

rhe name of Dulahazra for lsw houE wrhths rhouend pElanqu ns c

'yinsrhe harcm ladles. Eidoons was

iamed os such bacaus6 rhs Prnca ps,lohsd

lhar place. Borhsrewa 2 and Phayrc3 hok rha vkw rha( rhe

crcssad rhB rlv$ Nmr on rhen joumy bdo nor say on whhh pohr rhey ch*od tha

,ivs, Th6 roure by way ol Taknal lsnounblnous and errrehelr

hrzadous. rhe local ballads ia ars th Lhe Pinco had undsr'

raksi land iouhoy ol ftnGei davs aid LhnGsi ilshF wirh d

rouhlsd mlnd itr th.d,anca laid berorc he Eached rhe soshorc'

3 Fhayra w 16: "From thsncg (chxbsons) rhsy ravslled rhrcush

a dlnculr .ou ry (o rhe N6ar Bivs,;

snbred tuakan, and arrved .r rh6 oapihl aboui ths .id of

rhs yed 1660," (OP, ., p. 17e)



306 rA ttGlofl ol chirtsqons

tlerc he mlda a hilr fo h,es days,1 in oda b raka 6r.on rh8 rounh diy, tounde .ok rheseatouDay andrn.tly hrh6drhe AEkanEs ctsp al. Tha hre or tha Prtnco ar6r his ai,ival ar

,hoc.piElor Arkan car be known rro m various so u..es. n is dmoduirrimously suDroscd ihar he 6lons w rh hldf.mily @. brublly

hudqed by rhe lj6kri6o krcs.2 Ssujih trasio.id may ,oniidaiybody ol rha ransirotuess ol ths worldlv pow4 .nd slory,

bv him srll snmemorares his untonuiob

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	rohingyablogger
View:	345 times
Download:	4 times

History of Chittagong (Ancient-1761) Vol1

Documents