History of chittagong

A HISTORY OF CHITTA6ONG

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ai Earty Hsory or chih,sois 173

Thc iahe. of rho Dtacs iscnb)d oi rhe Lnd s,an canrorbe pracsstv Locarcr, The h shty saisknriz€d names of 0ro phcecslrh a. KasanapauMiya, ( ansaEala, Damb adama, Lavarobavas;Emasrmbasabd, Labmpraya, Mrra.chaE, Baqhapokhira haveb3enoLrl,k,aled m couree of rims, A! rh6 iirdiprion E dE.ovared fiomNarinb3d Ded chihasono rown, hcan iarrc]ly be slhised rhrhe phccs mentioied n ir wcre locaedI'odspor A villiso my be syioiymouswirhmodsm Mlrra.h3E, nor fd avay rrcm rhe tundrpor. Hoklvq,vlllases or siml, sultx.cnrara (srsamlaD

elsewheE n rho disr d. The nimas ofvltrsess! ):irs.pokhtra ( prku4 pushkariir matrhs ooid d B$Non )

rhe dsicLbrr nol as Eaqhaookhna. Trc nam3(p,h3ps rh6 lons6$ phcdiame

'nrst odd ) mdmbs rhn rhe vllagowas kiown as such rors :(achmetrrwhh a ranival conce ns srlr and rhs vitlass mjshr

be s ru ed somdlhso ie Lhe .ea stroE of no hsh ch(asors,Ihh pbce may bc srynoloqicillv relaed Lo Labarakslk. a Hmduholyspor, s Luaed nlnS akunda Damb adama ispnh3ps survrvad

ie rhs liidspor.

thc hold or rhe Delasovq rhe dn.cr rlas nhtupLed bv ihcAccordLns Lo tha Ardrar.s ahrori.h, ai Arak+

no$ khs named Alaufs Phyr ( bes 605 M FI237 _ 43 A D ),e sn ard dceived ribu@ no rhe

slbluoalon ofEonsal by he tuakaiBe kmg ,s quedonabls. wo

monarchs. ThcA,akafeso kns succssdad n errcndiis his iuthorrvasfarno h as solrhdtr chhcsoig, wh eas io h n ch ldso,!remahed mdd rhe o. rraLioi ol rhe Devo ruteE. Afrn lrs deahor Alaui! Phyu i 1243 ptrnsed inro dhsrols

74lA Hhrory ol Chiuaoons

coidnioi, Therc was ao uihappy rrle ol sevsn nronarchs, colqirsBur prosp* v or s knsdom reirmad

roweitul ru er, ascended (he throm,,The khs or Iruraran o, tunsrl namsd Nsa pu k rens, cou ed his

allian, and soitprcEnb or elophanb :id hor$s... (Nis) seneral

Fadzr Lh.iq rlyai srbdr:d fi. couitry alonq the s3a co*L 6 f 6o Bnhm3ouka niv ."1 He s ako sard to Fre subdued Lhe

rc (qrly'a'U olr,.k.i.2 r'".no\.. et"'in'(t''i'den.o ol rhe a,akaiAsch rsons O,vGion r lho las quatrq of Lhe

M m PoLo (1295 A o), lhe nor.d veneliti lrav'tler pur Mrdi

(Mhrmad Bum4 and Beisala uider one kiis who ws subje_

ded b lhc domralion 6r the srcal (a (xublii Khoi)3 Pror'

D G E HaIL dsm ssPds'bly,

'n incoDoratis Beisal to tho e pne or tho orcatM'L

qol conque,or th€ tav.llr oilv axtsserdted rho icco

Kubh (hant tesemony oi rhs P

counnv of Ralran (AmGn) s subPcLed ro the (han."s I Ih. iu _

Ta'E, coiquero' 6 supposed ro be eibinellupro A,akan llren s nol mprobable thar ch uasois, a subiecL

2 rha nam€ or he co emDordry

Fukunuddlo Ka'kaus r1291 - 1

ba Lhs Arakaiesa conuor lom3 ttrcttkk ol q.oPata,r 2ol

sultan ol Lakhnauti s Sultai300 A D). Nsa pu lrr.is miy

an Edrtv Hido,y of chr aqoio I76

provhc. ol arakan a that rimo happetud to ba inctudod id rho

The hhro,y ol rh. didior ii fi6 n6i tuw dedados of lhofouFre h Fnru,y s almd obs.uE. ,h6 Fdrryai,rb|drd inloms ustha(chirhsns oma undd rhs oocuparioi of rho Muslims by the

Sn A P Phayre rncs dymoloocs! relatonthe A,ab vnilo6 {id Rah!, €ther 1,c piicpal Lv or Himu ol Ndk_vrl chfttsois. n his oplnion, nrmm pLce ii sotrLher chhGsons

AEbs 3s Fah a, Fahmior nuhm, Tlr! em trenrs.hohl n lj s Hnbry

qe,eGl des iolon ol:lsnqll whiii{mcs uob'b\ *prrii ihc mm

stor Lrs E3y dr Beio3l bv

d 1&h .enones ol oe chrldi.n sa. rhe,e h novr a vLllisE callcd R3mu ii the soufienD r or chnEqioi 'lstnL t Eobtrblv,ep'escis th. ir e bv

SrAoPt r- !. r.LrJo1edL,D'cCMrmd'' !.\owa sroe$abllsh di rde kvof th4a two fames. or A Rahlnr

'soooiôis. r.rh6 n.me Firrml' a.c.rdiio to him,

Famtr a rla'e h cort Eazar ir rhe s'tr'h'F

The p,oblem or ihis identlcardn tDs Lrnh Lhe rad thai Ramu

be aurhorihLively outbeloE fts rilree h ceiury A D h ms ofiin.

'b'qa io, a o P'-.'. :lr 'o r' i3

knowi abourlt iide@ids posuoi ln atrvlime or h do-/' Evci

n issuppo$d that fis kinsdonmlshr have exhtd ii tle h io'1

1 r,r Q, xvr (1s!o),232".2 A Rain, so.idt .nd crhutot Hi*ott ol b.nzrl, 1, p. {1

Ai E ly H ory ot chirhsono 1 77

E h ramu .s A D, rEi ir may bs sid wirh .dnfidsics lhrtit wasiwersbiq a kiisdom os to bo a sub@nrinedal power, Bains rsmal k isdom, sirtr ed ii rhs crsm6 @ri6r or thc albcodine ,

ir cDuld hadly dercisasuch frilery powar i. ro cork{ wirlr

som. principal ionhsn lnda pows6. ln focr, dls dsscriprion

or rhs kinsdom of Bihmi or lhs Arob wdleG hadlY @respoidro tho principahy ol Fdmu.

Appondix L Chiil.sons 6nd rto p,l.cipn ry or

n rhe r.n of a vsh:yi (Lornorilui 0 uide, sama'aEmandals as edly as rhe bar iii's or rhe etev

Dr N r( shirt4aLiih iks rhat modeh Parkotu or pairkeE p s-

lshr oi rh? ioLmare $e ktiodom ofP rik(i .id rlE krodom or Abkan.rho ,oyrl l,m liesprfca$es lqlre i rhs romrn.es and rasod'ss h Burmese ainst',poem6 aid elodnmis.3 Tha p i'paliry Ema ied ii er sonBs lalsm rhe rrALhalr o; rhr rh a60,.ll"ren.4prol $ rt L a"ri "...." ,s. Halra-d !. r

1220A D4 Ths Brmsse p,onouics I paEkkay,, is, r' s seiedlyrcphced by ,y"n Brmese roisuo. Tun Nyh, folowed by cortni

,ya o, PalLikek.5 IE ,Ardtors!ar.4kl! rerere ro rhc kinsdom as trs corntry or(1hs ortoreisnci,whih bounded on rhe souh rhc r(insdonr or Amkei. h .eemrrh Lhe Lround y o1 rhe I isdom of

Z wh.h mry b. fio su'viviio

th rh€ n:me H ikelamandrla to denoie rhq ea (comilta-ND:-

I e u .ro,s:n, p,rirt t -..so"d tuttwr ieshn ir etd./ B.,Eal. p.a3

3 0ct,"v",,., (19!6), poona, D 216

70 lAh o,y or Chn.don.!

khal.nonh chntasons) wis dyms awdy rro'n e{nenc. and a pniorihs krnsdon wds rcplacsd by fte pincipal y or parikora

lumsh.r erden.e or Lhe exhrcnce or the name pdya,n m€disvalrines bul r:s bls and populous u. z. coflainr runs of 6n.ienrand mcdevrl rimx. Ths posbilLy of sE,sana oi a chaka or r rhana durno rhe Mushal F od cd L orbr ruL?d cuL. Durhs thc p od of rhD ndependeit sullanare thewhola.,6 wa! included ,r wtr is khown as fie prDcipahy orcrrakla$li, x s nor impiobabl' rh parikere or paeikkaya ssvedas th8 niha 6f rlr placc beweei rhs com{L and rhs saiNja for

6id46e crrcd.r. rrt rhc k,isdomor Parkara, duins rhe Passi hssemoiy ov Arahi, comlrseda sz;aLle po

'oi ol modem chnhsois Divis on, subsequonrly,

rhs khsdom bcrweDi the Komaphult and thasahkhr came ro be kiown as chaka.ala, probabty trom rhe iour

CETP'ER IIISOCIETY AtrD CUIIURE |lr AtrCIENT CI{ITT^GOIYG

Anim sm L ,ha oldesL io,m or rclson ii rho subcoiLic(Many tbpsmen of ch(rsois H'U Trac6, rhorsh pnicoally

s,ll rollow maoy ra s or anrmsm. rha H'ndushsv ardrrure aiim on b allso s

or oujccrr The woGhip aiim:ts aid reDritsshdicde rtu suyrvil of anim dc bslisr n rhes socioties ai n ws allied Lo borh 3ii€nor worhro and i re worshjp Borh rharb*hso ind dre H idrs rrvo[e thc I sn.esralhom in var ous ras, su.h 3s ro holp n besan is a sue, ro ave(

'llnes!, ro w d orl ovil

bel efs cri slll be $e fib*mei oJ chiurson!,H U T,a s. The nE'ary atrd episruph c sources in Arakarl Gfer

crolp oi sprns, dm is aicisn( oenod.Tha N woBhip was a curc6 blendns or rrtu, animsm .id

rcs d,ng ii rhs mour4ilasnes.s or crrtri!,ono l. l T( s.2

h anc'e c,n1aeoN, sck6vJrors r Lre srh.oniEnr, boLhHhduism and suddh sm werc prcdom narl relsloir. Abflersuiveyor con.lnon olrtligion5, Lrssd on meaUre evldcncs or tr(ciitrv rndr. tremDhd b.low

I t,, 0.e.., "p

...&y.a Jirss xr.t\rs..) ' toru,rc2 I l s s, xv (1816), 60 Huihr. .D c ', \l

s..eLy and culrurc $ anclenl chirGsoio 131

erid sm ,s dll a liviq relgion in clrilbsois. Thouqh

strddhsm rs a disrncl and sDarsk doDt]ie faced eirhdion in fie.oustry or s btrih, ,he p-ormry of $me Euddhist count6s,dpecillly Eu a, did not allow Lhe second srcat$ ,elislon orllrc wo:ld to dieolr ii cli kqoiq.

tho hrsto'v oJ Budd[sm ii chitaqoi( is .oN.cred wiLh rh6g,owLlr, curous taisrohdioi ad decayo,rhegrcd ,elision of

Lhrc!sh d'r,rrcnrpLec,sl, kiowi when srd.ihhm rrer saned foorng n chiLtsoisAccordirs Lo Hd s c Das Brhadu,,

n 1ra5 iitd.luced in lhis dsticr abolr,ha i nth EnLu,y a D

dn8cr fiom Masadha, vrha'e LM orden Drcvh.es or Beioal,eire^diis rrom Ra'spu, down ro namu (Ramvabrumi) in chirb-qoig, we,o und$ ths svny oT a Fdjpurpriica named cop'Dala.IE Mahavdtra Buddrsm whlch aborrhar rme, prevailed rMasadhi and Tber wos prcachod n chkbsong by Benssles

Sorne indtre.r evidences iidrc e rhot B!ddhhm was 'iroduc6d

ih thBd rtcr much by rhe schotar. Hg

is, howev , corecl h lrh opinioi thar in tho iiolhandre h.snru es

A D, Euddhism, espec,al\ ns Mahayanic bEi.lr, Iaach8d irs hsyday

n thh pan of $e county. ac@diis io Lhe localBuddhEt traditoi,GauEma Buddha Gvell€d rh,oush $e dlstrlcr, prcachsd *mois aI

ssvoGl phcs and enablisied DlEma.hakres or 1116 wh*k olof oha,ma ln a numbei or pla.6s such as Chdk h, Chakhsah, lldri-srma (H:idqaon), chandiaiarha, Mrhamun. shakvapuh (shakpura)

orc. which afreNards b:came Buddhkr hol/plaes, Thk nadirion

1 oL o'Mai6, ,0, ,n,, p, 65

32lA FEro,y oi chiLcaono

is ror mre cEdrul. rl fie !cllouins A.akanos? chronicler,s iara-or Buddhisn in trretr coulty.

14i-193 A D) 1lms, rhE 3' dhi Gauhmalri.$rnr' ii r.a ..tritry ..llEd kapiLwol Hts is invled ro

c.:rkm: aflves ...H. is rc.eryedhv rhedes ro so €xalred 6 Dqson4e. Anrcshblatr$ o' fi8 eldh, wa: p*m tad

6 bsca*, 3id w:ss.i ur at Mrhamun', whoer tampL vas

or, PEyra hl ^s

a, {tL(16dr)i 35

Tha ch efbhLGhu or 3!.Ldh.s(smpls orCh hrhnJ n Chi(6s.trcI I -,J, ,ord- n t963r e ddismCh tasons driie chandEs!rya's rci{,i,

ro p,ovr thir catrhfr: Euddha uvervisirld irs kaiJ his reachinss fierc,Morcover, ua tuakaie$ chronicbr makas a sro:s msrok6 n makreLo,d su.iJha 6ii,,a asain, Lod guddha

nev4 allorvsl rnybidy ro Nakshc owi imasah hGlfsime $rscatr, howeyer, fully alcord wnh !h6 chroiichrtha( duins Tsaida

mshr havs b3sn innoduced n araliin-ch Legons Es o,2 rrd -nr!,.s ol Buddha

,ha t:qend ol Mrtr,nlni_ a wjdelym Lrr AEkan-ch asons bslotr. prcbsbly

xraiappa rcdio rhs psple as Gauianaadyei I mshr have bken

pla.3 duids rh imDrcbable as u suppo edhy anolher cnJi da ri rblian hnsuasethe cil:brrred atrror at *e ll5.art rlBlddhBntn tndta. ldar.tn

I

Soc erv and c!!,u6 ln ancieit Chirmsoiq 133

In ihelo Koki couirhsarp.iradsecE ol c.cLsiodce larar ii ovs, la'd: nunhrs. and th.ybacane vary numdour,wes dnly smvakasi ar€r a iew n!!G ot \tslsrichu had

spEad ihs Mahayana, ir co ruedro:\ n almoil.ilni,,uokdly:f'om kiis oh maoilawho dkhed knowlidoe rlE,;i p,Li.rlnly

elou, Sen.s abouthalr orrheec.lesi,stcsa$Em5l.d ln M,5-adha was thm ths Kor counre!. Aid f lhh rcisoi rlra

v v nuchr Lrre Malr3vra iid Hiirvaiawq. ror dl.v.l. ds.1r '.1 bLc s.Frof, rh€ rh6 ofAhh.yrk a Lhr N4lhxyria srre.d more aid

whuD M4rdir ivrsTrrshkar $o s:holrE ar rê iI

Alrhoush ii rll $rs cdu ri.svinrye, Artdtramn.and r.rahE

very wrll rtrovrn,brcomo vsy mE drh $a aicdarioidali srcriois iid: nr,v .1r$1

Tha wholo rcg'on r,om tus:m ro Bmnr inclriiis chnisianahdsnored u.dorr commoi iam: Kotikid. A..odins 6 Tarlirh,B0ddhlsm was intrdduccd imo lrrar(okl coun(iesima J,rb.. !n L, ll a.oving h impoiai.! therirt,- lr 'rrhe sinhalesr triditois,

Dhimm:, lvG l..ared somslrcE r the

I . lrrri uanrthtbeprssEd oia, 1rh,ly. Tdan h

iv.r.s r.t th) euddr$5 of Kokikrd bllons0d roLh6 siirakas.hdol 1 ll rhe mrodudlonor:hM)iavair.m rxsjnnodu@d h, rhs ourlb or va,brdr (7'h

cs ury) and"ir corrhued bviht slmo* uihGrrpiedlv'rndsrftr PaLs, espcdally Dhrm.?ab, r' FE

1 shiatier. "T an ha ,fuis, N n Fry, s. (n' Bqddh6, pp 77.73

34lA Hidory or chhDqoio

(in MadhyadE:) wro arhhrd koowledor (or Buddhsm)."Ths Bisn o,llrsfou. Ssri5, wio were inclhed ro B,ahmrnicrlHinduhm w:riesed rha coisrhuosm. Abour this umi, r\: XotiLrd brcime such atr im2o..4ntr0 .r rhh hlhftrL a!ru(hitrorirD a.cleslae6 ol Mirldhacame nom rhalrsioi. M:ihvlir also is sidld hav: s2Gad

ihe.enohlhe rrme dr AbhlyaraG t loLh ce lry). Tsmndr ve'y5iq1rc*1y,oF-'.r .. " c.n.d sido

by s ds aidh!eems rho! rh4y Ec i

alwa, o c.-q,t-r.lo-. /-, m .l. aos6vorel yanae imonq whtclr vanaFni, M:iL'ylir ai.r Kala'h}

h$lk or IE rliod or Niiravroism.nd irs

difterc bEich.s, Hinavaiism nev vatrhhed ;lLorelha, riom th-.

Kok coutues 3s boLrr vm:yr.rd Abridhr n, ".rD'rts irle (a'y

wel! kiow+', ii rhn '.rloi

Tariarh did nor rlll us mr.h absirty pnod. 'ln

ln rh* ea,ly rmB mrnv Tnrhka Bmiles a'd Buddhisr V'h:rsrheEoddhi.c or chalrnma b.loiqBd

school',1 r,aiaLh s hy Lh? re:llG o(

excavaion, I : laloe numbv or Ma\ay^rc dei1r35 hrve besiuie Lhed ln a ve'v wld,j p t o! ihi diilct i recenr Lma

dhlsh arbr rhe d.clne or NaLndJ',2

The account or rhc chiioso rrvctleG rhrc\,r a flood or lohroi u€coidlron ol Buddr'ism in err4n lndja I sho (67r-395 AD)wriios: "Tlre iihabi inE of all $!ri coutrri* (o, car{i hd r) rr.

So.ialv aid cLl(u,e ii aicieii chnhqonq 3s

rci.! rhd rlnee ssms (qvid.nrly, rhe 9uridha, Dhamm, ridsanqha)

Sn3,na,s:mm1i, and MulaFturaivrdr N,kayas) stouid eid4 bysd..'l all rhe I kayas ra"aller s hclud.dwlhi the Hrdrai: s.h3ol o, 0udcn5m. h m:y, theElo€, be

ai.rtr,r or thr ,r,:ll, rhat Hrivini Buddhism

in 3ig,io hdh cu,ns his $puf, in Lidia

h" i [4lL r on .,o s aol I P p4. o',ccdunr or s$nq ch', Newiro.

ri e kns or Sa aLak -used to mrk; ele,ydiy hundred rhou. d

sraruBs or Buddia lr .dred rhou&id slokas

of thc ,ldrspEjn,pd rdhnd j! r ,.

3ss,m:d rrt il.nq wnh o,lrer osrom rnian corrtris! chirEqo'sor M.hovanln whlch soraad wirh

r-nkrblo prcs,.s; 6 fa, 61r wsbrc P ifc islaids, F{d-dhq rlD introducrioi or Mlhayiia EuddhsmI tr La, { Es thd "Lha fom or gtrddhsm wj ch Lho Pila khssor Bsisal suppo ed durhs the asceidtri.yof

rh: Pah d,,6any".3 iro (7s8-957 a D), whor 'r"Y tro'c LP 'oldls o Md1"r:1!

d qlo,lfyin.lr. Mahnmurish ie."a

irai a'e m!;dal evidencls or rhe exln.nca ot MEhdvair

BrCdrsr and:lled .ulb li ahfttaqdrq

I l ta(tds,, op,.i., Dp 3ro

a launrt rl 6e Rudr R*rokh saddy, soLh Arniv-$,y Publ.{oi

36lAHisro olchirlaqons

deiii6s, une lhed ;i haiy pl.cos or rho dhkhrl tu,n's\ rhc no.i

rvlanius,i, Lokesv 3 or LokaiaLha, Marrcya dc, /ll ar L'esiraol Eod , 1!a,

^m.ig l " 1,| i ,.

lshale deni.r wa msst wth Ta,a or Brdd$akri .im5hah,

sodd4; or we2l$ dc B4sides rhsD, : hl.eiumber ol roIaryEudoh:shavc bcei brclohr to lshr wnh rho hslp or srede,

'-"n rv ro

ths overrlowhq or Mahay:m EudchGF ,i ch k,sois, "Arl I'atimiq*,' in rha vsw or Dr N N L.\t, ''a'. !trdoubkdlv rim iGiqiol a [fahay3iic nls!4us-3ve rh

.losaly sllled bo-re. lr s dlio

la'so numb - 1& rcll knola 0udd,hL lomllr, 'yr drr mi h{to_ravhavs'et., enqhved upon 1,e poilo al iis ipl on or L]! ir.aoes

vrs also'used robewdelylisdbed oi rcra,o. hbl,i.liover Buma ln Srnskrr.svhll as h P3li'3

b.conres '1'd

Llra rre MrraymabGnch ol Euddhs, &ln.rl snonohold li c,&sms durio rrorinss of tie Pahs lrioush irs iolnd!.Lioi r,rd

1,r s I trcz/ - zst. po 1s,11 ; r H Q, vr I (is32). 332 - 3r1 ; J,a s P,

v (1960), r75 - 177.

by eisEved Bodhc {vas has rechdy beei duo t rrmr dIl(flaohuti ,jvefted nB B€us'. A small r,lallyan,c 6!ddh q

bronze mr:oe of skilrulor $o presenr v/iiLer,tr 1931 h now preserved n n3 rrousohold

2 r N q, v r (1e32), 33s

3N F Hry,SdElrji 8,ddr . p 20

Sociery and .!huG ii anc sil Chi(asois I s7

i iti, rrLh tid elovatrrh o: utuprF nJ.ds!,i uxnPcdesh, a h1, NEprl, norhern Eeisal wEsrehDriJrl i\L o isr, Nrhnda bars ns epiceire, From fis zoncMih:Fn sm sp,rid tur and wds. t camo! ba e&crly sad howLrir r,l axla (rr,nayan4 vhs arloded by rhis chaiee. Mr M Scoll s s or o) nron chaidGs,,,Fiiaya.i:m r v ,6red-1 Hiryarlsm miohr have soffercd o serbackat tra hinds ol ilrc lvkhayanhr tuL6 .nd preacheE bur G

.-p'oxol !. rrorwere D€crised in rhe

(ok'lri.:, 1rc d'scovo,y of 'mases

of MEnjrri, Maitreya, andavilrL 135v .1 tr chrasois b irssiolhs slacmenr oflaran h

ddn'ntd to 6oLh Hinayana and N,lahayana

M.hayatra branch or BuddhBm. a o,p?r tucrJr h lra relqio!3 d culruhl domaii ofaici.nr tndia.Und hrpn,oirocor Lhs Patas, wiro w.rc zerlous BuddhErs,Etrcdr:sm ,qa.ally ns M:h:yanic braich became a rohidoblsFLo,raronal lore. seveBl subecrionsI )"' -. Ll I i o v"rr, " vd,i\"n' ..hoor rtoln..ed non itr

dscovery or mul rtrdes of masesoivajqd cd"'r6 .,d - \enl 1 v4.cyarrpod..Eim,!y pl.es ol Lhe distri.l rurnishes iid'souEbts evidsnce or rhi, iacr.

The rlouir nssraG o( SuddhGm, osp€ciily s lUah4anLcro an aiqusirs scutoruGt ar in cGreri lndia

mcludng chirLrsoog rron wr.,a a larg:numhr or Mahayanic Bu-ddh n mases havs beei unoanhed i 192.7 a D s rryona Buddhid

shmsand rhrse orhe. iEssmenb ofnEUc!wne dhcov ,c ftom a vll€e mmgd Jhiyari i Anwrra u. z. rh3

I 3u.. R s, 60ih ^ni

Publ (ts6o),437suddhaD, rr. 39n,

AB I A Bisrory or cr(asono

tind hsid ro bo "4E bissin hoiid or ima{,€s eysrround h Bef,srl, The mag$, .cmrdrs ro

dis.ovary, belons ro Mahayrnl branch ot elddrsm oe,.t.rt iirhs p r baw$n rrr s!$ilh 3nd rhe olsvenrh c? ury A 3 uiDyol rho n.rsw..-elrhar "Lrc tlos4 t nd provas rh! erhr3nco o, I tDcat .enre of

a valGbb t ik rn rh. ch . oi irs rtev.io!menr and i6 miqntoiclrar aiiiniries ro ihe broiza imales ol rhe Nilanda school caiia n

t oh:es."2 Th. ,maqco,otwealrh \rasudhara, "h2rq a v.ry anErtcrsse rtdn, ai eiror cok aid . vasa or jivels."3 rhobodhi .hrlne atEodhraya $udc.d wlh sem'.nr:flous oias, aid

mhi.lhs .re 'mrritrrd

vrntr suoerb

0n anothor ooca*ion, D,rhi etr imases or Brldhz iiv iotrs placos of rh: d'srcr.4

N N Lav liaoii.s anC dE.u$.sd llrc po$urcr, procsed nom

v/h Ir i ral is rhe dnE 3nd a{'slc

From rhap3, os,aphic poid or visw, rhe 'nrges

betons ro rh6

el6ve h o, rweltuh c{!u,y A D. A ricnl,/, tbey hay beat blbd ro Eri€rn School or A( whlch rlork[ed ]n

Bsnqal and Bih trcm ,e i h ro tM n@enrh cetrLrv.rn Phvsoqiomtal ch ac€rtrts, sp6clally rhr racaL rLw

N atrdG Nath Law ,soFs

Buddhi66 in cl,itasons", ,imases and ta$s ot Mahayaia

H Q, Vlll {1932), Fp,332.341

,h0 hand or locat aftrs rvho had inherired Lha anis(. nadir,of,ol the Easrernsctrool ot ad,,2

.losly ulonded wlh each orhd $ rh6 dilrerc hrion was

crsn also oJinsd loorins n rrc kinsdo o, tho chandh.3

sociely .id

ber a doss ressmbLiceS .naLh and Nal'nda, rha

cul m if, ancieni ahtftqons I se

ro s'm lar ihases uie lh6d atiio'riore or Asam, aid $e hills

T'o 8urf,*. C,'d .d sive oqdsn.o ofBuddhism n Bumr in ih6 b.gmniis ot fiawirh whon Aiawa rc wased a bloillcss

90 lA Hkrory ol chirasoio

sudd,islsr su|h qroups ol spn(s as Naq',N erc also blloissd b Tai(ik Buddhhm, Unde, rhs

Pasai 'ule's

( c lO{4'1300 A D ), whoso rerirory erlendod

,e.elved rh6 rcyalAmwhhk (10aa-77 A D) t'od Lo subduc rhe

Tatrii[ cllb L]ut he was padiilly suocsslul. orif,q Kyanz ha's

rcsn Buma defiikly ohanged ove,10 Tl'emvada Euddhismlron

Wnh Lhe DrBa.h trss ot rlE sddhas or $e S ddhach yas

Buddhsm derin cly enrsrcd iiro a new phase o,Iarrrcism, Mowro wdsly ravelled pGache6 and soms

or rham tuvelkd ii rhe count'ss beyond rhe bouidary ol ftsof them, howev6,, arc knowtr only by rhehot' thss, prcaches is shroud6d i myerary lik6

rhe lsnsuase or rhent3chiiss. Accordins ro thc Lbaatr chro,k,lrtsid BuddhG! Tafrik p,eachere weB eirh

rhe ruh ot rhs chandrds,

durns,he lms of krns GopichandE, Bala-pad!, a Eu.idhis s:cs ol Sndhr, came ro €ansala and "vsbdJalaidh a rhse saan nftsmidsl otw er

Jalaidh a or TaGialht accounr has beenidenriridd by Fd s c Dis Balrrdu, wtrh B abkuid. near sitakuida,

where llanes emr',q {'ll bs seon,4 Thochardmn.Lr H ll wh,cr was oris nr'lly aEuddhcr placc ol wo*hipm'shr uvc Uecn vsired by tho sase. Ihs saqe

'hen enrercd rho

ciLy or chr'oram., caplrdl or Bans.la, and showsd h's capab lxyo, D*rohhq suD o u,al Dhcnomena lrlo !f, eIf, ro wa.

Hiy, Sorik,r dud,lrv, 0,70

SoDieLy rnd c!t,uo i iictcnr Chnuqoiq 9t

,o bo blr.d it €.

ro ,(analikshena.l -Tha kino pmyld ror rorsivoiess wh ch was€ranted ro him oi coidirion rh.t he reiounced $e world ,id

itr ih6 sourh or tndia-.3

abo( lhe middto ot rho 1ei1h ceDrury, rh! ored BuddhnrT3itrik sag6 Til,yosi4 was (c,irhsois). Hs

otMahp b (q33.rots \oJ or Beiorr.,8, ,' ..r .i, ]

yosjc p6we,s. Ul marela hewasDscred by his pup,t corak-shanad from tho clurches ot rhe

2./ ,a s s, Lxvt (r ses ), 2a

by rhe hssrd ol hC hauig ioiied h yosowirh yoqhi whou6ed rosJbs(. r + ",', 'i,o or' poro le<one (h).

)o ra srcol olBudd\er lanlch-. ot.,r I "otosin

92 | A Hislory dl chinasois

who wrs convorcd ro B dhsntrnder[NmmrorP,i]mbndnlaid b6€mo ts hi.,arch Lho lmotrs oudtjhG[

or val6 a (Bodhsry,4vGired ch isrinr rrd rool vo\?s,rom

wnh fta iitoducton or Narlrhm,3 aalar" runr'i"i.. "na"aInro a n6w phasa. This ssd lloutuhed mos in Ea{sn Beisal

Iha Narhae helisvec Adiiath o, Adi Buddha, ri I.cr. r,d Narra rollovss roor

Adh h. in pl.s orAdiEuddh.. Aremplsdedi.dedtAdliaLhdllsrands otr rlE Nrohesh hland (Maheslr Khal o, Meril or edevilEu,opsan wlts6 is nased afi., rhr ctunisl s5paraLiio rhe sland

l,om rhd main land) rhr iin,r or Lhe sl3nd, h.sh,los ol Adina,h oia ,lll rop anl i l.idiq olr.L knowi rsGoEkh (Gorakshd sh a itu, nie Emple

ol rh6 hlaid w(h Narha .ulrrh€ two rcnsholds or N ha culr ii chjrlaqono. Tlra leoeids

r.dltois md lirec,y rhis .ult cotu5onre rlE

lad rha! rll chiraqoiq wis orc! lloodod vr th N hhrn.

aid wrcrs rotrr valfty lc wo'ks rnd one d.lr.rosr: lDdohakosha has been Dublhhod ii rhclourcr.fd. Drtdhr.ol r. €ir, Cal.uft UnlveBny. xxvll, al 52 Hs Vijravma

ln Cordiei. 1ri*, pr 4-1. 79,223 224,

I A s 3, LXVI O3s3), 2s

TIE o,isin .nd lhs dovalopmonr or dris .uh has LDei dlscuscd

lh varylis loisrh by sevdal scholaE li[e Mm H P Sl" nSruddt-a Con o Drhr, lcrfl^.; D' Mrr-r o s "1r I r irhs'i roducrioi of shutryo Putridi D' KalYaii Mall k m he,

Ndtr srhpftdotrt tthrfi Dralr o srttanrn his o65turc iE'Ii8t'lJ cl]b

1

2

si.ieLv iid .Ll,ui , ai3hi, alilnsono 193

D,PCBro.Lr srqo4ns

relgloi or th. Sld(]rracturyrs, .!

ol rhe Ndrhr surus ,.om wio he learnr

Yosi Dractrce aid shded, .s lhc local mdrion eoes, rha Mi!resh

slmd (Mrh6\[hrl) ,s.pla.D lor hsmedil oi.

shaiaLh, adis. Plc ol MaEYetu

rldndh. H6 lludrols Lre bmiire rh6 strbjedorv ious leoands

li a B.isalibalhd, lnolvi .s &rd)ianoi 6d", .ompojql bv Bhrvrni

chirbqono was rlic

I ndrhh2 Hs teamr rslaid (M$eshkMl)

ror' Ilo corhl v llasi of coGItr llrL ishid s bsliered

bchmonr Ld rho hlaid His dtrciple w'sJalandha,Drda vn,o rqures ln the l?ss.ds as rhs ou ot coPch:id'

, Jalandha'Dad. vGrLed chdighml

r"clrq or subco ie 6l i6dr'

Ediorvonhv.ucc4s,and 1rre culr of NaLhsnl

ill ir uIL,m alv g,q4d in HiiduGime Lha Yoqc (hoN haYos6) su..eedhg corcksha wde vsvsimple miidcd, d ii ordT to hh hoiou r'om LhtTnha rilnls( ie, s,ahmr c.l kinqs ) b{rme kr a ,ollov€c oniv rhe

qr? 4IE qJE lqg rnlr?ri 4iri.a6 ;rF .r rE r.r rrirT E.r !

eflr sr.E qr{$ { E trrlr .qr I

6r6m 1i srts 6ltr{ li.rq n Bhrvdil oas ^{rrrdha

t cot,p1)

I ,{ s 3, Lxvll (1ses),23, A G,urwdddel, rioshLor.r rrai La

i4 la H {0y orchiruoou

N R Bay, Sdri sdi,rr n, p 77P,..hi 1330 e s (1923)i pp, 223.230

hL r3s3 B s (e46) p.36

called Ndha yoss, tke rhs pracicc amons

n. Li dohs so, rhey phle Lh. deadhody in the qrave wrh be -rp l.es .r rrs po. -re o. d '.w bo . Lr'ld m lr.o r 1,lo.r.,o

rashloi Iris cusrom s pecul lo rhe Narha

commu ry of ch kgois.

Accdrdrs 10T indr's h'$ory, the ludm hvmion msourhEit, rcsullod ii a lalqe soah Buddhkt m'scton row dsea dncountres, called Kokilaids. ot' lihaos by rho

ihe vrholralc rn,$trcro

This, accodns ro T andh, itrilsd tresr visour ii slddhts(,

5oc€1y rid cuhrie in Cr lraoons I ss

Enahle as borh Lhc NaLha yosis aid B IG orqm:lly beloisedLo Buddh'd moia

'c ode

or presenr d,y chirhsors batons atmo*wholly b th avada, kces of Mahay.ia BuddhGm c.n sotl bo

lre or rhe Buddhtsrr or chr(asoig wirhoul

auddhisBol Chiuasons pay lromaqa 10 ccdrin de'lies, whichapprc ly eol Mahayntc o,sm rn a Ehpto i p6ha aiv lase,

A larso numtd ol Mah6yanic BuddhisL deir€s havo uccnunc LEd ii chtusois aid hundods ol images $rl 6wair roba uied,hsd t,om d frercii pans or rhe disrcl Buddhisr imasos

(mcdi N6 pG6) can bs soei in muto(uds$of Emplos, vi'ams, ard r(yaios sc.[e,ed Lhrcuohout rho dsrd.rrsse Buddhi imrses and mudras mBy boylawod !5 !n eviden$ or (4ahryaia nlLu0ncc dn thc imqre rcutptuE

llAiBLrv[lr8es)25

e6 A nhrory oi ahiflaEdn0

sized skrle or Lord suddhr m seaLcd Dos-A,

Ths idol s known as Mihamuo l aid rhe dot sheld wirh uhD$€veieice by

' ie cr laoono Buddh sb. accorJins ro rho ,4.dkdne&

clrdrh, p:yiis Elsious homaoe (o Mahinuntdares ba.k ro rhomsn ol s:nda Thurya 046.193 A o), who toundsd rhe slnine

of ilaramln, 'r Arak r,2 Trs deLy has trlci reld i adoElloi

imrsoof Ankani "is gill imroD or huo3 propo io^s", r accor.t is'o

ea,ly Bu,Ds. (rr!ik,(r a dDresenbrile imrse ol sodhisadva-

Maircya or Maryaiic p.irhcon.3 Ac.ydro ro rho ocil trad rion,4(mo o probaLly a repl,ca or rho ortsmal

ois) was bDushl 1o 0ra vllas6 ofKrditpu, hom Rosh.is (tuakaoby a bh ishu iamed dspirs or his sho

orcd v/kdom, Thebhikshu ws uidolb{sdly or,id prchrbly a,chans.,in rho ahkaoese

cvl3doinsr roi Ihe modeh r6mplo s sad ro havs tre6i builrby a membn or rh3 lam ly ol chakma chieG.

Buddh'sb ol cn asois bslevcio whdECalled phora whcris alEo bs€i meiionsd in Mairiques Tr.veb. phora tras tjoen. wL.lr ko..'Dpod oai'y n ti--.c,

Suddha. Ths crms epelr ie.rr, in T,iDud d'aloc' and as ,Phoyr' itr ButrE'e

Fo, orl , .rli,iDns 16q.dio rlN osii ol rh0 'mass

ot Mah.muit,vdo Drn BBa;uas !ncls ,,/,A 5 P, X (1965),29.30,

Thc tr.diLoi na couplci To n isrs followr:(qirr,!r rrir ,rin e3 1q qJ.i t

rrEt"{ {r1lln .frqli q[i I

mon, soo F c Daivo6, ft. pm@3ks,,

socety and cuiruro tr arc,cN Chili0sonn | 9.,

. .lo-r'1 B.r.-* c.o otcrL.erlduad Jy / I, Frvrtr,q_u:*nE ro d€irily ,Porasrl (Poh + 9r, rhe srsa pon o. phora)

i rhe opiiion ol Prol6ssor H H wtson. -pho,ac, Ph,a s no doubt r conuprion ol S:iskril prabhu, a Lord orManq, fta h'ol theEspndo,bh'is on€n rorahed atoie, Ioaving

P,ahu which bscomes Prah or phra,.2 Therc ar6 tud B0ddh$nupa6 called Plro,achii, oic in rho v ltaso Haidsaoi ii pa vad z. atul rhe othor in rhe vrllas6 BaswrD Tho eanirc ot rho

mo is ior cloai probably ir msans lh6 sreor Lord (plrDE) dt''cr i' (Lhe Monsolo'd pooples ol no h eas(s tndia was knou/o

Buddhisrs ot ch tagong woEhip rho kiraha o' $e $raoiems or Buddhisn in dllsEri nam6, They lrd ,om Namo phoaT a Samsha Ttrahaya, wrEn rhsy sE otr ajounoy, so ro bed

Dhamma, aid Srms'a @raiis ir5 origiial meaniis. TdG appeaG

ro bo rhosame Buddhisi Mahayanio deny ToG, which lreld oica so

eialGddoos 'on

ln BuddhdTrnticism Chrtaqotrs suddhi$ 3!nl

cha 'OmTda, Maha Ta.a, s ba Tara di occasiotrs.3 Aocodiqb ,s nud4/do,ola, rhe woGhip or TaE was iitroduced lrcm

^r0hach'na n rhe Nimaloyas bv vasidi? uho woEhippsdrhs Dsvi

BuddhGw 4 nay s c oas Brhadu, d6cribe5 the dery or Tard

as "i peGoi Iic oi oi Ntrvair, $ho h idc tied wih sdkri or

2 11 l, p. 729] Enct.toD6.,tio ltiorid, vrt, 2063 etrrou0t r,o ur"'"nco of,om, E rorhiddsn tr BuddhEm, rha

Em' 'Om' oocu6 ii s aii nras6 in6c plioi6r for axamDlo'om Namo Buddhaya, om

4 a Avdlor, P,rrrr,d of rord, L r rcducr oi, (Londoi, 19ta),

93 A Hio,Y ot Lh trgoil

Ln Iiba slra is called 'vun cheimo; the Grcat

sho ls p€6on red s 'PEjia P ami'a' oI nansen

criid,atrdha, lrd Chird6sekh a was

ongtrcl.y i qlod'i.r

aid dero,med Bud.lhhr Malravaiic imases h.vr re@nLlv been

unea hed a few ieer ipnLrrcm ihe p€ss sivaiempb or chiidra_

idtha, suddhsh orchiLragono srll hold ftcse phceswilh venna

toi .nd iot lonq belo'. rrey uscd ro pav amral vGit ro the

or waiins in lhc

ThB erli.* exisrence or r,irdu soc'ety s r,rened Lo itr LtLb?@'(t -,.isrrid erty dmemmyT hi[a Gmplcsaid suddhhr vih 3d.a This

cleN side {rv 5dt w Lh Buddrr v

2

3

01 0 'Jr,lalley, op. .r., pp, 65 - 6ri

P,,.,,,, 1330 B S (i923AD),pp 223.230

they vd6 ti,e follovreE or oualislc Ph losotr\y. Accod l{l ro

as the psf. ion ofcrcdiorby,he rollolvas oiihis Famayar soc,

oftrs secL, iL ssuppo:Ed,NiLh i Dlacescr wo6lr D r rren:med Li! r

Fim,kshdtu (ioruhrly Bifrko,) mJ'niny ot,or pla!'e o,,, ddrcin rory GDc r.rrlr D. 15).

/ r 5 B, Lxv r (13e3), "

n ri .fl cL dqiElee

Btrl norl,iil lL r

Nobody kiora whrn Hndusm and Euddlish 'naCe

therhsaddav n1o the dnricr To ommitrd rh€ n qhr havD rekei place

alons wi{h A,yriilarlo! or ,h6 dE} d, Ac.ord n0 o T an h's

up durlnq rhe sena tulaor thD culLssu'h as

Saivi, Saha, a& Tadtrk, n thE rcson nuch b?roG lhe pdiod

rhe ille o' tlie crr3ndmi (733-e57 A D) in Arak -ch tr,soisr oJ L osfl6', o' S1r'k1a'd -:{r.E-

rcm ks: r'FroN .olns dll aisting,o1ha kinss oI {,i! dyias,y couplsd wirh

clloi cles or Arek.n it:pDears prchable ,h1L L,cy (he cirrdm kines) held B,ihm.iical

s, -a bull,.ouchart, comprisonEde ensmvld on oie s ds and .n the

1 mdoi aid trde,1i!ihin a.kcle"a,e cismvod. obrNlnoth6ywa,e Shiv ,e .Dins 'prcbtrbly app? aln ro a rlm. when the embl-

e . ol rh. xo'. i : or ql.d d'd r' oF ot B' od r.m nod <o-.ri is ih rlDm rhe Buddhst tislyph rcpEe ed by

rh' [dcci or Sr, ra".:l trdent or Siva,

a o-i. 'ou ,a

undoubbdly oani olt rher nclhaLlon low d sivisim. aIErmik iq aihoDrqh srudy of the .ons, chronkls aid ,trinsol ihec17 Mr M S colls,.ached. con.lusion rh wcthal (Sans V:isali,thr Atioras. cap el) 'mu b, rasrded ior as ai e ly suhesabrr r i hLe Hrdu * s".3 we should trorso.o id as callnq

2 I / s B. xv (846), 239)./ ,l3 J s,r. R s, soh Aai. pubt.

s 3, xL!(1e72), 202-203

100I A HGhry ol Chirusoiu

rho Buddh'srkiiss r Bn ltrcl,ndioi rowaklsdivrm af,d Tanrichm, hr$usr Tanniciemsohoobof borh Btrddhism and Hinduhm d!,lno $sn riEs. !n sdme

Tanrik w,kssod Siva aid Lo'd Brddha aEsholvuaride ic?I,sulfics,irosayLhar beLwsei e*rem Bensrlaid Arakai also €rp* enced tha trflow ofrhe ride otSdlvsmandTanucism r'rt w6roAsia lrom end b sid liracL,Ia.i.irmwasslnm\ssEblshedin thedistr.i fiar tuleE G 104{.c1300AD)could ior ohaiqe the teid ro any @rrociable e{e .

ch trasons sinco very oldrnr.s rris be.n notd !s a ca re o!riorh sxivjsm d or rhs Pk,rdr and rt ri(wo,ks,1 cha .la orcha qrama

mon rch krbld borli srlva artlrantri[lormsofrvo6hip, Inoieol $esswo,ks L is sr ed

Gi6 (Frid lzreFizrii I

fi.5r1 ssFal €n.:1 (o .Ei-.Iri anorher sour. Lod s'va iys

fr.ft irqli'r (ari', Esira r

li rho Esisali sourca ir G wirren ,s lollows:

616! r{ qil. q5' q1g! |

Eqnl r(€ t5zr{r 16rr I

Th6 Prh, is locard sirakundl on 116 c andhsektfr. H,llTho ansa-praryaos, or limbsol rhesacrcd

bodv ot srti rhat rsll in rhady,cl G dakshii hisrdrdho or halrof lhe rishr haid Ths de ries ars

4 n's V ohl rddrd (ch.3l I co ain: sonrena rnd olhd tBmols and ,sopilo,imiqo Thelrdrd.,,ud,,,,j (ch.

Dlice isa so olT,nri..trll

rE myrh b3lrind,E snabl shsrr ir pirhas has ben Glated oimaiy oc.asions ii dlrer.il forms The ,lr,bro.do, Prio,,s, (!'mn6omrhor olKa'd.$. o rrlasoydo ctr, ne* Iohroi tho lsssidol Dakshayartranas .id irs ane'mntrhs o'o i or Lh. p$rs a,s ve,y sstr [lcait. HB ffiEs: -'Iha !'orv

\rlr auddhkt llseids rcqddiiq lhe

lvorer p of Btrcdhzt co4oreal i!l cs rod Lhe .oistudlon of dupas

rhem "l

so ii, as rha pirhaof chdld'aiarha is

onsidred wlli sos.ial atre on isrhe ruins of Buddhhr liDqes havs l:ce ly bslo unaa hod ths,e. Dr

S rcii lurther M res : "TlE ider orrhe prha, asociared vrlth cedain

limb! or rhe morhe, soddes, e.ns ro br essentidlly connacled

wnh rhar or th€ L,ns.n or phauur,.2sakra outE b:cams rcnowned all over iho

believa rhd Lord sva shall resldapormatrcnLly oi rha p!trk ot chindranarhi durins Kali era. ( {int

'dPnr re ,di,lr Arldevs tu

cina: .r srvien i rhs d6tric,in the hland or Mih**hal'

rhe TiNk ao,k6 DrMurdd aJ sMhdrllahr h b say rhar Lhc Adr Btrddha or 1rc suddhifl Ta rik s,o s wastraBfohed nto AdLialh Gdi Inr, rhe tuBr or rha Ndhar) in ure

./R^s3. 1?Gre. 1s43,p7

local tr, qN:s on elalrodra des.riFrion

or ioms Hindu holy placcs espschlly or S hkuida in hG wo

crr r sokrvo,/ (D U L MS sl nos 97 aid a17)r dlso sco A L sen,

C c Binal, htroducrlon, n, 7

10, lA HisL.ry oi crir3qi q

l,lahadidcva or rhs Td d' tf, /vsl.r]rroior re, ArhaL i . { t

Anorher,oma(3tr)o scar olsalricull in rl'd dsldcr s ch r$!arslniie. chau.str€ri, siics.td ime

ho deiry of rhodisri.i, p iicutarly rho cjLy. sim 1:rmay b! thc caswnh lhe lMae.dhesw i ii Masadha (?Arckin), Dharesw ii DhakajT,lplreswari n Triptrra, Jashoresvra in Je$oEj Jakat' tn calclraaidso on. smiLr leglnd. may be ra.ed back to rhs ho y ise ofinLiquiry whcn,n E9ypr, Babytoi., Assyrii aid orher d6uires su.hDrorocrhq cirydeirie6 k4rworehiDDed bv rhe oeoDle ofrhe tocalriescoice ed Ih8 mode rempte orsodd*r ch rosw i ie sjiuaredon a hillo.k ln rhs cily. Ths .rtqiiat .hrjiecannoi be racdro in such medioval Bengtrlr qo*s 6 rhs Roj4ndo and /l{,ki!/H,M,.Ihsn,PD,ra s'vas evidancs or rhe shriGaid sronc inlosorqodde$

in oduc6d rcrcelr ro rre rnpurai i d.erm as rollows

6rliar.i Er.foil nl<r [F]!?!ir- qfi qra6 qri,r ,q! tr,

Lhe wish of rhs d. Ly rcvoa ed ro hm n i dream.2

la n2 ilaknt HB.irrhar o.e ol dre comeai oii or ire waiiio, s.iir (adal Khai c uz,"dse6yed rhe imase or chne$r( and corvaned ilt b stah,3

ed, Kal, Prasdoia Sci, p1 r, p. 30

3"rc 8rh arir:i rrbrr 6iq I

'F .rl ?lnr.r.{ ftiqtr4. E n rL

ElR {"n fth rn{r.- qrEqErr {i t{o qfir6+ lrriri} |

Sr4ti n? o.+r..a ors,'rm!s,i EdEnro,rra

{ Soouy orl c,Lture in aicrc ch Egons 1103

accordns rolhsmedlaval Ta rik wo'ks, saivhm, sakrisn' 3nd

bdoigcd 10 the Kam upa schooloflhele

s..iior 2, Anciont chitraeoE as a C€ntrs o, Islrni.s

Aborl thc mddleofLild c !r rsrru'y, I lopada or Irloyos,,c lanrous Buddhisr lan0ks.rohr 5aid bho aniu,ool chirlr'

ol P.ndn Vlrna, Thc Ilbeig, Cl,lirclel

'l r 116r,, cr,ortrkr nDply soma valuabls nlomalionrcsadn9 Lhe culLvr[onor Ie iinsin dnci.d Ch asoio. Earlv

n the rorld liy srcar srcss on le i isiid aduc iof ancliL chirrogono as d ,spdtd ceiro of lli0duBuddh st Td ricsi, oained equally ssnr caicd as o eitre or

culrdGlaldlntelloo,ualachv Bs.Ihsisevidenrno'n'rea$chn,ent

ci,irasons rhc clloni.ldr$ysw eirh .irlylm. m yrdhk;

rcmol.s ard suddrisr vLh as,.l Ealma ra, a wdely mu!lled Suddh-

n5 sas., r'vskd Jrla.dhsrd2 hcm rlrmes ol nE w e see' in rho

Ha camc 10 rhe c ty or Crarigrama,

cJpui ol cop'chdidk. Thse he s rolved supe,human pDwer.

sho ly 3ficry ds, h s prp l ( shnsch ya "vc red chdigram4'oi hrs Riy ro so(rh ndr

u,irh odo i Si{.r!,ne.U.trb-

skras rhor N aropo

Arshas N.nrrlr sivls n.1ic4 oi or h'sa ,chne r ro chJdtah-srcm,whi.h has rlshrly b€an ldo

'l '{i by Ba s c D3s Bahddur w rh

chkhsoiq. hlssilsd in thissou,cs 1Er rhes.earmoik rholar-shotrly bero,c $ Lho lo, Tib:ihad Lo r,ro.*d ,o, coisec,arn!some rdisiotrs obF s rlE eiinen e ,eiL! or is kinq .2

Afr rre d.wrfall ol Mrqidha ar rre ra)d or LGTurks, r nysoholaGand prcichqs llsd rowr,d rh: ran n cor es kalled by'50 -h'o' -rr i, ro.'d,0, -li\rd e i r'e-, -oi he ol lea ,nqii rhaso@untres. lr lssadthd Pafdir vonl Rrna Lvhh hh hdiadcompaniois -vsrcd T'bd rrom chdrsaon".3

,tn larer rihes, Fqi8abl. Sunda6 (who 6ierchedsway over ahir€sons) sait a f,umb

or PondG ro rlreSiddlrarcfuhed wrh a lorqa numharot Ma ra work.

104lA Bslory or ch naootur

ro Chrrcro-.4 There ev diice. I3rd us towas a cenve or Btrddhrsr leahifs m c ly

5, ilso &. Br S c D.s Bahadur,

1'e iroia icsy{em (s,mnha o' V haG or Budd rht oru@h) trasi sory al'oi oJ'o od.1!r

system is one or Lho rhres mo rsendal plns or rho BuddhisLBl'sious ?nd socal l,te, lvirhou, V'haE relteiour

'feor Buddh sm

isuntl,inkable. Tho ,ird.) .hro,.rr crplic LIy ddes ihooiEpiceol Buddhkr nrnane G r chmqoiq, lvhrc Buddh,! icrr

3

Sociaiy au.ul,uGii .eDrchilrdsons l los

qrd,ed b,/ rha moik scholare. Ths Tbaansour:s modoi lea one renalkrbla vhiia iamed Padir VihaE

o, Phdaviha.a 1 "tn ths cny ol carisrama o, Carlsao, rhda wsa laes strddhii moians,y callsd

ro hold relsious .ontrove,sies wlrh rhe

Tdhlkas (Brehmmas)".2 lr se€,nslh3L wrs Lho chietllh a ii rhk,es'oi and

'6 ram: sp€ad ld aid rv

e ddh schlarcaidsalntIkcTloDada, Na,aDado ArGh DiDiik a

ot thls ramous n)onasb'y camadowi

ro !s. $r. arc equally unronriata Ln lindnso!r th6 ruinsor thh

rimous monaserv anwhor3 in rhs

renown.d Buddhisl schold' aid a nariv.ol chlIaoons cond,dcdthc local0i ol lha

I triod ro tacs Llrs slle or Paidi' v h3,a n fiar lowi (chirla-

oons) bui wthoursucce$..rn, ....LheG isai old tr'osqrc siru sd on an smneice. lslways

old mosqde (? Jamo Mosque) mus rhavs

b*i but n rhe early Mahamed

ruiis or rhe Pand vhah or old, bacaus3 itwas rha invarioblepmdico ol rhe Moslen conquso

li $e y:ar 1904 on rhe hill adro nhs tha oldn mosqus, a *onaLrB PW D spdrorent while levellins

a Diece otq,ouid lo, buildirs an oqhouse . k seens F no

Hrbry 0F6udd,r'J- d /,di, by Lama Taaiathand Alako ch topadhyaya, p.25s

, ,{ s 3, LXVI (13s3), 24

sdrirlo, 1314 B S (190r), P. 657

2

3

106 | A Hi.io,y ol Chkrdso s

musl have oico bnhiscd ro th6 Poidir

t,e Bud'l i Le pl!mL,c.ry,2tsr,1s,v (eo5),a63 J a s s, Lxvr (1BeB), 2a

Th6 sihoL, rrrs wanLs ro locale rh.5 G of Paidn vhra w rtnrhs.dmpus or modom Aide*Ur, wChil6qoiq aid a Buddhsr bnolo wdrcd years or thu prless rorcesol nature comDlsL6d Lho d6kudoior rhis ramous montrE,y 1o

nor bson meirboed .hrcnicleE o,by rhclodisi ravelleG. h nselr s nor coirdoiLabour rh6 loc ron iniarchEeolosEc to I iodfioh Aide'k lla olhs l,ksly areas a,e crakGshala.Parrva. Aow{d

6 ar From each of rh6s3 ph.Ea la,se numh& oI Dudd,hr

'mis6 bulois ro rhe r?dh 1o ,welrt\

conrurieshavs beei due ou(

li isdilriculr ro dversd'mdo llrc v:l!c ofrhs moi Leres i ihcclhlcl hisLory otaich lndi,. Ihamoiks held fis moioDolyo,ls nins. rhey wdo Lhc oily lcricdllEhre prpulaton Ihen devoron b laamiig and rh., I ele$

FolP.d suddh sm to 'orchDrod, "o d Lr' 6 .

civllzed pcopb!. sbk rhd {he leihed Bu-ddhisre -6ed bhold reloious conrcve,ses vJ0 tr T thilas

{B t_mJt, ' I

lndians. Thevaiouished world have b b0 coivsnod b rho d nier'srshiik a w Lh which h0 srurk a

s sar blow ro Buddhism and ,hus revlved Hindr 5d li ch rason{J

. r Jts. c -' ! or,.l,o'u-. i.!o.e.. c .

so.isiy trnd culLre ii .ti' chilaqoio 1107

IhE ml j,ous ron(ov06y0ro Thh wrs thc iive on of Pan shva or

Paid('' crp (Pai'P:nd r rnd shva ii Tbelai'a c.p') bv ths chirla-

song P3nd Ls. Li Lho worr Pd? Sdin lm ig hole \ ": ,em kable

oives rho olioin or the Paishvc nojns, rhs loiq

rcliqious d spucrlon kr wr3rald i rhe moni$ v call.d Paid

oaon ol Bansala, i Brddhlq paidil, I'scnhs t6 dD idvh6 olanotl w6man, worc a cip poiiled lka a thom Flom hsvi.rorv

rha usc., rhs poinlod coiical caP sproad

RajS c Dis Brhldtr, wlr'I. commenrin(oi rtu Pdnd tt cap

rnite! : 'As rcoads rhe Ge or ErL,e olden residen6 who rollow Brddhsm Thsv told me thal $ev

I ,! ho,,ra 1.3,0!t b , si, 3

rlY bi ciosed wirh lhe wo lly

remrk or F3ls c Das Blh:dtrr 'The namDor Pand t Vlha€ and

rho dory or d.pubrion vJih the rnLhlkat (&rhmms) sossbshowrhar chirbqonq wis a ploce orle.mii! sixreen c0 urios aso 'l nor

s.dion 3. Evolurion of chtf.oone Ei.l.ct

i Cntrrqoi!,, orisii es rrom Masadhi

idig.iooutaid fonon words. The diahdirspokli so hurildly bytEn lros or clrihsono 'har becomos

rlrsBL/vl (rBeB) /a

108 A Hldo,y otchnasong

dirrrculr ro bo read'ly undcujood Dy Lh. DeJrt! .r or d roh 01Bs.on r.o o F, .t.mc t, . o. ,

il as an lll.o'ble unc.!rr diil..accordns Lo 0rs ( chare'joa, rrt di.l6d or chruairoii erotved

nom Mas6dr pEkriror c,ne

mtoiiriotr or Masdhrn Budd\isb rowarde.sEh counDie6 in.lud iq crrhloi! ti s ib:olltety non sf..al

\kis3, c ,hL ,id sarrbh 1

Charala roh or.Maeadh

sLock, ,esonatv idiois difrcrfr d3t4cc orBsns.l-.whtle Bcns:li.m weeeh Bcioat h:d ui.tarqoia qrsar

l, 377r also s K cha( re., ,A H no'y of rheAryai Splschhdix, c n Lx (1s36), ?35

soci.ly aid culru,e in Jtr. onr chiuaqoiq I 109

ln io orh$ dhlccts or und idld .qonsal rho trica or € l/medsval Beiqili rn rho charbsrami daLd

vocables orths ch yapadarhave beai rda ned

1 I ^

s a, ka-,, xv! (1sso), 331.332

Thoush rh6 tuyii rpeoch s prcdom na in rrc diabcr, $s rohor sp.ech or earlier$nle's couidnor be.omilrely wipod out

,om rhe diall . Ihe influence of Tibero Buhsn .nd Monqolold

mc6 cai be obseru* Dr s K chatGriea verv

approp,larely ob$rucs : phoiolosv dd rynirx,lr iotso much ii moDholooy, ch asons BensaliundobLedlv showE

a.rrcrs lntluci@ of rho sorlier l.nouase: which hava Eceded hfore

Bsioal,'.1 li a wod, chinasoiq dlakcr isdi inleb{:is li6ldro, rho linouGG 6id philolosisb.

6UAPrIR lV

coxracr wllH cHrYrAGonG

ou, ttrol{llllqc aborL rhc e ly Mrlm conbcr w h Chir€'4oiq s manlv d vcd f6d niqmahr-rhr nBd€vrl Lis a..otnrs.r rh6 Ahb

lcograph,s T,e Mu.limsF,on the rimas loio

uoiet mh als aodorher

' omoo'liri.s nom Sduth aid Sorrii osr As a wra or 9,oat demid

colntdh 3.d rhe Amb.as a scatu nsnnon:lmoqL n,6f,ooolz;d L,G [id. bc,vJ.ei lho sourh ind souh

h.trd r[a o,iei€1, ionh Arrcr ad Erop6tr

!lzun (s!er,3 lo, cxc,aoos wlLh

mn.i.is orrrcMkldh Easr,n, ce ml Asan,i,rh Annr an.l Eropeai cottri$. For abour oirhr ccntu,asrhly moio.olz.'1 Lhc Eer aii

'hr wen.

chrcnrcls, vocabuhryair th. nlrcanam.s, cLhioloiv. tavcllmo a.couiLs clea,ly indrcare

AussB roc*ht, Hi,b4 of rI.(Loidotr . Bourl?dqo aid (eoin Paul, 1966), D.

Yakubi, 'Kibh trl Buld.i', qrNadvi, .p .n., n 49

bi Khulthdb'r, qr Totr$a nl, ip .tr, n. 49

E ly Mud'm co .cL wtrr chirbsois| 1|

ch tra(oiq and llr Ahb po s aso lv os rho

of rrre silreejrl cenrurli.

Fo trmhly, ,he Nosr valEble evjd.nce or rhe trde relar oib.tv.ei chlksois rvl supplhd hy rlre A,ah

ocosraph! s rhctrsl!cs. Thos. wcrc rhedays of rhe 46rr supremlcyI' navlsation ard exb,nal tride Ihc Arrb seoofpheB, the,eroro,rook upon rrrcmslves tho responsbilry of collc1ing JJcts abou(d rlcrc pons aid coais as also cohmod [cs iva lablo n rhe

e!$ern hnds.li sd done, somcor dEm have,ere,.d ro a kiigdomktrownasHuhm. firshava€hewrc,o shown rhaL 'nuhm]'or tho

be ideitrred wrlr rhe kingdom orDrmapala(c 770 s10ao), who sxer.hcd swayov sorrh aancn Bonsal lTh3 Arb w,ir*s also nBnion a po bwn n]ned ssm da, whrchhrs bsi rdsnr I'od by scrrolrE wlh ch16sons2

'l'i o'crd r..hqorba* b6 ady a; rhe oishrh mnLuryjA D. r scEs i "rn hh lkiisMahlrahsrs'rdaya,'733-s10AD)'m { is ded LhiL s'veclKu-la o, to,eion srips, ws3 wrcck

srllsd in vllases"3 tho A€t, nrtrds otuoi

irishbomhs cound:s, wDre rEy esiblslEd ih.msdvos tol'veiiiirlmaLo,elarions wirh lre iarive 0eople The,e are sodB ph@s

bhnga, bll, ,Diisr bhais ch 'lyins scdLeisdLo lG.al rad L oi, commemoraL8

ths un(o un o 'nodent

rhaL ,dpponod Lo (lro A.arr sa106.

1le A.rkahde chhrn)c sNrs relsrcnc! Lo rhc ravellno otMusl , mysncs itr rhdl co! ry duriia Prq.n pc,lod Trc Clro"kh

112 I A HGlory oi clrihasono

whils,err trs Lo an rnc d'i' dd'nn krno AiswEhLa s rult {c 1o4il'

croTTAD)sralcs: -when lr. (an atreidinL ol trrrrc)mkPdrlE lored ha fouid a hkn, p6s'sths m ks or viol:ice upon h m.'

l,as Joilourd bY rhs

€nahliihnqnt ol tads conie!t oicountG. IleIdG6vxtle bv l\4awlina Muznrn shams Balkfl rn

sulran ch yaruddii Azrm shar (13s0 ' lr10 a D) ref{ b chd@on

as, po4 r,om wiror p'lsrfls c lvins v6nl: ussd 10 eo ro the Anb

voya!aB rsrer ro llris talercre'hni th:r naurcal rcrEx. oia of thq

a[ rad6 co r'rs!himitr Mah,i or fadGmau' (c.eo0AH). ln

he qives a lct ol

rtr chapkr v, or lris L,rtor 4rF.h,rr'r lrn 'ruu' (Pdhednoo' hD

dhc!$es rhc loFcs rron D ! E eeical ia, 'h

rrJsons 3rd tomther book on navisalioiw r

wrirlen by s iAll chclebrn1554AD Whlienar inghsN6nI,

shoals lyhs icd rhe .osr ol ahitbsoos.

1 ri" a"a ru"", "p..it,

p.lg2./ a R 5, xln (ies6), 13 15

5l ^

r B,v (1336), 4664tj7

I ly '0usl

m oodacr w rh ahiksois I i13

lhD commercial commun,c ioi belweei Chitrasono ad rho

a,ab coLnties is prolusly ds bod by tho Europatns asPeciallvrhe , accounlswe.ome

'o k.ow rhd a tively

on b?i vo o 'la areb pei.n.uL po''s. PsTidr

cuupo s and crithsois pon at rho rimeof rhen comhs ro Bsnsal,

The c ly Po usu6sa vh toE sawihe po ol chiraqonq c@wdod

wlh Arcbsals. Duadeds Darbosa, PyreId dc Laval and maiyrabmerchails skylis h chira-

Edbosa (515 a o) dares rhd rh8 meF

chads or Lhs Middle rn Bengah, "pos$$orear ships alr4 rhe rsshion or Meoca'1 Joro ds coelho aidJoao desilveh, tho 1wo Po usuoeD commaidercvc ns chjlbsoiqitr 1517.13 A O saw maiy Areh slrips an.honns li tho halbour,2

c!t prvlss6s frcm re ,llerc ofchkbsois ended n hilro chisllv owms

poljrcal lmrah'l Ly h rlo counnv olrei made lreAGb morchans

nroioly .l!s rous ol sainlns GriLoral power' Jodo d6 Baroi rh.cslobrared Ponusu.se hisro,ai prodlc@ k nony or such a bold

oio hundrcd yoarc bofo6 rro Potrusues6 vslcd ch ssoD, a

ioblo Arab ai,ived 'hsrc

(chi'Bqors) iiom Adai (Aden), brhs-mo w h hm rwo huidred mcf,. se6hq rhetralo ollh8 kinodomho basai ro lom amb LoE proFots of .onque{......8s w.t

th[rdcouir suoplBs iEdrcctoviftn@of nE aBLr conGLlr ol llE I fts6nrh co u,y A D. Fronr

Ou re dD B Dosa, Th.8ek olDrortr! 60r, kais M L DdmBs,

r H Blochrnain, I ll3, XLll

ir4 l aHdoly or c,iLMqorlr

I' appe s rtrt rho Ardbs nor ooty oi ee r:das but crc,!sed lnflleice uDotr rhs polillcal alrans in rhe

dukcL. They vroul.l evoi €o as ra, as ro make ir a brse ro, re ro rleas 0Milleyr.m lG: "Ths comh!cial acLiNiry or rh: rilulramma-

d6rs (!virich in ri,c au,,ors !rcw dates bick ro Lhe rr,.llrh c€nrury)

paved Lrs waY tcr [4utilman domi ion ii ihD dhtrct."]

Thc oonealosical rablrsolsom. Nl$lm ian lcs olchirosonqsrld ro be lhe d{c.3dtr s ot arilr m q anls lur sh anolhir valu-

able eviden.a or the.omns of(he Arebs3s $ 136 n chihaooig.

Fo rhescrcslosicalirlrla,2 Ganuin.d i'r rhe /v,ker fGdri by a

local po:r namad Muhammad (hdtr

s.w*. hls foGlaoer sddque ramlv ol An6a.It h *ar.d thar r G,me ro chidasoqe uv *r, rid,.s oi (rc lrack

of a rlsh. Lik Nruhemmad Khan, abdio Nabl, inorlu loc,l pod

p,o.o,? (lrm, .ma d-,d..'nlr. or h'. . odlLo fd_ lv.rMuhammid chuh , aLocrlpo{ i'roms usthar Munshizarar. hspalrcq beloisod 10 rlrE holy li,iaroqor (hal la Ab! saqlsiddLquc,4

ln$iic|s or smll cs.s m1y bc clrjd in Ii,s. numhe, ftos

rh{, h$r hkro,iai Marlv Ham,.i! lah ft,n rcrrs Lo a0 iieiic.or mediaval r.mrnunicatidi bd,xcen cr rteoos ard Acbia in nsIq*nJ-cl,o.san L e lvrircs:

oie alfs Hu$ur of EirldaJ,.d4smr'hr( ol iiL'nirr l(redallhterofth. Pophd, a src m4crarr, who nos'$ed nuchwealrh ' l ti 5laves dnl owis( routr :i shiDs, rd r.pcdre-dly b.o,r rd ci,arxiri ord re trsd lltriwards to eo 10 ocisal,

dn,d. llc otso.rix 3rd nddial, ,i.l rrrus ra5!d rru

1

Einy Mrdim conracr wio chilbsonq lt5

0rdva0 rn ,h. r mu1ie i Do,s soE i law aid irve,r honou'ad

Th8 weslriy aod ,esDedabb arab m cha , des4rbed tn lirsI ot radiiq vcasds b, which

h6 rrcque Ad rhspon o, cnfiaqoio Heoxanld a grc iiftrqcrlpon

'he rcyal.ou 01 G3ud. rhe hi$o ri adds

da s ol ths Ahb mmha ar. s I liYiio inrh's Atra H!.dn he

'drnrLrrd wirh Alfa chan ct Da snos,accouir

who hd LEer .!dcdas ai n,tu:nrjal tuslm noble ii rho royal

viz; rhe nobl. A'rhot De Bsrcs, rccount, Alh chrn3 h riresEm,sour.s and /rttr Hrsai o1Baiidluir t(hars rorl!, ao$ lhe Arabs(rhe ioblamrn cr De Bros a...!rr aDd A],a Hdr:ii or i jkh)

madelhedistrior rh!pjvit orrser iib Liou: temrjt ar e,oyal

Bosides, lDre s rhe idmis'nrm evidrnce ioprovs rhe Arabc0m0mwirh ch Luoong a! eirly asid coh has b.en ds.ovi,Jd ii rtro iu G of M.hamaLi4 , nor rar

l7 b3 asumed rEi tho cotn wrsb,ouslrLore by rheAmb rad-s rnough rha pc of chirGsotre.

Tlrccrhiolslnal LG mJi./ of (r: Arab c.n1ad vJlh ch raeunss id lesr ovidenrial.

people cLimin0 ro b-. desmndinrs orsraikhs aids:ytdr warc 954,294aid 9000 solts D!pr.:,.,ir. r,ro! or rh4 sn.caitcd Amb de3

Jid t lqlo.r i,I a s b, rxxxt(1372), 331

D.. v, Liv. lx, cap t, D. 47 i

R{o, ^r.I?edogkai

DnohrhJ ii E4i PornE,, K ichi,

116 ta ristory ot chl[dsoig

6ida r aB'esidin( h rlre. rv, or rh. a]a.. wi,ii tho,!lus ottwsnly niles 0, rhs .iry. Ths rin, Mll atrd sktlv lstrr., rcund

sh6ped headwllh qlorv ns syes set on lr. bnd's h..k lL[e ]o*,n row aid lons h@ w Lh prcssd Lrt.r.DFo .6 dl Drohbla $mir'c orqin

The intilrmrioi ol Anhc vocdbll v in Ch traqoio dite ren

ririos ro tha .lose rchioi rh,t D,evaiLdA.abia. PedFps, rhep:oplaofno orh disrtur n the h'oiLheoiBprUdu and irs allied hisuasand Pa6ian rshs rh ' tho peorrle ol ch rlsoN A loiq llr of

a?Di voob.lr/ _'m hord wnhoul nuch dficullv tlowever, som. of rhe tuaLri. tehl_,

which do iorcommoily usDd 'n

orh rcoioi.l d rle.E or sciqal

buLn.qua ly used by rhe peopls

eramplos. IhlE the $rords lFd in chruasoisd rlrcl luch 3s qhr

(y'+! ' .omm $Ne), akkhda ()ra?! a smirl dep noLw h i

hour, iim4, hrza (!i) -wod), alo; (llil - d.\") bd" u^l -esr)

r ,a,, ) ri.-- .1, , a. , i+ i*a), (kum,rt!5 msi)'? I

rtq rhe rtrodtrdioi or slam

lo rien P,orou^ knoul.dqa nscleice or la, rde aid iois tude, in Jnroio_

mcalphenomena and m Lhc seosrsphy of rhs.olnurcs thcv vhtdmalo them u wlsd in nscanl16

Ac.ord is ro Allama Nadv' &a ( t., D 1, bdh Lr! Aub. tmskho$ and khalj sisniry a'bav'

ln [hs vls of Allama Nadvl 'dp. dt, p, 4), "lLis drved rom

o-.i (qrDs) wh ch m€ans 'ro drivo nlo"'.

Erly l,,trr1m ro r.r wiLh chrnasono | 117

so drJp lvds {ha m k ot ftii ll!3n.. on rhB

clearly ob* vod ovln ro rhis day. Ths ED Jdns iauirl h rill used

by rhoCh(tsoi 3ns w Lla dhrhoushino a rypo ol bod. chuhb(p'rr,. khalu,2 brl'63 a,. some oLHnames or wrEi cmrt rrmiliar

.o ad wfth chirbsdno. strch tuabic

'em as mrlL.4 krirbsi,s da,i (JrJ), a,. ion,a, (fr.ancho,)

rrc. fouid an e.sy a.cesr ro Bcisrlihnquasa iid ihrs en,iclr irs

Some or rtu ptrc.names or rhe dktrcr whch aG emphai@Iylso rd c € Lro a,ab .onracr w h

iamcd by,ra Arabs ds Sh iiam,mrai ir rr..let,tr or herverJrm ih6 AEblc nanr ol silhd Jamuia

t hi Br(rr. lsa rhewo,d !rr! (juik) b siqiiry x bis sh'p. "IhewodJuikm!ybr ccirecredwirrr (arurkrshwodr rlEo'lsiialtu:nrs ol Junk prcbariy be ns ,3\ell" (c [, (sepr. 1936),29o)

2 The wod d',es ,rom iir.c. (KLEliy ) mea ns b sqer boars or

srns(NaC , .P. ., p, sl3 rh! lvod is i,ob:bly de,ived iiom JjJr bDi, a Pqshn tm

-1. n ' i m J'-! h,5 1 -h xadli. rp..x. p. 6. Milr lDa!

nr, crew, and malansi (minlhduH ofsalLr, (he rwo wrdsaredsved tom rlE

'oo1 word rnilh'irsiiis saa.

All,i,r Narl! oives ths der vd on of the Eh as rotlows: r'Khalat

whi.e and black aid KhalLsi

- . .i ld bo 1or u b''.\ md r "1d i u i'e larhlr o' u(susuallv emplovsd Abv$indn women as

ho$ehold maids childrsi bonor str.h davesrls wae very

.rEn enroll.d ro, s v.a on shps ard worc calGd 'xhalati'

1131^ H $o,y dr chiragono

ardir LD Lre Murlin mq.hlnrii m.disv:l rmes €o.db1 a,d3omeorh po uqrose h o,i6nsnr!irion c rirhsoio i.,Biid.l

as Bandr! i; an AEbi. Per ai rohrL i d.l i.d Ltr the r?orsn Jor-n as,a

hidino pla.e o, qtr y ia$r-Do ; r [jbdd aid rom*im6 also

h ts fornd in ma,ye o, Edrol-BrEdir inear Anca,3'nd,Mdnrvam,33idii Deis.saEm in Maliysa. Bar. A!(ay,. , Ea,dT r!trs, B:id Abbas,

li coss ofAEba. A sl3nce artheiidc\ or a dodem silas wrlL shcwall,o!id rhe r!d rn occai.

nd.. curs3on n rha mecevnbo(h rho porLof chiruqon! and fid s31dr qe ' ,nlls de vrhich G fiemlde khowr ro rhlBrdr ror rhe medieval port town ot oatrq is n,ll nlnr Theroisai o,hhorc Ghid ii Co{s Biar Dntr.r ktrowi as Jintna

LF-;.rj,+nsdrhqkhd. simrl4 visw is.ip.osed abJur Aiwra or rLE tand of uohr(uoor, Aiolrroi plac. s saiaid D ('i Boalkhal u. z ), m acbicroh m0an a0 I rsr hid. h h beleved by ft! locrl lor( thd (l s,nis$o rlaco wherc rlE A,abs cniblshed $en rret snLlemenrNe rhh r llaso ther. c Lwo nouzas mm.d ssydpr aid s.ytd

ro rhe sdltenenrMuslms. rM placcnimG suc, is Alk ,i, Sulk Bah (str k.!1-Llrrir) oic. show rha tuab ,tlueica or the medeval ssosmphy

Larly Mrsl'm co ad wth Chnasois I rls

Ths p,iLrciocl cause or rhcdocl ie or rlre Areh ftde and @m.lv ol rra Po uques D Et€e, Thao chirBsons ii rhs r6r quancr or

rhe s,itee h cen!u'y. Thc appoaEnce oJ rhe PonusuossaiL 'n

rh8

trdan o.ean hhdded rhe ftabs lrom c ryhs trad6 wirh rhs ea$emcountos. Pluods i9 was rhe nrei vrord otrhe Ponusuese trado,s

riorheArcb saili wre iE r 6tro Muslm mrcha msi our ol

on ono occosion aPo usule,rhorv/asdksctdrhar ir "miohr causo thar io sh p ol Moorcs should hde 'commo-d tss al somsspecired pLces burwnh cudomrbrhcm aidpassr,om rhem (tha Pdrusss)"2 Horvevor, Lho supsnorry or rho PoFrususss ov Lh! Airbs h cdG'n m8ucre cs'norbe denisd. Prof.$orD G E Hall poinLsout: "Ln the Ea er seas rhey ($e PorusuEs)eieued ihe Moo's inbolhf thi ns and nivigaLhs (hen ship3,.id rhe

5lr os thems.lves wo,e ii cvdy wav supc,io, 1o rhose or rhc tuabs,

wh.h \'.n buh ror $rlrs oily under ravourable Fof,$oi

chitosons ahd srn.nd.r ot th6

TheAEb w'iros mei,loi, oo t,(Bcc rhanorlcao(

Erer ro rh s 1ori. rio say: : F,om xaiia rosaminda h rai raEsanss. n ca tr produced he,e. Al.e is impo cd ,orh'sph€ from a d{3icaor r tuaen Lr4ry diys loumy rrnouoh

pLces. From Sam3ndr bumasrrii (uasn i! Ea r,16)

'r rvre y farMiss.-1 Al-ldrsr,anolhor AGb wrEr, supples morc

From Kaira ro Samatrdm h rhnry mlas. sanaidrr isi laloccomms.ial bwn.,h*e sood pro

possss mu.h merchaidise,nd soods. Mliy comr aid so roth placs. k soir of rhc dependenc,es or omtrawj, rhc k iqor rhase c hr, Tha cny.l s3ma

rlD'reachos rrnom rhe ciry orOishmtr. G6iis plenry o, 'ico

and com, arc ava'lable i rhs 'i'y. Aloswood s bdusL'r hd.4

r days disbn$ by a nvn or

wh ch tho warssabs islaid and ,ho dcmica &tween LlrcLwo is ono day

Thrs islai'l h !vsll-p6opled aid rrc.uented by rna,chJ s nom trll.ouilrics. Fro hcrc ro lro slaid or sadidil) it fo,I drys

doysdisrrtr.o tom strm dar is rlE c ryof oashm, rh6 nis colebrted noughoul ida, w)ch s

und* rho rulo of oanmwl.2

lhi Khurd.dho L q1 a kaN M I Nai'tr, ,rrd, GdsropJrsl (mr.hds. ofsourhln ,id'o, I 31

Al- fisi,qt a hns. Nan ,,P .x, D,bE morc a hfaclory traislaror rhai l!ra10fElloL.id Dowson

Lrlr lruJmr cotr€cLwnir crriLEsois I 121

neqcrdiie,,is ! rv, tU,or,., J Dorsoi onlv translared fio pa$-aJr r,om ua ore ial ruxLaid d d forso beyoid (81. Mr [vlH Nan

i Ellor's tanshion bul h6 was uiabla ro

I coa morc Probably aI Lha mouth

Dr Abdul Karm d6c6ses thesubied in detlLhrL hads o 1 ia !orlus on rh s.m d4 is dldral w lh Ch uil

srrds k a2p e ly rhs csnees.

wi or Lho ca,s6 is drinLr,omBdros map dishcrly shov/s rhe siruaoi ol

ch traqons oo rhc la,r bankof Lho ciis.s s olrtill. Abrl FazI

staid whjch s slaLed ro be. rhe istaid ofs6idwp. lhe sccouir

cle $d S:maidar was sirudedior oity otr Lhs creek or'he Garires bur also on rrrc sd .oae At-

or he sLnd or saiilwipas ,vretl peo pted andrraquenled by e,chanrs r,om all coum:.s" is .or.bohcd by rhe

sm lar aDprob oiby sele,al fora'qi rîoll,s ot'medieval p*jod,

The dLscnce or d lr.reil places ricm SanDidar, .s rdcd byalways raollal, rtre a.couirs or

aid Alrdrisi sEm Lo l,s rohl n siviis aborLhftar days jounryLlY,lsnono aLn Karmur (amrd h

1 P .e.dirl: rt Lr. ?akhrr HRto4

rr^sP. v r (rn63), 13. r,r3 )ll,n"a"" ,lr o,,rc'r llt or

.o4i!^k ri,n *t!oi le5ri

122 ta Hisrory ot ah reoio

samandm (chilasono). tr my be recatted rhar bn BanuLa sives

rourc 6 io' fackl sim rarly, Lhe djsrdi.enomsandyrp ro crirb-joureybrt,he dBBics from ch( D'q

'o ce\I. rJd.o "-.-

abour,l,epolrdl $drsor s:Daid ar Lhar rirc, at drsiwn6 / rs oie oi the dependeic'es ot' tunoawr,lhc knq orth6ecires"_ Hss omiawt crx ,who h6ld ha por undstho mod mio a

Dh mapal,, who hctdKamuj srso dreided

AccodigloAI.tdik'tnariaLioi,,,sdhsndar sitaroecohmerc6l rown wlrore sood profns arc made. rre in,abnans Fo$?$

M.iv cdmeand so b rh pla'o"sincevery early [mes,

I for.sr iavsltere pBhe,l ch La.sons:lnon n rh. srm. m.nn* ar ou. Arib seosaphas had do.obetoro, 0rrhs cornnodlies ava r.ble ar sam:id Al_rdrc Mtues,"s,ann Dlr y oJ rl.u ard .om Jrc ava hble hch uasons wa:r bov, or rce, wrhal phce can bc rc?d in fic a..ou ol rho Eurcocii I avelers,Aloe wood s nol a id y'

o,Abut Fi, w. cim! r rroirhal sythor r:s renown.d ror aloe word.z This aloe woid wJ5usually c rted dorJtr

rni sa LrL.,. ri tr. n,1!q .,d,{ti(o, t,,s

E ly Muslr cd acr with chilhoons L1r3

D, Abdul ( 'm

mitrs rlra €rymoloolcalsanaidar tls quorss lrom sblnsa$'s

c,nD nr.,,. o.r,.1 11! r Dtlrda ai lollods: , rr "- Ji"-)rJio& sard robs d ived ftcm s.n, tiGand aiddui {u thri) $1,'maidari namoof a placei, u,idu:knnomwhich.lN s brousht'

Th$ theadualwotd issamaidirun meanin0lrc wiihin" Dl(*imGrsE rd Tannath in suDDo( or h

abls rhd rhs Arab tho wodJalandhaE hhsamandar. borh eivnoloqi.ollv and li acrualseiso'

rpDendir rt rh€ Ar'b Priicip

The d scussidn oi the erly rJtuslm

slv. s b a problem uheths rhe ^hb.orr;L

w 15 chkLasons l4d

To slvs a dlrhha r.p!y 1D thh much deb !d Eo,rt,m s undoubreolT

a diffculr rask. n!cenrly, sDme schotrrs, ,.r eiamrte Dr AH DrnrDr Enamul Hiq2 aid's.'lqs . r.".d"dChirksoDq spcakiisiam or oli.6 crhd

k,msulh(. So the lrr rn mus, ha!: da e.{eilhr ro i Musl nkinq or loa Muslim doniiion. rh. r sr MuJ m conqucd ol ch (a

h h!buddii ralsh, Look placd i thamirdle or Lherou oeirrco u . so,rherlarei.e rorrmkn b.romrhe Muslim coiouedor ch (a4cno is soi r. tr,aidm.y reasoi.blypoi otrr Lhe 3{deic4 dra Mudr oiiDlial'V rn chiho.iq b3ror

ih. rccduib .l thraEbseosEphrs nor rhe natraLivls or rhr nd 3n hisrorirns lupplyevld€n.e ro conoborle i Musl,m r, iciDal y n

c4.]so do not coirrn Lre oDr Di

'E ly Mlslim coirdl vJ L, B.iorl',Ii,: &orte1ngrHtubry CohrlE<, 1951, D

Enamul rlrq and Abdul K im, kotot Aa)5ahhol

hntq Pakk(E klon ?n ot, p.11

E Ly Mrlin co idwrh

ol Lhe schr &. Tllc o ly cvidal.e frr.u,.l r,a A,rb pr ncipal,ystheMtrham ad(h. s p3disre!, rvhrs i is tded th ttahrstrrvar,

Arab ois i, sovemed chirbgoislor some rimo.l Bur MuhamnnlKLaics nry beanrched (o,L s L,srd oi tac rion aid rhe h*orlociLyor Lhe nrEne can b: c:lhd

ioabilly,o 3ccept ther dp ,loi., doPPno Ph.e or a .ommncral

kads in rlre nelqhbou iseas The r waalr4,

Presnse aid mrluenerhcywc,e., erly Lidns peopl:, Lhey hckedntI'hry r,qri ,r vins our an iidependenr p,n.paliryr crnk-sois rho r.i:rcica to rhe Aralr iobleman r ihe works ot Ds B rcs

id.nce or '€ imbnious prcjacE

or rhaA,ahs,/ro 'nshrhavesordimlsbe.omB

so powe"ul as ro

m,kelhsns.lvos derrousor rh! Eersal rhrJne, rtrr trs does norp,ove rhe orislenceol an rddpe^d

L s e (rrr e s) -. rror,

(JtI]lPTER

NUSLttrl COItOUEST OF CHTTTacOXG

rh! J^r ryalrbte rahrins ro Le aartiBs

Fn by rhc mid{.veir?nLr ceorrv h sLon,r sr habuddin Talish. Tho

h by!oia L nr, ..a oi $o:orLms or Blisal naned Fakhruddhtul i .o,,ql..?.l ch oror, ard b! lr ri embaikment (at) nom

s ru ed tr ch saof wer. b! I, n

rhc (.iislir) ir G D.ovs ill,ltri.ois by Fakhrtrddii MrtDiat<

1r:e mrmory.r rrt! Mis,mr ! Ta!sh11herre cdrbfubd MoD sh lDvEller rh

n rs sadkawr . Hew res rhard I M 'bah[ shtrh. lbn B][ubt

rrs ida ifrcaLoi, Imryb3idiudJed 1r01 Lhc ird_peide MLslim k nsd6rn of sji o3ir lndr iho 3bolr Lc

.oinnl o, iallidJn Mubfuk sfh.

n unds Nr!slim control rward Lh!.!iLtrry rlht! d?s bhlr suh:i F ruz

Sriri ru1 luq,j srrortor srhr FaktudCin [4Lb ak shai] rrcm

soia!.oi b, rlyrs ( t3b3 ^

D ), zar,r Kran,

Musnm coiquEr or c,nhqono 1127

Fakh,uddin's son ii hw rLd by scr and rcachod Dllrivir Thd.erThe rus rive mun h,vosone ro ll

the lvluslm rulers or sensal Thsspec'flc cvideicc o, s, habddin T3lsh,aati sld8 !y sdB wirh ihc

iid aho or Shams .Snaj Aril laads us to

slose rlEr c[ilhqoio f6r [V]uslm tule bysrlun F:kl'ruddn Mub, nk s5a).

eDio lry Fa(nuddh Mubarakshah s norsbred in Taltsh s ac.oriL Burad!.ori. ssrpplcdbv

lrad p6:ed our or rhe ,ands ot'rk:i,uddir's dsc-droh (ro was a

.L.n{or rlrorc) hi}rovolred is sadlawatr.1d 3.trqil and maJ, lrii-seI an ndereideni iule,. 2 NJmhmdic nd56 p,N:; thd Fa(hr:

03sa a D). Lri B. uni nirm.anlSh6h broushl Bensal (,2L,er rr kmsdom ol s.na,gaon) aidsadkawan und{hE co rolaLliermsrina, sr, rhe conque{ of

.sdr "v or!,"r1/Js "..ior around 739 - !0 AH/i333 3sAD.

Fbn who chiraeois w:sshah s n,fl cul 10 ascsihm. Boh rhe r4rrk,r.r aid rnptr,4 chdrrssuoqes a Iiie of inqu

'y abouL rhe conq?en or chilasorq by F.kh3

udd'n Mubrsk shah. The na anon orLhe codsmpoBry evenrs ii rheIrf-achre .r.suoqe$ (E( r6e auihorry of lhalrpuri ru106 mishtnor have beei erbnded upro chirLionrrqi chncsoig H ITffls waThscB ral and solrhin chirhrons w6 probably &iig n,led h/tuarii, lvhhh wis uradrilly losrn,alpow inrhemddlc ofLre rrtrneenrh cea(,y. A.cordns iouEAi,k4d. crroii.h, afrer lte dearh ot r\rreis-c' (laie 13rh cedury),

123 lA NELory o' ch,(4*s

one or,D )owcrillsov-risnsor Aikrn, Lhere Jollowed flern.la t.i.l and trnhappy

by rr. nruolles or coiLendn! fidrois, rtenqwlv nsen fo unc

Alauoq Plrra m Jre 8um4se emire .1 Thus Lr. ,xJ.r, pol trrtcoidirloi of

'hc kiiodom savs a sood chri- ro s!lLin Fakhruddm

or ci (.rW d r;r, qno rhe ,rh,

Br u1a, Srlrn Fakhrudd MuLr :k Sh:,

rh lhs a1r:dion orsul,,, Felhruddlrar rh hcphsod onc ol Lhc ssh's v ceroy Sadkiwan. Thh

man wJs c,ltcd shryda (nrd fortovr)rhs 0r€ ('E 4hs or whch

ei ed rll Talsh's Lim$), pd ourrtrr the sutlan ws nor onlya devour Muslin bnalso a prol'fic buildcr.

The Mrsl'm coiques ol chirLagono p,odlced r:r Gathiseirec$ oilhe cou6eorl,hlo,y oi clriLusotro rr wa5ior me,elv

a pol'[c,l coiquei and re]rsLols as2e.b.chitcsoig now cesed ro b3erclusiv.ly a coice,n or A,akai 3id

conqus', ns aselons solaroi wrs brokei.

FeiceioMard, the sansil ruhre be.ams

n rhB polical, soclal, and mo,o lmpotunr h rhe eooiomic lrisro y

ofBein.l. The coiqu.sr o1Fakhrudrlin msde rh6 dstrtr' an irreorilp. orLre BensalsdlLii .. n rho Lime rhar lollowed,

'heM6limruls6 or Eqrx3l as an lnseP iLla Pa orLhor domm oi and kaco a nm I'old oi L

wirhn a ve,y slio me,

chiol Do or Bemral, aid

r / ^ l s, xlr Iuac) al

2 Bh r.,"nt,, "p ",, p i37

î6l,m conqre( or chksoiq I 12s

.s rhe chEr po orBenqal It rtresavenresirh osnrury, aid rh6Do. ioi vh, r war h dlv obk',dbls d- iq.,e ppvoLs ..qF*.r. ro'd src d o' hh1

rasut ot rhs conouo s of Fakhrudd n Mubra( shah

F,om numismaric evLde,.e LL aposare rhar Fakhruddn,s rnorndell n 75oAN tl349aD) |

dsd by hEsoi Sutor Lhriyaruddri GhaziShah.2 rhe evdei.eor riscoinsmares !s ktrow rh he could eiercGa rcsa, puwsonly ior a sho rms Hk conssk ed ro appear h 750 A HI349A D aid hc lisr coms, apD€ared in 753 A H

/]3s2 A D.3 r rhe same ye rhe coins or Su r.i yas shah

AUCUr K 'm,

amp6 rf th. hBh ca$ ol a.|al], r. 36

/r,d, p. 33 o, A Krrn mos apLly sussens rar, sulhikhriyai!dd i Ghaz' shah was the

Fakhrudd i Muhardk shah. The ground of hsassu-prion L csrollows: F 6r, SllEn rkh ya,uddr chazi shah besaf, ro srucris coins in '750 A H/1349 A D, ii ths sam ys.r whsn tha

.oiis ol Fakhrudd n

ii ths sahe pic!€wheR hB predec*so, had mhred hs colns. Se.oidly, rhg

new sulrai inlrcdlcesh msetl as al sulun bi,!sulh., whichloslcally lerds ro rhe hleGn.e rhd suiian rkhriyaruddn shouldb3 rhe soiofsuLai Fakhddin Lsrly, ihccoiis!fsutrinkhry.tudd n be close atrin'Ly ro rhar or SrlGi Fakhtuddn.

B coi id crad bv the laremenrorLri B rula who inrons !s rh rho oily son of Fakhrrdd tr

ws nschsouslyBrle lhesrlran wasnill alve (3har6sdl op..n., p 1s7).as reg ds rhe avddn.o or lbnrrre nudsrcd son ot Sulun Fakhruddin wis hor rrE only ru'

l3d l A rlisbry .r Chi rooio

besan ro appo4 l@m h ff,y rsason.blv 6aoonoluded rhar sul.i rkhiiyrsddin w6 defsar€d and dahronedby Sulrri lly"sSl-tsF, who,lrs srnEd t.contro,ou r.6Ernoryof rhe tulere or Faktuuddh Mub'dk Shahi dyiasry. Esids rhe

coiis, rho T,rilfi.i-Frrz lfuh,1 sh.d]ishr .nfia lare of fts ruhtsol Fakhruddii Mub ak shahl dyn.sry. A.mdms ro ir, sult ilkhriydruddrn 6nd all orhei memb€E orlM ranilv otsulran Fakh-rddii wsr6 pur bdmrh by rlytr shah. Th6cam6rh6.nd or$e,ula or rhs Flkhruddin Mub:Gkshahl dyiasry overchirraeons.

rDp.rdir. ld.nril,Gorion ot ch,rhsons with sidk.w.r

ft66Galcr ol6ntov svamois scholsB abouL the identi-

,m.1 Ths bFdwsliddh ssedhv cdl Ylla in his monu-

menr.l wolk cd,r,ydid,,."/ ortuh€r.2 Ths schola' solecred iho

iwo ciriesot Salqaoi aid chds:on fi ho$ likslv slres ror idonliri'

c6l Ytrleii his 'MaD or Asla in rhs rn

rj'lr ot the tod ee h ce ury" his nsensd s.dkaw:n n lhs stma

heonq is located' Ha thue h'

sha,ed bv Dr N K Bha&sl3 aid orhs scholarc. col Yul6's viow

has bsei.hallenqed by M, James wise Mr B.nov cho.h and Mr

NBRoy4 rn ods, to rom a clen opinlon, Isr us ir:mli6 '

Accordiiq b our tavs in Eensal rh wo

6 ercd sas Sadkaw.n a lachiuasons w ths Ghiar Po

rndonadl iho modpopulous rowds in Berqal ii medi6valp iod'

'1xws) llre main ddewrv ro rhe rova!cdpnal Gaur' All iho P' '

Sdoioi, commonlybeleved ro bs. co ud fo'n ol s'pt'qram,i the Fre-Muslim penod, nood noii Fodem AdLaplaoiam ne

wh ch rhs Hooshli,$es aswaria

s s, l, 1OOn, Bsnoy Ghosh, P.sh.[,, sdrge' so,gsknd, pa 2, p 3O2

132 1a Hkror.y or chilaqons

2 v a t getsl, t,.to.t,rza3./sntxllt (1s56),13 - 1b

5 op,.ir., p,459 shihabuddin Tatish, awhoh rhs roposmDhy of $iersson

17rh cdorury h sorho rowis wsll known_ wk* :

r0Glm .onque{ or chtrasoiq trl

I rredisval a.d hod i (rirerr. De

.ours,s andior,yu[rave',.(uturedbEidsr like,h,r a]lah:bad.of coonueice.( slt bur o, n-paedoi "s

r'oe who rh ik rhai rhc Ht.du. do noreo oiB,rhh,prm, fte prdo: and orh_+ riv,r or Ein

s Arun*ai,.p .r, p. rar

134 |A Hil'od d, chiiaqdhi

misreores rhe facl Vanayoolni, Laisalb0id Gll tEo !re shuded

iea, rhe coilluei.N ol or ttu Padma ard rl'6Bhhmapurar erc a,slha pl'cessnu edoi rhNe ,lveB,whsrc rcli-

slods miided tundN in Ia€s numh, siUoo io Ihssa spoG ro balhsiirho holy war6E. Xins Eijoy M rkya orT.ipuh (715a0-? 1573 AD)commemoraled fio

'nEideit or hisbalh h rhe kkhya rold coured ol

tho Brahmapura) To rhe dsvoul Hhdur rhs

wherc theFiidus o, nsqhboutus arcat

b he 6nd ohserv! Blslous ts on spoc,l'c days or the y.ar.

Fe.ently,som. schdlirs erp,a$ed raludaico i call iq rhe Psdma

rhe Gaises rhen trhY should

oss b3 ladsd rrom namo 7 Pod aliol erpl-hiily d!tes rhd hs wasbom oi thobrnk of ihs Bhaqnafti whlch weknow G no orhe, Lhsn rhe Padmi, flowins by rhs side ot Fa'rdour,rh€ nar vs distid ot r'e poet 2 Thar tha Padma h6s boei the mah

wn ol hislory cainor bo doubrd,

elhBor medleval pe,iod will pova,har n wG tu ma i llow or rhe

cansss duriis bi B.nuGb sojoum ii Bnqal

lr is ared bv our tr.vellq thal look him oi8 donrh ii hitjouhsy by laid ro solo Kamaru ((amruo) tom kd[awan and rinqen

days h his,eru roumey m son qaoD,3 Tho cruse ol drfabicoor rlmlnq haNe* ihesB rwo ioum6vs is, a3 has beon rshrlypomedour byDrA ( lm rhar ha hluiisjorrey dlhe vn rcuo

'hbus

2 Alaol, tk.idc. N0d, ed. Ah rd Sha,if, Ba.sb Academy, ohaka,

PdGdhgi ot $. P6l,rt' Hisiro., cuf*.ac,1s5a

Musli coiq$ ol chirhsois 1135

Accordns ro the ravollsr, Fakhrudd:n rcbellod ii sadkawai aidin Bsnsal Be placed shayda, a iaqjr in rho sdvo'noGhip otSadNawai.l rr appe s rha! Sadhqanwas lhe second.apibt orFakhruddii, .s rhc svellere,pecred ro s6 rhe sutran n Sadk,waf,.No sourca o!, disposn elk ol rhe pqmanenr hold or SulranFakhruddin ova saeaon. Accordhq to B n' Fakhruddif, otrueplundercd sds.onlfs qaonwas in.luded inhisdomiion .i rLE ptund iisothisowi reri'ory d.es nota,isa From an insciprionrh sourhcrn BDnlal hcludiDs SaLoaoi wasri rhe h:nds ot UyasShah n 743 A H. remarks: -tte do iot fuowof any vicis ruda urh ch mishr have befrllen hrm beJoE his dealh,by wh'ch ire m sht have wrhd,avr r'omsourh Bensal. so, noLn743 A H rill hk ded$, so h Bsnoal w n rhe hands or tlyasshah.x could nor soro any othefs po

r Lhedarc oi bn Badurd .3 iho odd3 rosuircd f'om Is occasrdna]

'a.rs. He .outd reirher set up

welllo,msd admndction nor appoml h's v ceroy Sds.on.

The raveiler says thal lhe port ot sdkawan lumEhed a havalbas. for sllbn Fakhrudd irennory or AI Shah.4 Saeaon could nev* bc a conwiienrpla@'ol lJllJdon:9'lB5,luato',.dwiytro. 1,,.dp'E,, ,' *s i,nodnsot warcrroure belweei soiarqoi aid S saoi. lt sawkw d

Id would so ro saqaon, and kom rrEE hewould had hs marne ror.es atrd

basa was m6re slEres cary advan-l.seousfo, hlm, whem ships could bD kepr moGsarely $ri else.wh3€in his krsdom, and nom whm hs could makepcriodlcll ciJs

rai sh'hibuddin TaL sh shles rhd

PtoG.dh$ af tdk.t n Hrctr corftt,n .,

13e ta H6bry o, ihii,@.,i

sulGn Fakhruddr h€audtod charsaoi wnh boLh relisiols a dsecul hu ldiss, Healso builr a hishwrylrom chaqaon rochaid-pur, r all rhese B.rvir ss woutd no! have been maler alizad,r hafailed ro foh a skoiq qovemment at charsaon. As a srares s!ha rcrlisd rhar f Son saon woutd be aracked ar aiy rim6, hswould sscape ro chalsaon whl.h v6s qeoqraoh c,llv a convenisnr

Srholare may po is wrnL.o wrLha sm( !. ) qh'ch as,ssw,rir rhs soElliis orsdrsior chaLsaon srouldbaw.' ts ,.,ri!! r t: o' .Lrl: a , t-.."1u J,a,o absn!in Aidbrc alphabeL.2 r s Drcbabls rhd beiig urrim I..wirh tha naN ot rheptrce, re @vell6riiqured oflrr local peoplethena eot rhepli6, wh6rc helan5 nhabiranrs * Sadsanw becaus a c[kEsoniai senemtty subsriruLs 's, for 'ch. .id d. ror 1'. \ appearsihd lbirhanams in a lo,nasprcDoDed bTnre i ive people

Ihs abovs dGcu$ion may be con.llded wirh rhe rcma'k rh ,bn BanuE'6 sadkawan

This con.lusion, rhus mrved arby such sbholsrs as SrH.nryYule,M Les and sansuineri,3 or H Elochmani ! Mr H A n c'6b, DrN K Blrdasall, and D,abdulK!,im, ctsniorbs ns ed summr,ty.TlEre hllhr be sl qhl,ndisisrency n rhe n ,arives ol our r.v6llerbur rhis d!! quire f, ural for rr'm 6 hewbDhLo rhc mmrysiruaEd rhousnds or hlles away rrom his ndveland,

EDBmj,op.t,rLellri 8at,t, trais. Lco aid Saisuidt, Iomeqrat6me,p.2l2I r 5 B, xL| (1373), 233

CEAPTEII

CflIITAGOIIG trUJI'flG THE ILYAS SHAHI OYNASIV

a.ciion 1. Chl(,sono u'd.r Et,ly lI,!3 sh.hi Sullar6

SllEn kh(lyarudd n Ghaz' Srh, son .nd succe$or of suLton

Fakhirddii rrub ak Shal, wasderered and &thro cdhvShamsu_ddin llyasshah (1s42n357AD), rhe Iretrulor ot'h6liieorkirssn.med alror him. No con issued by lkn'yruddln al'er rs3 AHhas so r4 been aval.ble,uhercm rhe coinsor Shamsuddt llY6Sriah madelhs app.a,aice i^ rrs miir ot' sonrsaon ln th6 simoya .l Tha erbnl oohe rhedrorc, coiclusvely prcva rhe end or

$e rulaof rhe lio6oof Fakhruddin Mubarakshalr ovor son saon.As ro whar eracdy happBred (o ch kgois, E id cl*rly kiownThe lollowirs racls, howevor, Ieadue to susse rhdChnksonssaE also oc.upied hv Sulloi sitmsuddltr lY shah aloig wirh

h fto n6i placo, alrd the ovetnow of Lkh'iyatuddin Ghazi

Sh6h, his brcthermraw (sonJn lawo, Faknuddn Mubi,ak Shah)

zarar Khai, who uG holdhs an inrpo ant orlce undd hin,flediiom Bsnsal Sultin Fnuzsth Tushluq ofDelh' whom ha Eqmsed ro n%dD acrcat shams hsnar Arif,

his sca vovaos lmm chiqasono potr und*ihelhrcat nom ShaFs'

1

138 I A HGrory ol chi(osono

S6oondly, rhe Frval'is Dolill.al sntra dn i Arakai alsosusgrsb rh{ C,tlasorssho,ld hrrc b33n uidsrhe @ bl olsengalssulLan. rir,lhrdrdhorNlei0-di oisotrrem$rpowod!t,ule6or aEkan, v/:osa br ffial ju,sdic'ons{"rd" I ove c' ro,r _

" s 'buo,.d tr..1!l oF.Is'onsrh,oushotrt a lois Ihh silodlon mu$have lorc€dArakan ro ke.p hoNt away f,om chir(aeois Thssscncutrdrrcsr rhtjrr5[]ly. ! oved idemseors ro lyas sh.h ro

T,ndM wi kn.w d--h te)y th Chkrisoiq oa. oid Lho

@nrrclor h3 saidsoi shah. Iha av;ilablosou,ces do not pDotD sugr.{ (L chitkgoio wN conquse.lerherbysk d siah or hy Gxystrdd i A:ams\.rh. so irmrv bs r{eito, srinrad rhar, ch rhoois !v.s conqrded by shEmsuddin llyasShah alois wrh sotr oaon in 1353 A D.

ihs cotumroraa D?liihis o.6n shams iSiajArit calb Shrmsuddn lly6 smi, 'shah i saiona' 'Shrh iEais.li,n', suliai iBans:l, SulLrn i Prngal !ai,.2 llyas shah was rh-" t6r tutc' ro

i. thlerore, com€s ro rha conclus.lon rhar sh:msxddn rlym srEh wis lhc fnn,ul!, io uirolhe wholsot tungal unds h'm3 thoilyaroraccom,lshinq rhs raEk rhar

"hB ulso,ously plshad oo Lh6 sourh rid tho

chitkqoig overwhrh hB h8d Ies Lm s cla'hasa suo@esorro rhs

Nolhjno wr{r . onins E krown abou{ thc coid on olchithsons undil sulM rlyos shalr aid hs $f, su\an sikandar

2 Arir, Id'ikrr rFrrzsr!r, BibtioLheca tidtc:,3 sog,[ rifudrr n4ie4 Apr],, 19s7

crirhsono drr io Lh6 rtyd, s ajjidyia y I139

sha[ (r357. r3SO A D). The hbr p r of riro r3]oi of suha.Sikaid4Sh:h ws d.rkoiad by rho Gvotr or ij s soi ch,y*lddinAzamShah who had bean ap2oiired by hh idrhn 4 vica,oy or 6asLe.i Bensrl,lho c,pnal of wlich wE d son saon .hi,reuddii,omnsw s mrnred son il:o.i F habad, arei5:cn or r,4u,uzamlbad whts hs ja$* was stlt a|]vc.1

Tho midr nana ensnvad on rhe coirsof chiy6uJdix Aram"shih0390-1410AD)sy,ah irdN:r_ali ch ftsaio w.s und* hisefre vs rul!, our of.he four coins.f r ! M c, only 6n ois of ftsmc.' lha mnI iamc ll? reco:niz;d ae 1q numlsm *s, arpsaJd Lo D iiarhsaliro re:d l*e charlaiw(sr-jt<+ )

2 D, sharmrlsrerdns rh!: pornc ou, Ghiyasddin!76nqhd !(on,ot o.4 ..i,, -o.rnortully suB or rhe

.?nted wihou! cir.r .oins,3

Tlre .o dnpoay spisLohry sourcls oive 'Jne evidsice otGhiyasuccii Az.m shei,s hotd orr.,Lraoiq so eGrrre4

publthed by syad r8.in Aslari. ti I;reri'. 152, Lha sahiwxres"Now rhe (pllsrhs)soson is 3cprcacritrs. ahhai may kindtybs ksuod ro rhe otrrirls Karam) oi c,r:ee. dnlcLiiq them idaccommodire ii Lhe f6r ship ibe 5md.f Di^v.sh p torims for Meccawho lr.veassemblcd osid De,, ti l.ie.io 165, lhe sai wnes ;"l hrve alruady sre lvJ, y!3s yolr sptcjous rrrrurhold. bur

Bhdhsall op- .jr., p 63

, B i 5, XLt (1956, 13-15

1a0lA HGro'v ol chncqonq

ot rlE.e leue6 u odricdly provsilrd Sdhai Chiv3suddn Azam

shah had e,hclivs coirol ov.r thJ pcd towi ol Chlnasong

The a..oid o, rr.e chneso hvelle,sl re*ilies 10 lhe l;crthar Srlni Ghiyisuddin AzamShar -"xercistd rull rcval auiho ryover Cii,Goons Tra dplomar c r.lal,dn esablshed bv Ghivatuddir

A$m shalr betr{e,i rrs ( isdom or E:is.l aid 0re empno or Chiia

was rollowed ryr.sul :\.irD5e ot emb6:ies bdlv:en iho rwD

couiuies Almon ill tt criie$ d romnc msors seir hv rho

chiiEr eovqnf4 to rhq .ou of Bsn!3leiercd t$ kitrsdom(rus h.PPcned io

b3 ndri,,d i. th: k is/oa or ll:isal duriis r[ek vs i

rrr ,:ous3 or nii. c.n.eh

s!11,i Ghyitr.li r Azrm Sh:h. rula was folldwed bv llr8

srlrr: n,mal7 s3ilddi HaB* shah

(sl3.craAH/larorr tr la11-1240),siihabuddn 6avazid s5ah

(314-31, AH/r4rr 1r Lo ialan5 Ao), Alalddii Fruz shah

(e17 A H/1414 A !) iod ralrltrddin Mdhammad shah (313 A h/!,rq.t5

^ D) r,

Findu kln$, Dan!rm dda€ oeva (ls3s 13r0 sak/a17 rs A D)

aid roihsndra Lilua (1340.4r sak. / 1414 141s A D ). rhe

rcappoacn@ or the coins ol Jrllllddif, Muham ad sth in 1113

A D pEves hisresrora oi ro rhe ihron:

Th6 rc.oistudioi or hGto,v du,hs this pe od is undoubbdlv

a ditlhul, bsk, A.loss udyof rh€ co etrrpo'ary aid Iarer sourcEs

l..ds us,olom an donioi ftat rn iilluon al Hndu nobl6 named

B.la Ganssh maiiDllaLd tho oouMof ev€i6 duri,s rhk p od'

Modsn hieroriais ofHaia Gatr8sh whhh mtv

be sdhsred up nrorhofollowins b ol Eviow,

cL,nr.soiir Cuinq rL. llyis Sl,r,l dyiasrv 141

Ths rnsr lhrco suhai! o, 1!ie ltyr shahl dynasly wso rouo\6din s!..essloi.... i?ho,emi red ne€ 6olsh hc

hrtrdsor rhen mnisGE..thesclfsh ambuon orrh6 noblos hadlullplay-1 Tho lcider or rhhcroup or iobles was F4a Gaiesh, an

lilluentul zomlndaro, Dorh Den.il Ar t'ri very lad, Gai6h

a$unod tha crcwn hlmse!1. "Ihis adMuslim slniiiEnt, sonr ro lbmhim Shah

shdqi, rhcsul,an o, J:uietrrlo invade Beiqal aid dalivs' tlri. L"iar klam nom rho Kalr oi tha rhr.tre.'2 Lbrehim Shah Sharq'

cans wirh a larse contis.fr ro chs ise filla catsh. llG nor

bol. Pla.o or nor 'Aup by murual coissN, :nd ths Jaunpurlor6

wenr bo.k, omhablv lor a moiev co'sdsaror aid c raiilv oi rhc

e h. son Jadu b hlim and nara

h'n sunai .r E.qel in h s ov^ pl..e'3 Brt sooi ,tEr rh-"

naja a:n.!ir pl.md his soi onlhr ihloioand'1uFd n ,h ovm acccuil !nde,1ie r,.td [irl. olD rjrmsraiilDsva." Tr. hmenEble l" eso1 s,hr Nu' oulub Alam4 po

Dev:, Sn Jaduiarh sa(ar wrikr:

rcE lu 3l.r rh' d"aLh ol Gaiesi.-5 But

ktrsmak.rsvas sho iived aL:d ended rn $eLs.edy d€f.ar as iocoin vEs srJck

A '

"6 ThD r;otrh r4l3 A o ro 14s5 A O

lry Jdliird-li Muham 3dSn3r, tha.onvenedson or REaGanelh

rr,l^ rlrsror/ of ch komo

I ( m, (,k,os!. of .drs p 60

chnLasotrs during rhc lyas siah dyidy I 143

i' ru .,r01ro Dal. "a ddqE De.o.qJd cdo. i) ,r\ ,cs,rhd cr JaLllddin Muhsnmad shoh. Tha

lahefs chirbooDsHB e lier colns (r4j5r4rc A Dl d h.s l6Ler coins (tal3ra31A D), bolh kiids ol .oitrr werc nlied ar chidasonq. TrtspEvesIho coDrnucd holdis of pos:..:loi of crilhsons by rhe HousB ol

m lumishes an accounrwhich*ems b

'avi some h $orcalEluc Ds dis ch asois ln rhis

book, n svnLtLi fi ";botrr a iuidred years afrer the lms o,Prru SBi3, Cagal; Rala,2 problbly rhr moi pows'fulkins o,

al HB porlrr w6 relr all ovor rrcrom Elis:l ro Dclhr. H: was dsvored to

n Freich kaNhioi ot raranarh,6d1c or cioalJ Fala ar fouows: -From

hs (casah Raia) deaLh ro rhs y@

co:saquen y []e hinory is ooni.nu'd ro rlE ys 1.143 of or cra r'4

Th! e{alrishmenr.f 'dinriyor

Cssita F4a issuGly o p6rph_x nsjob unro unaGly, io histocrirical nldy on his.4:or sicepr a sho buLsonrca renarks byDr Kal ka Rarran oinuioo.5 rre ptuseir w er rollow g rhe schoIa/sv,aw, iirends ro assocrc th,s k trs lviLh nija Gaiesh rrom

( cooala naia rose o Dromif,enoo

As m:nyas rilry rour coins ot irLluddji mnt.d ar Charsaon ii323 All (1120) h.re b+n fouid ours.rat, Th. coi ns bslonsedrolhrca dEincL kltrds and Lrrc mirl i no E Drondun.ed a5

There nr snr b. reh,on baseJn c:sih Rara ol TararaLhs acEou

aid Sris:ldp and Shinoal,,h.lasend y kns ot Btionl i rheSrrd: (a,25rand Fn€hh. amounc rcspecLively.

The(d .Dtrir, N4:oh, l35c B s ) cai.ulr, p 31

141 A HEldry ot chiitagorc

lrco a humhle pGirion hoauss thr historhn dd say iorhrs ot h!royaldasc. , Th s obsruation ls equally applcablelo hF ca@shwho wasb an iiflue ialnohrobefore hs be.omins tha kiig otPaidua, s..ondlv, llkecaqataRaia rhemiqrrorFah Gaisshs ms6iohrhav6 bBeo lehlitrher wo{ (o his origin, khsdom if noi astur 66 DslhiLn rhe oass ol Crsaltr Rora, Ti

'dly. both Raja Ganesh

aid C:scla Raia wrc lpholdch o, BEhmanical docrie, aid ir so.msrharrhey w 6,espsnsihltroL irs ravvrl an* a p'riod ot Muslimruld, Founhly, ir D known lrom Tararall,s Drs$.J: rtrar c;sala R4awasakins or catisau (chi'hqonq). rhe iumhm{c avd6ncs clsa-iy indrdks rhd naia cai*h was Lhdkigor borh chiLkgotrs andParduadr thes:m: rimo TE lordsrr r or canlr Haja ovtr Pardtra$oushnor€xplhirlyr ed iirheac.ouni, hhinredorbvrrc hstoL

of r€ kns wa, felr uDro D6lhi,Lasrly, Cosala Raja was aLive itl 14lg A o, wh'ch does nor varymuchnomrhar ofHara Glirsh. Aponno Lhc ninor chDnologrc.ldilt6Enco, rhc c.iee, ofCosala Falaroushly asreas wilh rtur of F ia

Thea.muDt of oe B ros, ll these e bkei lr6rally, €tve a

t.chrcfe,ei.6 ro lho po$ible domnrion or rhe Houss or RaraTha hisro,hn wirds rha' oiB hundred yea6

bsfoE rhE Ponusuese 116rvirited io ch6rs.oi, rhs Maid ris weEihs sovsmo6 of rhe pllcs Thsy oxcrcrssd . crcin dmounr ofinlluenco oi fi6 rcyilcoutr ar caudl ac.ordinq ro trd Po'osu-6ehkrorl.ns, ih6 f rsL Poiusuass visl Lo chltr.gorq rook plo.s in

15r7.13 A o.2 Frrm Lhs ium6m c ovlden.o ir is knorh fi3! in

l1r7- 13 A 0, juda hlndred yearsback Ch bsoisw:s uid$ rhe

rule ot rhe frou$ of FrF Gaiesh. Thc vrrrd Maidanj 6s dsfhedlnrhe H.tn l.br,, "is rcaly I slsht curuprioi of Hiidu (rrom

sanskno m. ri,2 colis.Ilor, a Mrncter olsEle'for which it was

'1d6d '10 Prcr,$ olo Pr 'Volam '.dd' ('m

ihi aoons duiis rhe yas shah dynasry I j45

doubr, problble Lh Lhe indrcrive "srivms atuer mor inE,, hrv hawshtp:d tha oorupron of ma ,i iiro asemblsnce ol m!nd*r'In aiorhqplaco o1ths same sourca, c dd6d rhar ,.ma

rc6 is tho

ii Ch'Iasons by rho rulau of rhe Fouss ol Faia caiesh whhh had

', " o d ,iiil, lo,d o.olllo (!s,'i l,

Iha ropo oJ a chiiose ambassador irmen Hou hiDi, r€srtfie, rot,e fnm hol.l of rho rllers of1h6 Hous6 ofFrja canesh over ch a_sois rn1415AD,lheambaisadorwhod vcd archirhsons df, hjsway ro Gardwires "whci rha khq heard rharourshtF had arivsdrherc, he.e hish orfic-s ro oile obos andorherpresonb and over

.bo cam6 ro rhe po ."3 The nuhi$maLcsources pohr out th rhamisiinsktnsofBeisatarftar tno(415 D) w:s Jalaludd'n Jr,tuhammad, rhecoiv&red son ot B.iaG,nes lcho mu$ hava seir a coouhrioi ro r6cs vs the ch nssoeni$ y d rha po or Chttasoig,

svens ln 1406 A D,.i Aiakanese khs oamed Msis Tsau mwun orNmamekhla, "torciblyqainsdpo$srsioi or a lady named Tsau-bnsyo, fiesrsrqof rhs cr ar callsd anaFrhi! Th€brorhor, dore,minsd

orAva, aid aoplied ror assisr.ncs bderhrona rhe arakanese kifq."4 The Bdmesr nonarch, rh6,stNn,se an.ipadnion asansl M€ns Tsau mwli who ,lsd tnro rheKut6cornq.s Th6sovdf,or o, froh htm hiE queco,Tsau-mw&shdis, oi wh ch rh.llsirvo khgw6nl ro ThuraEn,wh o

5./,rsa.xxxvLr (sog),+q

1a6 lA H ory ot cr trasois

roLiss (sho lvr e rsnino 'or$e

AEkanot) drhoBumAe (rhe

ii!ads,s) forqhr q,cir o1he, lorBrm!3cw-erialiv.\iall:d othav 73B (1426Ao) "bv thd

un red.iro s orri.rrakiresg aic ihe Tslalnss." Ths Rdzas.,!then nr.aGs rirc (olloHiir.vcf6, whch have beei summa,zed by

si,A PPhavreasrollovJ: :

Du,iig dis period rlrc deihrc,.d ki,Ew* tt:idins ot $e rch otri. ih! olrl,r.e, ,ho be is dsased ln ware co!ld ior al,od

rh . ir. D.lli irns (na ro drd(r7hmro, whlr a lrrss amy, coish'lns or clephanrs, hoEes,

ch ioc afd lootsold aB, also'doss asla,se:s buuocks taicd

dsabled hy moans or non hooks bared vrlh ro{ llssh, .erzinswhch,lhey wre causht bY rhe mouth and eas:ly ove4owered.ThaeleDha sand ror*s lall mo Dirs, duo for trrem !nd covsed

abbtnetl o -nphte yrtott lneA,skanrse errl;d t,eds the I o,

enraDoirq i herd of wld alephanl

He also iistruocd rhom 'n$6 adornainiiq cl!pha s.

04or ,! arc rude fo rd. ,trdtr.ri.dprhc (ri. reat\l ol hk klretlan- Hr rppdn?d d

s.n nt.otktin ttc ^dldk!

dmirr u-r,.r'os (idc rr'cd as

ural, (han) b @mhqid nr f,I 't rclora.i. Thk pscoi,

rv.trd.nt dntt inptisar.d M.nz

rrt nvtD H: d.orcd ad lkd @ sEnsrt

d1wo noblas nt sd Dambac!

iid Bab su r.nry outhG itrLeitions,rorsLhcrv/lLh a hrle amvThcY ar vcd w tr ord:6 to

plrce Moi! rsau maui on,h. rlr'oic atrd btus back rhe hodd

:nd ski or u lu Khsno. Ti.rrped,rbn e6 r,c*srr,. u lu Kheno

surfered rh6 ra6 his crime des vad, and ,hc h{orizi rocodsin slowis rems rhe toy orrha peoele

rk @ru.d ktra. hr||d.r vr: fot..d b . lbnn b 'h.

desrcddhi .fb.inl tiblto tr 6 th. hn1 rt rh t hbh ii,1 tt an.hk i n, th. dh.ot thc

^ kor kaE: kc ilLhe retta., thtu En, ritl rte' tr ltr

Mssrsu mwu havhs so! dd of..pirl... (He) mn{uldudv qridBdcily of arakan callsd Myouk u. rho ciry wtrs rounded . in the

th,oi4 aid closed \h chcqu.rd c re" i .he rdurh yln rr hls

nrry rhrec yrar (r4:o A Dl.1

cai be deduccd ircm rhe rb.voouobiioi. FiH. ManqTsou mwuasylum whh rhe q.vMor or chitrarhei u&*rresrredve,rle o, Gh'yasudd r A-m shah. Th.ruqiti!e

for so o tim. 3id rhci dancd for Gaud

seondly Mens rsauhe dayed thorc ror a lois spe.(ator or all thar

haoooied du,ioq Lhs koublous D iod. rhs touble probalry h.di1s,oorEt the ,rpid chansh oi 1io Ltrone as a resultor rhe cons.

onacvol thocsu e,s r.aded by F.la Gaicsh. rhethrcis was rrsnoccup ed by J:laludd n Mulrammjd srih li 1a1e AD, qho rul.dcom,o abry riu 1432

^ D.

Th,ldly, du,hq his sby al Lr..aplLil, brahrm Shah shaGi, kiisor Jaunpu, (F.rused by ihc chroriclcr 1o be rhc klis or Delhj)

iivadrd seisal oi A D and probEblv in

o' Jquiq du, no r \Jr shil' dy,diy l,l7

1 t,r s B, x I Jq{,!,, aa. aG rLalks m'ie

r43l A Hierdry or chjhqonq

1420A D. By rhs fiBr iivasioi Raja G ash yras humbled, bd rhosecoid iivasioi ot rbrahi shrrqr wr mpulsed hy JahluddnMuhammod shrh meiity Lif Lre na oi of rho crrrorht{ u ro bobelieved) owiig ro ft. wi3dom ,endorcd by Lhe axited ahkanesa

Fou hly, ihekjio orBonsal i Erum rorlhe *rutcss rcidercdbyrhs Arekaneso kiq, disp .he,tqeieral Lr !u (hcis ( ) wali (hatr ) to 6scr

Th6 desnedob]ecLw,s achiev,r, butLr L $eiqteachqorsly seizld Bmovns Nl!trs Tsau nwln

irs ras,rlon aDdro ti.r p3El1y on rhe iiaro,s. The crped onaisr$u mwui was reii{3Ltcd

llyas :Ehi Ii:;.e.2 Bul Narntrddh Mahmrd S:rar hidnrt becom:

F rrhly,lhe rcdoed kiiq, lDw:,i

cri[iqonc dlr i1 rh! llyas shrh, dyr]sry 1!9

L.n\, a.lose reidno or rhe D*s.qerevrats Lh Lh6 rr oredklno, "qor,id of ris alli.s" Thh mams Dr rhe Arakanese kiio casron h s alleqian.. ro Lhc rlerofBen@]. He forid?d a Ew capbtprobably i^dhs ihc old oie insscue Ths kino died in t43o a D.Ths.hmiichr aEs rh asl e.ois or Lhs dD.eafd tinq were nr3.nir, ill thro, rrD kiic iD mred his brorher Metr Kha rias h ssuuo*ssor Bu rh unrs!a! d;l:yo o!

Lc eda.LrDcnDnirddould iave !. brlorc.enh8rore of tl[ ce!**d kiis3 sons or Lhe reoeit { ? Man Kha ri)

rlcd tho khlrdom berdre ir [a$ed o Moi (ha I ii 1434 A o.

eisal lhano by Fattr Gsicsh wastlI mistuteor tre nccessore or

srlai ch!isrddm Az:n shih chLlaooiq w$ und.rbt?dlv oneorl,eonnciE, mtr so: rnsrebcll'oi. Hsarhepdoc or Muslrm.iorm on !/N h dlym.E thrn sp$ or Lhe Biidu\ prved sphomsh! 2io J:t:trdd i. Lhe c V ,edsoi ofFara c.ocsi furcd rlrs rde n tavour or tsGm

he nesror.d llv,! shali

r!: ,ul6 orrhe rotrsr Dr n.ja cihesh w,s r,m ined th BlsA H (1435. 36 A D) by ri: is:ass n Lon of srrsmsuddm ahmdd, thesoi:idsu.ccsor or Jal:luddr Muhrmmad s1,h. w h rhe acce-s; oi or Nas,udd n Ma )oud, a d srnr rohr v! ro Lre ta* rutq.r rit6e lorlyasshaii sulr3ne,1h.li. ol D lyas sh,h dyissLy wrrrenord Th. f:cb abour

'r,e M,h ud shaj: co rol orer ch nreoos

s prove,l by numisn tc aid riir6ry cvideo.es Trc .oins m,iLed

A Hl (r!3€ 3s A D,e6rerh rnm hold.verch ksoiq. From rtrc criios sourca. ir rsknow,

1 mn,aiE,,t tt' t'ar, s*at,f84s,,, tse3 p 143

l50lA H ory ol cri'Gqono

,d srlhn Nasnudd n MrhmudShih, i old, ro minrain diplom i.

..tr ,r 1r3B aid r439 D 1 The missions musr have Lr.ei seitLrcuqI rlre pcn or ch bsotrs I'ke rheemle, oiet

Tre eaud,an co ,Dl ov- chidlqriq especrlly i1s sdoLhrnerFnsion row d

c,r!,,r., Men Khari or Alixh.tr (a3a rass

^ D), s.e$oi or Mens rsu mwui "did iot lons

oI ]a [mq o, Beiqalhr .s Ramu'2 ]he inudim iameor rhe kmc

odicaE h t 3lrhoritv ov?' aDoioi ot ch Gqons Thc rror'ilrar,rth spe.rc?llr' drs,[n hr proceed:d

nnemeit or sn Jiduran, sa:ka, referiis ro Mei kha{ spolrcalsGy, th he "r,.s,;d rh: whole or chdqaon lrom B-bak

GlcEd a coiiecure @ bet€ve. N5venhelese

kepL sourhcrn ch trasono uid* thek

connol tor mo$ lime oI rh. ,e ored llyas shrhl regime

bY hisson Ea ba PhY! or(allmahshah 145sr432 A D), vrho p6.o.dcd rarh:r no h 'nd 'look

:oi."4 rhe aval'bl5 sources h'd

possDrsiois rn Briqil coinr of that &re {la6o A D) iow erisr

BBisalea and Po6ii charader, ds usll a!

Srmcss som: b:ins n,d.k byrht vhe'oys ii chna{,o"g o'heh

ii rhi nam3 or fir kirs hm:elr",s Thc &Iudimnameand (a1'

mah endFv:d ii rha cohs p,ove rhe Iafl o, hb co rol over

clrircqo.d. \i/c should nuch impo(atr.e on

I srkharov l\4ukhopadhyaya s.,alqr,rii,5,Drh. 8a.rrrr, p, 13t

Phsyre wirA ths name or rho []nq Ji

rhe lv* shahi dvnanv 1151

ehjyre s rm-k thiL lor the nert rall c€nturv rhs kiiss ol Arakai,

! ol the klnss or sensal rhey

rct'rd chl(rq3on.'] dtriis rhspsod dd not

lGiry Fhay6't shGment

The ep srdplri. .v dence defhiE\ Idk thaL noith i ch rraeonq

slrould be undei rho eliecllve .Ddlol ol rrc Beiqal sdlLan ii 1474

dlai o.cup on lll rhe r''si or

sultai shamsuddin YGUf shah (1a7ij _ 1a31 AD" ri8 son and

ar An old mosque DscriPdon2

,tr N ,azar ! zEids rhat lhe bu'l

w* con$ruc,ed by Ra iKhan ii 1471 A D duhg rhe r.ion of

sllr.n Fukiuddn Ratu3k slrtrh.

Neni,e,lho ArotdE. chrenrde nor.iv other sourcs slves slqh_

any hodlc cnsasensit lrerween sul'.n F h'ksllEtr B llk shrlr 045e _ 1474 A D)

s amon!, oa'lv iidepeidc sulaN

otBensal. A pow rul ruler aid a maiv sidad oci us as he w's iiesulEn would noroiva uP the claim

€qu.I rc Barbakshalr i sreisrrl'lsdse, we can ar bed say that

Ba ca phyu aouLd nsv exEnr hs aurhor rv Lpro ionhrn 'h

La_

sois which wrs rhen Lidd elreclive .o rol orlho Caud s"lhi

Tre rule or B brk shah €id'd ii 1475 A D and n was tollowed

hy rhar ol his sor and su.cesoi SllLan

numhmalic sourcc5, he nigiad liom 37c-336

sh n5udd r am1d, Likrprioi5 oi Bm3or, lv 91

coiPur, pD 9? 33. Acluillvlrtr reirJn Lres s tr 1476 A D

mosqus bullduiis hls tule.l Ths mosqtrs is situ ed only ahoutrwo milas D fie no ir ot Radi Kunb mosque

whar was rhe pol trcal cond Loi or ch Dsonsdu'islri!Lmecannor bssdlsh oLty shrad unlas rnore coicrere evidencls conero I'ohr Somr ooh otrs may, howevel bs fomed in rhe lsht ofrho ava labla sou,.as Lt cai be coiiscrurdd I'drrho dntut o,

Bd uiequally b4vJeon rL'e Gaudiaiaid rhe Arakdieso evd.nco detunitelyprovesrie Gaudri .otrtrol dver n

hk(oriol rocods fr isha! p.sesnon r cr drqong as ia,

The hisro,y ol ChiLGsois b w..n 1432 A D (lhe yo.r ol rha

de h or Ea Ea phyu) aid 1as3 a D (hc yc or rt'e mrc$ion olsulhi Husrli shah) slod ii obscu'(y. rhe picLtrre o, Gaud, AEkan,and Tripuh presei6a sony specLa.la oiweak r!le,.rd admiiist4vainsrli.ency wiri.h irseemscid ioL psmit fie tulec cf eso couErias 10 claim atre,le.dvDand uidispuBd autho ry ove. rhs wholsol chirGsons The rule ol ShamsuddinYusurivsly followed by rhar ol siGnda, srah and J3laluddn Farh Srrah

O43l - 1436 A D),lhe lan,uleror rhe reso,ed lyas shahi dria{y.Tno Abvss'niatr slavesoi which rhc hLor llyas shal sulrrns ph.sdoverconlideice uslDod rhe roic. Arl!_asll3r klngr o (ownto havs ruLdlor seven ylaE (437 -r4ss A D), This

's rhe dtiker

maaadbY '5,odonsa d .. i:,:rrons and ths r€sullanr adminisrdive breakdowi. The Rdjdhod

doos nor s@c, cally rern ro tho Trpua occuparioi ol chitbsoisbafo6 Dhaoy;nan kY.t

Ack;rdso hislorypiciurc of succ*sivo mk,uh, Dlots 6nd rcslcdas. Ba ha phyu

or K.limih shrh was succeeded by rs son Dau lya i 1432 a D.

Aft$ Diu lyat dalh ii 1492A D, Bi tsa ioyo 0492-1494 A D),rha unclo or Ddu lya and tro son o, Men xE r he.:ms Kno.

152 lA Hhrory or cnt,oono

1 I a s P, xn (rs67), 323.32s

chiuasons du ns rhe rty6 shahr dyiady I 153

Aiiq ashotrEign or rwo ye s he died 6nd lvas succeeded by Rrn0uns, son of 0au Ir. whorulodford tew monrhs ii r49,1 A D. afidhm rlia Lhronew!s caprurcd byre l.is s. rhs, uncla by rho morhsr,ssideol F.n osns n lhesEm6 yao, rhs abssncoor Mrst;D rsmssor Lh4e knss indicares ften bs ol hold ovn chnEsono,

1.1d rJloaotud.d. ^!'ar rrd '.i r.railed r 8xorck aulho,iry ov rhed,srcl rlrei th6 q!'sion mdynarElly arrse, by whom was chrrAr rr,h $:se we havs io alrehaLirwo Eeisaliworks iamoly, rha Ardqkr Hcari by rMuhammad Khai

by Kav ndr" P amesw.r. Tha surhorof rhslldg lH6dirsLaksrhorFasr Khan, one ot h s fo€t:lhe,s wasrhs lod of rha provincsof charsraDa (ch isrtma deshp r.l tn rlE

opinion rh fr.s xhan or rhe H hlz t hosque iisnrpron aid RaKhan ol Poer Jr,tuhmmad Khans ssnealos,c!t ,abtafiorsrhadb !16 oi6aid rhe same

ras besn laudsd 3s an 'llus

ous ru16.. The aurhor of rhe ^t,qt,,H6oa rutrhordales "Mna (han Gon or Hasri (haD) or hsrchte,s

b6,ury was,3s i( wdo, Lha urrque nvs arows orrhe qod cr Love aidlooked l,ksa b dssrcom, cha,miis ro womE!, I (ha poeo bow

c)bhr h sr. oos""$o- o mJ,/ \ ',1s,and sroiolks Bhm$i who is calm.nd deadyasweltas an abodeot'nnssodmeils.-4 Thsaurhorol rhs P,rds,,, fis,robtorcro w @s:

154 | A H sro,y o, ch rasois

',P asal Ktr.i, son ol s rikhar w6 ai ahodo oi mrny vntuee Hewasmade by rhecrcarorss a dNmereeoi a rh rh could rutfitau

chiihllons much snrltr. Tha,dm,nBraivs headqu lors ol Lhe ure.h "' , '" ,:,^ ,e ;",

rhe place wrer .T F"..' . ,J

Eon Mina Khai no, hh srandsor cabhu Khan LEs bse. nded rnp6dorea as a subodtnab ro rhe rut6B clrher or

lord or chnhsoig (charsr dsshpad), trseens lrr he ourw dlyexhibi€d loyatry to rrr Deiqat sulEn brL jn prad,cs ho ruledhisGrnory a. an indlpcndeDrtul{. Hsac.ompt,hnenE,dss :dii ths 1wo Eonsal works, dre ,llurnrld by 1jc erecrio, or rhe

aclrtsvemenr was rl,cmalnEianco of Muslhtrleinno troh ch (arono nspirc o,iiue,srs Ankai€so lncfttons and tho doppn,s or nEreriat halo tron

irqeu, l]64n sdrcs LhiL Fani Kh.nwss Lhc

1 rrlq .nr ul mrra rE) riq !{n.{llqn ! {!s+ laiq rrG.-6Ell.t]c;rna,q rrl9 +1 I

rdti. 68 irrin {r.rc i

lly3s srah' dymny I 155

lha Porosi/r .1or,otltraiu .learly :rprc$ssrhar Parasal (lranwas rhe sdn ol Fadi Khan, can rho Mna Xhan

ol rhs rtldqto, Htr,h U. ldonrlhd wirh rhd P asal (hai ol Lh.

tndl.L i\rhrbhddu l we.,a incl,iod tu rhink Lhd rhd rwo peuons

e idenical P asal Khan, Lhe

rulrd his parehil tc iro'y lik! an indeFndeiL ruler, Dut his

surhor ry was sho,rlvad, as Suliao Nusaii shah brouoht rhe whola! od'o. tr h n J r4r ,ho" in. tollo*ino

h s i.esoi rnd mads RasLi tha rrcitiersuddsri ionhdn c[ trosons clds ro Trjpum border The PoEsolr ,'/dro'

bh.ror c)sa,y ddes rhd P asal (hai wasonvuded wih rhslask

or manasom6nL dr TrPUG alhns

rhe ysd 1493 A D E ol niu.h porran.s h tho his16ry oleeisali..ssoi ora Fowsrrul ruler to rhe throng

od ora decade The 7rDlru CII^-nj.h givas €vldenco ol rhe Husa n shahl .o rol ove, chitasorc

a or .h" .orqraa. h is p*m.-

sible ,o .av that hs 6,ouqh1 ChirLaqong under hie conrol

CEAPTER VII

CHI'I GONG DUBI G tHC HUSTIN S AIII DYIIASTY

,a,n shah.nd Dh.nv.m.niky.

tounded by srlGi Hue n shah (1493,o, Beioil a3 rhe Fusato shahi

iroa:Ly, I h also knowi as sayid dyiss y [ecelso ot sulLao

r lsaii srrls claim b be a szyid, oi h s &drhl I s soi Nuvarshr\ (51r r532 a D)

.irrno rs huef:1,,! Lme, as.ended Lhe rrcne Eorh Atruddnshah ar. dil retd

ctrlshreoeir..d boo!vol!nr rule. rhaass$naridi of s!tcn NryaisMh hrorrhr his llu*ous. as ro an eid in 1532 A D Ha yEsnrccleded ![ hh m nor son suhan Alauddin Ftruz shah (!532 r5331D) tr ,1'id a'1,

wa3 prohiLrly mud4;d by hir !i.le who ascendDd Lhs throis ofBeig0la: Sulkn Gtyruddii Mxhnud srrah (1s33-1s3sao).

rs3SADbyShn

rha Rq,m,rd or rhe cr,rcdd! ol. t& rrrr. k,iss, on! or rl$p icip:l sources ol Lhe hlsbry ot rlris penod, qives evdcncc of a

1 A coin or s,lh H6,in shlh dabd s31rccendy baai drsmve,od thisotronds(upro r524A O), /no,rt'rl tuld,, o, rre

rd HL$in S jahidyr mr\, r17

iidHus.nshah,sulhiorc.udw hrheobt!.1iv:orsubtusariqch-trasois, Alaresulr, chthsois bocam6 rhe rhcare ot war bqrworD

kya 1r4s0.1517 A o), th. ualia Tn 143s Saka or 1513 A D by r shrhs acaind hh.ppodc Hs dmye

our rhs Gaudai fo,c6s rrom chnlx!otrs The kiio coiseouenrlv ntrctsold coiis ii chitusons in gar

dj.,,r", Dh yamankya persd,a[yled rhs ormpaisi ihro chirlaronq2 Eud6nLly, Lha Gaud suhan,

no ortur ftan sulkn Alauddn Husain shah, wrrosama aurhori(y, a d_Arii ro hold

Trre que$ion 3y a s. whqn sulrsons und$ hhsuLius ton.shed llqhr on 6e dneot rhe conqrcs. The iaiidtve ot:n tncdeiL,ehrhq ro LhB iobb book3 sqqods a Lneot inqrnv a6out Lhe ea,ty ce,ee, or Hus o Shah. or a B MFabbullc[ Lh nks of Do B rcs rcfa^ ro sulrai

j tn$ 3 crnr'ad fi+ L

frri rql.,lr ifr.t a.r L

6Pr isilr ! n i4q ir'aa I

ir$,n qr iir 6l.r crlia r

. l.9r {.r l$ Gtr..- .[rirl rr rr':i?' qr{ t. nlr G6 I

-n4j0,d,0, !t22. ono ol fie chiEqoig coiis o, ohanyaran ky1is prcsarued ii rha cr naqoia li,vssLv Mrseum, 5!e&rim, cd4togue.farfu, pp 23,94

a {! afa! r fiC.l{ r.r r

.61'r irsb rF A, <r..rr i

-qrs, Mukhopadhyayi, op, d'.. p,310

150 A Hrflory dl ch asoio

l'sain shah.l lLs vc! mrv Lro.ois drod ravotrrrLrLv sid.e rr.a,6d oJ hlsa

^,'ouohly

m,espond io rho 3c.otrtrs drrliculry ro e{.blish a^ idc( ryol rhase rwo Ncons. ac.ordiiorooeB bs, rhd nurdgr ol rhi Beioal suhan byrtrenobls Adb andtheLte.s becomns 1'e sulEi or Bcisrl had kken DIa.e oiehrndrcdye sbirore r\e po uques6 tnn taf,dsd h Ch troqois, Fbn,ha av.ilablo Po ususs.souces I

Iand is h chtuqdng bok Dh.e ii r5t7 AD.2JL . quiro mprchable Lhal Hus,in Sh,h ascend.d fie .hroie or Beôat inrh. rrer qua ler r js noL unlikalv

rii compurins ltmq. 1,hkh wdsqune narural lo, a

lies rhousandsorml.s rxry rrcm hE oLvn. The hdoriai mus havchea,tr Lhs rad Lioi.botr, ra noble Ahb nomacrually vstied rh s prL ol rhe counLy aid who.o]e.Ed rhatradr,ioi when ir lrad.lrcady beei $rown Lodirodar tr iho Lme tarorisnor rak.n sei.usly, eilu'ed a $sn ro. an ambirous proiecL ol H6ah. Lr rh6 m da,it,sovehororchl[asois be id risd wirh Masiad.].ara Fasri Khairhai ir m.y be supposd lrar Husa n sor himself idmiued 6 rh,..or.l.o n or 1r ob.came rlre sllran dr ciud he appoinbd prEsalKhan, soi ot na iftai, Bn olrhor in iodhen Chirra

'610 L( ro I rd o n a.ol o ol.F o o'.." o,

Sh1h, hirhe orvhpped ln a s5rord ol myra'y,To

'6suDrrM nlhriv:, Husrii s\

news ol lho rovees Lr his army ar rlD handrof rhe klis or Trpm.Has-"iL a laroo rc- iro'cem. coisisLnq of,Twclve Baisrlas 6idcrbh ouFr divkionsunde rhe commrnd or Gaur Mruik.3 iEsllEi su..eaded Bu1his occud ioi or

ohniaoiu dunns rhs Husii shah, dynady I r5s

qnor of rhe coiquercd ror nory3

1.ii6tln.@ ,t {6:€.c liilr{rft lrd Frir ter- rr_tbjd,, t 24

rrtu^lr4n&arrti a5r rL

--Rd,a&t', qL S Mukhopadhyay! c/r dr,, ) 3ts6Fira {.c 6q rii otr ilrr I

r1, tr,r'r 4r{rrEr rrra4 Nri l

irn.nrii !. al4 crlin dtdRrq fr{.i sllrr Tiiil lriq

R.j.m,r., qrs Mukhopadhyaya, op,.r, p 313,r'.( $fr{ rrq r qrFir 1;irq I

4n" lcfii l4nr '.Fii {Ei I

160 la Hislo,y ot chnbso 's

Arakan iiro offscl Rosns Mddar (lLr, rh. conqtreo ot' Fo$nsvz.. Atu.Eri ds r n.ls rwroeo I

Arakatr exprdidon,l Th6 rills n avan, aucoFd'ns ro rlro l, rlkb,r,, beloia6d 1o a olass of TiiDura noblss.2 ThaT puGs soon aftq sulGod rs6ackd rhe h6ids ol rh6 eremy'Ihe Tr,puh k ns DUd havs losr rhs oonqus€d ktr orhs rhous)rhe najaDa,adoes nor dsrhclly rBlars hs lo$ or chiftqois.Had he nor lo ch aoons fim ,herc was io rcalon or h's violeiL

rhe farluE or Hosais Madan,3 hh senoral. Thsof roops uiderro'n, commaid or

l436soka (l514AD and,somupisd n in rhe ne{ ymr (1r3, srka)whEh issue rousad tro! dspteasro ol Sutrdi Husin shah,s TrBla(r8,sam a mob powedsr erpsdition uider Hanai O H Di) xhai

Th's expedi'ioi, accordms \o tneRajannld,conssEd or ona hurdEd Blephair, tivo rhousaid ho6e aid onelakh or looi6 rhs iql?-al, iopons rhar fta .bjectivs or rhs

ioloorc ao,o* such a phce-i.ma m any prrod ot hGloryofn.lhed ro rhnk fiar rhe wordins {tlr,{

(six shqs) rs is louid i dE MS copy issubdtyis,onat un r

hBe.qal under rh8 tule or rhB tndapsido sulEn e.

anE qfk, ln{rGa ,..rnaEiri {Ie arrq (r rrn ?,rrB l

-R.iamara, qr s Mukhopodhyaya,

". ar D 313

rnrrqrr,qiairii iranl€ | Rajomaro, [,24."r rfli q n.?:i 1l .6inrG I

c-r{2<fi fltiii ,rt rllnij !r - rbrd.

ttfnfl i{rri rr< r9 .5I! ler I

d s Mukhopadhyly., op dr., p,313

ch rbsois dmins ths Husah shohidynd y 1161

6:p.d1of was tlic conquos or Tr'plc bul s hadly h€lov6bls $on Tripure whits chirtasons w6e nor

L ll rhetr pqmansn y coiquaed, ChitGsons was morc valuableto hin iL,an irc russed and unprofrabls hill iiisdom ot Titpur,Th8 Bcisil amy was litsrcepred by rhe T puru ie comlh.Thc lrlpuhs delis.d astdosem and rcukd rho Beiso) ahy lho

recdablshed his ?uLho' Ly ovq Chnbsois .nd$ue(l sold.oiis rrcm rhosac,ed phceol Fal.m iswara 6s a ma

or h's subltrsaton or cr!asons,l

The ,eDe ed lalurcs or th3 Bs,sa

sons srea y.siracd 0e sulhn f tror dcpr rd hlm, tt was unlikolyrhal a powdful aid amb, ous moia ch lke Husaii shah would alloLvlisT N,a tulq o hold an unopposed ocouraootr ol ch asois.

rcas siva svidsnE ol rhe BeisalsulGn': alitoi conri('cd cxacsino ot audE,iryove, chilragonsnom ihs Lims or lh8n aflvrl alch asonqinlst7ADrorhedowr,rslloftha d7itrry l/purd dd rh. Ai.kdi.$crronkh supply ndired evdsic6s or ths iacr Bur otl rhs$sourcesdo norshed liqhl $e nnal coiquBsr .lchilcsons by sulLatr Hu$in srh. Eorh rhc najoDord md $sPodr^.i! do,or.e-o'o rro, o\LShah, ii ovc qtrie undisn ti€d ro rhe psople ot rhore couiriesLer us eiamine oie by one rhe avail.btssouEes thar supply indirccrcvidences ol rhs Hu5aln shahlocc!pelon ofihe disrct.

0n ne.uLho, (y of Lhe .oDGmporary ponusr€sa h o .ne wsh.vs d8innB cvidoico or Hlsan Shahr ooouparioi ot ch aoong.D(nsJoaoco?lhoaid Joro S lvetrsr (151?-tBA D) viBtr 10

la.e waso (4usl Joao c&lhocame ro chi'rasong by a ]vloorhh vesol and shyed lor some rimo

1 qq{Ellr rtrl w\ q?l, L

ELFirq qrco'' {n r{l{r fi!'iftl rro rhe €diror ol rha Rajohd,,,orSirakuida (16d., p, 298)

-Rojonolc, lr, 3r, AccodinsFalamdiswdr wrs anoth6r i,m6

r62 lA trido'y ot chinaso.o

sdvehor.l Th s shows rhatchjrbqoig wasrh6iheld by ihs 8eis.l srlbi who atro s.r up a reout4 sovenmeir in

li d PolLquese risrorrnFaryaesruzr3'am kLh 1h. pon or ChirGsaoi appears m hav6

be.iheld by Lre ksq orAekan,,wh:n s,tvsna enrercd rhe Dod2(1517 - 1a a D) h4 no tolid.rohidodan Do Bsrcs einlicirly w @slhd,1hs kiio or AEkan wasat this he 1s17-1s)able.rrorhskiiqor scisar,3 on .,,o-rher occason, De arare was no sood iostinllbelween A6kan 3nd Beisal "1 oi thc same authorry is leamrrhaLrhe tshymeiofch(rasois coandrhs ume (t523aD) useir

tr1.h '.

-o s +.!Jt( ,hI .tr o Frria - srrzrrhus dhni:ss rhe posbit ry ot Lhe Arakanese lo ship ov chnE_

ddm or Beisr. Nou rtE p,obl.m s 10 wh ch ruler or fte t]ud o

rhe laior rheHusatn shaht rulars who had dsriitLs hold oi chiha-t/ yeaE or rs rajsn hs wir

preoccupicd wtrh s,bdu n0.he koubt4 or h s trii3Luhl succesyon.i rlf lakrye s ol his rcsn, he hrd ro he otr h s srard asann Lr

F ia € So0-, Htrrry at the ? ttzts. onqusB h ,r,a,Sbpheis,,22o Ap phayrc (!, .n,

i..1/r ".d -ssodcounr conmir srh lar mEl&e.

otcampos, oP. a', pr. ?3,30

chi agois rlu.ns ltre Nu$in sh3h dynany | 163

, n'c poh of sh4, Moreovo, r,e.oikripor,!..dc.sdoior rhrcwlislr on ,c conquor ofiow rsr o,ks by h'm. sul@i Nusrr shah(1525-1532 A D , in rh6la@ pan o1his Elsi, had ro kDep warh ontheeip3idhs ilushalcmpi'e unds sibr on th! w.sorn frortior.lhoreroro, thssubjuq4ioi dr a lireq pan orrcsioi mishr have und li[on 6 thNu$d Shar in rhe a ry p t or ris rciqi. Br i close eraminaL oi o(

i fovou, o1sulai Hu$in Shah.Iha,rr.lcirh ciroitlc supplias iudned cvdsncs ol thats6aii

shahiocclDarion or ch asons. All Lh. Ahk.nose rule,s tom R,i

whlclr rhry did for f*l nece$iLy or Gkns Muslim namos rhodeplo€ble condirion of Ark.i m'sht havs helped aiy proscl of

ktrrory. Pmbablr, kakai srbmtt6d 10 ihsaurho y ot rh€ Beisal sllEi and dlowed somo pdG of rhak,isdom ro ba afioxod io rhB k iodom or 8ens,l lrre maD orDe saros shows a hrse rc rcry .ompris trs sourl,dn Chtbsoig:nd apo 'oi or AENai uid$ th. jurisdom ot codavascao (?(huda Brkhsh Khan ), rhe Hurain sharchirksois, 'IhE rh6 iorpos ble urhss ahkrn h,d b!ei broushr

Maulv Ham'dullah xhan, ,hs tocal poor aid hkrortan Ln hiEbook tddkh-t-chdtzon locil trid Lon or rho lvlus-lm conquo$ of ciri'Gqono as rollows :

From ruiis aid lsqeids ir world aDpe rhat Lhis Nuyar shahrinco ot Bengati wetrr afrer rhs

dsstrucrioi ol caur, wl , a h,ge i!mb- or Murlm and HiduBtrsal, and shacked r6 rvruss, rookL 3 ddmicils to, h,s

or his emrs'aroi ro rh6se prls wd rhis2

Helu hsi sbres ih "oie Alr. Busaii or E;shdad Essisred Nusdr

Id.rkr, pp.17.13, ranr BloDhmani, / A5E, xlr 0372),336.337

164lA Hisrdr of clri oqdnq

lvirh shipsaid msreidls .id !h!e rased ,hs srand d ol vcLdrv

N6rcq ln $d.ou ry (chi(asons) Husaiiiror thi. rcien, bec.me

rhe kiiq3 son-in4.w and lived, honoured and dilrinqtishon lThs tdr t lurthe aads thd thesulhi comremohl4s lhe oioucd

brd ie, pla.e 6r victo,y.z lr mayLrF nolntsd our fi Nuv ihelid Mudiin con-

hd led hh vhrorlo's N,moarqn ancr rha

ille.ed da rudio. or Gaud Bur the DoslbiliU or hh Ekliq Drrthe hlnds d h6 Ankaiese canior1n;i .d!ld liv hold rDon the

,iidirloi whci t ws il,-"Bdy ii a ..nrrsioi,

B-"nqa1i wdk .amety, rhs Praral/

^,1ah?\hrtatd irdtne chhuti Khahl Mahabhldta q:rte eunter.e nt n

sulhn Hrsaii shah

c ded.r obviously lo, rha o..ui ion of chilrrn:r (rvlndrsinht: Pstaoali Mahzbhanta f11l-e.k^t P.tl-

q3l KhaD, Lhe lluixior ro1 or Rari Khri wrs a ,ur.d riv sulrHtrs.in stiJ', t(

srrk N.ndiii hc arrulr(â,, n,ha.6r,,ra ?r rh{ ah\oi (han,qBtr al or sulhi Htrsni shrh,rell updi d,! Triousr.nd keDiihe

h th4 cave ro, rhs sarerr dr hk lir4.Lh lilpirc or tha c.*dlor or hosrilk es

aid con:equemlv ro rhs T,iou,a (io bv rh6

aususr Kh,i, tha T,ilrE kirc Ms speidiil ht dry.

2

arl3 {r sir ilii {irjrf{rnJ$l.i arqsra lirE lri{tfEla r{rrn !o, irlE irqlirq3. sE nrti'6 !E nq,

-OL AS /, 1940, p, 259

rr\6 Hus.h shaht dyn*q, r6s

i a,y rmc lrom Lh!sideol rheKhai. Ths Khin w.s dhilins awsv h,sdays.h eJkr tr

od, \.wr .t6ri1.os allowadro eitoy tr iiotruptrdty

rh6 rruir ol ths oonque .l T[ s is ohvousty a da$c iiraicaol rhe cralrdion or a pdrcn by adopcnda poa, hr r help! ujii esrbtshins rh€ ract th sllLatr Husii shah ior oily fullyconqu 6d chi[agonq bur osGblhhed hir aurhorhy fnmty ov* LhB

SLill moE iiromaridnor the Hus

sons i! Eupplied by pod Daular wr.trlrr Mar,,, rha pod esth, rhesulr i or caud appo edHrmdKhBn ,adhikarr or chirrasotrs.2 The poerspscn'atU mgnrionsthe sulki of caud hv name Hrsaii shsh 3

I ci. ("rri rir)s.{rhfo 4t(, qJi i|lirrirr! elr "l!c rfrlrr I

ifii,Ir ailiE qrr E3 49nrrrr''o rrjH fnir .iiq si{r I

lnlr qe hc {rr ioqt[ 'slrir q..!r l4rr l[r;r i:ris I

srri i.ri. ielrh ciq.(rcir! <i{ a5rr qrlrli .rr{ r

Iiii lr4r {rs!ii rrEr.rrrL -ot,bz, p 20B

qral.n .de{ir !_16r

{tu+rtl k. (hi6) F:d,rnvihat,n, lett,pp,t416

in rqr! irqiG Eiri$fqa rlnr, rl.r rrr

rsuxai Husa n srrjlr b,ouoh,chtraoonq !id* hs occup.Lioi definblv Laroc 1s13 ADaidorobiby vJilhii . shD Lims or hisFusii, i bom Atsb, lcrr tslons iviLh hs l.(her Bnd orhiimsmbeBol rh, tumly, hh o siial homero sd a h Beiqat. He ,ivedd chirtasons, madc htmse I wall.a.qu.inr'dwirh rhe Io.alqov6morM:snad j Ah nay Khli and rhrotrqh hin snrercd rhs roval cou

evenruilly b4came ai i.rluEnr,l noble, soonanar hh bBcon,iq rhe sulFn, h€ su.ceedi in s:iitns obod'eica

VL lid old ov" n r a la.P ol T.putaid A,akanesr aqq,-!ois on all sidss, ftom r sl3 io r5t5 A D hk

succ6$rully challenqed by Dhanya-SllGn Hus i's hodni[er

pritrcls w3s urdoubkdlyot Dhanydmn kya rcnoved

eiemios oi HNan Shrh, rhs la(d pouncedup.n c, traqonq w rh iul lo@ aid rcconqu-{ed ft. Theconquesrot Chirhqonq was rollolved hy rirc oc.uDaLoi of 5oms pdrsor Ahkani Th6lois Dmod ol weal sovemms tn A'akan arre,

nre rhe proie.r ot conque$ hu.h more

Shih r,,us rollowed rhe srit of krns oha.had only hw y.a,s blfore

slpposed rh Htrsr n's

who a..ordinq to localcr tasdtrs ,om the Arakrioso. wherhs sudh

Amnzs Khai and Khuda

campalqit .anior b6

sald ,kh .e ain,y, hold of rhe conquercdtuom 161, ro 1533 A D

chita{,on0 remahed uiderrhs Gaud an .oitrol excapr a shotr Ivedoc.upario. df io he chnEsotrs hy Devrmailkya li fa.i, rho

Hls.li shah, o6venoB 6r Chtaqois m8ds $eir hold ovsr rhe

dhticr so wall roundad rhai ir be.ame slmo$ impo$iblo lor eifierrhe T pu,as ro ch:llonse rhs h6semony orrho

Boiqal sllbnare ave. or a po ioi or rhe distr cr

Ch(asois drhs rhs Hsarn Shahi dynasrv I j07

Socrion 2 Chtrt.gons uoc.r rh. latsr xus.in Shaht

Ihe qloiodr resn or sunar Husii shah eided ,n 152b A Dn thesaD?ye , hc elde$s.n Nus'arshah ascandsd (h6ihbnerew kns ,lnherired hs tarhor3 sood quslries Lo rho tul and

hicapp€ r.ship ii impo o admiiisr ivsandmilwywo*,dcquired a dorcush s,asp or pol cil probhmy,.l

Ttu hsryads ofsllEn Nurd shih wsd ovetstridovJed by ploLsand consp,acGs co rived by his.ou ie^. Ths podusuae hkio,ans refd ro one slch cmu whiDh had Glaros ro chirLasutrs.

Accordhs ro rhc PonrsuBe hBid are, Kru.ja shihabuddin, a chmarch:nr or chmasonq Bid sn rctluo iat noblc 1r de royat coutrin collaboEl on wnh drhe' iobl.s rtr ed on unddh.nd plor as! nsrsultan NNd shah. hs a m, (hwijr shjhab.uddii enEEd hro ai auiai.s wirh 6 potrusuos cohhrideF.

'."rce w{! o I,no ir oro- r,ne'5rn 's- r rr.'..'.s to -,os xd erfl o e!-,Fs. per-ir,o,ro buld a fo{iich bsoig, itlhcy woutd onty..id !n e,psdirtonro help hm ii his prolecb

"2 our rh. phn r.itad aid shihaLju

ddin riod b es.ape a pe6ra bouid vesst.

Nuyar Sh died s a vary rsmtar tisurcn local Iogonds aid ddilions. Ac.ordins ro rhe Iocal rad or,Nsnabnd a subuf of rhs c y rs named i,rsr rhs sulGi whosoadorhs, iame was Narr srah

lho rulis or Nudat's ,ule ..n $ill bdsesn 'i sode Dta.osof Lha dEnrl Mv. Hamidu)lah t$ai ,erersFaLhabad and rh4 mosqua lhere, wr,ich was bu'tr or oiamsthdl,ictt'. Ho,61i."l havo mysll see. Nry6rs mosq@ whioh E iow b,oken 6nd

rbB tA HErory ., ch{hSdrU

,uii.d aid r'lled wirr ruhbhh. Hissrear raik, rhe lsisrh otwhcht6"s n,I end!, tur

I e k - n r, Lrown ds .Nu.,a, Bdd5iah _dlshr and h ois of rhe I sesrtaiks in rh6 prc_pat(roned E6rsa!.Bur mo p r of rhe hn[ hav6 now bEon dred up aM iurded roasicllrural feldsr residenrhl vilhses havs sprans upoi rhB bark.Ham'dulhh Khinwires rhar rhe pl,.e wasoncs a well knownlade c. ro. The i! isof a oalace situred ien ir ei ed wirhD

"paopla aho sar rhiea, ir, whch decayedaid sor covsred wio

run{,].s aid was tuuorsarN6 t|ence psopto s4 jr on rrc and bMed

'tdowi wrh rhc setpe ! and all".2 tn rerercnce io orher remdimor Nusa"s rula rha rha founddion ot therownor Bhalua, rhc dssins of rho Bhotua bik,haz i e scn ally rcretred ro rho rim! or Nuea! srah.3

Ttu nojohdld irorms u5 of a sho tved T pu6 occlpadoi or

o(clp'od ..s l ozieccld pb-s or E:tamdr

and took a barh ii rhc holy w er To .ommemohrs rhis ftuat acland orher rclioiors obstuancss he ord,ed @iis ro b. enoraved.Ths place was call.d Du,asha by Iocal p'ople, Trs rouney brhc srcred place was followed by rho occuparon ot chrralo4.

Prob:bly, Dov.mankya rook adv.nrasa or

p. 2e, I rs. 0 q( ./ ,4 s !, xL (t372), s36 _ 337

a i(@rla{r {lri r dla rislqnlini qnrn +ir r{i3 ,inFflcl $1.c' i,r qir crEtq;i!{rtr t&4 61lr rH {,q' {iqrrl

ch risons du, io 'ha

Husaii shihi dyMsry I 169

ths pol ricil dhoder which lollowed Lhe asssinarion oi Nlrdr ,rz shd k 1532-33 a D r$ r.ip rJ

lrold over rhe dn cr, ,owevo,, la{ed orly ror a shon 1me, Ihecloslns ye s ol rhe re'si ol Dsvamai,kya wero mark.d by coi.luson i'r ihe k nqdom caused by,ho dB6 ro ! e la,se{ calo mssacrcor rhs Trpum amy orlc,s, wh ch, oc.odins.lo rhek chrciicleG,

s,oarly undom'ned the nilLa,y reisrh or the kiigdom Thispossibly rcsulrcd i iro los! or chkhgons lrv the T,ipms.

suLGn NFar Shah wat suc.csdcd bv lrisvouio so. Alauddin

F ruz sh,h (1532 A D), wro rulod onlv ror a f€w monrhs A local

poel named s dh menrcis sulhn Firuz shah as his pdton lTha lrcra,y rsdlmony rhlt provss rho Bensal sulhi's conlrol

ovd rhe derhq The lnfoûiate youns $lEn was mo p,obablv

m dered bv his mcle Ghivasuddin Mahmud who ns{ as.ef,ded

r " s.oJ-F or r s,otra'oo,c'r Po'.LoL",c ior.leba.'

'o r a 'sme

ol " s.hcn d-r nq woor' rn

h6 edirice was bu'Il AlLholoh mo$ par6 ol rho iis$ipiionol ho 'ut ic

Itr.kily pG$ ed. Dr, Abdul Kirim makss a pBinsakins srudv olrhs Lnsc o on, strccoeds n rcad ns rhe iame of rho kiio, aid

rsrir dq{r r.\ ?(ir rrc {.nltrn qrrr o{rrc alis thGrq d1' ?it rrqr iali{ s{r!fltinr({ qld {li1 rtq, ql8rrl

- Raianala.ll,33

J n s P, xlT (967), 325-330

170lA Histo,y ot Chiuasois

doredly hden,ilied him wirh Ghiy.suddii Mahmud slrah wlrosorriyar was aho Abul lvluzairal

From rheve,y b.qroiris or hs .uls, su Lan Mafnrud Shah wasvcry anxious about the ris ns power or Shn xhan . llo md hkfir$ rcv*e at rhe h.nds ol the Atshan hcro in March 1534 a D

ar ihe batle or Sfijoarh The 6ulan beis halpl6$. mado an

:lliancc w h rl)s Ponuquess or chiuasonq ro fishLback rhc Pathans.

Bur fiis did nor apprechbly improve hs pos Lloi, li 1s35 A D,

shar xhan suddeily appoa,Bd bEto'e the satq oJ Gaud. Ih8 Porrusuee h coope,alion wi$ rh. Bensal amy olfered a sub6o'nrc.hbn.o, bur fa'led. Sher Xhan, howevq, wirhdrcw his siesaoimoi6y coiEideririoi, lo 153s A D, shd Kh.n aea'n ivded Bensaland d.ove ou{ rlrs sulrai hom ,is capicl. Prcbably, dring thit

,1, called by rhs Po usuNe his.roriaf,s as Nosazll' rc occupy ch laoons. rh8 Bsnoal rhrono was

became a sce'e or p,ivare

war b€rwosi two Husain Shahl 'v!$als, AhRa Khan ond Khuda

Pakhsh (h,i 1 'Ihis cvlnL v uauy bbushr

I s* hf.a ch. uiii, sa I

lDE.ndix Hussin ah'hi olli..r. lr chlt..sons

sensal tid Ponusu6esourc€s shed lshroi ths subjed ol rhs o4,i zaloi of sov imsnr i chnrasonsuid, ths Bus.in Shahi dynasy. Tho rvJo taadzt t! Mahabha-

Cr,ortler aid eo Bensali PoEms

lhh subjecr, Ihe Pararrl, Maralnl a darss thatsultan HusaiShah appohled Par.oil Gan, la.hka, khwat aid eitusred hih

or Trpura arf i6.1 The ausuer(han p rohed sovsrme al ddries ii lha sssonod Lernorv w h

rhs helpor hls son aid skidson2 li rhasr6e sorca ho h ndedro be rhssoi or Ha i G!n3 (pcsbly Mdsiad_i'ah nas( Khatr or

rho Bddik Shahi nosqre nscriprioi li H hazari u z.). n thg

chhuti Xtlani Mahabh aa, I h d€d Lhd chhuli l(han, soi or

I !!!.- n..r {r .ii .r iicl!r

niEsrr i{l)ri r!4 .nl9 irq i

f6,iEr 6t, ffl{'! Er ('l

t. 4,1i.. rrtt ?rr {F c5 n.or, D c sen

rfz its €id rdE ,Iilral{r

e:ri6 r[]$ ir{l lii.Gn i{{'sr4 .. .nrirts .e! i,6!rn'{r1 lrqt rE qtrg rinrr'risr! rrq .nqr qrlro (t{r r

or , s/, 19{0, p.25S,259

3a" erbhashz O sahi tya. n- 14A

172lA H stoiy ol Chhcaong

Lashk.i P.Egal Kl,ai was ono ol 1ro commridere ot srlhiF. vPL h" rle

and succooded in hE p emal Dos. His admhi,arva seaL

wss siruacd close Hills i [r5 nonh

or Ch,'EsoE rt old., r' l,ou'o d b'all sider aid by ihs.ublime mor ansoirheean1 lLrousrlyconospond. wnh mod*n PaBsilpu r 1lE rvl Gahl u z

or Abdd Kd m exp,es3s doubb :bour lre suppoEed soveriorshio of PaBsal Khan ove, the wl,olo or

rcirly poinb o{ rhal

msai rhe qoveho, or vi.crcy aid hence bD'h k1he, and son could

i.r chim th6 hoio or brrc(a,in's vi6w s srcnorhloed by anoLhq Gqumenr rhal Pamsal_

pu4 siruaral closr to (he n.rrheF bordl otknown io hrve ev* ]fen the caprhl ol rhe whole or rhe

14 rr il. s.B E .Er

Eriilq ir6r r '.1 tt,rn!{, ir! r!, e Ertn r

- - Itir Eir:cfr, aale

qrl lftq rqlr Fnlg ttl ',ni,r' k:i !nl.i: ,llr riil rr

'

rq.r lnE. EJd la {{irLr

tb)d.; dlso B S l. '1940,

2 Lashkdin Porcian meaisti army,'acamp,,.....'ons balonoing ro an dmy,, a sold\e(. \H J,

3 s P, (No r, 1371 B s), p. 163f.

chi(esons dudis rh6 H!$ii shah dyiany 173

The rwo qeislooicst bbbslw,iden by rh8 local posr ituhammad Khan, have re.e ly arouscdrhB ioraEdor lhe hGrorans ln ihe oedio.es, rhs Dod Na ionsRari a! 'chir,s,am dashaDar' ($e lod or rre provliie or ch tra.

sorg), inLohediare pe,$n w,o is almon uiairmoldy dEntir&rwrh th8 Rsri Khan or the E brk Shahi mosque iscriproi

'n rhe

HadDun !. z rn fte insdplotr RoslrKhai {vlss hrmsru MrrL$-Ala. Aboui rhs rds lhdion or

i.leiLty Gabhur Khii and Mh.(,an rv, r P asal (hai aid chhuti Kbtr

'especlve,y or ,a rwo

v.isl cd A,ldioihdid&r, whe,s rhcr' ac srowi as soi and oreidrono'Rd'i bn u.Aboul rdm pF

d.s..ida swerc divded 1lwo l8cs.ore srE Prasaril ie eidho i^ PaGcalpr sourh or Lrrs Fsni

lhs w )i$ mlghl have

lived somswiare n cenhl ch trasois3

o, Abdul Krn could nor llnd orr ony s 'sricro,y

ielsonro, rhe pod's compl.lo lqnonice or rha PaFsill I ne orFas' Xhar.Itr oie ph.e, hdwever, rlE po srplJis the rca.on or hls avoid3nce

ol uotrocc$ry de€ils which mishr msre hh wo ( budensome.An opnion in ftG.oinsctioi, can be ro,med rh ths Paraslli InewN elh4r peished by rlro Tripura h.k5bDr1 rhe yr 1532 A o or slowly w thrad lnro obscu,ity bythes!..es,a polirical clraises. Probably thiswas the Emon whythe Dod d d n0t a[e norice or th s line.

Khsn s pov becanre somswtLh 6dilary.wrh rhe de.aden.s ol fi. P agali liie, rhe Muhimmad Khi

rhe rbl.s see a 1,.e.4,, Pdkn6, HBb,y co,nrcr.. Fi* s6eon.

174 l?'\ Hbrory or ch Iaeoid

l,iacrm, or13hrer,o. DrAK im and orhs: hrvs ide iriedHamza (hin, L,e lrG llraidsoi or Rasri Khai wrh Amnzr Khii(Am?rro o, Anr4mo or

'LE Poir usu cse wriEu) ri tlE pedsrea,

he isdes, b,d 3s rr.onquo:6rdfrho parhans and rhs Tripu65. IMr D c Bh iach va rook (hudr Bikhsh (han (codavascao or Lho

fie dval o, Amrz Khan ro bca Pdhri aid

mrde rhe IBG dsrealed hvHamza Khan2 Bu ftish awaak ayba a "rhs_ br' rhrs s

,is reveGes 3r ihe hands or Am2a(han. Th€

oi the conr Y, be evidenco or Khuda

Dr Abdul K im hos

riohrly Donred our lh rhe P hai who surre,eddefe rhs hands

or lrahzr Kh,n or Amkza (hai was rhe Noljazn, Lhe Porhan gono l*nr by sher shah,3 aid the facevldcn... or rho vicroiy ot Homzabolajdft rrm,1 (han mton havd kkei ii activepan in reputsiig

kya, rho accordiis ro ft6 ndjdn,rdheld pon".sion or io heh chijbsorg lo, a lrrier Deriod

A Beiqil poem named ldirj oi,r wr rei bypoer Dauhr waznBah€m (han supplies ntomaron lvh oh slrd Lqhr on rho prcposd

i rhe a(rached seicaloqi..t acdouiL,Lhc po sives r I ls skarc, of an

'llus[iotrs p6Gon iam6d Hamid

ceiefolsly ioLoilyon the Door aid nDedy brroi rhs beasb aidrvcb i! well. urhai kiis Hrsaln sh:h he d or hs bou 6ous.hemkr hesd q,y nd w,iEd ro €s hisv uous dhposirioi, arhis ordq sBv6r,l 16 ibl6 morhod. woe employod ro pur h'm to deaih,5u, ovo,y rims Hamid khan emaEed allve l6m (he jaws ot oe libysomo h,aculous meaN This mado rhs ki.q doivincod ol $e

1 af,r E'iq !r t,h rd-iErntdii,r ltErq i-'n

Bdnztrq sottl'td P ihod rdr{o,54rh yeai Nos 1 and 2

chilLaqohs durns rh€ rirsaii shar dynasry 175

Hamid Khao ro rak6 ch so Gdhkari) of chadqrha. The orricer

ai'adhikd'or chnbs.is and hs fairhtully aiecured hh duriss thrad bestr i$sn6d b him, A hyporhstcal view mavboexpre$sd lhar

d, which, accodnq roourpo is

ri0 P,orusucse hhror cal vrorrs suppty a dccited sccouniwhrch s exienery vatu.ble r6earunderrhe larar Husa tr shahitule Tho po usussehhiorhis me onar tead 1wo r\4oorch,of,hdr namety codavascao or Khuda EakhsI

rhsLe$i lh|k apponrme musL hife rakei ptacee ], ftin 152sA D. wllle na rr f,s rhe o.cureices o,Ponu9u6se hisroriais ne ion rrc iamo ol $esB trao orficers. orrhese lwo orricare Khuda Bakhsh Khai secms E ba rhs mora

r .r hi! G-iba 'a!o4,... eo.o,l. r10r rcd.. orr.a^rn. r

-nr ,r.s{Ftr iillF rii.r :rr4

u'u>sr{ qiiF z.rTr -D P P Y, I a n, 14 " j6

Bei$la o o Fono te amcai _,, tbit_

r76 A H on or 0rnbsons

of senqil, trom Lhe (erirory of Khu.ra Bakhslr Khii.l This nntr-rion oxplcidy ponri our rtrr rhe klnodomo,Khud6BJkhshKiilay wholly ro rherourr o,rhe(ahap,!l, qnch po$lbly borders

tha reriro'ia] rurhdicrois B€\'- rrr ,,d Amz'(haf we,e Lhc rwo mudim va$als orrhe kinq ot eenqal2 Da

weiohuo (hudaBadrsri (han wth rhe rid,€

dciorlng his orics aLd s.6idly, heaid Ami:za xh.i by desdibns rhe rorm*

as almos( :n ideDeideir rule, and iictrdes Lho latrq drc.1ly!nde, rhe k nqdom ol Bensit.of Khuda Bskhsh pEcs?ly knowi. h mishr

(posrbly trs san[ha)

qrdne,r Anorher c Ly pe,hip. tha chcl pvr ol hGkiogdoms6corcspoids 10 thc

qu kB or Lhc same namD, si,uareThe e ly o,Iote, .arellumiided by rhe

Ponusuese hdo,6m ielare thar a $ e orua we alrays arsri!

Khai.3 P,obably (hudajerlous or eith& aDpd nent o, promolon ol Amiza Khai ro thc

Amza KMn as asovernor or chidaLsf/ osTanded alds i r

t@fr $uda eakhrh ]{tn, bli he couldLr er qua(61 ,aached a cl mlx du,hq rhe lad ye s or sulLanGh yasuddin Mahmud Shah.

. o,io do crtisa dvidc o Seino do B€ng.la das lotras do

v4salos dcl €y ds Eensala..Fsnao Looez

De caslanheda, rr'!,,/' do Deseob nento s conqoirta dd

htlid pelas Paiusueses, Liv. vlLl, csp, c x o, p, 4s2

e dh.ordla qudB ao hav,a on Le Codo vascai', s Amarzaca'n,

nrcreidoido cada hum sn$nhdda cldada,.. -De Eanot,

CEAPTER VNT

CHII'AGONG DUFIIIG lHE AFGHAX iULE

sup..Ba.v ov.r chid.eons

Th. h,srory or Dlrsal r,om lj33 Lo tsTc A D may prcFrly berehed as Lhe Atshai oB,lod. ln 1533 A D Suhan chiy.suddmMihmud srrah, rhc lan irllr or rhe Hrs! n

by sh* (rotr sur trho rhus occup€dGaud. Ths ruls or rhc remnared wrh Enrudq or hls q ai&oi Fituz Shalr(in1514AD)byMubarizt(hanwhoszsd the rone lmmediorety afi$ and .sumod ihe rirlc otMuhamnad adl shah But rho Ecisal lhrone was occupied byMuhammad Kh sur, who ioi beingsaisl'sd by decl. iq indapon-de.ce rushed ro Delhr ro caprlre Lhc impcrial sepro. Bur hs wassh n itr a deadly rhe Dclhi army ii 1555 a Dind Dslhl rsedablsh'd Beioal alrholsh lor

son or LruhlmmddXhan su,, caprurcd ihc Beis6l rhronoand rcok rho I rla ol Ghyasu.ddii Bah.du Shah Ne foL ofly 0roclain,cd h m*lr nd6psndoruld bur aveis?d hls rJl rfs dcnh by d8re n{, and kttinoMurrammad Adrl shah (1557A D) Tha ru10 or rho House otMuhamms'l Khan 1554 A D and rl)o aurhoriryova, Ben{ral pr$cd iiro rhe tunds or rhe K,i'ani tamily. TheXa an! ,ula h ed r ll 1576 A D aid n Lhc yr oaud (arai'wasderedod and derhrcned by rho Muqh:ls, and Bsnsat wasm.o@oGrcd in the Mlohal Empirc.

Ihs abovo s , Uef suruey ot rh. h'sLo,v ol asnsrl lionl53s1o 157cAD, burrha hGrory or chittsons isdirforcnr. ThE

h€ro'v or chrcqois du nq rhh pdod s chiolly a hhbry ofalmod

173 la Hi.rory or chnksodo

co iuouslv,s and Lurmoils. The ohbiriou3 sovertisis or e6rsat,h a d_aadty wm or

rssltritrq ii rh€ froqus chaiqo orov lrdnip. The aclv{ics or $s Portustres.

.hronolosicat acoou r or rho €venrs thoccu ed dJ'uu rhs pi,od

's difrlcullowns rumly ro rho palciry

Nev Lhele$, lre sources o nor atEqdhqwaidis. Fo,6iample, r'e(wo c/iro'rhr, rsABkaiessatrd theTripuE supply nvrluibld m sar n rc.ond,uciis rho hEbryor ltu d'nncr drlnsh orais @eqrilty B6rd.s, soms Bsns.t

Lomple re.rinloi, rhe mosqus hscrplons,rr. :ccoun6 ot ro'. sn r3v6llcG h6lD us

ro solve ntiy phhl.ms.

wrnLor Sh xha) Sdr occupisd Gaud, tn

1s33 .39 A D.] h aopra s Lh a lL le Uelno or dur ns hts riraltre senr his seieraL Lo occupy rrD oullyrs

dstricrs thus he se hs cipbin, i.ned 1r's Nooszl bv rhoPo usrese, Lo chirhooie.2 shy (hri as .i drpul mrlrbry

rhc prnc'p,l odewry roBenoal". ansady acrivrics, chi auoosbecimc r En nronni,ald a d ren,lror rhs laEn rcaly 6nclud6dbeLween criyasuddm rlrarmudshh aid rho po usuesB3 Sobprovonr ttu Potueu*e fmn comiiq ro rhe reiel or MrhmudSh:h wi3 ar u(c hsk lorshsr (ran, and probab\ wkr rlrkeid li v'ow, LE siir rho Noianl I

i . s3o p. m€idado rj x6kaisu, l:uosazll cdknrccd, p. !52 Bsl€r

maruscnr, tiL.h.i r Hrnliol

Lrrc sano 1'nc (M ri)'s Edcir ,ro, | , 01s)

rho Arorhi Rul4l L7o

Khan in M ch, t53s a Ds0v6 asional ro ihcqovunoGi amiz. t(hai (Ahzrcao) and (huda Bakhsh (hdi(codavascao) rorF,eirc, chief or (ha

decids rh. qu rehrutly acknowtsdse tha aurho'iry 6r rh6 kinq or sensatr 2The Po uotre.6 hi!rorian Ca$anhsda axplcirlys:ys!har rhe Nosozn

sovehoB ii his ravour

The couGo ol evenk Gaud duins rh ( De was r3srchansho. rn Juty

by,he Ponusre6c svidenceT Ths Mrshat crpluG or G.ud uidotr_

idadd d" Golro .. a-no

huir sorseihor da cidads ._ D.3d,q, p so:l

o Nos:trI do xs(amlr e romisse a ddad?

R C Majumdar .r at,li irdf4ncd Anb,t af lndo, p.43J I dtsooanuiso, op. .i', o 1s3

Rnoz, p. 142 ) aanlnso, ap. , p 222

'es :o Golm . cdsroitud4, P,

453; .lso R c Majumdaror al, op !1, p. 43?

1S0 A tlhrory ol chirri.i.

brsdly put Lhe Nosazl n rls.omf Ltrrc l1 .pp. s dr lre bodv

of rbops uider rho Noqazl's commaid was n.t Edequde Lo deiond

his own posi(ioi. lhe Po usueso mltarv aid

which was gailier orcmGediiom Goa. Theaid wa. ii rhs romor a r.valerpsd!on (a,mad!)and

conskEd or iine vcssls EmmaidNuno Fchaiandoz F,ene, who had beei appioicd fch'ef or rho

cuslom homs" (or oe po 'own

orchnlasois) bysul6n Mahmud

sh:h nor oilv declred himselran allv ot' amnzr (hai bur iirervensd on hh blhalf os con. rou a lkouAh zE.ao). He advised

lre could easlY have

sultrn, Llr rhe erisrirs fol trcal s Ltrrloi upset him. He had no

drcdve ro, ,c/lor, conq!.r. Meaiwhna, Annza Khan.ollecred , bodv or loors and ssit il aq! trsr she, shah's capkiirho laue, be.am€ vnually a capllThs Noga.l ii his mnrln.me a3ied

rhan or rho 'Beioalar.4house orsld Shah's Noq5zil.s r s.ehs rhar Femandsz had

some hold on rha sold ers or Amnza Khai bscause he could dissraderhe Nosazil6 BuL slhngely, he hmselrwirh

liriy Podusuose whor S.mDrvo hadsenrashorc eve trally caDlurcd

rha Nosaz,l aid shur lrim up in one or S: 2ayo's ve$elt whsn.earrer sr monrh3 caDiv y rho Nooazil m ased ro escape by bribns

oL rqono dur !

a n,|cryadv.nrurer by aamcsuleiman B sa who played an im.otunr role n th ssclne or s,rethsy $do rlfr a sallior wirh sixry med MooB or Sulcrm6iBaGia a lved ar . placs oi rhe baik or a rvd, w lrin rour leaoues

rllian.e wirh {he B.isat sutriD, 'he

soldieB of 1r s ,q7Ior ciq3q.dsoma ol Samp:yo'sbehdved cow,dly.ll Lhrouqhou, would iorseid.iv DoT r!lr.,,rre h8,p, no, $id a shp ro dsf:id a po usuese mar.hanLmai,whrh was ii danser, inspi@ or Fsrnand.zs rcpeaEdly,sris h m

PonLqLes s6loisr.o'oso fr3b8lo aid aid h collabo,aLioi wn[

'hn troops or naja sulemai loiduded

p ry. rha.oal'trotr aid rhsyoops orsulcm:n

su!s! sold-s mcludns NsE Femmd, w{a rj!redo

sm clrdlcam apo o! eh hum ,io qudrolssuas &qrelh .dids huma s:leob com sese a Turcus,que ss d6rouEm da Am.di do sol!mao Ba:ia. D€ Bo,oJ,p. 503. .E e{ado xr a cousa, ro?o Era Beooah s.ssnkT .os en htra sal-"orr que sa ara,mada de coleymropolos Turcos, 6dlidoo hesma iola eh Beisrl:, ro,asmsrer em hum ro quaro leqoas n4s4- The'Turcos'ranslated by campds as Moorc

a cu.ooo "p.

.t, pp. rz.r:s (oiE,h.da pp 484 45s

r3r t^ ri{dy or cLrrrq c

r.,.".11...,,.,.u..v

o, eve s tnro considsarioi, rhe iiomaloG

io dw nq orhrtv

(hai aid Khuda Ba[i5h Khrn, who had atrEdy heen rt dasmrsd'awn rn rhee L{ sise, khudi Bakhsh Khai Ms uidoubGdty

aL rh s saso, sh$ Khads ssieralrhe Nossz I arived chilGooio and

occupied rho pon rownin Juty 153S A D, slopp,d Jtl knds of

Nos ,t ,rd placad himo, !trrivourble Dncm$aices Tre p6 usuese nivat hetp, .arlisrsouohr by MJhmud srh anvad at ch xaooiq

lL aDpftrs rh samiayd_nol wait io iirer o on behitt or srlEn

Maimld shah immed ely, brr kepr warch rrom a cldsc dkuicaoi dr,A coi64 ot cvefb. Arrer much retucbncs tre ro ne,j Ampr

busy n layiio ses6lnder Lhe Nootzil Ths bsiss.d Nogizil -.sked rorrrE hetp or

Frcns pre,erho rarher 'd bs a prison* or.1r". Fsnandez responded ro rhe

arDen or rhe No.arl and !rs.L nriohj

Chiibqons ,lrins rE Arsran Hulo l1s3

Nosazt, brr 16 rims€ILrn"iny Pitrusu6s whom s npayo had se urro,e, evenuilty.aprured rhe NosE/l

'tr one ot s.mpayos

v*sels". AIte, six morhs crpriv,ry m Lhe h3nds or rho po ueucselreNosa:l hanased ro.scapa by bribns aslhordi d,. Th!

do ioi mel'on aiy,h'is o, lrtr lale hereahc bur ir s ovdenr rtEaL { s rimo,3 ,oaleof ,rurcor of-Hajastrl€Fm, loiner drc anid {orces o{ At appeas rhar tho corfs.t*acy ot amirza Kn.i, Lhe potusuesrrnd srlnman sais. courEed. The Po ugulse,own rsb dis, y@e deferred aid ! numb$ ot rham rcr6 irurcd.

alr upLly nop ar Lh,ssksesivns iohodyLhr horour of rho conque* or ctilkooig

r rh. na93, an tuakaiasa ins.rproD,l crcovded ar chiLra.-niJ,"o ro vhds. Ls i..,riJ.or

enlcved on , slw D ara clcarty poiibour rh ab,!r 1s4o,ct AD, chidasois was dariiirety under rhcAhkailss occup€rioi. c,ir,a (fnamd cokhs

,/ roh rolrtrcJ n,ei' prolirrcd ai e,cellenrBin (Meno 3an0 or srlbo, srid rc bo a vsry powertul mon.kh

Tho clranstns pot,Ical ev.i6 tr' ptk.aofa' .l' n ' ro o de4.olE4oyman'kyair rs4oA D prcvc .d,hcTrtpuEs rion meddlin.o rhc crilLaoono aftsni. Ttr. cnEuyer pan.ipanr,nrhc waro,

thc ,ovJs !l AGkancsc mon ch MinBinorsux (1s3ti553aD).Lc nvad,is fo,c.s or Mm do aLrrsrroduced Khudr Dikhsr (han,on,Dhap Dbt€ coid ,oi r EL h6compllkly d sErpearcd roN I ic sene, iavd Lo bc h6 d of dsd

Lowi ds rho rc rowi .id c,ushed arlLo srch an srronr rIa( rhc nimes or amtrzi

wn4 btotsd our ot

1 {."o,d"" or ,r,. As.r4c saftq ot B Eit, t,lsr

13+ tA Hkbry or Lh,rasd d

orc'ena,. Mi,r Bin s m'l Lary srplo h.s ar analooy wi$ . sro,yi', I idu miroloov. The o,v runs as Iollows I once rhsD duseJ di..o.d b*Dn cs.d, " mJ- .orr

m dEdty tishrins causedlyhq b3inqs oi eaah. Brtnei(,e, orrhe

co endenb colld dsre rreorhor saehq rhem fishrins oach 01rcrmiohr sulpes!rho 6asla

or shdbad,s Ghs ii sze, rhouqhtor reedinq lDoi rhe mon$ss.Ho tEi fell upon h s rired prey and qobbhd up one a,ior anoLher

eanh from rhe ru6ollsli .lmos a sinila, m:nror, Min Bm aii h hred rho conGidmgp es . d conoue,cd Cluaqoiq orhs n rhe i.rar oa or fi.yo ls39 A D or ii rhc eadv

or Lhe lwo DeGoialrGs, ono rh6Nosazl, who wassen( by sho, Khan ro coiquor Chilasons :trdrhs oLher Rala suleinai, wE sa 3 iavrldoh'hmonLrc chnb.qonu, s d',rc!h loba Bscbl€hed s Gracrorly. In tha H,lerloi D.nror, lrcNoEazl has bloi ideNfiedsoompnarv€ly a I'rls known ,surc h rhe hhroryor rh6 Parhais

I rorc E ro doubr rh.t hc No0azl h rha Potusurse conuprion orclrhor rhr iame or (,e(rs or rha commaidd who was s6nr bysh4Khan ro occupy ch nasons rhe PonusueD usually co upr rhs trr-

id mosr ol lhem maybe recognzodwrhour much d'rf'culry. Bur rhe casof rho Nosazll is d'lhrcnrca{iiheda cle4ly spgaksof him as a Parhai capmii olsh4 (hann rhe opmloi or DrAbd0r frahin,, rtu Nogaz I was no orher rlff

N hm (lrdi Su,2 a brcrhor or S,6r rhan.urhoilrarvc inform 'on Nizao Khan3 hold

re,srence 10 a ruter

su,3 n .E.rgit Doen iamed to,t, ryoiru,

2 ./ I s o, xv 0e52), 2a3 !il;rL! qiqrr. iFr{s:1i1.

tr.,ris i.r{' rrI1 r3 r

rlr- b,{!i rerFr qir4El_ro,ir drru ed A sh t

rhnbsonq duis rE alrrh.n ruhlr35

(\an. HaG rhe rukr,s called ip iaid shah, Lhs Lwo L rtes which could bs adopredoily by an indepsndem rule, and rhsrcfor. could io( be applicabla

, il bc ,strsdlhd rhBewerc rha supB,lluouscxp,es ois ot rhe pooL,n exaltrns hk paroi,lhus remrinsamols scoperordoubr. Thc pocLs, ,ereeico ro tho tu16, ?s ilhe ha{erofr whiroand ed elephanl'rai56 susprcion oi rh'sonly rhe Buddh kin!,s of Btrha aid arakan arc rad rion.Iy known

aiimal l Mosr prcb6btyrhe roisis ot Lhos kinse

olch rasonq wss occrromed d Lh imo ro rake Mrslih qamesbesid6lhsr Arukaneseaid P3li idmos

s incl,i.d Lo tdendry the Nosazitwilh rhorch alhe, ndu qarl mcdiiic an orr'cer or the navy or iakhudawhioh meais shipmAE,. oaz (p,onounced os suazil, sozl ol.,bylhs Po usuese) ii rhose .l3ys !v^ not morcly a ludicial otri6i,hc was ile vened wtrh vaious knds or poweG aid ilidions.

a ,rav6t oli.q commandhs a company oriaval toops. Ilre wod n.krudd n supposed to have hoen ddived

khodi, iThc Naktruda or owid ot rhs slrio"acco'.]ro m 116 authl ol rha Ani, 'i s avidenrly a sho lorh ornrv khuda He Ixes the coune or rho ship".3 Tho rsm has

lrflr dehnod ' 1'c Hobri./o,ni, asr'askipper iho mano, ol a

F, Mri,qre reGn 10 r'c kl e.f Ackan ro 1,. rhs .pom*so,or trm lvlriG Ellrl,inf, (^1qn94, ,233) Nlz. N h

also sp:rks or 'lje (ho nacre, or whn.clcprriiL (M za N hai, 3ohzri5kni.6,'arb,, trans. M I Bohh,

1S; A Hisro'y 0t chitEsoio

n.rivo lescl .l Alliia rridvisulqc{s Lhar rE wod is d

i:o aid Pe,;,ai khuda, m.:nliq a masreror Lhc

rn licd lr:(J is som 'mss p,oaounced as

.jri.!i, r' 'ro ii $en rllr,.5l \rorks. lL srDrld be norcd thar the Po usue*

wrraG pur rDI i,c ancli (he)bro6lha wo'd Noqazl whch hd_

oo ., or qai. SulsmrBaisla who .ccodns rD rh. PonusuNesouros, seit. smBll traval

c)irracorq. DrAbdut K m is n.l'ned bidsnrrv BsF suleim ivirh sul''nrn (hai or rhc Grrnl dyiary 4

Eur rh$ idenrlrc loi k dorbr,rl can Lh5 sulcmrn BaGia bo

de i(sd wnh slhmin Kri,

$e ,Arb,,,n. he ps Us lo ans,, llrB D'oblem,

The larher ol lhls crlet (hr Kh ) b; lo rued,o rhe Bais k bo or

'hs HrjotrLs. rn lra' rljvlarlqrc!onri3,lrreBha,)he con-

riiually dsirry.d p,eim:r1on aid Enad6,iies ln 'he

rim. ofsal,m (, , raj KMiwiLh lrrc ,o,cis iida sho whil,, lroqiis6rhou or himaDd ss or aiiihlirioi aidsold rs(vo sox ka aid rsmal ro mc'cEnb.5

a./,r s P, tx (ie6a), 2e

(B -,dj.) 112 or N (erlo b n! ry

durtf or rhr to.itarci, (E s.holr ,crfb a rhcory

crnhlotrq dunno rrtr Arehi' nne 1137

d.r.o orL,. m trt,Y Prows$

sul€imatr Brisia po$essed arla snd ha 'nlOhr

htrle se a podidtr

ol nio occupy chiLrtsoiq 1,\6v Sularmai has br:n @lhd as Rtja

s.crion 2. chirrasons onder rh. succ..sivs R.Eihos

shrht hold on rho

lescd oi to lhs AE_

kanmeethq n Lhr lder Dad or,h3ye 1539aoo: nrhesfflv

pa ol rh6ieIye . Aslver prile iirdjnionlliiouaqB, aGchsd rd an Adkao6BremPle, dDdlc ed bv an aro'

ddails rcc diiq Lhs pol'Lcn atrd culLmal coid,on ol ths dirdct

rhe he,o ol $e hd dois was rhe lalhe,.r ka Khai Dr

Eh lasal th'nks thoL rh! sulrai, ro whosedauohbt &lidaswarm ,ied, war sulr.n Ghiyasuddh Nlahmud Shah, lhs

h$ rule, or $c Htrraln s uhi dyiasry. '!1lLh rhe msstcrgor ch:y.sdddrn Marffud shah3 sons by rhs ,ri o! sher

srah, r(alidas as rhr hGband o, a da4hl( ol Mahmud

Shah, posibly conrdo'.d himsslr deiurc su.cc*or, ro tho

kiosdom ot M.hmu4 sha5", and in Lhrl prebison hs mu$Lo helP Anizr (hin, rhe Mahmud

ansr rh6 Noqazl (3 P P

Ardi. A*.orles, !L 11790), 333

1a3lA Hhbry or chibmno

I./arntvn(1sos), pp 562 Phoyt6, ,p, rn, a. t72n

rrtr Arqr,ai Lto I t3o

hlr B{olted i houfthry or trh [nsrJm on aLt snbr

Eolh ths Aod ,o,said,ri. Rqonrrrshed I'shron rtD !rris!es.eies o, polnical evc s dtr,iis rhs pqod. The A0ion.Ji do*ior prdcholy rell ol chirrqois by Lhs Ara-k.nos-", whic[ mghr resdr r ]e JliLrI

coul. fto noan,h inrorms G rnrthe Palhan crriel or chiboono wirh hh amry iunberiq idr le$rhan ons $ouMid rook shenq inT,lpu ,

chel be idenriried w rh rhe Noqazil of Lho Po uqr.se hkrorhm )Th6 Po !0u6s8 sou,ces darc thar 'a Noq.zil nedl.o rlD Po u,

fuqi(rve Palhri crcf ocved fo, E iiGrvei-lioi of rhe T,iDUra k ns B loymai kya (c. 1540 o. 157r a D) 1o

.d. (ino Bloym ,kya n,esg ry

divav Pdhtsi soldGrs undor hh seru cs ii

rho idj,n4,a nanaresBijoyfran*ya who 1,6 prcbably

i .omm:id or rwo rhouraid trdoDs led rtsrh€ exhd PaLrrn . jo,of chnlaqooq (r dr

Nosazil) wlrh hh roopr toned ftc a:pedi on,More troop5 aid car ases und, rhe cohmaid or ths Tri"ir u/6zrrollowed rhe adv6ncis roops uid ,oyal.o mandl Trc ,,-b ied opsmioi was crowiod wl,eqained hG posi, oi, tha ft pttc ch@ntEIlr sh (hh evenr wlLh ir e.

suP2les ndredsuce$ful T,ieu,a ooerd, on sdes rhat "w],ls

3 dq'qe, (,, ,

1 r$n, Efnli h6fl itlrFrq.a qrs 6i6ra+ a{r, qnEqr r

r iflq 'lEr

n.r n{E rrtlnL,5E 61r rir r{,.,qrr

1516.47 D). m rrom rh. no Lrr cillcd iirh4 rrrcr d si( (io 6y wr'h bn

'rre Plta

r\e ahkan{. ct tnh rha i7hrion of rhe r/-pu4 clrMnh rcqadhq rharun4ely,lhd arcrd,ls rLr.v. w Lh dah (..1546

^ D) and rr ro dl eird of 0ro conquEr lrpro Fantr)

howevs, laned oilypaiatt Ine Arckatd. ct@rrchtellsor rrcAGkanese rco..qarioio, chiriJois

'nmrdd6ly afLerraBrhriw \(irh aEkan wc!

over tholorr Lhe Trpuo circrd. says iorhhq ot ir. Ttc rrct4i€eC]]rrrde.r.-: ,1'r

Arakareseala n lo* ch rqonq, A .l6s rLtrdy of rhe rripurd arrou colhbohnon w th rr'c P hons

mrs hBvs r.o:irad chrryono.

!v1h rid catrd s!lhn Probahlr,Biioyman[ya r.mnquered chhrason0sy b.oinn no ot Lhe do of o k

kha (1553.54 a D', s!..*sor ron of chnhsds. rhe n'jcd.r.

sdvsiflsnt Ths,6volt w.s due 10 iDn-paym3nr or anear sal yro rhe P h so)dieB ,L rlre rimio( ooly klled the chier mn s, (!v3,D or Lho kinsbur .d. DDpah-

'.m ro plrrds,lra c.p hlhathho apLn ro usu@ r,rdTripu,He ev.i secrerly arredeJ

.i, dii!r., rra nrlti r{'!rj,.+ "rl{6 r;if; Ear qrrLrins, E!, lqErlqi -Ji,rir r1i!ii{ , bB iif, t{.e r.ir I

ch tasano du'hs [E Argh.n ruta ]91

Bur rho plor learidour d an un3uUpon, odared lh:,rre Lemple of rh' foun*n sods

of ohrtragoic fled 10 G'ud .id rcpoded rEthe isws srea y inlurared rha .u]lan who

wrhosr nelay ss a laEe rslnrorcamenr2 hdor Msmank Khaq,a vr'a wrno, aid a Elanvo by his w're3 dq 'rhc wou-equippcd my.oisdsd or ihr* rhousand ho6e snd 1en rhousaid

sh elds.3 rhe ruiawiy F h,i.hsf orchrtr'sonq jo mdcena,iss inrh. I puE ai y joiicd

'ho rE.line rorcs. Auhi

parhai army, rhs len or solrhsi

,l,shr. M n a( xhai occupi.d ch ksors prohably tdonstirLle

'o.isni.6 ftom rhe sde oi tho T,ipurs.4

(caudesw ) Lhar senl o,p6dilioiro occupy chilb3orq 7 'Ilra Rdlomdo doB heqoi noirhc. hc trame

I E" lLrr oo D i ri {r! -.t r..[1 .n!.Err iri, .rr lln rr16rlixi-r rla,.+ ii:r rrihrrl{ srl,r ,e. .rir aii i.ii.rlli {t. q{ rn E..,r qi\1 r:{ tl6 trn (iiinl r-rlirq:re nrrri 6is rEr:r 1..rllrlqr(E flirrrrr -rl:? :r: ri{i{nBr "J tiir iifun!'irrr .rE? Tr{ l.ri,r h:ir rn.i ielnqr

cr i!^ icar Er rrlr.ai !rrrhri ri{{ iih lr'ii..i i1:l'fliri iii lril rii:,ri cl{l ,

i92 A H dory or CtlLLasors

io,rhe ddo olhs su.c*srul mrlcry ope[Lion. 0., A F.]iorrishLly lcs hrm ro be ]lruhammad Khansn,lrh' adhonry ol Lhe joinrly (o Mdmd,akXhai .id Lho uiiamc,l dspo&d parlrn sovehor or chi[aeuis,

ovdhn Chi[asong and subdued atmosr

command cdrcd 're

I vicroriou. hains inE Ahkan and forcsn rhsA rkaiese kiio 1o submir b rho au ror!y or rhe Bensal sutr.i,

h s v dory over Ahkan,lMuhammad Khan surods.d rhon'kns AH2 (1555 aD)srylishimsall sEnsuddr rviuhamm:d Shah Ghazi

decE'on ro conquerArakai his rc.enlry bom a sllrFd orT,ipure clolmrd ro bB ih6 msGr or ctrir6odig Atrer rourhg rhaIripurusi Muhammad srEh wotrld iaiud]ly rurn ro rho Ara[4Lese

kom € polircal 6cena of chi ogois. thisrhoughr misn have rmpned him ro Gad hs vkrorous ahy ssiar sourh asArakan. 3!L row hr he prccs€ded s nor kiown.Ph6ably, ,e d'd noL p,o..ed lpro rheir cop ct llrhe capiral oraDkar woro oc ,pidd by him, rh.i ho woutd sivc ordqsrhdheorinrhs or coins s'otrld Lo donc jn Mrohauns (or Myouk u), capiral

hc ippomred a pa$.n sovemo, i AEka, orh. could ik4 atry a5p,ociabb ohdnoo ii atukaiese €ovammss nor kno\{r. PoMlrly, lr. wis sarsried only wnh rhc subm r otr

or Lhe Aakrns$ knu ro hih

of Arak,f Dropcr, Probabty, und1r4 nnr ot rr[ .oiir

r I ,a s 6. xv 0cs4. ,72 waslr, rIr c,1,279, Bodseri,

GLolostc rt trddt co[, pr,J1a,I 390U, u l5ur Lai.rruol.,

uhi'ragois duins Lr3 arshan Rulo I 1s3

Dr AEM Harrihullahof lh3 rcdd no of rhe leoBid h rho coln aid aUeoed rcferei.a ro rhecoique ol A,akan by sEmsuddi MuEmmad shsr chr:i Hs

suss: 'Trc mdsirl Ieqsnds was rcad rs z b A*an bu( fti5 clsarly nkab, wha( has been rcad as A ol Arakri 6 obvioBly1lre dor of B ol udb dor ot N appsars b'lowwhd should bc reld as E ol rk3b, Eesidet $s Mrslimq ievd

sraremen2 not oily conrli.Ls w,h rho koowi tads resp,crinsB.i03l5 holds n rhs perod hur is sxclusivetyb*ed on a cl.arly wroig of a hhtnama oions or Muhammod3 coiit. Dr Hrb'brllah3 vi6w has bcen challsn.

sed by N B Saiyal,3 n de[6idin9 $so6rli,q rea,tiio of

shah s conqres or Aiikan. Mr sanyrl poiirs our rh rhe atoro.sald .oh was nol rheonly spe.menorMuhammadshahhArakancoiis. Ths coins pressved in rhe BriLch Mus6um aho indicd€rhs same E:dns. "rhe ac'mcy or resmiia iuhhimrhrs Ikc Lanepooe, RodsarsLhus be queBlioned wiLh li(le rsasoi , secoidly, by,1he k,owtr,ads", Dl H:biblllah L was impo$jbto ror aweak Benq.l kns r counrry Lke Arakah orfial 'me. Bur rhs polrcal cond ion ol ArukEi and gensal do$nor lusiry rtu sraremeir of D, riabtbutlah. ti s nuo Lh MinBii was a powrrul

'iona(h, Uur he was

m ked by mtsruls,aid iL la{ed oDly ror Lwo ycare (r553Js5,1 a D). rBLo bs

(ha assumcd io Mtrslirn rirh :s his p,sdsEsoror hs chrm or soveBgnry ov,Ch usors,

ihs 'oisonably

poiib otrr DLk (ha,s tos or Chirtrsons. Mr

uscd rhe aqrli.ksd rerm Arakai 1 He(mLrus FD B;nJjrs

1l e,c s s, rsuc.s, xr (1ors), oe2R o aamai, op .n, a.27s3./

^ r r, xv,t 0ssr), 11

1e4 iA Hi3hry ol chindsodo

S€nyal rlshlly rhlnks rLEr r\B viclorlo!s csmprisi ol Muhrmmadshah m:d6 an €nd 10 h s ,ulo. oi th3 oftd haid. MuhammadShrh su, was a voryafrer rhe dedh ot clam shih (1563 a D) Lun.hed oi a carcor

and AEkan prcbatrly becams hs fnso8i row a p.ws rl honaich Lko sijoy-bY rep8 ed a(sh.n auacks. Ladly, rhe

vew or D, Habbullah thaL, the Muslms n6vol Eed rho angt!ckad lom Ahkan"$(cebooks tha iame ir w 13i asArkhaikoid iLs slishr variarionr.

.r '-t'r o \,s a ploGliz6d ,olh ot 1E

^rab c ch oJ) (pll,o **.-"

hmllar ro $a m r toims or name or a luu !'ry aid in rhc loh hc probably sisravB.t rhe wod rs minr nam€.Ihsrcrore, rrio ,acr fid Muhammsd shahl*$ a p! ot ir, rainor be scriotrsly dispur6d.

Stan06ly, rlE coiqu*r ot AE[an by Sulran,lruhammad sh.rr

crmk,r ercn ro Jre ch nasono cEnpaiso ot io sltGi or caud

nikYa. Hs odnod lrs wn f,on1 ar rh

rlme, rh6 rnpra i0to rwo wnss tbao 1

wh 16 rho ,ishi wiis (dakstni bazu) uider rlrc com aid ot KataNrz, arc nins slcces in Syrrel, ue rsri wiig {hrm bazu) ws

a.ron in ciirtssoig.agarnd rho PiLrans iid for

Lhey unsuccesirly lrtd sBgo ro rhd fo

1 rnn "am"

uaz, u a pcrean wod prciouicn, jho samo and

2 vri {r r:s +.n ntrlrr r.n,ql.q rr qrir is 6rr)a 1i I rsjhrtd, t, 4t

raillrc h:d oily ru cd wntL,orr€ I is iv,o.oid. 16d,ssans.lsiu vor! h m lanng mantrd ror tsummoncd Kald Nazlr, hii veGrai sen*al and ft. hcad or rh8

J6inriyr cxped Lion, .idordercd hid ro lead rhooflensivc op6@rion

asand $a P.rhaisot chilr0onq. rls.oir red on rh6 senemlrhr disniry of beins Iih army or Kala Nazi,,srrer .rivlns ar chi(asois ro,mod rho fro liie or a ock, (h.prevoG letr rvinsrcnoiriis n rs r.ar- (]lacharsa oi ihe Parhar ahy n rhe momlns thrs lollowod a severcrlshr is wirh rr$vy bloodshed oi borh sd.s. rn $o larsarre oln,(ala Naztr, rh. vilr seidal suddeoly round hlfrselr su ouidedby Lhs Parran sold qs, rhe.owadly Tipun eld e6 did not domo

ro Lre a,d ol rheir comm.ndc,. K.L Naz r leu lishitr:s bmvolv,

rcd to rrren own ro Lo hko res

An&rhen railu'e r. rha sre !3q b rle. rhe

wrllol rhe eiemy fo( and an army, rhree ,ou.aid .tronq, lriqh.hEned rm lnorcparid PaLhan ooD: ar dead ofniqhr, Tl'o P han

by rhis srdden dh.(, wsd thbwiinlo dEofdcl, Thgb*iegsd

Mrmdak (hm (?

chirLiqonq dtr,lnq lho ^rori

Rule I 1s5

{.6 .x t.< {tn .rrfl iri,lcls ir.r .na .F, 1.9? iElr

A .',o", n-d, ot hoin,aron r ,ho pdifd, 5.qqsts tcar

rh' PalDn occupied rerlro,y was chielly centred oi rhebwno, Chirbqons. Thouqh rhe Parhai oarisoi .u.cessrully dsrsided,he r ,os rion in rhe rorvn, no Pdhan visilmr amywas po sd

prcmnr the TriPun armv nodmakins hrord h1o ch kqano.

irn ti: l..Jrr is! dq' t6rrrrrlr( 1,rri lrx r+nb rxlrl

1e6 j A Hilrory or crtriqono

Mob a((rra. ) wxh h s drtrr r rd Lo es.ars 6y scolis rhaw:llp,isrior and coiincd i

noi .as..id ar rlre ins|q toi or rre heid B'ajrmin Dri6r. wdrslc, fi.ed b Lhs founeeiby a rraudule mears. Thsy rtErL ptmd ?d rtre rotr and sanedIre hundred sold tullseach one weishinq oie seor. Ths etephanG,ho6s and rhe butlion I us acqur.d lveie s. ro rre c.pkal6 boory;

dTor. "plao.1 e

Un,o ui ely, th! Irip!ro chrrtre does noL menion rho ddeofdE brnh. Dran.h'm pubrhc dre batrrcln rss{a D, rhtye ol Muh:mm:d Krraos Ack.I .otn aid 155s A D, thoyc olB toymaniNy s Larishya com, which commohohe! hrscomDl€r on

obssved rh.r iie .onquasL of Ahkailouow.d by a proloised war vJlLh Eiloymailkyi ror abcur a

the T,inuh (ins.ould norbrfore $o dcalh of Mrhrnmid (hai r Decimber, 1555 A D.Probably, criaaqofo rlre rripu,a khs ro hhkiisdom nrh,errlypa ofrhe ys 1556 aD.

Chirhsonq remEned underalmos s doiLiiuousTrtosa occu,p loi fo, mo@ rhii a decade (? 1556-7 1556 A D) n rtro hkrory

rh rrlii E n's rors rule lras suce3svstytdllowsd by weak rules of D k Kha {rss3.1555 A D), Tsau tha(s55-1564AD).nd M?io Tsekya(r564157' A O) Nriaorrheso Arakaiese kinss could clai

is.o$iry of rekiio Muslim iimesi Dea'h,,1" or rr,rur,,m.,a Khai sur n 15s5 a D and

sooi Bsioal mdwrh pe,ilous d

r,rd. o.51r atso ./ ,{ r 3, xx0350),crrrlr rillc I{e.E i(qr .ir !. E,r rrr rJrn! r

chirbqdns duriio dio Arshii nuh I 197

irs hh1o,y. Chiyasuddi eahadmshi,, soi and

succ*so' ol Muhamm:dns rJb .i e Lo

a D atrd hs LroLhq GhiyNuddtn Jahl strahascended rhe rhrcic He rulsd only ,or Lries

rr eed"d b. ,o

rhe rh6ie of senssl nyt g r ms.if askilled io{ ys , occrpied bv T6j KhK.miiin 1564 A D(15654D) andhis broLhs srtoim:n succee.rert Lo rho rhione. it6cl tha P hai rule rn Benen nom 1556 ro 156s A Dor!h .ked by ,,oricidat warr ,requcnr .h:nqes orconsaqrs Dhtulo wh ch orearly imDanad ,D strenorh d( rhe B!iq,lsrlraide. Moreover. th6 Esh'ed M,lril enpirc mdn A[br w:sloomins la,se ii rhe ,6rerinom $o Benqal sulLans ThoE cnqrm es, !, e sloymiiikyaa

Ttu acEssioi or sulemai (rEhno,y orBeisrl. Hewasai abh tuler,.od fsrored 'h. lonp,asiqe of rhe Beiqal 3!lun. o Lo .4'sar 6rE

Beceirly an isnpnon,l I lid oi rlrc wall ol ri old mosqueItr rlro villa$ lsha h rhe Saoskh:li u 2 hi. b3?n Drbl'shd hyDr Abdul r( im. He, arcr a srear deal or dilficuly owiio ro lrs

< ccero"r itu lno'T':ncsl,J''i-rLowhosc reigi rhe brldiis or a mosquc in tha lbly no h of

A D is . rbuled. Thoush onr sclioh

'' 'or rlll\ s' ..,sd

enlan n ths rhnd 1ie or Lhe irocroLoi h v.r.led, No, evrd.ncs re ava lablo 1o Drove whei and hou chlb.sonq p!$ad on ro rhs Pathan ruls Ircm

Howevor, the Pathai occupalioi of ch rasons is .otrlnmed by(ha a.ootrnr ot caosa' FEdenci, rhs nohble venerhn vavslle,

leAl^ n. y or .rrirbqo^q

Eenoah......Ths D6opt6 aro

hrd rhs pooplo or ch isan wore borh subtccrs r, om ktns.,,r

Bipymanikyi dicd wLhour s Nale ror nnd in 1494 s.ka(j72-73 A D) . Lloie L,rs us0rpsd by udavamanikva. tn rs73a D, Daud ( 6oi :scended $s rhrons or Beioit. setnq an oxtrrordinary ahbirious nroi crr ho chilbqons underiorc orfodivo co rdl of caud. ac.ordnqly, he dEparhed ! bodvoi troops2 nos bty Ld srcnsrhen rhs paihrn tordes al'ody holdins

Th! ktnq ol T pura w rh a vicw ro

.11,E1{ r:r1 i{n{nrlir rrlr

tlh !r rriri. l{ !r..61Ths Rdj,,olo slar4 rhar rhe Gaud :!l(ai se roops ro chluigois arqfte dearh newiof aippmrva r,a* e*oa rr,.cip al. This susse* 0rr so lois B toymanikya wrs atira, rhe

les, 'he

mosqm lnsdlpron (1563) aid $a accornrso,cas$rFrcderi.k (156e) shduld be uiderrho afolrai rulo bsforc rhe deaLh of E,ovminikva. an

romed m rhs .oniecloi rhd chnGqonsar ca{ ib ce ral po(ton lvas brouqhrcon,ol bi J Lodv or Pdh.rol EiFymanikyd's rclsn Frcm lharilms upro rha rims or fidsndiiq or 6rpodiridr by th6 c.ud sulktr rh6 parh.n po$ossioiol chitlasoig was mo,o or le$ i $lt lovemiio unir.

Ch lr.sons du ns ,ho arshai nuh I lse

i'norcsp(ins rhr P hailalg6 .oni.s.iL conssLins ol s2,0OO soldierc aid 3o0o oaients

.l Bairghan N ay:i. Ranaohai was soimprdenr thar ,i or ao easy vicrory over (he

p,opos.d . chl assarl oi rh, rr hin amry. And rctralty ,1hoviotrv rhncoi.riis rhc unirvotr,ahto omsns or

lound rhemsctv.s

oiimy tn rha rcribtccl,Fse rhr rollo,, lrroTrlpliE, ac.ord trg ro rhecdimdaor Lh:r

c rd, and D ohrrrd srthisnrroratoops utrd- rlF lo,nr commaid ot Firuz Khan Ai and Jamat

lho r'Tw:lv3 aaisalas' olso t.ltowadrhsm6

1 trldsh- srir {{i rj{{r dair

sirnr r.q fl:i il{ @l (s E I

'Rajamrla,' r.ns, Hsv. Lons, J ,4 I a,

16 '{a

ltr{ nlq,r .il rirrrin{ rrarr 1is t[1; r {.qrLirr !, turir rrir fl(qrE (!'rrrEior r.e Urq .li,ri .tc,:lnl.il< 1l qrir qo iircri cl 11lr6i|n nrlrlq liire qnr i{rftL qh.irr .rnri frq srlr ciEq

lt

'Tw.lvo Baioatat probEbly mean rro chiorra nspopul.,ly known 6. 8a,a Bhuiyis.

200lA flbbry ot crri'Esor

ln sD re or Lh4n sulletuo rcpe 6d rcverees in rhe h.d3 o( 1rs

dBcded 10 coilinmwar Lh lollowod lancd for livB yeaGl ( ? 1575.? 1530 A D ). Thscommsid cl rho Tnpur a,my was a*isned ro P ncs Am amanikva,

6lonq \'lLh Brima aiollrn qen*il. The PaLhans.. tho oftd handw o hd by Jatul Khar Paiii. This urusually lons pertod ot

as spo,adicftipu,a anacks on rh3 Parhai

'6ld tsiro,ios or chncsono rri J rcsula, w . ThG lons dEwn

w wrs lrvomely T pras, "Ar rhie peiodlrrs resulr or ir,,2

K 6i i I re h palhai sutan or Beisatiohinarad in1576aDard Lr&yahrtrirya rhe Ttrpft kins w'.

sika o, r576/77 A D. Bur rho cipulson orLh6 d.ar[ or Ud4anrn kya d d dor pur ai end

ro rhe Parhoi Ti,Dura 'ivalry

ovd clr rasoqr. Jamrl Khatr patrni

of ch riooio m:in€iied a precarious pafirf, holdon ch{agoio lnLh: fa.e of T,pur. aracks rrcmrrano h atrdrh6 tuakansse iicureioislronr rhesourh, Acdord ns ro rho nojof,ilstha Parhai tulo

'n ch rasons iprdtacLed iFeinsnca for rivs yea6

{? 157j7 r!30AD). The accou e ot natph Fi@h nja3 ao)bc w iessLo rro loiq dhwf, w baLwsoi

tr s66 s rh{ rhaTrpu6s s!..eeded iholdns th3 po$4noi dt chkgonq torsomdims bolo,e r finally Da$.d ro th6 Ac(ansF The parhai

sarsonino lorcss oi ehrreois, dscoirecbd lrom rhe conrrlco rol tr wcdksn.d nith,y op*aLions ot rhaTrDud fo,cas, oo!l1i ior m.hbii l,n!lho .nd of LrE PiLrrai ruls h 6;ud g.vo

Ch' rsong. rr wasKns Am amaniryi Lo ov6rDDw rh6 parhan sarhoniis furuos,already dscimared )y rhe prclonsod w.6, Thk tollowad rh6

1 {ir {i:i rsr EUri af{

ch ,sons duns 1116 Arshai Bul6l2ijl

of cr usotrr. TE d.blddn pdlhan soldiarccould rcr rerun ro cJud as ir rtrd reu i rjre h:idsor Lhs Nlushalsrhsr eremhs. Tho noloD,r, giv.s ovid.n.s o, the smploymo ofthe P hrr soldrc. ii rhe T Drra amy.hdndoied rhsr ahs aid anowsd rhcmsrves to ba obsorbsdanoio Lh8 crvrlan pooularioi i Lhe dkrLcr and elsawh*a

rho Aloh:i rulc ma sd by warc and.i ol! wastr ' )on ethnolosy, Fhcenanca, El,o,ors edif,Gsn$,!Llon or rc d'sui.r. A 1a,3. iumb* ot ptupls daim LEm-

sclves io be rrD rn h's work iamed trr!/uaru, pod o3ulat srares rhar h s a,oedor,

Lha colophon ol a p.on h inown rh

rho rurhor sabnld Kr'an (srrah B ld Kh.n) was a bom Pdhan,Tlrc Parrti Pr.vm or aflizish Khan did eralr somd P4hai faml

Tha Pa,tui advenrurcre, warioî ionlnehrnE6, ,ho c€msb coiquen, dd iorroruh io uDcouiw afbr

Th. Mushak, fi6 successcrsvs,c , ai i,.h P"cmi!_.

Th 6roru, rhoy prcrered 'o ,8main h Ch osono rarhor ai lacarhe rsk or h.ins kllsd or anslavcd by !h6 MushBIs. W h iha

by rl)o Mugrals ruiy mo€ Pdhars (ook refussorrercd rhen se icss ro whoevor hold rh6

sremies, lhi (,Ughals,

au of whomwoE rhc c.emres ofrhe Parhans. Duo to rhel m alvisour, rhay we,o appoinrsd ro rosponebla poi' such as 6a.E,khnoazr, bo meanng headmei. one such rcaza wa6 a.iz Kh!i,

ths mdquo of t-tulain

h r6s3 a D. The ffi.is ol Dolriz l in rhe Paliva u u, dhim thsm

Io rMauey of. a', p.53

202 lA t !6ry ol Chlndodio

.JEr to bd ol rlD Parhen o,ioii. k l. sid rhqt oE .l thsir

.rcebE hsld rhs hia mansabund4 rho Mlshal ru10,

Soms ol rho plr.eiam6 ol Chi,ssons ptovdo svi&ices oliho Palhan seulcms in rha dhticr, Tho Parhantooly iD rho

Dhy, wa. oncs tho dsidcnrial arca or rhe Parhans.l Tho ,en!

@ll o, Todar Mall m€nrcis a mahal nrrud Sulainaipur (po.

puldly oallsd Shakpura) which prcbably @nmsmoGFsrtu ruls6l sulsiman lGrani oYn rr 3 did id

1 oonunso, or, .ir., p, 320

CHAPTER I!

UXDER THE SUITT ATE

rhe mn i:ls ro, a D,oDv drdv oflrlois and ruicLioiiig

n€cLkallY lmpo$bla lor us

b-{c, rhan cicino ariilrble iiom ho€

Tilkr, sulta. Fakhruddin Mubamk

sulLsn e !f son q:on, Ihoush Fakhruddn l.d the loud.ll.nor Muslm a'la n cr,irbsois, hs coiqtresr wa! in io soiss fnal.chirasonc is s fudedbY somo lrosflc ioLNruslim .otrNeswhich at o a.prcd or rh! dEticl. Thsv wouldior allow &n un eruDGd Mudim,ule lo chjEsonq rh8dis-

atrd aqaii by tha sulrans or rh6

ll/as 5lr6hi aid rhe Husain ShahL dynArias ard rtu whols Alshanpo,lod s bur a Denod of w bnwean llrr Tdrums, ArshansMdA,akaneso (oi rha xup'aia.y .vn (he dsticr.b wcoi rhese cou ,r!. vndally tun:d Lh6 d nrlcr ro '11's coc'kDh or msd,oval Brioal" Thewstk rulc at

dijr!.e f,om,e capkl, ai 3s!lr

tres \,ee soms ol E hddrs rlIr lad cLil6sms lreqre ly oslip oul or [hs c.uoia grp. Thes circdmsanes mada rhs

esablshmln, o, a rcsular iod nabls $oveomr almod Lmpo$'bld

io .le Dlcluio aboul lhs lodal ddm_

nisiaLoi of $o MuslLm sdcis or Beigal is availablo Wh.r

20a I A Fisrory or chtrhqonq

s rnowi s th.i rido, r'e sulrai c prrlod ,hc kinsdoni wasdvlded inro iqLim,

admiiisnarive pumonsl whar was rhe precho poslLon orCF ;sors '..-..!i.

Eoidrl 's

ior kiowi. undor GhivasMdinA2am Shah .id J.Lluddn Muhimmdd shr,,minr rosi ,nd in wrs sryled as hBha.2rh! olr.ial desrsi on .t ltu sovcror of ,irsha chaisaon

is d rrcuh ro say how lons,a6ha ch s:oia 3dmr€t'arivo nime o, Ch bsois. Fom

rl'G rima rp ro L,s eid or Nu$jj shahi dyna{y rh3 p.s{ioih.vo only LtE rrtrr!!

NsarioDs rrL l, ata.r ranr6 coutd ior

.llled M,jls r.Ala itr a lo.n ho:quc msc,ip ioi. tr may be is-

lier rl!.s srrahichh![ Kh.i . avalaLla n h,: (vo

^loror]l oor I Pans.lt

atrd crrL,$i ( i) rl,ey ar rr6crrdas Ladrka (or s -LasrLkal)aid ichrar (hrvrra qri.t, ndicdo LLretr hiqh srrus n the .jvila6 woll as o rhe miliwv admhErdioi of Lho d6ra. tudm

Lh6iadrs or oriciils rFoyat r jtes, robes

ol honorr, sifLs e'c. rhem€LrfaLne ofrheirappohhenr sulBn ahrd(ii Husaii srrah is sld ro haE sawazir Famid Kh;n to becomein tdffiatr.orchiraooio rrisidr

rion of oovemmBir undq hdoeende sulriine Tre aidkord

Fo, an elaboEreot .dhinknarlon uidcr rhe sulrai s *e Dr A (aimt valutbL conki6ulioi eirirled ,aspecB of Muslim Admiiistrartunn Bensal down to A D r533', h ,he l i4 s P, t (1s53).

c-pB, pp 63 did 76-32: rlso H N Wlishr, cotalcz!. ol atrtth th. hr fi1 .!n, n,a2

Adr nisdton uidor,hD n,lhnne 205

8,r's.hr rerers bby sllran Husa tr

know rh. i.mcs ol Khuda Brkhsh Kh (codrya:cao) 6id Ami(akhri (Ampicro) lriously d4nb:d hy rh!

de' iMu!l m iobl€Ni),'!a.iloc(v6,lsi aid oovsnaddres (oovcmon) oul4jrLjo arrlri flne

Noqszil, Mim ak khin, JaDrl(rran pi ri dt:

As rh..aD,l or rr. rrsdoh wisthe di c, rhe srlrrrs had o dlparil Lrsely

Leriirory rid ror locrtb.cn rhe oirrcsl

'dmrnsralo6, rh. scosraprtcrl p

ol Bensrl ii{t orl[r coistdn.,L.is nu h,ve rIow.d (. ofii.eE

coim.ndqs, rio i.r durds lvarc ill .u1ono_acmhB mrivc sk(r\ ot rr!

larer H6oio sh3r,i

Lo hrva ided hrialysoN dsl.edrd row ro Dqrohr

rLn. ons. The sov-.or woJld hie

tol'mpo't andoxpo (ade, exs{$ iudh.lirho.ry,DUiGr rh,im iale, chasthq rhe Dn:r!: ard so to h. n 3 wdrd hD had

!o srBruh6 sll LrE^.has or DUblc adniinr.rion DLxhs rha

Beisrl so rhi rdh or m rnary oGarn ionneghbotrs can hi,dty bo s,aqoDncd

Ihe disr'cr .ould b3 ebr!d onlyT prr, rhe Ar.k?iFsa, rhc h lr tr,bes and

r00 A rh'ory or chi a!,otrq

lhd,oror., ir cai Lhc sovrmoB or rho dhi.r\{ould lriva 'o br 6s well as cvl admlnsl

o' ,o" I rmi6r'''or!nd-q r', sullan e, Dr Abdrl K ir iprly rcm ks : "Ths civilorricers weG :lso ]r$ds ol rB a nr .. . . i,B miliLory Lhnadorw6 rhe,elie . ntrdh.rbl fact of Muslm sdminis@ton

'n

Lho non lown prcleded no'n rhe plundd or iho pGrss, anahyh1d ro b_" idm.i. t/ sarioned !r rha ddicr ho?dqua cE Th8

tr r-'"n ' 'lo 'i s.iden' f6m Lhe /r, Ar6ar aid rre lrpmd.,,roikh. Tho $rsiqrh

dtcmot ro occupy 1'e ro or chi(6sons,

cav3l,y aid int: ry m4irioicd i (,, ,r, r A*6al2 should io'hB hren h rs li,e[l sens.dst,c, s so m!.h rrllor Mr, obviolsl! the resul! or d sputed

rlsuro olrh! o.r'soriiq toopr supplied bvrhe(he adrrl srtr1. ol rhiios.

ths raIliro alsu'rdlvsois or iheo,ovh.4ol chkqoiq provide

ii .mole scope ro, spe.lldion. Wh,hq rhs ';Eha chalsaon

unds lyrs Shihi dynNls was subdivided iird small{ oEoepr4oses

's d rr cLh Lo .ay. Evan ir such small

.dmiiistrd ve subdiv,sionslo.dlon a,o equslly1,rt i desF! .r .qhhLy 11,d rhe hdlo,ial poscssion F chi'ra.4o,r wd. .:ll/ r",o "d rh F5 ch'r"ri s

{n.lrdd hoiso,it I lrooi hundi6d

AdmnGLnlotr rDd rh, sunanlLo 1207

Even rhs n ohLy m or SutLao Hukirdd'n 8rb{ shah .outdnoL asibl:,,ha Jurro v or G;ud

small, anismrie,and:rlas reJ!i{, ro a smrll unir dd,no th6

smarl rr r compBoo the nolrhsmprobiuly nordrperdii iiu.hoi cei@l aid.

sulirn r6a i siL' ruly corqu .d ch trisons Ly d v trs our thschrGqoie 3id rlr ara(aie5c Jrom sdurh n

3 i!mhr oi .dmnis(arive dfricssac.oun6 ol ths rogsieE

lra roltricrl cordrno avrilrbtc I

conlemporiry Bo's,l woris ntrk. L posiLrlaadminist vc ui Ls und tur sd croo

ruteE was s!udrydEdwhom Lhese ,,oc as sned.

Ths MS.opy or Lrcnoiom'L m lons six shiqs aid 5ps.itraltvnEnEs FamLru rB:mu)

rlre Rolon,rr ms om sr Eiy:.2 ikisdo N orprin.irar ri3, ii.cludns rhar ol simu os hLe as A

Mifis 3lons w lr rlen maps Lespec:lly DeB. os',) shol, oily lvhjch rho d stricr 3lons wtrhH'll ch krsons wJsde amtrzrcao (km(dom ol ar za (ia,,) atrd the sou reh secror

(kinodo'n or (rud; srrEh Khm).rha K naphul dvded Lhcir r.nnoritlursdrctroi. Ih0 po us!6s3hBrorians srv rlrat bD h or r]Im wnc rhe 'Moo,slr V sals- uiddrh8 Gaud Nlno ,s c

'ldoois w

so ir .an reisotrably be miFdunr rDr the admrtrisrsLon otr,rs o.cuped Esotr nrlldmq ro po

1

tssisncd b Atr'Er (!'ii Ly 1E srlLdr Bu1 rD actrat dde 0lthiiss roll a drre,c so,y

ahi':, xhai, Lhoush t,csd dEcomrirurson savqil oc.r5ois could f.r bs d v.n

r\"!eL,(rL'iBorh-hthc Po(ueussa chron.l*, blhrved lr. . somrmdeDendo rute,

of chirbgono iored Ere c no evdenco hetpiro ro prc!6

baoid or rcbotloi .ransr rho sulran ot Gaud.caLos.rcally rsll

ahour his subordmaon Lo 1)c sulGi or 6iud. Ths nrap ot DeB 16 ascrib* ro hm a la(a rad or land comprshs sourh n

Ch rLaooic and H ll ch tdsono and ev6i a p r ol nodem Arakan.Backed lry sucr a bis csource he .ould noronly d€fy dE aulhorly of Lresovemoror ch ksois brroven plunse

l!n{ly or savar.lly be hs c€itas

dd nor menrion liy orh sovsmorol Lhe diricr dunng rh8 Husa i strarr tule, Lhoush Ds sarosmap locd€s cha.om €hmsons HiU Tracb.

or rE s4e ot Khuda Bakhsh Khan. sur

alons wirh rrc, kn o,iil a$iqim4iE6nd ,he alhtri (,0i, P roal (han as ,u

Khai wtro ruhd trre rerirorv

rvirh tha h0lp or Tha MuhammadxhBi ped'o,oo isc,ojs rtr ovarlord.h p olKhon (chaLisEm Deshan D Lf Deshapari Had' (hanol lk' y$urccs and Masnd.i.Als RNiKhan or rhe cp qraDhic sources arc

^dmid iL,. hder Lhe sllbnite t2os

dsrLicniorrLc r bo ;ir!t7 srnr riar hr h4dq!a( sms snudad;o

'rvh e ii nontrdn ruteol rho Bsns3l

sulirir and ,hs o'3ar dGrance i@m rh6 cqp Ml save RatriKran ano:2ortui1y ol acrnq indepridstr rubr. srlLai Husljn Shah atrsrrccoiqudiis chiiDsois appi med pacsal (E , sdi ol na*iKhan,

's 'odqr filieaidi,F (chE,, and Hamo h, bdde,ino rha ri Jom otTrpuu, chhuii(ta! suc..kr.( Pans.lrorl, /9./, byDaulaL \irJr I Bar4n ([aDv]sh,ve Lr.i iirohedrhar sulEn Pusa{shih:ppoiii.d aioLhsorrce.n6m.dHamdt{hanri idhk4' (covsro4 or chttrreaiy rcrlicnce ro 1ie he and pla.a orasiq.ment. Dr Abdul K jm

nimes his assisfed plac. as modem sikkunda u. z.l whareveroulo!rtrr c rrles m orrl hive bs6tr irrihued ro PaEs3l Klrai, chhunKhBi adc Hanrid xtun by rhe s,isrlee poels

qdaE or rauzdacaod pos 5ly hetd

i,'qo'q -h" doror'owsu.' and'on,!eas Ktruda Baktuhviics or chiliagono Tho abova

nor rho ktrirorialorrcsh uem squal ii stze. As a whewrr

,,ahsk( s!llan Hrsain shah was Irlly awaGor Lhs seosraphicllp.slLioi of ch rasois, whrc[ wdsl]Ef su ourdod bysome ho*its

oloflcss h chifiasoio. Pamsil Khri aid his sucrxsor chhuiKhan were c ,usredbyt,e Husam shah n'lhfs lrirh rhe rask o,

.rck, Kruda Bakhstl

s vcn rhe ch se or doal is x, rh I r AGkai*e irhssourh. Hamid(haD w6 probably crmmisioied lvith rhs rask or de.l is wiLh rh6ubssmen or chGsois H ltTradi Thesovs orship of rhe qhotaol chl(aoons i.l!dhe rhe ron rowtr wasassrned ro Amtrztr Khan

l./,r s P, xlt 0e67),33o.331

210 lA Hisrory ol clrilraqonn

This,ooeaikarion ot administr.rivssd up wo,kBd woll lill fie 'losinq yerG or rha rulool lhs Hosaii shah' dvia v eul rho repeaLed

Bensll aid th6 Emporatv Mlshal o"trp oit u confGioi reEtlhs h rh8 slrki:s

Dr !e ,al mnnol o!4 chiuasons liesecrcumdai'es 0ive thc

subo'dmde oftc sssFcslly KhudaBtskhsh xhan an oppotlrLvor delyins rhs aurho,ly or

ch(asois especiallY durtr{r rhe e4lv A(shai 'ule 's ava hhh

ri h qonsEliy ackiowledsed by rhe 5.D1.6 fiar 'rodr Mill'rp€ icularly r.laiis ro ll,E trn.onqu .d aoas

r basd oi1lr6 orevious Pa0rn do.unsnb.! ol the sevea

mahals five aG rsr ror aI Thes6 are Talasaon (var. Malsronl,chdqaon, Dsosaoi, sulaimanpur ( commoilv Shekhpur ) and

rwo mahalt namsly s r (dues non salr

pib) a.d S?lrwa werc rhs rcvenue vold ns nnpcsG lviErhd rhs

rvo mahils covsred all t e Parhan occuD.Jd$r'd cainor b6 s:ld wirh cqc nLv. The c v ol chirbsonq aloislv I i8 adioinns aeawd ncluded in cha$aon,mah31s, This mahal was bodsrcd on(Dovaqra'n or D,ans) wnct mlohr rous,tv nNorpdGc rl_o whole

ln&,ol a ei rdm ths oulh ol rhe (an:phul 6 kr sourh 6 sanikhrl !, z sul.rmoipu, o, slrorrpu miohL rousily cor6Fon.l v rh

1 To,l"' Ll"ll'' a""o,n, or revanu' or B.nualot rh6 lGnan rulsrc

rs rho la{s ft .o co rol ove, souLheri ch laqons wh]ch

rhoy losl o Llra AEkrn.se,i rhe ,e1! roll SmihdY, !' ro ioth

e6ren Po oi ol Go lcrGgor, pud ,uls,s, so rlnE,rca l,.s perhapr bced ts:clideJ rrorrsrc rcll. Mosr Diob.bly. thoK ran ruleG'aotu.l holdhs

bsNeei Sr.kunda rnd Bai.khall

rha ,!l@Eb r21r

a llqs aod poculous vill.sd in moddnaoal'kul' u. z. rf our iids rlcdlon ls .or3or rhdn slla,manpuro, Sheikhpu, conrprhed thsrajor po ione.l mod6ir Bdlkhaliaid P.Liya ! !.'s This mahal Ylelded douhla rhs amounr paid

by D.osaon maha), which comp sed a l.rse Dotioi of ndddosods oo ions ot P,rlvo a^d soalkhni u, z''

Mod i Noapa'a villass ii Boaz.n u. ?. it ths suvlviis !4"" "rNawpna mrhl rha ip i.n trcbollhaHalda f ih low;r cou6o bodarln( hll ftioes on (ho e*L To

asEdaii rhs locarioi ol rh6 ,cmiliiiq mehal iamelv Taligaon

or Mals3on h e dmoly dirlicun. lrLai bs idenrifi.d wilh e h'r

ol the Mushn reveius documeii or Tala-

n Ba€i,rdhala !nloirn ndr haln us mu.h b lo.aLs eirhd

]aliroo mahal o, ene.rly in modsm map.

river (ri.Phul w4 in.tuded rndq.r:.rs.r iid sri'ritrnDur (ala! sheikhpu,) lhe po loi ol tlls

Tilaoion mahal

a :ubsb ,al p.iion of tho zimlndari olreolde. Howiv , lhal

lLdlrn-ri, ,!sLr wlLh rhe tururc hisrordns.

ald orher hish rankinq olti@rc in ihs.ivil and mlir y id iisnalion or fisdsti.Lrhorewm olfiGc

rhe$ 6fri6E wsrs apooinr8d to Iook atr6r

of ddministratioi. For shmpls, du is rho

Fqn or SLLlhi Giiy*uddh Az,

.nu rh-"1'jj pils, ms.2 Trr Po'LUgose hisro,iatrs accouits indrc a

und, rhe Frsain shahi dvn,sry'3 Ths Guazil

212lA Hsrory or c,t aioie

( o& ,, w-, q (i,, rrdier aorr nofiudicial adfrink a'on. rorha.e orr',als aG

nor D-msblD ,o toh a., ,T Jdl Inn i on il

A hw recods hero lisHt on lhe rcveiuocrlledon ii chiuasoiq du,lns rhe p;s Mushal Musl,m paiod,

or Lhe kiiodon. chirrsois u*d rcs!!d la:oe

rcrums .f cu ons du!.s tu rhe .snal exchequer.

und rh: ^r.han

rle wds diyrdedv li jrr a rum or r1,42r, 310 dams (roushlv

roll crtasoos rd rr pa=:d ovn rr rh.

Tod& M ll obviotrsl, brsed or Lr.edl,imih:5 nro qhich rhes k, was divi&d.

nvJ wsc rriiral rgo ..m.&ed dilrcieir

coll{cd chGill noa Lhc s2]r pr s. Drins ,h? 0a,hoi and q+nth8 erlhr rcshls. chikaqois and sandwrpimDoflenr alt p,.rd.iiq

beei deriiEd $1hra. o,lly.o [8r. k cai b! a$umed thaiaqspe lor rhe maikiric.ollhc army{aioied,n rrrc hcadqua 4*

'he Pdtue@$ otrldioi or a'l rL's

bsside! hb o,ri.ial duras h.s ro FerfuicrioE (v do Hl, p. 1171 ct z1

CEAPTER \POETUCUTSE ACIIVITIES

Rr I ( 151615sO)

To rhB medioval Europoais, tidia w,s a hbolous I:nd o, ootd,spces 6nd h6\nr bu!fsw Eu'op.ans i! rij [me h3dsN se.i rholiid riomwheErh6yobhhed irrs6 .om od ,e5. Tor[d Lhe.toseol $e r !.iLh cetrrdry, rhe PoflnorrrTtswere ibie ro dilcovd Ie ly D or rhe nen oreD rada reLrron wkh

ruroG rhEtr rhce pophor i riyrhe olly elDmenr. uL

6y evcnrs of )llase and dc%sdjoi

or ths Po uouese a.rtvlkr iichi(3oois is rhc wririnqs oi Lhs P

Pd ls:llE whi.h crunks or rrs ver criser', as raras Anroiio c.rldao coelro",1 -Havingbe!n s-.0r

Gbmerl: orchrl,m A1,, amacrnr or.(*svs cr,ns€, L!de)Ho w€s cordi.Iy rac6 vad hy rho qovqnor oroov ior wds qelr disposed (owards

f3d roma tom Pacrm alors,,nh h'm

wrh r('11 rmbssodonil d,si,(.

. oavd ravou'able rspn c

coelho sbYed f rhe cou

comnaidEr namad oom Joao. S'l\o,J u,( s.n ro Eo qdl by ropo Sodrq do !Lb slid

oorcmor or c..! on Lhe hrqh seas

vesel, on ihan way l(orn Benoal b Guzar These 1wo shipsbeloised o Grllam Alii J 6tai,on ro rhs sovemorot chrtboons 2

silvere in{i ly nEda prD6 or (hem.nd divened rhom ro codrn.r'Ntu hc s:iFd rrr 6hipe, oie of whctr E

JDlo :_dal(o and

"silvena bok .!s piloL of rhe .ao'uredslr or snd 's nopheur"ahe had sor io lurrhhir riowledos dl shippins n this p r o1rha B&y. rhc pilor aid rs nJphew h3d no orhor rlbhnivo btrr

T[e e4Fd Lion ir ivedaturai rtv.i,.s rrh6ywsrc wel reoived by

hen rrieidshipait amiry.-6 Bui.un$lt6d rtr8 po usuesd cohman_

io sood leel trs berween ackan aid Beisil-.7 slva E ne$ sa ledro chnrasons oi !s drtvrl 3L rh6 rn, sllv6ka /se w h am*senqe.

'is complrh:nG b th. kiisor Beigal as(iig in rha

(Jd.i,l3rh,1e33) p 22

fts Dal amba$ador sart by rlE P

rameor LM krs ol Po(usal ror fac'llGs or trade and lo, pemi-

whse rhe Podusucss mdchanrs couldvoyasue and aichrnsa soods w h arher p. s of

Lhs c?piva pilor and rLis iephdw, allertheir disemba.kdon, of chitasono all

rhh sreartyen,ased the sove,ioraid rhe dren'd,iB at ,k courno doubr bur rha oovend rcsr f,ed hnsollion) doiiq .nr h;m Mo'eowr, ht mrdo io,cp,h:ls asaiisJoao coslho who r'eiparisncld iorh'ns bur kiidn.s

rhs mh.rievoue acrivi,s oi sllvsira rocoslho He 3lso .sr€dhid Lo orfe, hh soodorl c.5 io Erop rhs so( ofacrvjry. The h or

. c,npEd a coicliarioiibur Slve E wotrld iol ltEi E Lh.6u0selMoEovar, hd \ould not allow Joao coelhomdrec prclemis 10 do e rlmsell as h6 was

pizs or a sh p fullor loodsBms iollar ar.y,,o rlEpo nconsquen@or$ ,Iho qova,nor rook

tod hre be* ro rcsror.peice bBiween rhem. 8ur nis auempb cama ro noLhno aid ha

sail.d lo.china Silvona arrer o r,uitlsss,ay ol'{'vr monlhd'elledaway @ ceylon "wirhour csicludiis any rcary ol oEaco" wirh rEsov io,ol ch'ftoono.4 'whilsr atEanoal, silveira 6co ved a4

rnvt ion frol D kiis ol aEkan b vsirrhd po ".:

rhus rhs l6L atrenFr ol rh6 Po usuesB ro gan a toorns n

are uianimous in Lihmiro the B6igalres In hi. D. Bdrcs aid

c n, Can-M.ri. rs33), p. 2L

216 A Hinory ol Ch trasano

hinoriais louid a s cficrory explan{on ofsilvs'ab rll s!.caE m rhe hab ruat rcac4ory i..rol $d ecisaleechar.blrA po uslEse iobhm3n i3 ed Joao

ii nd3, rcpo e ro ['ssdv e]on otr Dercmb22, r513 AD i)our Sitveni^ tatur., whtch, iccordil ro h,m,wN duc tr rh4 rp yns. iid fccbra" clra.co, ot'rhc peopte.2

rudsq S,lvrnr's adroi was nolhiio shor of

eE aid p:o".lt'J ! Ryley had ro admft

thai the Ponucuese co!td h dty hav. chosei

lvs ro oblao ior rlEm a toorhg

A)ftouoh silyeD {all6d 10 rc.omplish h's obj€cr or erfec

his a rade vJ Lh scnsat , 4- L bec. e rn edab),shsd cHomriom rhe rin,e orslvena's vis b Beisal (moiD precilejy chnLa-sois) b soid .nnually r, Eeigal a Po{uguese ship wrh m ,dhaid'se"-s lrlonur 4y, nD iirormrtor abour ths aniuat vglro chilasona] lrom 1s19 10 152j A D by po usu.se tradmowssls h:s come d.wn ro us ac.drdiis ro rhe Po rsue.s sorc4,in1522-23ADDomcaphinar Pacsm r'se ro chars.r (chrasons) for 6ssh1.n.s,,.6ln 1sl6 AO Lopo

kcep is w h -rhe yc lvcusrom of setrdine sh'ps'wLh nerchandiso ro Bensal, Atrer his

Po lsrera a ilirles in chirtasoio 1 21,

Poiusrss s cojB sabad'n (Khw,l.

shhabtrddm), ai nimale or rhe lloveho, of chirhoono,lvessl was btrilt r Llro samc plan a, $al ol ths Po,rusuos,P6rcm ,mmedEtely ruhed a cotsai, plundercd rhe ship aid mado

d"r.-d pergn,,! ac..onshihsbudd f, was dssignod

.s su.h oily b pltrnd$ tha m c'anGsips rnd $en 6crib6 rhe

qulr ro Lhe Po ususse.2 Pe,hansi rho arl wss hujlt aner .uoha dssrgi only ,o savs *ll nom rhs Po ususa pnar6, rovins

was nor Prld&d by

rho Pdrirns and Psredt actioi musr he.ondemned oi moral or

n'n Alronso de Molto Jusade3rlor, wih h's comDoiions to rho @a .l

They m wLh urmosr advsEiry in rha

unknown aid desolate coa land lo' wa or lood and drlnk. Arlasr ftoy found some B8ioale6 rshe men, whom ihsy askod ro

suids rhem ro chilGlons. Tho rbh6hen agrsed ro dd rho samo,

h norians, they Playsd him (Mr ,nJusa o) lalse and in rhs biijrory olKhuda sakhsh Khan. Th€ later rvas lhan ar w wrh hi6,n€iohboun

'ns chlsf' posbly amnz Kh.n, He immediarely mad€ Ju.ads

.nd hls compan ons capLives and dsmand€d Ltuir se,vic. itr rh6them th rc would sd thom ns ir h€ won

,i6 w.i. r .6 oJls blr "h, rro- reapinshh prcmses, hD ((hud. Eaklrsh Kh ) lmpisoned rhsm tn his

nuib lave, dos sovonadoreods chdisam

213 A Hkrory ol chtuasois

c y ot Sore'.l I Lhs po qrress Bceived

did nor s Fly rtrc sdvemor. prcbably ho wa ed more, rh6

ves de Melo, I nephsw of @pLain Da Malto Jue e, was $td

ow Lh.$ Tankk Br.hh.nas round

aidsac fr.{t himberorc rr d8ry.3

I D" Br,o" i" " ri3D hserL rro ptacc on rho htu bank oi a

Po ,suse rcLivLios ii.rdaoors 219

all irs.otrlenrs lliea(.ns6meiL wm dom ic.o'dinsly Da [4elloJue o wasssL,!lt lyii 1529 AD and rcLumed ro Goa wirhxrrw6ja shukulLah (cojes,kuru)la or Lhc Po usuesowriLeB), cou-sn or Khwila Sl,lhahudd o

Ar rha besiii ns or rhe E:go or srlbn Gh'yaslddn Milm,udsfr\. r.a Flo.ion hd,&' rle .Ltd1 rd ' o oo r

' r p.. w:s o re

amicablo. n 1533 A D Nuno dB Cunhs, r'e Po usre$ govsôror Gor senr eroedirioi .onscLcd dr nvo ships atrd rwo huM'edmen p,obably ro holp Mahmud Sh,h i hG

h s e ly dl(n.ulrss1 ThB erpediroi was placed unda ths co-

mmsid or Mrrim aifonso dd Melld Jls 1.wlro vsned chirtgons

oren diplomrc atrd Iin:ical reeo,isrlois w J, dc sulun or Bensal

sid srin a suilable ile lor o lacLory'.2 D: Nlello ws 'iscsvedwsll by rhe sDV ., or chiLtcons' and sh r.d uiloadins h s

Lh alL his pasr erperlen.es !,era ompletelylo{ro him Ho, 'ined ot' ryis ro wn rhe coiriden.e ol rho

loc.l iurhornes by ra, dsalie, al€nrbd rhem by rEudulendy

srndrliir hisoo.& ro ivod ,yLmE Oo M:llo ssnL

aid eleven o e6 to rhe ,oyal cour dt Gaud iv Lh va,iely oranicles3! prcle :, But lr w# sooi dhcove,ed I'arlha p,Bents w-s rhs

olen soods o,isii3lly bDlonodd roa MElm mscha aid rcce lypluidered by a ?onusues pGte trimed Damiro Bsmaldes 4

Campos, op. dt, p. 33, corea B(ers rhe ev6nl to l1i.y6 1533

A Di De Boiios 153,i A Di Farya e sousd 1533 A D, Tho

dda glven by cotr.a sroms t. br m ly acouEE.

campds op. .it,, pp. 1t9r60, Tho Po usu6s6 vicdov onrcdedKhw'ja shihabuddh b mproo o ek.

'o kil rhopnab when

rhs h or would.nrBr chiuaoois, "whon rhh pidt ocrually

220lA Htdory ot chnboois

,Lon.J3s dr tndh,, \. 41s: qt H L p_ 232

of Baqhdad (J ^

s a, xL 0373), 2sai}3 A"co,djng lo lh. u,Iho," ol H

€ue$cotuptidnofoazi,aloDofiier unde tho sulLan a.

.l {p 177),rh! ,otr:zil,is Poirtr-ankinq iudcialcuh *6cdive

Fo us$$ acriviries m chi aoois 1 221

J)drhro,,i r oadrngcotr. o mc.ical ardwassl,cn ro lhe3lcl. Alrar a Isw days. , Lhoy woro lorced !o mn.hsixlsaq!rs durhs ore wrrob nilhrritl drey roached i pLca call:dMrvd'.1 F,on rhic nace, rlro unto riiL6 c'prives \{ d tnatly,1'.n'o Ga-d ro s ri

noLlike nron builkoba,{yi lhe Po trorosa

ii donounchs indignaidy rtu behaviotr,or rhs i3rvo people. They hide rhe rdre, solely rcsponsibh lorou $a msfo uies surf?red by $Pn

'ndoFdenr aid imp rkl iuds., mosr of en sdivnies w,e

too shamerul ro be dDtend,d and lor rherorr.nd is dcrivhss (rEy

wda apprcp&tely dean wnh. lhuy ruird rhe toB qi rade or rhhcou ry, .ommnEd robbsy even ln ilrc reiiirodal w o,s, evrdsdcu oms duries, deried Lho l6ws or rha.ou ry, sid evsn d ..l@

couitrv Tha provrlral

'uleB had 1o Gks nrois rehliarive

rha PorusuEe, how6vcr, cduld nor be iDrmidakd by makinouori$I.. on Lhe suLhonly of cons, ,in theDDso Fab:llo, rho Po usues6 capGin ii Sarsaon, ,tenr on6 ol rh€loids with I trLy mei, ro rhe orhd pon or charisaoi, whe,e rh(yfouid rhmo ships cho,omaidel, whch lvsBd vei rway noin r€ po ', Pcbrllo rheird rhe'sozil (suazil o, q-) iifom'ns him thdt "he was seitby Lhr oovr,tror (or Goa) wrh .hocchs should Eend ro ask rE khs (M,hm!d Shah) ir he chose rolbdaLe (hs (Po uqtrese) p,hona6, ii whlch c6e healsowouldIibsreEhspor6 and leavo rhern h $an

Ttrs name and fie locaLion of rhaplac6 crnnot b3 saGtado ly id.iLltied.

2 Co""o,'tp. ,r.,, lll, 649i qr, H/, p 797

ar chiIdsois reacrrdot rhs Po uouess Lidia.

BV6is' di th6 Beisalno,s powfllul arpe.lirion coisisr nq or inoslh m:ined by rhreehundred iid hrry rhs command or Anronio dasilva Menszss. rhe

tho kins dl Eenqal why arfonso de Mello, ,h s

had sone to 6dblhh retahns of co.co :ndI.leidlinoss wa. so Mdly rcared'.1 He was furher dnecred, it

w, wirh 4ne and hlood,, h .ass rtre poacsrulpercuaron ,aled. rmmed sly anor hh atrval d ch trisors,

Alco.o,ado ro Lhe srlhn i,w h rh6 messasoof rhe Po rsreso soved.r aid wi'h E thrcar thar tfanv h mworc done rd him :llow6d ro rcrum wilhii ahoi , w world bs dochrcd aqriN him".2 B( suliai Mrhmudshah paid io hald ro

rr rodk al.ocoBdoM."r{1t", 5ee rs

bumt ir dowi.3 Hato pur rh6 iiiocenr c Dlis ro rhe swo'd and ir is shred rtr.lths .d s were c rhd ctuelry. Mrny p€optsware rik6n @prive Msaiwhile, Alcocoodo andhs men secrerlyroa.h:d Ch tosons Th6 sulai did rh6 ponusuese were pEpar.hq ro, doadl'e eralhrion Bur tho potlhot

sutLan's hu(fut cncmy

222 A Hhrory or chdraqonq

,bd., p. 36 suLr:i [rahmud shoh cema edt l5,ooo as raNomfor rc1e46 or rha caprivBr, which bainsI\,loi..or d.cid6d ro pur rh. .iry o4 , rs.

PorLugles6 acrvilio3 ii Ch trasois t223

of shd xhan sr n Bihar when rhar d!n-ser amouited b a of his kinsdom, he b&

f,8w al'es ro mcer ir. Th6 outran,,asked{orPonusuaso help aid ln reru,i he promhed b shir rhsm Iandro secL the, racto&s ard pcmson to bulld rod,c$ss iichlMqonq aid sarsaoi'l lreidsh p, all rhs

rs ordc6 and A,fonso doMello, who had be6n subleccd ro ai impnsonmom ro, abourrwo

trGGd mili'a'y advi$'

li 1533 A 0, fio Potruouo$, sd6 by s de wiLh rhs seisalarmy roushr asalnsl rorcG i recosi ioi

rhs Pdnusuee, 1r,a sulran " gavo roAlromo de Mello a pres. allokd ro€ach or

money equ valenl

allovris rhe Ponusuesa to build to rcs$sitr chi[r9ons6od s saoi.Pos bly, he rhouqhr rh l he wouldis'po an( facl'ry ssofbuildns mil k,y sd:blhhmsnh itr his krsdomL I 3/ vo.ld a, r d.4 a.m.o

'i ns

.saiis hrm. so, ha relraiied froh allowins rhe Lo bu ld rd rcsrcsn chirlasoiq ands qaon. Howover, "he peinnred allonso deMello ro bu ld ra ores and ofror€d ro sivo rh6m cunom hou56",3Th. soll.n, d rhe @q!ed ol Ma{lm A(onso ds Mello,

Nuno Fsm.ndez Frc D, rh6 chGt o, rhacusrom-house ol clrirksois, o,a od himlind wnh many hqu5€5empow ho r mr realze tonr rbm rhs Moo6 .id Hndus wholved th6,e

'rdsrve him many oLh prvihoes ov&rho pcopta

, Ilrc poonls werc ind6od sunrtssd ro soe rharrro Kins

224 A Nisrorv ol Ch (6ooi0

hrd oivoo ltu Po usuosa so muor powor 6ndsu.tr : rihrool io in Bsfqdl , .1

Femandcz Frsrc,,moed'arclyolvnerhiD of rhe cr oms house of chirlaeons rhe ,suazit, orc1(aoois relL trd sna a( rhis rnd was (very sad- bccause hrh! worJs of casanheda, hadwas raken (bv

i$piconarod wiLh po$ hl1*, Ar;otrso v,znswl cr maid8'.xne

'o clr iEsons (1537

A D), mtryms a 4rer or Nuno da cuiha wrtsn h,opl, 'o

Mahmud

shah3rcoucdfor helD3 Abour rhis (mc. rhe polcal actvrt'cs

on whlch ocB,ib hosiL.Lsd lolanddslay mrshr haveMenezes da c'odo wasa lsn rrcm th. -srnlaiiino rhs cambay!,ran-.4 ths helpedlandiiq al rhe ro ,

da cunhat l.tci ro rhc sulrai. ln ih6 l6(errrhs Pofluouess vlcaroY brouslr ir ro hh iolcelhrr h6 was trnabioro s.i.l hih aiy hrlpp,ese ly, but r'h. v/ould ,surcdly sDid irhs followiig yed".s Thc sulLtri boclma hishly olEsed ar rhisassuctre :f,d dr ira rcqucsr ol de Bib ho ser almod all rhs Po.

nss, buL ,kcp( only rve Potusuesa, ncludtnss for Lho Dromls€d relp .6

lrorLulusa crv,Les n chnaqons 22s

Eur rhs polrcol scene or Eeiqll ms Jasr cL'inqns drhi3a D, sh6. ahr .q.''

m\aded Eoioo,. and d@ve ths oulran our Ircm rhe capihl. Ju{ar "is bme, rhs 3$krancs arivad arc,libeons. Ihh help was in tho rorm or a naval tl6er comm-

Ttu sovonor ol chirasotrsdspdchsd ,hh lleei (Grher a po ion or tha ma m lorce' ) ro

Lhs sllDnr (o ovarcoms thedLr,culries. Bur ir w.s loo IaE, Th6sulran, defoded aid d,ivetr or lrcn hk .apikl died of wduids

!^,h.i ,B news or 'he

rsll ol Gaudch (asors, rhsp,ivare war berwEi ADnza (han .nd Khudo Eakhsh(han rook a sq,ious rum. Nuio Fenande, Frane, whom Mahmud

cunoms ho!s, i dwnedand de.lared in f,vou, of Amnz K[an.2 Ar rhc rma, a Parhan

commaider, calhd rha Nosauil, arivEd aChiuaeoig aid rakino prvob war boMeen ihorwo Husan Shoh gove orci rook io$6elon or rh8 town or

Lhs polirioil situarloi ol Bonsal was undetsoiisGaud bv rho Mrshals PUt rha Nos

a:il in uke, dis'rc$. hclp or rhs Po usussa

mads th6 Nosdil 6p1w.4 Findino rhr ci,y ,n such . pEca-

Nuio Fer.aidez Fbne,fio oewly appohtBd ohiolof rhs cu ohs hous6 or chnbsons advls.d sampayo, mmm.nd6r

ilocr ro conou* ihs clLv on bahall ol rh€

No hmo (uo Xdchai tomotr r cidado de cooro, Dhsqou 'chnioah Va.co Pnos ds SamDayo com huma Amtdo, que oGovs,ntdor maidlva 6m soco"o d El Fov de E6nsala, D.

Nuio Fahaidsz os @n.+ro!r a rcou Amazacao, adt@rl!d4,

I A,n :.cao v.do .ao nu6o'a preqd 0 No!

216la irisbry ot chi(hsd 'c

kis or Ponusall in d l6mma. He could norm)ke up hi. nrrd vJhe,rB io ioitr rh6 srlGn or Bstroal or bconqus rhe 'ow r.r 1tu kins or Potus.t. Tho €plivs Noszztt"askld ,o, lhe help o1 Nuno FamanJoz Frctrs preferiis r.rhe, ro

or lhs 8snsitas,2 Feh!-i&z w6 to , . hous! ol,ra Nos.zll and ,,iissuaded' fie noopsof AmE6(hannonsezhx rh3 Nosaz,l bur hehimlalf wirh nrry

,s'roro ovonru6tty .aprurcdrh6 Nosa: aid n oie or sampayt's vesselswhence, ilLc, rrv rha Noga:il anag.d ro es.-

V ansr, L. i ailor , !. .,.'d',r " o,qad qll6m1,oo, j "ru joi.r dc r Le, ,o..ss or a-,-d

F€nq Dloqo F€bello Aatros h collabodrionwiLh rhe roops or suleman B,isla coiil!.Ed the dBrsn.a.4 casia,ihed, djd nor, hDwelBL spe.rry lhe atradkino pa ry by iane.The codse of eveiLi suqled thal rre .oililioi or Lh6 Po uouese,

Fila sulem wA d6rc,rcd by rhe akckchssotd€n i.tudins Fenandsz

ftdE w e iilrcd dilaE upon rho dsLaih.rsme leioLr m:kes s:hpayo solely rcspoisbls for rhs loss orOhitmsoE by rhe Po(usuese. N. resrcrfully comme s rlDr rrh,oush th6 ,oll./ aid iidGcrerion ot sampiyo rhe kins ol Potuoallo .' c .1,oo", wlof" 6rsdea,0 sro, xhri strrt irre.occuD oi wirh rD loubh

2

rro, rrEtr ndtrd I r ton see ut5d,

n Chntaoois 22,

6r ioiqLess elrawhae! Fndri rn ionp .r .ir is a rootlrldar

'ho p r ftmpayo srllEd rowdds P;str2

Do Banos, Caskn-heda and orheE did .or w'rs h eahcr anr{hioo iorowonhv

n chirLarsig Fdrrhe nimrioi ol 6voirs thar happ!tred t,om

A,shans, .id rho Triptrras hrvins held $o

rikidsdt th. Po uquess Ths Po usue* ii allaoco wrh Sulran

chiya.uddin Mahmud shrh louqhr .sains srrc, Shar. Ths Alshanrule* ,m'ohr hav6

ladoLy",3 Tlie Aikaiese could ioI roqrvs rhoPotrususs6 ro' vJh rh.y had donD 'Iho Potuques. courcd rh6

6llan.6 wih rh6 Bu,m:is, rhs rThe Porrqu-se 2lso

' i a.p,a1..1 i"..

orar rhs dnr:cr. Tri

or tho lo..l auLho iri?s

rhar nor only rll the rdDs conce$i.tu and r. 'ro,lil

p'iv l6se6s6nkd by sutrai Ghiyasuddin Mrhmrd shoh w a E[ei 3w.y

rh ,phceso, sB lsm. Navern'ebs, rhs Ponuque$ rhe po .nftsly. IhusPiiro wribs in 1i4s Msnhoz sailed hc

potr or chaiqaoi ii 0re klnqdom or Bensal .4

occup loi of Chirbso0ei rho Po ustr6s6

ft6 dnimum tadlne h.ilfties and (h o war

s assip deoel Ey d, Ponusal.da cidtda d6 charis.oi quo sa

co dii!d., p 45s

2231A Hso,y or crntarono

io alsn iro 6xcacr ro dv,n ran sails ro some orh, pons

ol Bensal. vJiG rhs objod n visw, rhey coictdcd a rsaiy(oi April 30, 15594 D) wnh Pd,minanda Rav Frh or eadr.

si0ned by Niamar Khan ('{sE'cr.) md canuEisw.s (c.iiu Bysu ) oi b:hrr or rha p'iirs. rhe .tsiaLoricsro rhe tca,y uidenook a joffey ro Gdi ro mqorDra fts aqe-

ol lndB Ttu leary prcvided th

irhs Po rsuae sa ls) m el,( oo rhue (rhe potr oi Bd a)wnh his I ceice ii lrEy rssd ro qo ro

sEoit (Po . cGide or ch (i!o.o),.mdshan so rtrere (chirGgo,o no Dore bur

all .hnt so ro ,he srid po or Bsui iid any oie ru, ivdo th6 conrj/ shrllb3 puihhcd 3id ,ll pajoxs cary,is otrn:de rhe,.lwrh ch(Lrcong) shau loje tho sh ps atrd oood!whch wll b'.oirscded h! my,n rar rhs kine Id rryvrll be p!lshed

's rcb6ls.1

rhus, rhe p(poso ro imoos a ..m'nerc€tblo.rade arorid ch tuooi(, po aid ro dip,ive t ol irs neu&ice as ch'€i pon .r Beiea. 11 krhis commercia blo.ka&

A no in Bakta courdiever he a strb$ ure ror chiusois

orins rhe subsequenLK hii rulo, rh6 Po rquose src.eededli csridns a rew ol rhetr tGr prlvlsoes,whil6 visirins rhed rloa o, e ihis"r "o'i 9 .!r ..,p. .car'ano .-ct. r\zcanchorcd h rho

peopla ro .emai away r,ompiracy inspirs or rh6r srflerhs tor rhenotreidins aorivirtcs, Caosar

sttrtht h trtlbr Hnbtr, p. 4

lo !0Lijo advriis

F,6d*rN[a wh l. ra!cllre r Srdw p found.rha potrusaUo.arraitrj0r ch san in ahi osatnsr RsLor ot rhor nhc6 (chirEgone) ahdovoryday rtrrs w4esome da no-,1 Ths ravslls, and his compaions

hotrE h qraat ler .nd anxoLy pFdicrqs rlever/ momenr rcltrliorory ac0ons uoon 6en tves by rhs atshaisovemor of s.ndw'p Ar rhis crdvs hous, ,eoo s cached thBislaid thd are Po us,ll€s or ch sai rad shino rhs soverorol ,har cirie (ch aqoD(),-2 Thh oitv iicreisd rh6 re or0m kvelter and hcih€ir h@,!l end. Bur "coir ie io (thsn) sxpeckriom tho oov-emd, or sandwip "dd .omlon,'rhsrn aid -baLje rhem rhatrhey"s,orld fe&o nolhtiq,,. utrmarely, jo po usuese were rorc.dLo make a coocilbrory asreeoen"w Lh th s .oidnion rh4 rhs chiole cipratne or jho ponusalswrh rls shlp should Ldns" 3 rhs ponus

bv caes Freddhla as"a qe lemsi .nd To ,void rdrh, dekrioruLon or rcl.rldi ruha and rE Po rsueeeinhabrr.nb of rh tocrliv, Lha po,1lsuese .aDEin -co.re ed ro

he, rhan hs would @k6 ro h ids

.roloh ruro.t o I ,'on c1.';qoq,du d ror ro-a.e rho'r olo b.ks. r€/ "F dsps..; dr mp,.

CIIAPTER \I

!v,s idhn pdsly lidian rsnro,y ill fi6

.Dhicrl posron or rhe couirry, sn HBnry YuL ve'y apily rem ks

'hat AGk:i "brd6 much rh3 sams rehrl.n ro Bu,ma rh Notur,

di.{ io Sfleden"2 slrur orriiod suhaby a hitl ianq6, r h lod ed

lndia, copdals, chiorly ror ns lo.arion, n ioioily rcmahed idepeidsnl o, ks hGrory, bureideavolrcd 1o axpai.r irs rer Lory n rh. sunourding t cE wh,

crmo atrd ch rasooq was rh. rid country robs Lhs vlcrlm or rrE teriroral .mrrtr'oi of rhe Arekaiasa mo..rchs.

'ha l, w\c, s .il"d A, hrr by.-s,orc'€,er i.dlhd b. -owi pooDle YakEhl or yekettr{ or Fokh. ao; or rh6 land or rhoRak[as d khd ar dem qlds in idian mlrhotooy. Tho word fiak-

Hamilroi, .ri .i., rr, 300

a Hohlron, ,0. ",., x, 302

ion ot Rsk-khiik, der ved n6B Pali

wodF.kkha which ii ir6 popu b r dsn iricarion merm a hois(erhalrmai hill ber$. ,. Tho couitry was i.msd Ysk-khaFuhbyBuddhisrmlsioiaris.rromlndla urs3, xllr, (l3aa).2a),

Chmsons undor rh6 Ar.kaEss Gsrms t23t

'hEiig isdsived l,om Pal wod flakkha Turq, (s6re Bdkrha Tuisa)o, h'll o, rcn:kkMs Thr,4rai.i$. d'd,i.hme lon (io ser,lsmo or a svass EopL6 call€d Bes-lool rEr srands t'or P,li

nak.ass. Bep,os.nctivt mas8 ot Bloo (osE)be seen n tho c nos on rhewalh orAnrnda

Tsi,pl..z Hamilroi 10 lr. hisl imase olch or Arakaiese r€mola was belnq suaded by

(Faksas). all rha

io maEDuh aira, th6 ani€xaron ol AGkan ro Buha ii 1734.3

n'ainiis rlll, hill ransss aid eLvar.d hidas BiLuk lauoq, a hill

,aDs6 on tho bord,Iha,ldnd TheGlorc, rha supposirion rh rhs nane Rarkalns beaB

or rhc hil ol ronskkhas h raft reirble

Iho iahe Rsthriio, ir secms, 's

or mtrch aitrquiry. sn H yul.med Arsyrs in Ptotomy w h A iai

' o rr e ba19 snr.o.ed ro Lro orFo 10. rlv,r mics cr,6.H YuG's assumprlon is 6uppo ed by Mc c idle

"anocEr,lls

I l,r so, xxxrt(tso,r), zr2JAr:D xxvr osbT) ro3 ao.tro', ,l .ir,, l, 3ol Tho oad rof, ,elaris ro rrc H'kkhas

or naksa6as .lro ra ly sprc.d rroulhou' no h ead i rid.*lFEially r asam {aR, xvl (323\, 34e)

4 Si' tr v,tu,n r-."a,!,.f rn" no),,/ crcs/dprkii r.,.rr, Novemus,1332; ilso, Phayr4 or, !., p. 42

s Mc cfndl!, lrldr trdd d5 dxqtb.d r/ irls ririB ond Aflhii, 162r Hall..f, d'. p r41r aL:o SrH rub, ii praldh85'rtt. 4.t., L.rEdthktt jorhr, No!, lu€l

bt om, nsLJui,,1s6s),p r,o

132 A Hisrory ot Chtrkoono

by 116 naio ol,Yakhaiis,lFahai2 ii R hiduddnt(c. 13toAD)wo*, Ncolo conri{1420-1430 A D) w,iim orrh?couiw3 Stdi Atrcralob',a Tu*sh nalis.r bsloisns ro I re mtddta or rhu u^

n Rakanr (<il)).4 rho aurhoGol (Eaia.t-^kbon, nnhl,nLcn ichoibt znd rird^lr-lnd.kr4i4 w L6 I A*h_ank (Jr:)!), wrch app6 s also uirh o slill .haisa n (D

^kdenrono ant) Frthy lbbt)ya. A,l rhs$ tohs a .loslly ntaEd

ro ho orio'nol one li ihe mad'eyal B€noali Lkrary wirks aid

' He'E l's nrp. rr nd-" . r.'cotoquial chirksoig dalecr, rh. couitry

E caued asHoh6nq,sh'bens rcplaced br,h. ro the po dou€sBdnd orhsr European ftvelleG and chloird4b, r ,s Recooi Hakal

Atrkan whch 6 nrar61

'Ih8 s ly relarion and Burha, espe.hllyAdkai, hr. alrcady be€n d3cussed in connoion w1h LhedrreE169'mes in chiGsois. The

'otaron berweei chncsong aid Aratan

is 'nrlueicod

by seosGphical, dhnotosical, cuhrGl atrd h nor:colcons d arions. From abour 1530 rill1556 a D, ie ly a ce ury,chirl.soio w.s under :lmon u eirupGd Arakanese tu,c wrrchis undoubrodly an imoo a perjod ma ed hy mom..rous eve s,Duins ftE p6 od, a .ompaiy of sis\l soverciois su..esively rutcdArakai along w h chtrhsons .nd chi assois Htl Tad. wilhrrll dosporic powel All ol ihdn wsrc nor or sam€ cstbDrsomowsrs sood soldss darhd . erBd co,rnen-Lal Do,Mr llks rhB N,tlohol Enp G .nd rn sxpaxeonts( powor l,kc

somewere chanssn or rhe Eu,opsan p rares:sone wrr Ed.readed Lyra s, r)Jconrh 'oiot crueltJeslnd Lvcd

Arakdnoe rcsi# 233

.n ieru€. I'ke m3iy or $. r.n.who wU oY be remembe,ed wtrh €rr-

BBDral, ln€htuE lr ,iU hsh ory or chiuasans urd4

M.ns Dh.lsuns or sikardrt Sh.h (1611'1893 O)

M€ns Phahuis o, Si[8nd& Shah, wonhy,a'hor Min Bii o, sulian (1531r5j3 A D) aEcendsd rho rhrone

ol A,akan in 1571AD. Tha B rhh travell* Balrh Ftrch0536

a D) mBnrons chuaqorq slons wiLh Ramu as 3uhr.d to a6kan,1Ths Rnjamq,, siver deE lsd accounr orttu €ique$ olchirrasono

Bd nei,her rhe achu o, Ralph Ftch n,rse nolonora bods ds prcc,sedaG ol hs conlus orchhEsons.k appeaG r6m F che's kins .l arak:i nru$

bero he end of ftB v?rr t536 A o(lhe approrimd,s darc of vslt ol Falph Fn.hr. Bui rhs svanr

could not havs Ekei plaB sa,lo han 1530 A D, b€causa

belo,e th d a tu had ro be dn

Bureno Nauno lBay is Naunq, 155r-s'l A D),

rh€ impdialin kins in Buma, sn a P(ot Euma) dacmiisd

rhar rhe kiis or,ha, oou ,y (arekai) shorld bo rcdu@drohu F'siron, hs aêso6 had held rowade rha arcia ki'ss o,

Buma."2 Wrh rhis objscl ii mlnd

Ackai Prchably, rho exped loi rail.d bac

1 "F,on S .saon I travelled hy rhB 6u ,v ot iho kins ol

'h6 Mosorca or Mosen Mdshq hiv6

almst conrinuall whi.h be ol ths kln'ns& thrn tho k'io ofTppr.,

ir otren i€ uodrkiisot Fscoo ' (Fo er, id,Pi Frt,l, P. 26)

2 Pnayb, op "h t' 119

234 | a rildory ol chnhs6is

ellscr Ih6 Blheso kins wi$ an ve nins td

rhs Mush,l sovsmment (orcbasy in ls,oaDlsuddsf, d$lh ot rhe Bumse

kins s.vJ ouch 6lial ros'kridn shah with rhg dociomE ol rh.Buhce oerl oi n,a esrsn sdo S'kaidd shah could trow d v t h's

whl.h wis rhen utrdar rhe occu?dion ol

ths Ttrpurle. Th€Arakaies mos' Fobrb\ pdm md b harrpudruls 6vor chnksonsRalph F .h rnd'cabs lhn rhe Afkanss.did n5! @rclude ihe ho$l' ss belwssn rrpuE and aEkrn for

€hilEsons tll fts rimo or h's vsr. rhe

naj'mo sive o d6'dhd accounrshah lor rhe domodron

B*ids rho tor o,hlor hos I rY bdweei

sava shel$ ro adam sovenor ol Famu

and chak&a. Ihe lar6 had iicursd disolo'ud ol the araknese

kinq and io avod Punshm€nr he l13d

The TrpuG kins unde ook a m,l arv prepaEroi on a v r

!c.ls ro G6vor Chltraedrs. Hs deploved au lho av llbls loLrwelve eanqalas' also rook

pa ii rhE 6xpedi,ion.2 rhe Po usue rcops iomd the

invadino to,oss,3 probably in rh6 hopa or rcsaii i(, $en IBLhold on rha po &wn Ths kms, beiis enisred ar rhh Ina,v

ods6 ro his troops ro dopan ro, ChilEsoie,

1ss i.i. lrrr .ar'rt 1.E.'rL2 n irci lit E-qE rel

MoB 6ccure',1v,populr y knownsEned rh6 allhrca or sdms .r g

shaiit or rh. dgllaic Bene, whrlrcn rho Mrgh-F,nsi dep,ei.trone

3.nIFr! 1", (ii (rkir qE{] ,r4 ti tsi q{r .qi lr, ('Err rL

Chhragons uide, rho Adk.ie3d .osl s I 233

ir o rou'd !64 A D, qd:arr N.,avJrwrs appo .d commaidoi.li ch,t ol :ll mli,,y lorcot

^maDu,l:bh N ryai, aiorh6, $i or jhe khs was rproii'ed commandsr

To a3sisr $em in fi6 rield rh'os orh6,

v{,an qeis'ak o6rivan) cmcry chaid,a Da,oa, chodh sinha and

Ohhor6ii! Nar wsm odeEd id m .h lonh Wirharcm,kablospeed, the iivadhq aid occupied h.2

crc$ed tha k laDhul Pdht's bv a b dso

of bods3 whlch rh. menoGbla crNiiq oluidd xarexss all rhd tir

kinsdoms' (6rhs, e0bFcr p,lcipalili6O ln.ludiis fiaFu wsE bbu'ohr 'nro

rubiacrion byrheT,hu,rs4'ha vicro,ious amv thon

R4ldnlrd, resolved b conqun 'h6 'kh(rlom'ol D6 s Urh 5 $h Ia rhinkiiq wheiher ih3ywould ro,low rhi,r . hal rhtu. all on

a suddcn, a smau Ahkaiese resimenr

6cft rii tfl na olqr I

{tit !r ri{ lrr irr kd inl x,q ri lr er 4nr q{ 1

.i(r4 orgt rEr *:tq q @ nars4 how rhe Tl]|)u,.E @utd red.h F.rus6 prir.paliry 6f Dhns, whi.h lier ju

sduh or i[e po ln reply, ir 6n bo

sad rhar rh6 Ttrpuca rollowdd a hi ll sids taci rlons rh6'iv6rHalda oid (he uppa Eaches or rhe ivd Kanaphuli. rur

h Iha coa$al plaios. ThsGl",o'h .sooa' ol D ano Lr' _ I'cson ,T !6:.o!n .a swrvr,om iha,ouro p6$irly B6d bv rhs dn..tio trom io,ootrmaiied uncorqusred ov.i €i. r Is ro b6 nored rh

rhs io/dn.ro does nor he ioi aiy @iltu arioi bdw.ei ftoT,pu6 rid a Ahkaie!6 lod3, which €vo suqcssrhd

inrs,or iuiqls ,ours

tii4tcic(hr n c-{r

236 tA Hkh,y or Chirrasoiq

rho AGkanss ahy Eocodins ro$e ndjonoro, r,ishlsmd dssnsrh6 vas ho$ ol r,ipu6 sold e6. The Ahkinose. rhreupon

wrh Lho Po uluosa m,ceiai€s aid won $eovor rd rhen sid3j decid€d rha rard

arkaner: !lsorouslv chnqed ths Trouras che.ksd $an proere$ aid comp:ll4d rhem b relhq! sh rhsr Dosirioi

Tha T puras w,s p,aveiLon riom odlinq atrv supplv otprovisions. Tha dsmmriLUre or ths T,pu,as w:s comple€ aidrhey wa,e rorc?dMany soldie6 died tho p, nces could tror

oscape h dh os and hid o ro.d rhemselves oi ,odb and pli s

collsccd lmn rh6 nsady h lhz P!'susd by Lho Ahk3nes. sol-die,e clos. up.^ rhr hen!, rlr rer

who w ed 10, cookioq ncB and diFd toisItill'd bv ihc ah[ancsc; saded oilv wnh

Thus rhs rl-.alcrll-"dwirh ihs sa e hb or Nsrleon orrhe s.ili3i e\r.dn oi or Noias Terblybeaairo'06s, theT,ipuros rcll ba.k ovn nonhm ch(asoiq Nsv*rhel6s,

'eqiined then momle 3id itrsrrd ot b€ins

puBuod by rho eiemy thoy b.oai ro chas ,hem. Abdur one

rh.utand tuakaieso 6rll s Gll ,s a ,esulr or ths charos.4Tha firoe conmaidqs, who tu.hed rho

Chinaqoig uid fts Arckarc$ ,ssimo | 237

capruEd rha l. .r 6dsa,h1 by showlis n $ialbl,very. Tho,eve6ss coneclledhs rcquBred e,nce Ral.dhd.

'he crowi p n@ aid rha lommd.der

in chiel @ ponpona rha w rll n6i year. Prii@ Rajadhariitohed hrs hrhu proposal ror .e$arioi of\on'lrPs rT.nro.y ol rF" -rio,ids .:redin rns c bt. TTp,olosal ol rempo,ary suspensoi ol ho$il ry bdweei rhem aidodarcd h s soldi6E

Skandar shrh, how6v4p6conally lad a camprisnconq!€s of n ii urcr d as d ro

10 bs in closo co acr wirh rhemilG,yops ois ol h's owi my. Th6 r,ipu,a, r\r ro-l pl./ dld oid-Pd -ooliz otr

of ill hh avalablsp,iico Faisdh N ,

ro md.h hro c[rtasons Tho T,pu,a ahyand sncamped somswheG k rha ph.o The

brorh66 (Trpu'a p ics, a .rown of ivory .s prssenr a.d a Ic rr,rho subi*imds ol whch is nd.hred by

'h3n!i.h,,.. Price Hria

dha,6cEpred e pre$ aid rha orhd fl m6 aDcoetsd rhe le .,.P,ii@ Juih who becams anq,y al nor qeritrq anythlns. abusdss Adkaiee2 The ms$ngs roponed rhe hole m.rcrro rho Ar.kanese klis, who bedms rf,rurla(ad ar rhe dt.spc. ullmly ol Prir.s Julh,ellied hk soldh6 ro fshr rhe I'iptrros, wro vrars also drawi

up ro lqhr The tuakanese avodad the pil.hed bnrle, probrb\,the, sold ere, So rhey

rcsoirad ro junqla ,s\riis. P'1n.6 Juihar

'zrlEn. frrn qkan 1i ,Th€ pl.co .anror b3 locar-"d in

233 rA Hhto of ChirEqoi0

aid hor haaded vouiqman, isoo'iis rhe oou'selsot rhavddan.driyed hie torces 'tr rh3 pla is aL diad or niqhr Mo$ otlho A,akaiese soJd6rc styed behhd e watls or Lhs Io a0d

dlv r6f rhNend of rh.m rtrivsd d the b 116 lield. Tho

salhnr o ice $ooped down on iha aE[3ndse a,my 6nd dis.qrearsliusE l rho T pua hY rh6i rush€d

.oaln* walls ol Th6 whola T,iprG arnyunds, prln.o najadhn wtt employed ro pull down

rh. AdkaoosD ,o . The A6kaies6 had n is said abour

r'ni holc rd ,JrE o' i,b J'ns n

rhsro aid ey b!s,n io sholl h6av,ly oi rha b6i€qiio TrlpuG

soldi.G, r.sulhq r heaw casuElrl6s ou, io opriLron, an ehoh!ni,nsmsd ray.manqaL on wrjcI erhce F:jadh

Djur.d by strrshot. P,nco Jujh si.sh waned ro mou rhisek_ro hh horeo rhs anim:l

w fi save,s Dain, b"came vioh $sinq rho oli,rorns onamonb olrha piic6, s.ized him.id r:mpledils red S.oi anorJujh s qh's traqic de h F4adha, i)..,ovhI ncc iid.ommander in chiefby aFvclin rlroxi by an A,ak.iose solcs, riom d h llock aearry.

HN i,owly ascaDed lhelanlsnd. Tha lead,t*s T'pun.myb'qaiacLioi whencs 66y wsrs oivei a hor .hase

.hrr rs.l. s6 ! n6s3os io XnsAnnamrnikyi cqJesriir him tosend b,ck

^dam Shih rherusrrve

qovaho, ol Ramj,id honlv b {ween thon

s\ould cqs.3 Bur

, oe \" lr. +.r,' !r F" G" ,'rrn '€r t{' ir .flr, (rir I

s-' h, !r, .,rr sflr r nr I2., tE" .rEiri .nr.qq

rr.E rre .qt, Mn lr!]i,3 r-. s'rr ft" "'e rrrc'

r.rirzr:a *{ iln rlrh {zr{,,

chi(rasono md& th6 tuar sso res ms i23c

and nmsr;,ed d,eex hs to soms hidd'n pltB. Krg Am .naiikvadde,minod to coiLoue rh3 wnbsr,nard,l: w$ urnlyd:r3 sdatrdral5i rrsave his nstronols

ovas3dn lad dxc,lprion

Th's rad s,oushly co'bbo,ard by rhc accou s .r Fclph tibh.Tie mosr ssnncan( resul, or rho w h thai r &cid.d Lhe

aseloos , val,y bdweei rhe Arak.i.s and the r pucs ,o, rhe

rhs wroE or chraqo4 m.ludiis rhe HIL T,aots aid $ey rcrained

n forabour a edury and rhelrpuhs permancirly lor ch trasois.

Chandr.sop nalha, PehaF he chilr roval

aflLator T4uraro be G^r3ll!d iia remple,f ciriraro^s.2 The T,p

erJrned r,om claimms sovqo snty

i!.nc i.dzaoyi 6r solim shah r 11593 r6i2 l D)

Msns Pr:lauig or skaid Shah wassucceoded 6y ht sn,Mens Fadzrsyio, sl m shEh I ln rhaearly yea6 or hE Gistr, rheqov6,iohhip or chGsoie %s boio hdd by Mah,pinnyasydw

a qrrr s olr ur a rl's.o s J.n orser b $e kins add coiduccd he rrrairc in naresmai,ik m.nrc,.

srr-. {llsr nrrr€ q4E hirsrs.r qh, q." !!,1r rr. <'^ E1snirro {{ r.. i66 lrc cr olrr.4 qrlr.I c! Eqjri.rlorlr.3:n r1 ri {.rE' r'R! !{ Ien

freturinq ro h5 etudiron H vev wlesr "Hs mmrilnioi olbsal p,sadonrs (esoeciallv il u. th. eeor Hndu law-slve,)

116 mon valuable worr6 0t irr knd ftroushour BuhE,' ,0 lhc of Bur,*. Hi{oir, p. 93)

240 la Hisrory or chiusob q

ln lses A D 'he

A,akams. kins jolatqte,p6dron asa Br rh6 kiisn,ofo rasois w th rhearmywirh iho kis. Th Aralansss kins was also hslFd by hs Po !.qu... Eubi.ch loi whioh. rhev'e@'vad d6ne'ous norhsnrtrcm rhc

kns,l Ihssxpcdirioi was crened withsuoces. on hisrcru,f,Matap'inydqyaw aho l.d ol chilaqorc" dlsd

and ndr probably Sinabrdt.n uncls

Tho rrhidty relaroi b,{wean rho

$on ruh6d to hod'ro ona, ln 1602. ths

saMwlp lrch tha kins or aalla- Ths patioric irh,hna s olSandwp rcse in iebsllioi. c vrlho, ,uki or ssrdwlP n2da

ro Manuel da Ma os, 'Cotrmandq ot B.ndal

ol Diaiqa',3 ro eva rhe kland. Ii re6poro€

ro rh,s rcques! Matos m.do a d6csm up.r saidwip (aBalho

becaFo rha joint sovshoh ol $6 'dain

Ths kiis or Arakan

ol Sandw,p a meirG ro rhe peaoa o!was dso sh ed 8akla. who 'idined rho klnq

orABk.n"4 ltr rhe Mds Dt f, 6ue eiro,.beson ro bc alare:d tho Ponusuose of hi3

do mlon, His .uspi.ion d€siqn6 upon hls

rernory, rccodins b Fr Guenetro w.s 'rosrsrod" bv rhe counslsot hs M6lm .du 'ers,

much favou. olhltr. ThsvadvG€d rhe kiis rh.t'1r w.s lnwis b pLe so much

tud h rhe Ponusu*er lor rhsv wer6 a poople whon it was

campos, oD .i., p.69 Si.badi mlshr b. Po4uqu.se 6o4uprlon

or srmh.paLi. campos wEsrh.r in 1502

'kins'ot chlrbsons was " rho uiclu ol thr k nq or tuakan'l3 D.nvds .t. d.., lt, 1434 canpoo

"1. ar., P os

chLGqrtrc uid4 LhB Arekanxe csm.1241

ouLod!" nom r ,r.o

1l,o Ac[aiese kins, n order lo chlsrisa rhe Ptrabt, d eptrched

r fls.l. which redchod oais on Novenb4 s, 1602 A D Tha

eor oii 'al" 1 . Po'i-oL" s '1iabr'nR.r .h" &r, md. plac a bo _ ro 'o'lda 're' sL . Orlr

6 s all Po usu.se rlc6l lndcr MEioelor Dons P@bably to kreP vsil ard h

Ponuques' rleer uidd Matros could no1 wlLhsrand tho an'ck

Domnso c valho we exersng swav ovs (he lsland $ a "soveroo Novcmbry 10,

Podusuess hisroians. aboutono hudred and fo v nh! ships w6E

caorurcd by lhe Po usuese. Siiabadl, sovsmor of chirbsons wasrillcd in lhie combEi Siiibadi

was probably succs.dsd bv Andpotn rho vouns brcrh of

qr c H Payie, Irhonstr dnd

se.ond 3on ot tha hiorelqniiq iu 1610 A D Accodmq ro 0otu,fl6 A!m{ d.i

Ansporan was a n.Dhew ol rhs krns or A'akdtr who tul6dto ft Matr que and F8rya 6 sous.,

brolher ol Monq Aadzasvi' Th6 l'td lwoavidem il fian oLhirs.

F€nao cuareno, '1he Helatons

242rAHnory ol Chtrksono

Ths Po usue$ vcLory and rho pr$ibil y ol lhsn rdd o'Chirhgons 6roired rhe lf,hab .ib or Lhc ciry wi'h real Thoy lledro wh chsvs dnsd'on firy I'ksd rid rhs whol6 ol rhe ciry in.lud'ns

ns lon w,r l.rr undeGidsdda,s b capture rhe rowo a(d irs fo . li rhis way rh:commoipoopls lvdasubi€chd ro rhs ,6psacd Poflusuese incureiore wh ch

Llc @nmotr Foplo.

Tha k is h! ledly se rre dev ls b rrrms (o Eke teElalion

srn6m6nE h ahkatr prcper.r TlrsAdkai€ss ,eElisron ws qxe

cucd wirh maiY'trusl'ies". Acco

n orr,.1 _n{lirco'

maidez (or Fs aido) was mdcle$lv LhEshed and wasdoDiv

o, o-e ols. on a D \c a r "d n or:br'Fr And,a Eoves was also ca, o Pn.oi

i3'olved ro pur ao end to rhe Pdtr!

su...'lllu(1!s o.. r.. .lr o.rsirdi'PLdvdlnos.onro 1'r p' dre3r irE_s16d

saidwlo ii the bssinr no of rhs Yc 1603 A o' He "setrr af

chnksois uider rh6 Ankon.ss r.o nre 241

''The ssllaot c vaiio w onlvsixraen lesssdes.oy:d fi.whol6 lleer orrhe Arkarce Niio. Nea,lyzooo Ara-

kai6e were killed aid a hrndi0d aid rhl,ry or $an .hips wers

de{byed, wh lo rhe Pdrtuquesq lor only si{ mei'.1Bur theevD s rhar lolldwed rlr's eBassmonl do nor ius(ly

rhe i drioi or rhe Ponu-duos clnoiicle,s. How thh "biliaiL"badly d,hissd" 'h own ll..i has

nor besi e/phired. "c"rualho s@n round our thar ha cduldior wrhrind aoolhe, a&ck of L

w e unlim Ed. r,6 Poirusuesa in @mpany olthsnativ€ .onv6'b,5r o ,o Jao rincoda"d 6I s I b"lols ror

ro srinu,, Bakla :nd rhs kins of Arakaid hsr becam! msnq ol .l

Loo[ Pla.e in March, 1603 AO,3

rD hon,l0,el!rlon bdrEeihowever did nor la tois, a reconcGms wa sve ully rca.hed

Accordinq @ thq chroilclss ol rhooomhi.ais, 1[e kins of Ack6n :dually oftocd 10 tsbuild athisown c)?croe rr'e.hurch andrhe rosideiF or$e Domtiicans whi.hh, hrd dcsinyed and rcque ed rhem b sLay tn h,s kiosdom,r4

rollow oq ris reconciliarioi orovidadsurficio 0me ro srcosthen rhsir ba$s.

rh6y coidu.Gd soverl hodrt icrrsions n diirercnr D B ot Lhs

kiisdom liablo b ol'Gb rheir ev' donssanymorc, rho AEka,

d nsly, in 1607 A D hs or.lesd his amy 10 Lak!

hs rown werc c.u6lly dealtwirh.tisrorils, abour sii h0idred Po rquetaw e

2441 A Hi6to,y or chiLEqoio

pul b dealh ii Dhig alons.l rhs survivors ol rhh wholscile

mast e 66r0PBd b rh6 cortl slandspowerin chlnasons wss grcdly,aduc6d rhotrsr ior crusired Ther

Nmplers evacuaLoi historaos express s s', is

unlkely asPyLad ds Lival duriolvhs "in rcodom d the P,b oi thh (chr a

I beei crlp2lad rho a6kaiesa

icr$e&d rtn suprema.y over rire Gqioi. ln sam4ve (1ao'itorcs lrcm chiLE s Pluodqed rsg

cl ls or Mtrle { ? Nlald{!r, a o,orp 01hhid!ln th' lidiai o'aan)

iid kllDg is anv boo(Y ThDY rcL i'd, PYdd th6 ryelierand hs cam-

Ar thE fme, ric sland or Sandur urs b.lno ruhd bv Manial

"commands or eaid!l or Dianst'.4

ArLar his de h, Lhc admr nnlioi or re islaid was sazed bv Fda

po.rion.Fsio (rinprrall Lhsch di.tr itrhahilarbiiclucio womBn

and childrei or rha ishDd to d.nh Hs "Lhsi collecled 'ooarhori nmbd or Moo6 and Parhdis, wlllr whom 1 . m.i ,ed a rlser or

Dur.h d MasrliDnam i 1603 A D (vido FaLl,.p .t,, p.33li)

Fdn.ois Pymd d. Lnral, Vogsc oltlorcntt Id rlL.!,t, i

,rd. M!tros l6n r3 sLnd in .h ss or F:r6 Khai d iis his

his isla klisdom and 'ins bad upon

dkckon [$ Po trsksd r]eet ielr s\ahbdz2ur (xabaspu dr rhs P6F

rrs!€ss wire6r. rhe naval eis,gomsd 'hd lollowcd, Fns

Khan was killed ssbsran Pinro oibscams the ,trb, or Sandwp,

The Po usue$ under conzres iow wanrad ro @ap're

l.ndns ol rLre Po,tusues6 sold ss was bdv.lY oppDsed bv "ala'se numbd ol rcsollle MooB, co manded

dsrsnd 3 corld nor leskt tha besreoqs nom

ladins rn rhe island. Ths Muslm soldl.6 rh6i rook shelter

behiDd rhs walls or tha lo( Tha ro was dom3d iod .akei

by rhs ivad s iispns ol d qallanr dsrencs bY rhe M dms rh6

rebliaEd ii 3 v Y su.l mainsi. All,hs Muslim inhabita s o,lheislsnd, a rhousnd n iumber wetn-.lrod n cold b'ood'6 sebd:aom6q ol rh6 Ghid ir ss .n indeoeidetrr

b,oLherot rlie Arak.Ns0 kitrq succsedsd

or chiLbsong. Bur n.t ldoo arrdr

ul,! :rrl 4'apo.d was c o€ l"d r,om

D,ii.3 roo( ;sylum in slndwip aid souolrt Goizal4d .sistaic'in rc.ove,hs hs po$. conzalss, "acco,ciisly onde!voured rc aid him

btrr sooi lorid Lh hs had nol sulr'cie iumbas to opp@sopow. ul a kns."lordisly rerunsd to Suid'vEi ac.ompanied

Dmbrbly, Lhe arkane$ kjng won Gonzalss over ro hs sde by

dplomacy. Tha neirv. s..dwip - w h his

,'rs, rirlly, rcsu,e aid oloDh:nre".3 A1l rhEa $msE weEeFotr.li ro elcire rhe q,eed ot tha pn o qovsrnor. Sooi aher,

Goizales mnrled rhs hde, rsn wircdhol,c rsliooi. lt rvm

sovsmor was s.u.rlv mtrds,ed o, poisotred who isir srned all

oily lor h s do0btrr Bll ris hdoiqhxs, his bloor and l.$ly his lre. Thh i3

,o' rh. all'aic-" wiLh a i,i.ked psson.

coihles' illi.;r coineirioi

a op 10 ,hs, "conbbs en&avorcd ro mary rha w'dow to

r rha lady wolld ior ch.nsa herElson Meiiwhile, coozres fdrcjbly

qav8 up tha wdowmatrred rhe 'khs or ch aoois6

ehin.oons unda' rh6 Arakaies. ,es, e 241

rE lo,rrnrci $rcws Iishr upon (re co empoDry occurcices

inuqhal sllianco ro 3vsnse himsa)r rh. mtrd*an snvoY to lslam Khin. t6 Mushalqovsrhe msdiarion ol lhhrtr Khan. The 8.ho

I wjs d dulared rEr an8 mselnq lslan Khai he {An k FaEnk)

would hive hh ens aLJahaisniaga aid l,ould pdsonally. ,s o.td B or B .km .E dwat F'+s

(ss6 rian con.al's) rhemasB oi sandw,p, snd Lh lo woulda Jas r to, 's manreiaics ai,l would

6nl h m$ll n lhe crclo or the loyal ssvrds olnre mpe,al

Bulhe llan 16ll fldowins ro rhe opposiroi

Arre, Anapohn s 6ipulsioi, fte k'ns ol A,akoi Bppoiitd his you-

ns soi qov iorot ch rasons under llrs tde or 'Al.manF,'3 meai.ins Alaman, lE govrnor. only rwenryrhrca

Probably, Mnza Nath6n rook htm for i

iho peuian namc lor rhe Eurcpeans as well as the coiveredfdher wasa coiwred cn6rian, ir is

hqhly p,ohabL lhar tEsonmisn also belorg@$d laiLrr.

The also mi nbure ro otr, supposiriotr rh rh.r6 mishr bo ihrhs.nd son rcld'cn

8di ,j.ai cle.,lylus-rho n.ohaw orsolim, ndla of rhe Mashs" (housh lron.mc or rhe larho, ol Anik Famnk has iorbeer n,eirioied n rhe

yeare old. Thehves(!r. rookpl..o Low.dsManriqus dssdribes

Msaoioud'prlnca aid "sidowsd wirh sood

adva iq! rid also proEct . l

Meanwhle, Klno Sdlm shah hld ro raGB a ieur ch'llenos

sEdual Muqhal sipaisoi

French tav.ller PYErdde L.vil sivssrefsGnce

ro (ha MushaldBsisns uPon rhr A(ue nihrary prep dlons ortheAak:nes. kins He wdrsr rAbo

fih,lme, l letu (1107AD), rhoMoqor(rhB Mrsl\al Empqor J'lrai_

lo,Oooelopha s 3 Ktan, subahd or B€n'

qal nanstaned hG 4pilal l6m B.jnahsl b Jahaiqnnagar rhus

Mqhal imP.IiaLhm

of Lho aGkaisrakhd also rhouqhl

w; rhi"*d l" klns o Aomadr a

r.atywLX Gonzales inwhl.h tw.saordodth 'Gonzalee should

,coi?ales should commaid rho alllod ll'.6aidacth a crnm(

oaivere, oP .n n, 146

itE Araka 6ss resiFB | 24s

wnh ths Ar;rai my as { marched alois rh6 coEr and oaL aUshould bo equ.tty

rha kins, accodif,sty, rook rhe nsld wirha van heL," He also dsparch€d by sa. a fket ot 2oo ve*els,c ,yi's 4,000 mei, which was roroii wirh Goiratess @r andbo

Mushal reriLory. Brr coi-lssreu.way fromrllesBnc6 ro rhB ihoughr eirhcr rhar h, had.cc€pred a 6 6e ior ro iira'r3ro wrh tho adv,nceof rh6 Mushil,or rlral hs had acred (hus kaacherously lorsvsns. rhe dedh ot lhePonusrose wro w asl.in n sanguet o, Dianoa."3 'Ih. kiio ortuakun, itErctore. "hrd Lo mser rh6 Mushal ro@s sinsle.hand6d.-4The AGrai6$,oros ulrin sly taced a dsfa ,,owhs rorhe3hrh6-rul delecrion o, rh. ponuluese-5 ('ns Mens nadzagyi ,,oscaped

on ai 6lspranr, wrh oily, row fouoweF, ro rho to ot ch rrssoie"6 Gonzales cohmirbd anorhq vtltativ whsn,n6rookpos$ssioi oflho a6kai ,leatw(h which he was s ru$od aDdm(rdo,ed all ihe lEkan capbins, Whar k mo6, wrh a bold ollrcfl_lty he $rour !{irh h's ,hor and ptundored oll rha toirs oD thsArakan 0061 dpecially ihose or ch bsois, Maiu, aid nomu "7"Thls trcachsy aid ii.oleide otr lhe p or conzatoe orcarlyon,ased rho (ing, wro c,ussd a sk[c ro [e run rhDush rho b.dyor hisnephrw, whom conzates had sivsr is a hodase ror ftsking,s rh6r aid had on r hioh,lsoo below ih€lo of A6ka, ih hi3 uiclemishr yr hm

2

ol..r, p, rTieho oanlm,

2j0 lA HisbrY or ch aoond

in Is kingdom uisert]od. Hiselddson, Mene Khrm.uis orHus nShah succaded ro the rnrone rn rhc somavs ,

f,.ha xhrmluns t1612-1622 ao)a' rho r a or Lri\ dc!?Es.or

ol ehinagonqwas bons held by Alamaira, his youns& bblhBL Frs wsre ho ile rooach o e,6ven

durins fton larhors lir6 r me,

ensaqsd in m lirrry bund up "ror secu,rns hlmsslr rsa'ns aiylioLi@ which hiselde, b,orh3r miqhr employwhen ha becdm.

abslub Lod and emp orol ane{mraiioi or rhe sosmorhared ol hE brcthq Husali shah, rhe rbadaiai monarch" ofarakan, is ior ld rosBek. AlamaiF, oovehor ofchir€gons wasa srcd lriend of rhe Ponusuee: oi the orh ho;d, Husain Shahbo6 bi(e, han6d aqain$ Lrcse peopla i h6mnd. wr t6 rryis

'o ,sou@ Ni6lo

du is hsfarhsf.,esn slflared impisoiisnr ar the Ends of rhs

beiis 2 Frcm this rime hh oilyN mlly Lhe eovenofs

policy or f,eidshp w Lh Lho Poausu€se wrs hald n delesrarion

by rhe arakaiese lmmediarely alr,his sucee*loi, rhe elder b,orrrer (xns Hlsin Shah) dd6rmmed".n $e wodsofMa lqlo "ro sarisly hE h red-. "rrhlack oflovo and hs uiboridedlsd hih ro iive l.!ks .nd nosyouns, brolher m

kins asa Ei Lre

.ouic,llo6 o, rh! Arakansss krs "as whollv

anrh'pariis $o schohe ordtack upon hG teiii(ory, Alomoia,qoverior or Clrnhsono conclude, a d.rsisivs 2ll,3i.s w h sebl*rDn coizale., ruler ot $trdwip Aocodi0s 6 rhe Gmeof.llrai@abour lou, hundrcd edployed ro su d hisbodyJ,rell .sre n, -.s A

"xe$ e ped'onr) loft! Iadt.aqg

ro rhs c Ly ol ch rasons md hs burwirhourrh Ih6 sovedo' -had metwirh sisdsGbls

$mBs Gid hs hoed ror 6 frvofthleeidiis '1

Bur rie .xne.1ariotr or rho qouemo, .ould ior bo fullilled,K ns Husaln Shah cam6 Rula, or sundiva

rGolul".r tr.se.rrl/ rJlrs or h"r'nsEtuane on behrr d, rhe D,ice of charsan

b Pla@ his vDunsqrha combin ion, thc A,akaiese kins tiod ro

dinov lha Po usussslo hssds. Meanwh16, ft6 Arckansso had

chiksoig .id rha bssieged Po ususs.r3U lno,e disr€ss. They now "relt rhar rhB war wa. hinC

rhe srD€ms Lord ol rhe Maoh Emonq nor

oi rhem Lr!i only agrind hG owi bdher,"4 Morcove, rh6ythouqhrthat, "baiis bDrh s, rheywould come ro sdme asrcenent

'n fururc

so rlEy depured

As,amsholld baAsem. Bur ir h trnl,kaly rha' rhs corcnporaryAhom kiiq lvs ,nv bd ro i{eruene. Pbbrbly, rha klns orTipu,a, lhe nadironal.iemy or $e AE[rnese, 6id who wasI[6 neishbou, ol Lhe A[om kiis ishs6 confussJ bvlhs kavol]6r

ro b3 rhs kins ol tuss hlmsdt

AEkai6a kinq lnroined condiion and bo€qinq

him nor ro 1ar rhsnr p sh."] N€v rhilesJ ths Pon0gu.s. sld'smus,.

'll holdino rhs lonsuc.4rrully agahotrhe atrackins Aaka-

Kins Hu$in Shah, rhroush ai sivoy,rsminded Gonz.les ol rhs re(y or lihndsh p coicluded belw-"str

anapo,.0.nd rhe vic.,oy or Goa th6 k'ns fu ha' bld rhan rh.r ho

h msel,lrrd beei an rtlv or, $ grc kins oi Pd uqal aid sincs rhoiro lrd oeer -am.a -hq eood 'or lnilia. lr rhe tuleror S:ndwiDwr Ddro iiE,v.iedrll, hamishL

i etueio oi lr,s bshalr oovanor or Chlua'oonq, h'srebsl va*rl rhe,eroE, rhe,!lq or sa^dsip was uo€d

volalion of ahska3s ai'l compach

{rhe ankanese Ins) ramous gBat-lGndrarhe

These d Dlomrric deal,ios bv ths A kais$ kho rhow conzalesin a coDirsed and uiravoidble siruarioi.

',f€e peopla" :id he could ior cotrLot 1tunhe asured Lh. snvov rlEr M wouldu,iG

ls,w rho ory rnd tr .asorrhsn dhos.eemenr.v.n amood do ro rhe.prlrc

'oi o

conzilas had anyrh is 10 ohlacr.3 Ar rlns rcply, 'ha

Mssh envoy

wa. salhr,od.id urenr bacN wlh a16tr0i or Gonzres addEsed

.4 Tho s.ms sivoy rvrs rhen

Fo,trsress toops ar Chitrlgons sirh Emorino

off6E iom rhs kiis ii cose or rhsr w(hdGwil.s BrLrho Po tr-

rhB pr iceaid,esolvcd b ligh, 10,he a

2s2 A Hhr6,y or ch. asois

I rDd. This s .iorh6,inqai.e or Po ugles5 neadqi.

louM no alr6marivo excaFr ro iolensilv

ow ba'f,g nrspodenr' could n6! etrhyprince rh6n himssn bok rho tiald ol acllon

and uied hs mo$ Idsstan example bv slrowiqJ pssoiol bdvery'

was oblqed Id rslns. rvirh his hll th6 detpsora Iss anc6 or

milk of rh' carholl. f3nh,,'

Ari( q.inino pos*sron or chnkoons bY deie rs his rebel

brorhd. ihs A,a[ane$ his ol{l anemv Lhe

chier *oiohold or1r, (me lvrs Saidwlp. Nera Gonz6la! aidor'lj o,qi

Shd tw l' d ss" 'o

Ih6 hlaid Fhdmq no hope ol surylvali Gonzrles subm'ncd to

rho :urlro,iiv ot Goa and appEaled

rrcm sue aniihilaronpo$ible ro make rep'cals

tse ml.hr h.ve rhouqht lhrt rha proDossd iiv:sioi lvorld compel

rha Aiakaness kiis ro mise rhe sisso ol rho slaid A Ponusuesc

rled was accordinsly trider rlra 'ommand

Rdro, on rho app,oach ot rhs Po usuoso

rlsi Lho A,aktiass shss 6r fte hlaid or sandwip wd D63iblv

\'irhdrawn. on rh.li rhe ie month coizates jdined hlm wi$

rrry saih li the mado 'dqGd

ro he

Durch hslp il Jishrins asainn th6 Po usuess and this was rea-

dly ,ospoided ro. Tho .omLlied 1l6t

was rilled ii a on,d rledl Ths lohr ops ior ot ft.

ro rhc a'ra.dy de.l'- ' Ithis Eo6n. H€icolo ad, hey could nsvar

ind.Dddenr Dtuclorlry aiywheG in Eeioil and A*kai

Ttu,€du.ron orthe Po usus$ roerrac( on ,ho hno,y or uis rssion Husain Shah iow employsd

H.nceld h, rhc Ponusuese in$ead of beins

hh enamy, bec.nr6 h ' obodent ii$ruhe b".2 Th6 A k'ns$k,iq o,anred thsi,lands ro etrle in chirLasonq espediaUy in rhep'incipaliry or chik6$la, auronomy in iheir

. ar .s lLIl/ dw?oand h6 Ieri ro rho Pd usuoso ro suad r

l6m tho posihle Mushal arhck on,GohDo&6 uide' he aoqisol rhs Abkansso. th6 A6kanss6pn as

p,vaEs6 and rhe .omblnsd matudeEagand ln tho coa{al dhticBor B6isal,

nllickd $en lull fury on rhs (housands or hio.etr! pBopls oteensal lo ha i'{ h3ll a ceirury, whtch eJned tor rhem lGriiqbd h,.mo!s iame in rhe medieval hisrory 6f rhs sub.o ha ,

Ihe Mushals as srcc6sors ro fis ArohlB, cl,imed rhari{,hrimmadGEly 3fis rhen occuparidh or

Gaud Thh was rhe iiclusion ol chituqoiqii the Muohal lrnd ,oll as one .l rho*rkaE lnder rhe .ubasanq.h 3 rn his 7u:!1, Jahansn me ionsre(mon dh(rcr .r rhe Benqql Drdvinco.a From rha ,c.ounr6 or

como rokiow th lhe Grce Mooor (EmpemrJahrisn ) jitrids,

25r tA rrisro4 .. chi'r5.oio

1 /,rs B,r s xvl (1e22), a?2 s^,k ,, Au,onr.,b, tt, 123

ttrztk.nlrhdrghi,nans Aloraider noqss. 3d. He y Bev. dsdNow Dolhr 1963 p. 207

o, rasons und* tho Arekanoso rss'mr ,is

rrEm rch loan aid A$am) and rhus b.com6pos.ssod ot rha whira El6phanL"l Talish also siva3 6e'donoe

racl H. w,n.6i'ln rhs rc.oldsor rlraqanuisowas dnrsred ., 6s one of $s dsl.ulriis

urse led (dhtics).'2 No runhq w $s: -Whsn rh6 muhsaddis6ally whh ro pay anymai whoe sahrvwa

due, rhey savshlm on asisnmenAll rhess evidencd provs rhdt the Mushal. clamd rhe rishror

whi'h, in lacr, was boiis ruled bY 'he

Fr Ma iqua dBssbos Mo poslbls rouras, 'Lnouol, whloh

rh oowsdul,oe Lhs Muqhak) could mosra$ilv cnter'chiuasons."lhesa 'oads lsad riom rha laidwad sidc throush Lhs pnnclpal(ist

$ro rhe ci'y or Ch lsar'4 or Lre sea

roure rh6 iiavell, tsl$ a ry is vary 6atY. The

enemy can yl wnh his rhsr lrom rhE o'v of Damk (Dhika)

or lom oie or rhs dry poirs ln rhs principalkv ol Bulva, and

rhus plshs dowi f, s'x or eLshr day$ 36ilv,.aclr th. i.laid of sosoldiva. N3@ Eklng ro rhs open ssaaidc,osLns ,ho sull ol sundiva lsandwip), about fire€ lsasus across

ol Pahisa (Pa'eisr), lyins upon . widsswilr ,lve, (lhs K.naphuli) rhen leavins rhe city or Deaisa

lorc Chdorn."5 Tho lrnd roure

was urlised by Lhs Mushak undsr.l.hanqn's rulo ii thon uisu...6ssrtrl rcmob Lo miouer chlGoonsoccmoi horlr land joiirly u*d by rh.Much.l6 itr $sr successful iivson ii chrtraoons ii l666AD.

2:6 ia HhLory or ch(hsoid

bDFa...wnlo,he Muqhal govoinoE w e buld,nq Dh.ka as rhen sear rr.doiikt ion, rhe arakanesa w*e pushing Muoh.lbouid yback ro Bhutu.. ti fid ths wide ver Me a raitod roprovenrrlra Nvo ef,emies lrom dlackrg (hs Enroriss ot 6,ch orher_ Tho

the AEk.nes3 nvadqsandrhs Ponrsu*a pnarcs by dccuDyiis chirbsois Ac.odiB roa Po usuese coiiespodeics, rha Muqlral sovahme ,dsGmiiodio m ch uDon crdio.o andpE$ iiLoAracoo..l surrstanKhan,sbrisr aid exrchsly busy psod or vrcsroyatry did ior a ow himio see his phn @ha ro a succe$tul oxacurion

rn rhs ua,y beomning oIOasm Kh.isqovsf,onhip (1613 7A D), rhe Ara[andee 6'd on ihe rr,tush'l re irory was ,nrsnsi-Iird. Hsteri s roAEkaness kins ,,m ch6d @ Elratwa (Bhulua) rom Arkhank

abdul wahd, Lhs Muohat rh,nad or Bhutu. abaidoisd rhofotr ol Bhulua wtrhour 3 banls an.l iell back.3 The ahkdo$!,rheEupoi, pluideied strulua and ths Haja of ths lvass, nwirtrdursroppiis Et rhd placo pureu€d Abdll wahid io rhD.ams hanmr

row d rha kigdom or a,akan. BBidss; d,4000 o{r n,akrrtockmcn fiom govshdr,s

'Blshop Dom Pedrok le{di ro19, 1512,', qr Fev. H Horen,

rhB viceGy or Goa, dr M.r.hI r s 3, Nr, x (rst3), 4-13

chiLbgons undq 6s AEkansso resim€ | 257

rha chiar .ommaid Dthlr son sh:ykh F id asshBd by abdui Nabi_Ar thir rrms, tho Ponusu6$ pnaEs under lhs command o, rh6

c vatho (7 Domif,sd caruatho) atucksd rhotuakoigss nBVy and plunde.od iL Ths ponusuee a ock on rh6Arakanes6 navy inspn.d lhs Muqhals, salnq dosirous or achis.viis succa$ rhey q

'irons and d'ov6 rhsm

to rha 6ourh b.nk o, rhs Foni,

tn rho noxr i,iiy .0as6., rhs Ahk nase army 's.in [email protected]

ns Ehrtur ood plundeEd rh6 Muohal criro'p eur ir was repu-lsed.r o srcat cosr. Tha6uc.ss.trhMushal a,myslimulabd

rhs Ahkan6a lonirory. Oaiim Khan can.Blodall orhd projscc of €4ed rion and dreded his ei.rcyand rcsourcs

or aa[ai. iAs h3d boed ,epeabdly odebdbyrhe rempo,Jl and spirirual soversisn ro conqu&R.khans (Arakan)b seiz6 rha white slBphanr and to soid ro rha Gubtimo cou ,,.hs rhoushi ha ,,should oow dkec! his aflo ion ro $s @iquoso! rha 6ufuy o! rhisobjecr in vi.w, o.rimKhan callod a .oui.ll or lhs orti@6 ot iho

rho plan of jnvason. tn rhs couN of discu_s8ion, one of rha s6n*:ls namod Mukhlis Khai, polir.lv w4mdrhB sovemo, rh "n ftr invaioi of Ftskhaig resulrs ltko rhsh{aeio_ ol Assn. ir F nor rdvisa.blo ,o p,oce6d tomJ.Ens.r-n,s,,,-l H". ro..'",..d,k.d rhe oo.p.o, ro t6ad rho camp q.parcoially if i( was ro bs undo ak6n ar . , Th. sdvios wa,Bpprowd by all iictuding rhe oovsmo, hi sBtr.

On .n aurploiou3 hour, Oasim t(han hunched hi, .afrpaisiii rh. siily prn ol $e yoa, 1616 A D, Ho peEoialty p6coo.ded upro Bhulur in suocostvs m ch6s, and s.oamod rhorc.

253 | A Hllbd dr chxrasoio

Th6n ha d.puEd Abdui Nabls'vns him Ih. mnmand ot a

laGe my onsistis or mo,a thai 5000 .avalry, 5000 muskotse6

200 war slephanb aid a lledof l000w boaG rowad chirla-

sons, The n6me ol orher seieGls who accompanied himh rh€

adrdrijrci as ,ollows: S had Khan, shaykh

Kamal, Mtrza Nurtrddin, Ivlz. stdid yar, shaykh LJme,l4ar Khan

Mowa,i, shaykh Oorub, shayrri ois'm, shaykh Ar:al, Mtrzo Saqi,

Jam.l Khan (b:orh -n law or oas m Kh6r), D6w.tr khe, M zaE6s, lm: Khatr,Itrran E.hadu,, in the rcdr wLh th6 resr ol lhs amyamy ol Lhe vanoua,d aid kap( hrn$lf inJomed o, rho nook

rhe i6ws ol marhiio o, Lhe Mushal (oops rowad chiLrasons

rca.hod rh6 e s o1 H!.4i shah wtr,ou! much dohy. Hepmmprly sor hlmselr ready by moh,lPing h s toGs. Hc had.lreddykspr chinasois stroigly to ,rred" aid he "rully equipFd" thg

lo wirh ans and smmurion. To resd 1ia Mushalsmy he hu edly

s6nr h s commandcr, crlled'Kuamgn'(( rmk , a h'gh,aiknsArekdneso m lita,y orrcs) by rhe ;ulro' or

'lrelarue ahy corsisns or dne lackrnro ry, oie (housaid wd bo s

and four hu red cteph.is ro Kdhqh .2 Kiis Husah persoiillyfollowed hm wnh iumberno

'hreo lacks

Fr Mari'qus htoms us thar Ahdut Nab (Abdun Nab), alENababo Vics,ov or Daack" e)qaq8d in mtr'ous wirh rhe Po,

(tn 161s a D) aq iq 'h6

ar.kaoess

(rEPo usus?) whabvcr 'maiias" .r mo l.ly piv Lhey dErcd."lre also ask€d $s

(of Ahkai) ro comr ove'." (^4,fiiqu..

, 146). BrL ths mrep,..y, ecordhs 'o o!, ravell.r laaLi.d

Dr Eorah rjrrlly rhc aoho,rion idonlcalwllh Kdhsh ii

chi{aqone tndar rho Ahkaissa reoims 259

ioli ry, ten rhousaid covalry atrd -iinumqtbla boab aid cloph-

ths derenG or ths lo or chir€soig'"rThs advanced amv hdq Kaamkdi oisassc iBelr 10 build 'hil Lary b.ss and a fns lnsol 'rercn.a

i Kalhgh*,

NevonheGe, m e ly a ack oi tha Arakanee ahv wasbuildiiq of rhe tuaka-

ne$ tonat xarhqh hod ior bBeivd complered. TIE Muehals

wqe inlohsd rlEr ro ot chiLrasdns was

quha lMdequa@ aid rh ihs tuakrnase kiiq hid not vd.iiivedar Chinasons wirh lrh ro,c4. So, this was rho poper lima b.ls lhe ,oure or fte A,akanes6 obsktrcrons

s had ftan aid sh.vkh Kamal, the two Etrshal ssnshlswho dalmed thcmselves rdmilar wirh rhs clme, reached (arhshar

roure2 wirhournmcd elv alrcr $sn aii val, rlrev delivadd

a viso,our 6!sau!r onlhs unriiis Lsd,on ar dayb'eak. "The inmards

or rhs ro bravely defeidsd Lhe lo " and qrcscd tha Muohalshow€i or shclls, bulleb, a(ows, srcnsd6t

ballslas 3id .l nqsalr'es on both sdes pos,,ion .f $o Mushah

as '1hs vlc'ory w'soeD6rels headed bY

S had khan, addflly.aUed onahanon Lhs plea ol apooaoh isilsht ind 3dv*d Abdun Nab io rciiro

re$ ror the ishr, Ihey tu he, propo$d that rhey wduld r$umoThd .omm,rdet n-chisl ag&d ro $is

rhg Mrshils Esumld,hck arc.k otr tho A,ar.n.3s ro . Tie Muqlral charcs conrinued

tr I n ddry bu|he/ t'J kd i riptu,nq rho ron. a l;n ih6y

P,obrblv, Lh. invad,io fo,.es made lien rode th16!sh Falikchh.n_

?50 A Htsrory ot chirLloons

dsclned ro b*ieso $6 ro oi 6ll sidcs. Thh phn, roo, did iorwork w6ll ae ths hish a.d {,fl sckuid3 Hiits were poreclnsrho fo( t6h b omr.m stdr

.utriis irs rood suppty. The ,6r irmy unds sa,hrd (h6n andshdykh (am.l w4 or $pptyitrs drioninoio rhe maii bddy whtch wss rhetr hytns seqe

ima suc.eeded in,ai.hs a srockadoMlohil Iies or ms aid S4h6d Khai and

sharkh Krmdl did p,a haUI no,hiiq ro rce6h rha A,ak6noso,,cm buildiig rhen base. rE advaocmq ahy und, Abdun Nahinow fefl in eraaL or provisions. rhus ihe

ilselr bscssd byasked siihad Khan lnd shaykh

K.mal why Lhs A,akanesa so.kade which vras o s,ho such a

supply. was nor yd demol'shed Ar thisn'oloirly ,spted: ,,A. yo! aB ufabl. ro occupy

we lrc unable o

rhk dociads.rl Mulhs] oflicsrs slvs wiy rodhpail Tho rood slpntv relt sho . Th€ h,ny s6asoi, wh'ch

Murhal army was nor tgr o[ AIL rh6a.oieideEriois, ac.ordns b rheauftorof rhe Bo6.n$d!, compoledrh6 lvrushns ro wilhdEw rha sies6 of thoio lall bsck Thsy

orrsisivD oporaLioos again*th. dtrsdln€ Mushah rn od& ro p,.vror suipolvdor riom hu-ins inro $o h.nds or rho gnemvi rhs Mushats d$roy6d abou(

Pdrsatra by rhe Mushals was rh6 oily ourcoms or rhs MushalThs ,zamind 6,

vosalaso aid .oms

rho Arckanese cs me I 261

Thus rh€ Mushalsnd€d rn a compleb falurc Th8 phi ol iivlsioi had @meout

b?h or orsim h.r. rors- b.or's ol Ja-drsLv.Loro/ d'o Iea,n nornirq r,.1 rF rd..3svo

r.veEr in h€ cachar and A$am campaisis. h is also a lrcrrhat rh. hilih'y pGnso or th6 Mush.h hod suik ldw duiisrhe reisn or Jahansn who d'd tnhe t nodins tmm hs wafio,rdhe,. The hvddns Musrral ahy sr6 rackins in dGciplrneaid

limmp.r o'sim Khai sl.cGd AbdunNabi, an oqually as a commaid sho ii rhewords ol rhe aurhorol rh6 saha

ond who 'could tror rcld rhrolsh rhen (Sadad Khar and shsykK.hsl) pl6a rhbush his simplciry."l th. dlssraosrul dkuniryamons rho Mushal senehls conLibsred qre&uv ro rhe isilurB or

rhe very beqinnlng, rlra rwo qensElr sa,hrdKhan .nd shaykh (amal we,s dkcontstrred wirh rha appotnhehrot Abdun Ndbi as emmaidor ol rhs eiEediriona,y rorcls snd6ey disresdded rhs ordrs of rheir aurhoriri.e !o whdaversxbnrpGsibl6. Ihey boa*d rhar as rha roure ro ch isoio wa well

wsrc rhe rirbs p€6ons

dmpaisn, whilocondemiiis ths dssBceful DIo or th6 two ssnsElr3dr,/no, wiitss: 'F,om rhe boqiniins olallairci

Sa.h3d Xhri and shykh Kam.l had hesn .d€pr rn hypoo,isyaidrhey wds dhpl.rssd oi b.iiq m.da lho rolloweE or ths alors-

sjd (Abdun Nobi).'2 Th6 arhdr rhsn Da icularlv blam.r SadadKhrn lor rho raljurc, who 'zlways bshaved liko n6d s, dnd cow-ards aod cared oily lor hh prot! in cash "3 The tuo s6i6,alsno, only rcmaitrsd inaclire ii fi6 crircal hods, especially, when

rho siid Arektsnes.lo was beitrs buill hutdisdurosod rhe toopswhen6ver po$ible lalgelv responsjble lor rhs

262 | a Hr.'ory or ch rsois

,a'lurc or hs Mtrjhil

msr.bla st6ams, ch a.t6rizo rh. ropoqrephv ol chidagoiq'Ar'kan

ssoorlphlcal advlnrase mdoubEdlv qaG mo

tuakanesr bdra, Posirion.

dGnor o' the Muqhab unde lbEhm

Kh6n (Fa'h-i-jais, 1617'1624 A D, brcrher or Nu' rahan), 'o

shh.buddin Talish wiles rhor rhB subshdar "resolved ro conquor

charsaon .trd dedory rht wicksd Mrghs.'1 rhs subahd h'd

ro 6vs h,ow th. arakan.st rula, savs '{Th6 Nawab in 1523 A D)

H. {rho ",.b' 'amals or dectos

uide, his Foval prcmiso, Fos alvod.qeous r.hs- shich lwillsinc. rhay mrs sllll b6lGsh in rh8 memo'

,hs of many or your mirhierc"3 The mveller iiroms rlrd rh!

consona.y lailed ln achievhs aivrhiis owiis ro rhs lovaltv of

rre Arakansgs rcs ms | 26:r

ddubr, but lra Idchdad6.uro kiowledqo iecssry ror uida akhs or such a d lrculrmsk. He hunched hs campaioi duins rh3 miv Eeason rhs

whoh micht bavs bei uid sdimabd bY hm.was ona ol rhe

war council. had Gaueded rhe qovend to bs lullv awar oltha cond Lion ol rhs woarh& or ihk rosion", befoE hs undsr

rook ,he Gsk, Tha Nrwab rcf!*d ro Gke nolics or rhs couieelabandoied rhe oonvenrlonal ,ourc and rook

the cou ,y o, a.ha,ansi'l b chnhsors.k'nss durns rh6r tnva.

ho had lcl6ded rhi! roura. Poseiblyatua.k on Lhs to ol

rhe common roub. Th s ,oueusedby him was, porhaps, Lho,vsreii (3d rollowiis tho ziszas couree

orlhe Asaloiq T'bub,y iD chilraqois H l TGd.,cois $od o, rwo

roly rhoGatrd hores dnd roor aid ons thousaid elaohaii, ThaNiw.b peGoially commandsd rhe amry tsid proceeded und6r rhsquidatr.e or MiEd Nurullah, rhanad or Udaou,. caoihl .rT pu6, "H.vlns rlve6 ot Fsni (rho BsFoiland rho L lte Feir) runsly buls whichwas impa$abla sven fo, an ani Throusloll rh6 w.v nor oily

rhe Khai hims.r cls €d iunot* wirh hisown

'Itu cou ry ol Ach aig' me ionod in rhe solorrdi 's

coD-tused by D, B6dh Lo ba Arakai. Ach iis, lvh ch E nowonty3 teriu.ls6don ofdsns6rorc* aid h lly bnan, k hsn|onadn fis Rojomoloinconnexon wirh rlre eveib rhar rookplicc

rhe rallry or ths Asatois T,buriry andi mo rimo dr irs hislory L er

supremacy war c abtshec over k atoisin I re Ii,er pa ot rho 16ft .enru,Y.

264 A Hisro or ch raqoid

ir was round imp@slbl6 lo, fis boahano,/inq dobablv ro rhe irtrow, swllt aid en,e-

maly zqzag .ouBe ol rho r vd. lb.ahim (han, howsver, d'd no(yiold to strch .dve@ .ncumsranes. H6 rook a shall soidoLfor him aid m:d6 his way rhrcush s@r drt'icuhy. Ih6 hoGEs

@uld nor bB rak.n larthsr. Elephaits, tha only hooo ii suchrheft way wift siear drron. Byth6 rine,

rh6 mos romidabls rho (hh Thb wad rh.,or amy 'nd

ir was e,owho mors.curg!s rh.y we,e nEkiis procrc$. Moraovsr, irwas ditlhulr ro pro.

curs ,arions h su.h 3 thiily nopularsd and a bidly communicar6d

cllm6. AII rh* hodile cncumsGnces conpelled $6 Khan ro

abaidoi his mlsc.l.ularsd m'lhtu oparaioi! and Loslv6 up hG

hopo ro h.vs rh€ 1,urc16 0r vidrory

lho utrrucc*lul Mushal 'r6mprep,odu.ed adveBe ifrp,a$ioi oi rhe poli ca aid p.ycholosyor rh.

countioe coi.sdsd. lrdipo$d rhs inhereii wekn:s or rha rvlus-

hEI ahv whi.h henGloNad c$$d ro excir. ro or rha ABkanasa,

collabora,ion wnh ca(i6d on thotr almo.rlnoppo$d dapreddioB in rhs Mushalrer ory. Tho r'rush.ls 5or an

rh aiakai war 5n inpiesiable cou ry, irs

llaar was invincihle, and ib lo,@s could ndr bo ovsMhelmed,

Talish's desc,iption2 ot rho millary st6isrh ot ih6 Ahkaiae Flynasnily rh6 adu,l rhiis bul n 6il6cc ths 6xasg6rared re.i orrho MuohrL Id rhe AEt:ia.a milira,v rorus

wiLh swiii rsvercElr. tha Mash F nsi pird* cotrtd revas.th6 6a{al dktrlcLs and .ven fa her iire,ior p8n or th. .ou ,y

rh6 Iocal Mughal ofliek,who would lloe away 6vei ar rho siqht ot a lsw bode ol rho

bsyond numberino, $en rlor.or rha ser (h iumb ), 'Forh,,,

c[ilEsdns uide, rhs Arakanass rcqimo | 265

thrri lhud6.Dn. .r Sotin Sh.h ll (1622_163! l D)

-. lois '(hdmtsu-o s.c(.odad by \rsn{sans. S Srdn.ha) o, Sotim shah [ .n

1622

266 lA Higrory or chkraqDiq

was rha mosr impo :nr proviics borh

in ddrosy 'nd in ,esourcss, ir was a cusrom rha! soveoo6hlp

should bclons 6 or rhs kiis. Unlo urlG\,

rhs kirc appoinred "a Mash s6odse," (an AEkan6s noblemm)menrion lrlm bv name

bur says ftar fiis ioblomdi -had trcd his uhos @ obkin th ''sow oEhip, slmply h oder ro be rcrensed on rho Ponusues,

whom h6 h ed iironssly."l Mqn,ique rnds our rhe 6us. .r hisloushr rsaiis th6

Ponusu6o and was takei pnsoiar by rhsn dfiis rhe rifre ol

Accodins ro Manique, tha sovehot ol Bamu was rPdmarr'

(AdkaiN (do ol iobiliry), whose htlueic. was mada ussrulby rhs tavelld n Maniqua pEi$s him

B r'an enlshrened ru]d :id sG ni6nd ot rhe Po uquese"4Tho i,av6l16r du,iis h's ejoun in u,mu (July 6, 1630 A D)

how ol cou ery aid kindnes'slr/harever rsellnss rh8 sove,nor or Chindsong miqhr bear m

hi. miid lor the Po usuess psople, ho rcaled rhem wirh ltiid-lmmrdiarely atLs hh sppoinhenr assovehor

?

placo or hE ?c.ou (p. 12t) rhE tavelkr,sls6 ro tha hrod bry dhlka whi.h rhe sovemo, orcha

rvhich may mean rhe

s.h6 s lhsnl or rha idh6, of lhe sovrior againd rh8

s[mu]ares douht Lhd rhe

m'ohr bB a son ot shabadii rfs A,ak.nese qoveho, orCtltra,i t603AO whitc

chiliasono uid lh! Aiskane$ mq me 167

,nvL?d alt I[a ]sadins Por

aid Dhns ro a caEmonlous mdins. Th.da!6s es w6,o all ,ocsjved wiLh lutls! his slepha corps aid hs owtr band ot muslcians to r8ccLv.

rhsm -ar rho e raics a bilf sp@oh h tho

rho hope rh wtrh rhs help o! God aid rh. asbEice ol rha

owr rhe eremY 0h3Mushal, and rhus obrali fi6 approbarion or hk Kins and Mader.'lar rhe cDicluson"a mas llcanr f6sri which lsGd hosr ot rho iiqhr. accomp-

indi.allon o, pleasue aid sood w ll."2rh6 oocas on wA rcundod orl w$

Tho suens thus .ireruch pledsed'ai rhis corcmdious

!ifonun.cly, our ravells, ,ound nodins btrt"evl ii,enrions"df rho sovehor behhd rhs geduro or tieidship, Ho ,Gnkly

ot tho slnceriry or lhorha lator "ourw dly plsasurc a, meetins'rhs Ponlsucss. Msn,iqus ,rsi b,iios ssrious oh s6 asainst

rhe Po usue3e, Lhsreby hoth sarisrylns hrs dasLE lor vensoanooas well as 6nabliiq himslr rhe mo,o 6asily io usuD fis P,hc pal,ry

' arystrch "sv l ention'aqaiis

would nor havo ler ai oppotuiity slrp o,fmir'ns rha ls.dno Po usuesa capLaris caprivE ar rhs houBorrho biq@r, A car.rul oramialoi or fte sub$qua sve s,,sla.'",1 o ir a"voll"' {. . . .lds-los.or! i, bL rta lalicous

'tr'en(on or or

263 lA HhLdry of cr (aqoilr

r$ romu sovenor,s khdly hsliiqrhe larar i collabo'arioi wirh rh6 Bensdt.o

issidsirs or chakE*ta w€€ makins an md hand ptoriis wi6rh6 Mushal soveridr or Dhaka ro ov rhrcw us A,akdnes iula

sovc or of Dharia wahomed rh,sscrc( plotbolBvins rh rh'.wourd sive him ai opponuniry ot $i,iis chi_rEsois. a gene,al dEconrenrmant was possibty provr ins ano,u

of chokiasala osaii{ rha.lisn maserc. solhe,o was norhins uiusurl ror rhem b w,iro ro rhs Mushal

hetp ii cse ot th6rup,isiie Ths sovehor or Dhara qho mu have stadly €c6iv6drhh.pDsal, a$u,ed rhsD ol hc Nrerjal supro He3tsopro.m'$d rhar "he would remaji ror $e $,hols m.irh or Ausuy

neel l The porud.

q._. :{Fr a.",\chiksois s6hed 6so Ierre6 be,orchand aid

lskrs wcra rrauduledly unrei by rh6rdamor him$lf as a masns ro sarisfv his ill inci[oi asdinrh6 Po uquose, Maidqua 3l@ady had charssd rho sove,norofhis sv'l dosisn o, Priicipaliry of chartsai.,M nqEt unju ,erubd on (hh srcund 6ar

'l rhs sov6 or had his h rd rhci hewouldio, .lioârs rha Po lsussei oi rha conrary, ho would sus ror$6n .uhnds in mareializiis rs Dlai as somo of hh prcd,c&

Secoidly, rr ha had

did hs rcqus$ rho

eono as aorlv as Do$ibl6 ro ms.rqovsno,2 was rcad'ly ,espoided b, aid

-whhour lo$ ol rime" lhs kins ordeEd $o coraisiri (K amkerD

2 Th6 leru wiusn by ih' govohoikansse kins rcachsd rho cou ar

or chi(asois ro theA -rho ord or Mty, 1630A o.

chnLasors rid rho Ahklnes6 rdom6 a6s

gdi.s lid ro y qnbys, aid rh6n repatrwirh all 6peed b capbin w:s al$

surprisa arbckon fig po 4uese ro makerhem pisomrc ln cas ol rho f.iture or a iavat seizurc rha

Rahu." rvleanwhits,huriedly se mosons s ro ohnbsons (Jme

19, 1630 A D) ro wam Lhen coudrymen rhsrch or rhe imp.ndino

Ju,e 3orh. Mr[Lqus who w!! rh6n prca.hiis ii fia po osuoss ohur.h Dimswas Gpoired or iL Mosr ol rh3 po(lsusa sailors we.6 rh€i

pltrn& is Gid oi rhe souh coas orBsnsdl s @tomo Gonrales Tlbio, ons of rho p nctpal ponu,slass teadeG aidIha Ponus(ass inhabl@nb, huriedly camg ro rhs .hurch ro sesk

Arakanes6 sncrc3ch-msir The rwo leadsrs c,lhd ror rhGe orh.i

wsll,, b coms roThe leadeG al€r a

c.ures ol discu$ion dscid€d rar Manique shoutd l6ad a mcrionro rha cdun or Arakan o dtlry ihs kiis ard rcs ai. him ,rom

s, on Juty 2id, t63o A D, Man.memorable tou'nsy trom Diang 6 aGkai.

The misslon was strcce$fulr rhs kiig or ftakans ord s Gcruiis

Nor oity rh.L lhe kiispromised b8rorc Mairlquo th3L he would aomovs rh€soveiio, l,om h s suvjcs" aid would appoinr 'ai uprishr ma.

Th8 Po usuess me$enoor rsachsdnor arakan proper ar the edno^

,701a H{dy or ch!'Esors

in Cha,iqsi '1 Ma EueE kms wa. cdried

Ponusmso or chitraqois trom a E ibt3 and.P,obrbly, Manak Rdr o, Nlanqar R., r yduios brorhd of rh6king sucdsded b

Dol ra {o y d.

Du'iis rhal rim6 harlre kingor AGkan wirh Eb srE wo h

Fupess t00,0oo !s piehkash "and w h or. hmiliN ho nadohe should bo .onsidsGd as loyal va$aldnd

rho src Lhar ho would serue loyally whei.

cs 'snra valuablc dres or hoioursloiq wnh maiy preciour q r.ro rhe nsia of rha fohdn was csued.ohnh'nq tha soveretsiryfnm in h'o wo'dr aid ro atraii ekmal glory by helpne Lhe

The kins s melhod or submt.ssion and rhe qyle or expreseinq himsau hava obvtoustv been

au'lror 6id rhgss shorld nor be iakso l d,allr'.Nsva heles rhe po$bitiLyor sndhq or a mhsion.id E msut.Fnr motral asieehsn beNeen rha rebet [nice aid $a arakrtrsrkis cainor ba rulod oul h has aledy

atromprs driio rh6 Bisi or Jahsion 6did rhe n6n was dill loomns liruo. so,

ir w?s rho d'plom:Lic d.alinss on rhB patr 6f rhe ^,.kaiasa

ktiqto sua ror an alliin.e wirh the Ebal pric.Trro dasn.d oblscr p,nce nor oily qavs uphc claim over chiGsoio but acknowledged "rha Eovroiqiu or

'ho AGbme resimc Lrn

his (he A'a|aiosl re iro,y.' rhe pincs rclu Gd rhoahkaios.o his word and sxps.red rhd the ArakaieEe

kro wolld hetp Lhe prln6 it ne..s y, in sahins ihs rhroia olDelhi. x should be nored rhar rho .srceme wls iove, dhho'

an smp8tu,. ND

by hrm rhrousho0r

ch asois iom Lhe Arkaneso, The Arakaiese klns Ii his pan

sendhq any warliteenrelpise 0 rhe Mrqhl Etrito'y dunns

shah Jahan, rhoush rha p,acrico or pna.y upon the co.$il aEas

,esn a ler bl. iamiio v's red

ale .rfecled bY

i-"\ or I o ro.n"l p. .e.

o.. o ,,op 1JL,-s

PdB Muidy, while i drino hls vis ro lida if, 1632AD,(chdsaoo rohe,ly belonsino ro rho Mosoll,

tuakonese lordshiD ovs chrraconc.

M.nco T.a ni ri533a D), fl6rpadisvi (1633'4s^ D)'rft.doMint.r{164s'52AD) 6nrTs.hd.rhudhahm. (1652'044D)

Khs Thrri lliudhrmm.,ras succ€d.d by his son rvrens ls ir,(hd ro, a b,i8r p6iiod or rw.n'y elshr

dsys only. He \qrs murd6r6deit lover wro now

I 'Th€ Dash rc! de', qr I Bm. R \ sorh Ain publ. No, 2 is6o

2 rk rntk "l kt, Mu,tt, rol. r, Flrtuvr so.isrv, o. 1523 tro w6 rhD qrciL qFndson or

A,akan (1525n*r a D)Th BlLi, i lo'mfl tulo' dt

212la H6bry or chnussrs

po iown viiually b a h.!nr ot ths poûqseso nseboocE

Du,ins 6e ruteor Traida Thudhanm:, chirEsois bedme a

ot Stldt a. 271_ "r,o canoor oP.

- morsr '. hp rr p, 393)

chirla3ono undor lrE Aukaiseo rosimo 273

Ehc!ol6!uss ror rwo rcyaleiihs. oie wr Govnd: Maitkyr, thsIieuk kins, who b8ins driv.i our hy a usu4er, rook rerusa otoiswirh hh younsd bmth?.,n chiuasonsl aftsNade hs prc*sdEdrow d th. aEkane 6pMl, wherc he livsd forsonoLma rillshujas

Tha orh6r 6r'10 was Princo shuia, who belns d, voi ourbyauhigzib'g .my, cama b chirrasois otr hs way ro r€ Arakdtrssacipi6l. Hir prsssnos ar rho ArdkanssB cipkal de od (oubtesin vvlrioh couind. Manikya was suspecLed ro havo soms connoxioi.shuia sull€Gd a rasic eid ar rho haidr ot {ha arakai6s6 aidGovinda Mdhiky, wa3 oblisod ro so b:ckoi hk rsruh iourey rh6 priice cama b childqons wharo h6haad rh€ iews or iho us ,pd'r dca'h. Thercupon, Govjnda Mai-

io his rhrcno. tn

buih rho romplo ol Chiidranarha aid ox.avdsd a dishi ns ir.

Aooodins ro Gaurio, Schourei, . mldid.t oJricer se(iis thsDurch Et$ lidia Company. rhB ,l'ghr or Shah Shuja lrom Bens.lro Arlkrn w.r lollowod by rh. Mush.lof Di.ns. Gauii€, Schoured rc@,ts:

Ar rhis s.mo rin6, n happei.d iha rh"r ous qenral EmnJ6mbla, nqmsd Nawab 6li6r havhs rcduced rhs aitars o!Choousa (Shah ShuF) had plan6 ro toltow tha_p n.e oslar a. ho could, and he sanr arrord wirh a iun ousahvar ld .e rhs villaso ol Diaisa on rho bod or rharcatmol Arahi wirh plans toenre, wiLh tira aid 6word. Tho nswshad alrhed rh€ .nrl6 cou rys'doi 6spoci:tly, in fts aGai6ar iho wa6o s. Ono raw .vcreherc p€opl6 who woroll$ins wirh !h.n tamilios and ften oiro s in.der rosav.

-Aojonlla Chhrxamiorya

2?a laHbro,y or Chi aqons

$em$lvos ln thd caplBl0iry.1

rho arakai*o knq, n dda, to .ebull$6 pt*ibl. iruoh, atraok

or c, rqors adop&d €olo-re d46n6-sasrct s.honsl u n€s

rn odd ro quicklv ,Bnse rho dilanm, rh. kinq despdohed

hs rmisxles in all dirediois ro dnod au rh6 subFcG

who would bs b ror abls io c ,v woapoin aid 'i

ih8

way h6 quickly as$mbtsd . drons ahv. oi8 s@! .ho a

la,sd iumb6i ol oale4€s, €quiEped lor bdds call.d into

(od wirh cannon made or small pruciou.piocoe ofsui matal,

li is ior knowi vrhsrhar Env .bsh bdwoen rha Mashs and Ih6

Muqhals lctuolly rook pl6co or ior. N6vdrhol6ss, rho co em_

10 Mn Jumla's pDje.r ol rn iivrsion or

^mk,n Tho plai was,b,ndonedas a rcsuh orlMi, Jumlit audd6n

de.lh, Tha rask rh€n f6ll on shahra Khoi who 3uccaslullv

erecu(od lhs phn ol rh6 Muohal iivasioi o, Ack6n.

lhmsrndm.rt soidup was boiiq sovsned

by oilawa,, "a ,urw.v capkin or rhe Mdsh'l ,mv,"3 d$iisrho Mushal astLrlr or rhe islaid ll r665 A D. The Arakai6so

kns dspdchad a ll'er io hslp Drl.war asaiid tho M!sh.ls, This

bads us ro think ftar Dilawar was sove.niis rh6 hlaid unde,

rh. rur.lasa ot rh6 tu3kaneso kns h caiior br precislv $idwhen Dhwd sain.d rlrs pD$6$ioi ol rha lsl.nd From tho

,.hu ol rh. shiDwrocked sdlloE0l rh. Tdsch.llns (1661 A D)Jwas a Muslim who Eeiv.d

rhom cotr eously, Iho iurhor ol (hs ldmsrnodo,I lunhor whrs

1 caurid schruien, 'voase qI M s [hii .l ^

s P, xl (1956),

rhs Amkamsa rosm' 1275

occupied rho l.land bsfore 1660 A D

t.cdon 2 An O{tlltr.ol therttktnost tdnlritirtrio'l. chittieons

rh. .dur.6 nate dl lor ths histo cal dudv otrha Arakanesa

.dmlniruarion ii chinEsons h mdsed m'asrt' A lew incldsnral

rcma&t m.n. bv to'.irn avalls*, chrciiclets and h orlans arc

lh6 P mary eur6 ol 'ntom

]on.

Ths A,akoiesemoiarchs tuled a l.lge ndct ol lard includiis

choisons aid Ch Gsois tlill Trdds lo, ie lv ' Gonrury' on6

ol rham srylad him66lt or tho hlshss and fia holt powsdul

kiis or Arakin, ol Tppora, ol ChacoE s, 'id or Bensah'"]

Ihis InfLred ftlo indi.abs lhe clalm ol rheArakansso rulorc ove,

a lar96 po on ol tasbh seiqzl Th6 coirempom'v B6isale6

dderr cosoiDo $e Arakdie.a soverclli as 'Lod ol whiro phanr

iDhabal M.uns"*d). 'Lod ol whiE aid Hed Elsphznl habal

Ths ,jskanasd D'oviio6 ol Chirusons wd subdivid.d iirosmalle, ldministdivs t rs, crlled bv rha lorciqne,t as'kingdom'

and'principaliries'. Then exacl numbq cdinor ba tdcod lr is

srarsd ii rhs ncioh.ro lhar rho Tripurde rook Pos$$ioi ol six

menriois soms ol fto kinsdomt (6lvaO such 's

Rambu Chaka'

r,a, rnd Doang-J id.3 TEe 1slt I'a'6 soms rela ion b.rroel s'r

276la Hhtory or chiuaeoio

hudpur, H rih2!r aid 9aiath.2 This ejshr div,sions oxooErwilhin rtr: liflrb ot rho modo,n rsd..s6urh

subdvsi., and rherelore have hl6 coiisxion wnh $o @tvskiisdoms o, collsb 3ccou Tha Europ€.i tavele6 r,,quenity

in size aid rank. Th3 i.c. in.i.are iho prkmiisncs oriho rwoaid F,mtr ovd

ths rule6 of all ftcse thsd,ms wercvs$sd wnh cenain.mounirh6 posirioi ot ftny

of rhesr rulsts were hoiedir y.

rf, all tupedi Lhe vic.foyalry ot chirEsons w3, oi. ortha mod impoftN po s ii rhs orsaiizaiion of rho AEk.ne$sovahm6nr. Tho iown of ch(hqons wle rh6 hBadqua abotrh.

rerk.y io rhe wtElo Maoh Empirc..r Tho Areksnoss kino wae

Ann. Publ. No, 7, 1960, p !s4P (Monsoon Numbor, i364 E sl, 34

chir!.sons undr lh6 Ackm.s @siho l2r7

lully .waE ot rr snd ar Shfi:buddin ratirh obsorv.!, ,,rhorc ts.lwarr ems tu.rwo hy c)a wort nhful Dtlnmatr or rh€ Raj,hlr chdrs. ol rh6 Oowrms.r ol Chlrsaon.,l rhi. .hd! $ rhevi@Ey of Chitusoig hrld . pcr oi ot htgh tmponanc. tDrh.AEk 6. oownhonr, lr.pp{B rhd .Itu ol eo@$iotr orrh.!k. wd s.@Elly loll@d l, rhe .ppoirhhr ol ih. sowmorol rho prcvlncr. "Th. p rcipalhy of Chariq.n.,, sy! Mairtqr.,"b.loased by hd.diEry rishr b rh. s6trd .or!? rhhriidolldw ol .uocdsion, rollowd in owyoosot

Th. occ.sloi of tE ind.Ua on dr h .ppoi.r6d €owmorm. cuallv ob!.n4d wirh tdivhi.e' R.ldlitrs ro cr dudd4d ldndros ol cntlhsons, M! qu.w,ne 4 ftr ooreror) im.diety (.t@ rh. aoioludoi ot 6sinlEur or oEiby) .4 E work io .oqdtE . fult kiowled?ool hre E ovin@ ood ol how h. @uld b€r ino@s. hr Eruhl.dva ac6 '3 Tho 6iden@ ohh. sov.rior war pGibly rlo.r.dwirhitr lh. lon, Ih. D..l.sins Mushal .hy rouM rho s6va,tro

ft. so@d ol chirceonc erqt alrndt in.Lp.(h lv Esq-,dins $. podorruis ot .dminbnfliv. duu4 ftt. tud. himap@r afu kiis 10 the loeienh. Grodno (i602 A D) w @$ar $. A4kqo!. .ul, -hatsi up . ktnq (h chitr €ois) utrrl€r

hlr hitrd,'l M.i quo m.nriond htn rrh6prii6 ot Cr.lts.i.,5Plrrd d. Lrvat (1607 A D) rhou€ht or him (rh. tuLr ol ,Chrd6!)io tu ,a p.ry klno of rhi. proviie o' rrhor a gowmoi wirh

2

3

5

?73 A H srory or Chirhqonq

(hs lda or kiio.-1 D! Janic .onllsos rhs qovs'nor or chila-

'toins of rh.i darB (1460 A D) iow sxtr..suma b6ins skuck by rho vi@roys ln chi(asons.3 shhabud-din T6lhh slso supplbs 6vidon.6 ol hsuins or 6tns by rhe govs,nor

i his owtr iam.a

Tl'6 AEkanxB rkle or llre poe or qovsmo6hip otchitrasonswas no, oi' and rh. s:ms rh,ouohour the p.riod. ln di ri.k!-nesE rmpl6 ins.'iprioi or 15i10.41 A D, tha A,ak.n.so qovemo,

ol chitasonq is dssisnatd rs chardilah Faja.s Accordinq roManiiqle. ,ho holdq or ih6 sovsmobhip ol Chnbsons wasdon-iried by rho rirL ot Lonsonja'o (Loka6i. vz., ruln or rh.o.oDle) In atrorhsr Dla.s or his book, Maniqtra wfta.rh.r klnsMotrs Fadzssyi hsralled lhs v'ctrcvalrv ol

chirl.oons, wirh tho rrle ol 'Alamanja,? Fstiins Alahrr lha

F.m! was iexr onlyasenaiied lrom ths

accou of Ralph Firoh, who ptrE rh. nams Ramu ioinr\ wnh

R6.oi (Adkan) whilo denoilid rhe wholo ol rhs kiisdoh.s

3trsD, x osar),68e

5 A n, r (179a), 299 rho nanslalor rhoushl or rlrs E,m

adklmse oorupr loh of shandllya B.ja

3 For6,, RorDr' Ftu.t, 0.25i olso sse zDz, p 233

eh ooono uida rhe tuakaneso rscing t 279

A m$ion y vhll.s chnEsons io 1593 A D calls ta kinq-

dom of Ramu. 1 rho kinqdom (Eya, dsh) of F.mu is alsom.

'oisd an rh. fn|ta Chnnt.l. ond sno orher s6ngrl' workr,

ThB ciry ol Hamu hld a sribsic imporEnca bs.au$ ir $rusdchi(asons ro a6kan. h all aspecb, Bamu

ciry whorcds chitksois wa d cormopolilaioio. Tho cirywrs knowi ro rhs&akaioss as Panwa. Ma qus,

whila vhir'is Ramu n 1630 A o,wres rho nams ol lhssovstior 6s iPomaja"2 a.codiis ro Manrquo, Famu was -rho.hiefLown in rhh olsricL and fie usual &aiotlhovicercy l. charso'13lr .ppsaE nom [ilan,jquo.usEd wirh lho pedomrno of ce ali runcriois as rh. hsadolchaice,y on bahall or rh6 kiq or tuakai All kind. or rcvonuo

knsacrion werc b bd hada thtuush him. Document pemi(ingnom tuak i by laid

had ro be subm@d ro him lor oramii ioi and '1o mako rhom

valid 4 Ma iqu.'. ob$narron rhus poinl oui rho soosraphicataid administdivo impotr6r6 or Bamu h rhs kiiqdom ol AEkan.

x appsaG rh allthssubi6.rrh6n .uzenin wirh .hy aid iavy al lh.ndspolal ii c.sB ot hi5

covehor ol chn!

3 P P, xLv (ot 2, 1917), 143

Th. wod'Pomaja o qln os in'Paiwa{a,'lho earor ol Panwt(rhd AEkando iams ol n.mu) $at is lrs ti.ihold.r, wholook (aro)

'hE rcvenues, sendins a sharc ro rhs kins (r,ld .

igug, l, 94i). Th6!ova,no, was also knowi 6 Bamu-lr orrhs nof holdd ol Ramu (rtrd.,p, 91n). Ths bm s m@niiqadd o, holde, h cdnenr amois rhe tribesmen or Chilragonq

HII Tracs. Th. rcveiu6 c6lhdd h rh6 Mash ro. ary 'sknowi as 'Sooqrea' ( I ,r I 3, !v (335), 36), This i. rh€

mlloquial tom otslg,i or lho gto 3ai or o , ol,avonuo,

26d I A Hldory ol ChirusonO

.!ons ioinad th. tu.?dr.- kino l. lh. tdort *Fr,trbn lo P.eu.lW. hd. ll 6 *$ .urhdiry o, Gu4 o rhrr th. chLt 6tchlk h dl!.rdh.d hl. ..El [email protected] io h.h rh. kin! wjrhna6l ld@ drins h-E .l€ob ol &ri.m O9O2.O3 A OI2

An idpon. nili!!ry olli6i.l rhar had Ellioi ro rrE AEkaaesMnlMi of chin.sons was KoEmkrl,3 @ dum ft! doLn@of rh. prcvlne d4. .d ro, h,g. .{rnr, Tho FonusuM hirlo.,-6n Eo@tro dalinq lho p6l 6 eptrli sd.Bl by @4 rh.aohdtt'br rolsi tb him 6r6mond, ol h'd toE6.5 IMmr.iq@ oy!, ir wE "a tido cordpoidms lo rh.t ol Cdpr.ir.Gmralol o. .nd ldd 1016 wnh !.,,€ Shih$uddir T.tish dstindrhi! po.r @ "Commandrn! dp.rr.bndsdr',7 fto i.joElo iDrom,

ohiolr.ln d a commmdd r!h6d ,Xu6. M.shj

uas6 md (.mr€rl, ll .ffi ihar h. we wurr.d ,rom rrAEk .s mbrlity, whil..p..kinC ot $o dudrion ot htGotfioqT.lalh whox , E{.y rla, lh. aahh ol aEk.n 6.idr to chli

3 Tho .p.llhs v.ri6 ir diflssi! eurca bootc, Manriquo wireCoEisr . Th. r.iodrdi m.U! ir 0! Ku.umoni. tn fi. Fdty4Ilnnd dnd Ir rt6 AtcagrMnoh i. srd i! floiouncdKaDmka .od X.Emk bri tupocriwty.

3 $r qll rDr a. 'rrr,, rlE risr(R Ii.E h{ lrtrrl k!{iGrf"r trl tI[ tr{r ritrfi r r

ahirboond und€, ,h. aEkines rcoirs | 231

The,6 wsE a nuhbdollicials whoss tl 6. hav6 6me down !o us lhroush Euch source

3s msdi6wl lrerary works, plac.n.res atc on6 suoh pnr wa'

loaza which Ir curcm amois rho (hvouns Tha tibemen otchitrrsors HrU TEds h meais tha collsdiis

'soni or villas'

h.ad.,3 Anorhsr dirlisukhsd rtrto was khnoaja.' ln . m6dlov.l

in chtdsois Hill ThcE rill rho elshthrh

€:idence * 6a,lv as 1494.95 A D€ Thopo_

$o hold$ ol $l' pos, @iiot D' pisol@lv

dsscrrb€d. a kadli in o$ rim6 u ons who is.ntu €d wirhrho

ad inista Dn or a 'paE' (olshlv a villago or a P'n ol hl tnd

4 S.bnid (han, 'VidYa Suida!', qr S P (Mon!66i Nuhber, 1364

6,r R, \,r (1aos,, 135. Th. re,m wat rclar6d ro tho adFiiit;*atlvs and ,svenua colhcrlotr ol a khui lha nibohli

6I r s P, xr (1965), 123

282 I A Hkrory or chturaeoig

w rh,, ot rJB saocodl r' {ood iue on rho baik ofrhe nvs k iaphuti acc

rh. (aiiaphutj Brvn are soms h lts, hishand tow s rard ctose ro eadr oLher. .rhe low h,lls have

ro ris levrt ol rbs

dvals rhs 6mp r or Aleiinder, and s loweB (burt) arc ashish 6 rhe hlak !l buruj. F:i.y cainor sound (hs deprh ofib moar n:qharon cannor rc?ch jE n,chsd p apd.Li rha fo rias beei

Irows rhc rver K irphul . oi rhs no h std6 G a talo6Laldrshil ctose ro rhs dtrch,

aions Lhe .ntr@ norh

1

3

rh6 tuarlnos rcshE 233

aB hills IE h llsluisls so dmse, rhd ir s impossiLrls ror imaqio 'oi. wirhtr rhe ro rwo spftss now, rhe wdsr

the Kahaphul Rivowh6h rh8 channsl ot rhe spiiqs becomes so b,oid rhai ri.lba boar can $slv p*s rhrouqh n. As rhe looDlo or ft6lo u$ .ll rhs waE (,hi issues) in s*sois orher rhan rhs

6id block rhe ourler ro rh6(arn,phul Fiv,. on a heiohr wilhin rhe lo k a rdmb, known

said thar I oia couldpe,ro'h ihe im.o$blo tear or drsqsliq . l:,oe qui io ihs top

or {ha hill al the we sm .om$ which adrolns T'ppaEh, B

b.lls would ral,

r u x'li4y srock, do 'oi rhe crher srde of rhe K napl,uli.' of rhs,o ralkh w resr ,Lrr) is a lorLy aidlo or chaloaoni ft s lull or derei.e mae,hls ."2 lhs ctuBof buildiis tho secdnd

tl.6 ii Ih arca. ltu Bdiadnc,

rapd E ol rhe buildrs ol sn AratlnEo reld lo in Kdhsh ,3

Ths Alamsknamh srares ol an Am[onB.e fon d Ram!.4

Ac.ordiis Lo Tilish's n mrioi, norhdtr chitbeois du'ino rho

was kansforf,sd ioto a soh or'no man's landkeep $E e!remo ionhsii lroi(ior

or rho kiisdom a desolate a:i so as 10 resist rha Mushal inv-dslon wlh rh6 heln or n uio, This remiid6.r rhe ancenr Fomais who auowed ihe lrc *

234 | A History or ch Esons

plB ro ba oovercd by loE{r, rhus maklns rh6 hovom.ib olrh. iivadins lorcosdilricuh. Eolh Fdri),'r-/trry, aid fie AhmSi,rtri pplv aviddne otrha complers dsGoloroi ol ft6 no hsmpa ol rh5 dGoicr, eEoo.iallv rh6 rro ol laid borweBi rha sa.mast lid rhs sirkund. H,lls sl habdddtn Tali.h dhws a 6kerhor fili .liha 6s ror6k!:

Frcm Jasdh, whs'srhero war i (Mu€hat) oupc*, ro Chdsaonl.y c wildemgs 0n rho skft or rhs htll war r den$ junslr,wirhour dnyvodis. ol h.bilarlon o' liviisbslns, . (Ths Mishs)did norla.v6a bnd ii rh.6n or a b6aqon rha laid irrcm chr!sron) roJasd.r rhs nonrd or06rs,l i'. o.seo r.a o6o.rion.thlckeied rh6iunslss, desnoyed rh. al, fld ol6s.d rh6 rcad $mll lh oven rh€ snako and rhewid coutd not pa$ troushl

prciecr of dBpoputa(ion was uken in hridi! diricuh b as.ilt.in. Tha soh'rn., repons ro ur rhal rhsInvadiis Mushal ahy uida, O,sin Khan

'zohhddi' or Nzampr Pa.qan, (whtch probrbty c.mp,kad wholly o, plily h.dah Mt,s ai and sirakunda u.z.s ) uid6i ir6.ublusdioi h 1616 A o,2 on $e sans aurhoriry, we e hr.hedrhar rha paru3na used ro soid rup*6 lir huidEd as

'eveiu6 ro

ti. Arukaies €rch€qu*. Iha R.h,rn&i olso sivas 6v'd6ica orrh6 sxeronc. ol ! h shwry ii rhd arca Th. sraEmonr ot trssriartur rhus l6idr roprovo rhar rha area rill rhon was notdavoidol 6ctlsd populat oxhal iNtsionr for@ ddhai. 6p .s desolarlns rh6 whoto,sa b3rw*i rh6 tlsr Mushalourpod d Jasdi. and fta vlcjniry of ths chirkoonq rowi. A..@uft rho qhols popuLrioi was d,ivrn our rom rh s pla.. aidrh. v.abd arc. wa! l6ft b bo omduolly covsBd wirh juislss

Th6 tuakan$s rulsr. otsorivoty hodad rhs dsreid or rh6ionheh nolr' ov6. b rs

Chkcsons uida rhs Amkano$ Dsim6 | 235

lna ABkaiolo, b.lievins rh rhesa p5opl6 warc lnhical ro rhdtutuslims rnd lir ro ba no l& curds wrh $en Dowo'lul ll.sr,.mployad !h6m ii their 3svici Forulsi ravsu66 qivaan accouNol rhis Ahkano:o policy ol $s prdrscrion ot rrc isr wirh rhah3lp or rho ro,oietrqc A.codino E Guorcno rl6OO A D). "alhodall thaporl(ot chinasoiq) has bosn sivei ov6, ,o rhs Po uquos,'lOn rhs .urho,irv or Minique, ah.s mai (rhs pdnusus) w.r6in rhs s.rvice of rh. derended hb rbnrieraoalBr rhs enorc.chm.nb ad iy.anny of rh6 c6.r M.sol, 2

Edainins rho tudkanee poljcy, Md,iqus ru her wdrssrwirh rho obiocr ot .acu no rh.!s Lwo enuaqcos {by hidaid ssa\, rh€ Mash kiissdo.lded b alw:ye 6roii ponususre

ii rhsn Fnic., sm ins the b.st or rh6m rha Gik orca aiiBilar.., di 6vei!6 pbducins lands,

oi $. undstsEidlns rhd rh6y nainraing'tthdr counrryhsn and al$ Goli6.. .. Basides rhl. ainual n..oms, rh.y woru .uthotu.d ro kks $snvBlts inro rhepftcip.liry ot Beisala, which balonqgd ro rh6 Grcar Mosol.3

Be tur's accounr ot Ma ique. H6w 16: -rh, kins or Rak'n, who livod ii prpsrual draad of fts Mosot,

(rh6 Po usue6) e a

suard, td tha orordc 6n or hirr,onrie4 p€hiliis rhem io oEupya serpo( call6d charisoD, .id makins rhsm sEiE ot ldnd.'4rvlanucci mskor

" simla, ob$,vaiioi, H6 w,ires: ,iTh. kins otaEkai reldd nuch oi rhis cla3. ohr Ponusu:s6) and mad6ljtrlgamuirol rh6 kin$ hit neishbouG borh r,om rho b:avoryot rhalloGsd Eon, als

rh. /ilos4, EmDiE, t€56.6s A D, ed_

Archlbald coiEi.blo, r972. p, I7j5

Po !{,uese) we's shglgedin chnqsiw, a pl:.i

by .he Moq-t .ioosol .orqudiio rhatknqdofl-l Atoxridar Dow wrrrs ,(Th6AE-kaios. kmq) mdhhined ar chhrigons $he po lsues haidiri,

rhe empne dr rha Mooule-2 ti rhe vi€wotMm,Ns, ths ldlusu6a fl'or fomed -rh' ba.kbond of (arak ese) navy,"J c liis rha iuma calskaasrh of rh. podusuese

dmplolm. or .!dndeed been tor (hs seven hundrad and firw

rhs Mssh rular had ii his D3y, ih6 Mogoresworld oi boLh o.c iois (Mushalo empGro coiqtr4chtrasois

'lur no $6 strbhdrshtp tb,ahim Khan Farh,

,.jans) havaez:d chaLioan.... "1 rhjs wholesoma dependsncsdefeice oi rhe kinqdom aid rhs coh$.

queii nesliosnca on rho padof rtE ah kansse ru leB h.lpsd ro b nsaborr d saner ftd rhen aimy sutrercd ar rhs haids or rhe [rushaL

of chjrEsois hstdMuslim fihs du iq rhe Ankadesop*tod. Thi: w,s obviously iinitalion o1 the prad,c6a- s.o-"d ro ddoD.Mror a p r or Beosal especiatly ch trasons.s Falyiis upon rho

i.,o1, hr. sr A D PlJfos or kins Msnq Tsau mwun. Ha

wrn.6: "Fron 'his me (1426 A D) rha coins or rho ahkai kiiss

boD oi rhs rovctso, r\6r iam6s and rntos in rhe pesian characrsrlihs cu on wasprobabty l6r madaoblqabry upon rhemas va$ate

2 el...na* co* tr. Hiswy ol Htrdd , rr, a:o

73; Ha)I, op. .., p 390

aLri(asons uido r|e ankd4e dsmB L2s,

sovei8'sns aid rh6 Arukness sovoiioB ol chiu.sois, n arbndcd

a pufti ndmad yidtaJ,rd4, wrtusn by pod s.bnd Khai, fiaifieG

s P, (MoDooi Nuhb6, 1364), p. 34

bB la H6rory ol chitwdiC

arwhoss cou hs liv.d ror aFoilh. H.sh6: "on beiososs6ncd ro rhk pdly kins (lhe €ovonor of chitusons), ho r@jv6d

na w h orar kindie$. lull llbsrv, $vinsihar it I would rcn.in w,,h him h. would do s€ar rhlisr lorm6:

.id indaod ho badd brln€ Ea raimonr, aid lood duv bv dav in

Tho AEkansa qovernme m. alned plblic hous" along

6 rcval ,oads Accodiis 'oldlhn A Fdinh. ! PolJsu'so ms"

on y navell6r, wrro mrde tsmp.D,v sr.Y in chldagons ii l63s'

40 A D w'nes Lh.r builtoloig rh6 roval rcad

Tho tu kanesa adm dht ion in chirlasoiq w:r on rhtwholsbai6tidal b tha rubiecr pooplo. AIl tho Bsnsalo€ ooun eoob

ol Arakai DEi.6 Ihon solsAsir ii highoundinsrsrm lotftsn

s.ciioD3. rrok.n.se &ol.r.'t.rr' t'dono lh' t'u''lim .nd Hindc

'cbioclo

pdiod or Ar.h conraor wirh Alakan'

c[irbsore rild rF AEkaie:r Esimo 1239

.dihci v/th 1r: r.nuslms as ca,ly as rha

nlnth enrry A D. Ih: Ai,kd.r.rrrcdr! sives @rorcnco rolh6Mlslim $trhmeday. (7333r0 a D).1 Musld riqi6 aid dervhh.s usod b vhirrhe A6kaiesa 6asr. Oi6 or rh4 i! drly known evi&ices or tnistadr h rho 6ii3roicB or ir6 Muslm shrine. called 'sada, Muqam'6c rsrcd alono ihs.o:dline or aftkan.' Thei 'Bada, fi4uqams ars

sh i.s o,lgii3lly crccr.d by rh.rollowere and devoraes or Pn B3drdddin Bad, i-Alam, popuhrlykiowi ae P s.d,. This acr or commemoElon susle srhar Mus-lim shls and sailoB h:prancd ro land Lha .oa$ ol Aiakaias e ly as rre lotr $enllr .6nirry.

The shdual Muslin i.rlhtion nLopoltcal 3id.uluralliloor Arakn b.camB mo,e rorc€rul dunig tre reisi or Mois Tsau

h3lr or 1is sulr]i or card (Jalaluddin Muh+mmad sh+) EerhcJh5 h,ono.l

Muq:m' seo the conubui

ea,ly p.r ot !$ seveirssn'h ce ury rhe ru1,6 ora,akan adopred

Mrjlm Lmos ,.o i.s ,oeo ,ho-e drias ! ma( ot rhstr pat ol Fsnsal sspecitllych hsois. Two

rc $s namc. ora Muslm scvernod nars olridiah rroldinq PsBan nn6, rhs tsLiryns b tha ladol $s slaaic peicva,ioi o Aiik:n. rhe Muslim EUbiusdions otABkan riom ima ro rims unddul)kdly hcrcosed fte lslamic i0lluancd

subms'ion ro rha Husaitr sh.hi ,utet.s Tho

$ 6 rrEr rM Pa ti atuv ol Muhammad

i I ,i s B, xll Oeaa), 362 For .n analyricil sttrdy of 'Bad,

ion ot Mr Slddq Khii in rhel

4 .i ^

s P, x (1960), 12s

290lA Hhory ol ahnrasohs

Shah Ghazi enrsred inro A,ak3n.r

The Mlslim populatron of rhe koodom or arakdn (whlch

inc,uded rha Muslm or ch mooio) aturada szeabl. qudi[ty ro loh a socisry o, ftenol Musl'm popularon in rh8 knsdom ol Amkai was due maiilyro rhs b,ins^s or a hBe iumborofdprivo Muslimsby rh6 rl,lash,Fnrsi pndes I'on Lows Ben,.,3l Ths A,ikaioso, w,Dr Str AP PhryE " appe& ro have s.nr rumbars o, rl,e inhabla o iiroAhk.n dslavso...They lorm aLioutl5% or rhs whols popularon,"2

B.mi$ wire:,'Alrhoush r)e kii9 ot n!kan bo a son( le, yar tMrc ar6peoplq who have e h., chdoi ronstawd bY Lha Po usr6e .in ften

rhus p,ovs rhs i8d rhar rhe MusLm commmi(y of ABkr^ was com.posed or borh rclusse 3nd dpLivc Muslms Pod Alaot wnrssrhar rho cosbmporc,y Muslim socery ol Amkan wrs composed

of va ous elemsnG Fgypiar, syiai, -Iu,kish,

Aby*hian, Rumi (ayza ian), KhoGsil,Dsccaiiai, Assamese, Bais;16e, K

csne.l Asians .id a ho$ ot oftor iaLomli,ies,6 Th6 6ccoD of

Oia or rhe mrin srhilc grcups i^ rhe kl.id ot sum ,a, id-cd,a Bt tonn-.o, 1'ti 6tt,nt_t

1975, p. 59)',Ihs props Maloy iams ol rh€ plac6 6 Achoh

The Ponrsues sesetully colled ir Achcm." H./, p. 3

cochtn was calkd by rha Malavs Krch r vde H L p.226

rhr .ir1ar{ rqF ljicr (,'i'f .enorlr: a.! Enrs4,

sorl, icrrl. {Ft. Ei}l, {Rr1 rl,

2

chitaqois lndff rho A.aktne$ rcsima I 291

rhe co emDora,v rorciqi tBvelLerc ,hrcw lloht on ths Muslim

etlameb n Amkan, w rino in rh. besiiiins ol th.savenrsn'h@nrury cuereno obse ee: "Tho Moo6 world .lwavs bo s ibos

rhar is very srbmksiva, wnh no oLh desno bLt 10 llvo uid6t

hr (kins ol Arakai) prcIe ion."1 Manu.d ddas rrl shah sh'

uh duaq his $ay io Arakrn, "lotrid maiv dwelleB !n A6kai,

Tha Mudim popula'ion ot Ahkan .oisi{ed ouqhlv ol rour

lomed rlrs hrcesr pan or 'hs

rolal Musl m popularloi ol Araktn-

Muslmsr,om Lowor Bonqal contrlbusdeersalos Muslims rn rhe Arakan6so

The lavour showirc $E Muslms hd 1o fte erowrh ol Muslim iobillv ii Ahk'n'

Accordins Lo cue sroIhB wo,Ls or Daular oazi aid A16l

Namj M3rls, sved sh.h etc. who lEId 16-

.F..1 qiorl, Irt't. .r'{il d!il. lEr'll.uriql, qLi ?riirl I

qzlrt. !{Brdr'r +r1n1, !n(Ilir1.{ri6, .iid, r{18{ rrilrI

r.i !!1 l4{ drr4' rhr .c6'.l{i"i ir. Erior r R B s, P. 12

292 A H'edry or Chjrtsqoii

pooslbls posls in Alaolr wofts slvoruL^ Ewad tt€

lerned Muslims.l Thr Musr nobrrryai,i Iaa(ed men contrlbured,a giow,i o, slamc crl,d6 io A'akatr

Th. Muslio i,rluence made a deso ma on rhs eciery and

rion of rL/ludim ioblirv ii rhe c.,ona'or rnml of rh.Aiaraiasamona,ch. M:jlish Navraj, r sciio, io'srcr orficitrlly cdnducrcd

rohally p,6n.!n.ed rhe sDlrmi dulics aidrespoisbrlles or: kiis 6i,r ursld rh6 naw kiio E fouow rh8$.aiisr rh6 con.lB:6i

ofics. tko qazt,lEquer'ly emoloysd in rhs Arsksne$ govsmmonr Muslim n.ii-

whlo ha wrs eliis,o ply b5lm La rspliLrul mode ol salu-

k0 ) b,fda rrcmadan inrlueice whi.h lrd ro ioDen bsis moro $cldld ii

ro the Mudm comhunirv and tha

Bongali ller5ntre prodtr.ed a brillair srouo orMurlhwilarchiha sovsnc.nrh cenrury. k h railly amdsins to iors Lhar tho

Fra-..s1. h d lorcrrn rulsB Eutth6 mo{ h'eEsriis

o! .ll k th bern{, in dsadly hosrilry wlrh $e MushtlE ii their

6rl{z ql4, rtq qr({ .rr3rrd., pp 26.27: aiso$E 'E6isal,

ottlk. al Btm.n Hhbrt, p- so

alacl tko,dd Jvdfrd, p. 2,iirl!e0.. 'i AGka, atP,

cllr.0o,ro undor rho A,rkoi*E rcslms 293

lo,ssn rolarrdns rhc

orc esrp,ivleses ro rhe Mrdims onoidsd patronaqa b rhs lsl.mic.trllra and qava inrluenLia! supDo ro $o Muslin Foots ln rhor

Io rhe Hiidus atrd rheir cullu,e sla&di,om rhs vc,y ea,ly pErod or its hisrory Trc chandn rula (733

-957 A D) in Arak'iyriries.d thr ovrrlow ot saivism oidTaiti-T s vo1.". rooDq,l.6 .ro "J_ .mr'c

twelrL, c€murcs ot A'yai inrlueico oi 'hs

rclsols Iro or rhe Ariraissa. ihe ll^du ltrfluen'6 on socirl

and rclislous liro

0s31-t5s3 A D). R6rnnis ro tro srvl6 olbuildhgs, .on$rudcd M, M S coll's I'mi*r

(or ths rempl€O is ienher Mohamcdai nor

Eh Pindu culrtro bssai ro bo Pauo-

nn.d by rha Amka^6s6 khos inwas .ihb ed ln rha culru,6 orHindu lgamins and liloritv Eenqoli

ln rho cou . Ea,erinq b rho paroiaqs ol ths Arak6icss kiiosSn A P Ph.YG w'nes: "ln rh6 inrsid

coloi ds trom B.nsal, bmuqhrby rho Arakrn kirsi I an 'nclinsdto rhinL thar Ue A,akanae h.i cht wers ia lans, imeE va'y

&ahhaiicaUy inclln6d. 3 lr seems $at all or rh6 srislla. Hindu

coloitut or Phae.s iamlon were pdssibly nor coloniss ii lhsolrh8i ws,6 idlcposd

1 c, E B Joh"don, 'soma sanlkrr lnscdptionso ,4 s, xl, 367145, D c S(c , liscripllonsar ri'akan', E ,, xxxrr (1s57), 10310e

2 , ,r. ,c s, soLh ani, pubr le6o, p. 4s43JlrB,x (r84r).0i2

294 I A Hhroly or chirhsois

Eeisol aid werc rocd to ssltls n thoiewland. Amons om rhuo nust bo s.mo le 'ed peEons, wsllvdsed in rh.n slrist*. Th6y w,6 dsksd ro demotrstute tenkiowlados h rhe royal cou(. Mreihr6ncs o, S,iskft la iins in medisval Buma, Iha raxls reLaGd

b su|h $bjecls os a*rolosy, a{ronomy, 6edi.n. law. rhdoic.id rclisiols s lprurcs weE p'ese,nd aid cuhiv edbvihasoho']are reridns ln the,oy.l.ou . D, Forchammar (1330 AD) wri'ss

'Ihss ar'sE s real Sriskir ll,erurr,olike lida wirli N:s i 3nd B4oali chdad.rs.

Hid! coloihG who ar dil,e"rcnr pe,iodr... ssnled i rhk @ud,y." The c! rivarion or Sanskir

oxorched rrluencq uoon rhe Muslim wIeB of Aidkai did holped

,lown sritk,iric Benqal.

s&tion 4 t.sacy ot rh. lr.kan.6o i.slmo

The clos conffr betrvlei chilbqonq aid ;iakai rrom rimo

lmm8mo,ial dowo A,akamse rcsims ha. letrdisrincriv6 m k. ip6 or so.i6ry ind culrtr@ol rhadid fi. Ths iams Maha, bywhch rha Mallhs or Chnraoono

Hll Trem iirodum ihem$lves loorhns k darived lion Mydrmd(or By,mna) rre ia onsr nrmo ol rr'e Bumtrs which is oily

S m,t*lv Bo\md1si.(h6 sred Bohm ) md Pomsnl (rhd s'sar poatrq), ihs rwohono fic iiiles of rL's [vrash ch efs of chir.ooiq Hill Tccrs ddarrch th6 mrddla or earlrsr. Tha nams

Bowiioni occurs in an A,akan*e in.c prioi (1540-'4r A D), discovered ii ci LGqois.2 Tha Em Bow,igri of ths ins. prloiis th3 deb ed lom ot Bhaswai Gutfixddrd.siri or s'ear) in

HsmlLon, op. .iL, rl, 777iEol Fo,ch8mmd, Itrkor,

A R, n t1lsa), zes: r B r

arso, I ,{ s 3, xLrr (1314) 24 aid

chirrsons unds, rhe AEkancs rsoima | 295

Ssi3tir Pak,lr vocabults,y. Tha wod Bhsowairo any €r6l(ed p€Gonasel Th6 reh Pru (variousryw nen as Fru,

F,oo, Phru, Ph,oo and svei Phyu dr Phyoo ( r' &inq rcplac€d

by 'y in rhD sa,ly Ernish rcvoaua papds), a rcspscrabls 1irl.,hsld bv tho hsmheGol the ,tlitrq ramrlv ot Lha Maqhe or chircsons

H ll T,acE h.s ils

n'ld by 06 r fhso.Mon!, a rrla p'erixBd

(core.pond ir'onaEs ii rhe ccnual Asiin Moiqol km monq, implviiq .ial€d

Ihjs de vatioi may also bo appldble rd ,s Ltlawhlch LhE pB.nr day HiU chier or Ramoa,h is kiown.

Peopld or rhs tuak3nesc chidl e1.m6 s otBsz Drericb As a

tuliie rt.a rhe Aiakaiesa ould sslh whereever $ey likod. The

Chiuasois dudis rhe voubled vod6 rollowlns rhe dearh ot kinsrhni rhudhammi (163s a Dl4

P.litrll coasrttntbr,no, la,aarl25, 1794 rn 6uhese laisuasei' is kiown rs so M,i cyiwhich h

see rrpd, p. s7

SaE h,ra. ch xiv, seo 3 Ths wo,d Mash s allkd ro SanskirLs msanins husband in chirh-

soiq dalBct may

namo Maqh is inva,iably applkd (o borh aEkonose aid SeiqalssBuddhhb G'e rhs ani.le s V Muss in H J)

,nt.ap," C)o1.tt. O'Mrlll.v wrir",. -DLnBrh€ son ot s'i sudhdma (Thii Thud-

hamma), Nsa Tuo Khlr made his es.ope tom rho rown and

Ived in rha ivilddiess; and c,bin msmbors or rho roFlhmily and o1ha, nobl.s lslt to, Ka hai a pldca in Chilasonooid *rden down rh'6 Ot (ha 100,000 suadr who ws6EErioied ii Myohammy, 50'00c dlsgned $e kins and !01

296 lA Hidory ot chltaqotd

Buddh sm rc.sives ? sscu,s pt6.c ii r,E naishhouiiq 6ututri6s. Bu,ma roEs Lhs s'at or suddhkm and

it wrs rcvivsd also ii chirbsdis. suddhhr mrsesloi ih' r6m.pl6 :trd nond$6riasin ead of .aes. lida, Acolosil miss or Lord Buddhal

h6s bsn uiaBnrad in rhe Raiomahal H lls. Two imases ol LodBuddhE wore duq up ii thr sliidol Maheshkhal' n the mrddls

or rh6 la$.enrury.2 Ths Bum3n sLyls ot sculpltr€ h evidenra.o s'uo"s bu'ir durns

de seen all ov4 solrhem chnrasonq.

A li4e nombd or dishr or resrvob oM ihsir excavirioito rh. AdkaissDDishi' ii rhs sdkaria u. z, oi the

nuins ol d Mash Emplo srlll cxd(thE) arc s,ill seen all over rhe ddrcr

sep.cialry fte racr iyiis ro ,rLe souih of rha Kao:phul.

M'1, or'la ph "14For ii.6ice, 'cuo km maaiins cow, is louid

(ii Fiozao, simrl,rly, ,noa, means burfato,No.bila 6id sr on.

mirk4s in naisuria aid sd-keila u. z ae namod Brtv such olri.ds 'Hoaz' vras also animpona adminl6tliv. po$ uid4 rhe A6kancs0 and Hoaa har,

. maoi in Baigun]aKolas.on in Patiyo iaffi of . lEon o. vill

tha csp ,l, 6his wrh 'he Ns. L,I Rooi, wrro w;s rhslp cst, atrd serLled down ii tunrha lndJ Ns, Tlr (hin. Theirhe K as catLd ths qlvehor o, Kantha rha kiis olM€m.asri." (o Milley, op. d.,, o, 67f Ihis Kaniha, rho place ol

cai 6' t:tsirifiod wnh , villdqe of

I3 r n 5. \1. ('"05). kr. roft o- in

1904 ls p,esorvod ii rho cily Buddhhr hmpts.

chircsons uid rhs Arckanss resims t2si

villags Fosansni in Ferkchhariu z onqrnarss itr Bosans, Boigalivereron ot Hakhrms or arakanl Muk,.chhw q (popula,lvMallik chwans) i 5 k.ita u. z. h probibly rs rctc of rhe

( ? c€trss or Ma iqu accotr ), rhsh6l&r ot .n aiakansss admiihkarivoposr. orhe. ceiomessuch

obv'ousty €irher rhe aiakane$ names ot rho plo.eso, rho tramErdiached ro rhe tuaksi*e pcriod. Abrvs all, rhs n6ma ot ft€

have 6?en dertved nom ai ArakriorB piuarinsdipriof, or rha re h ca ury A 0.2

Nor only rhe names or de ptac* burror 6nmpta, phora (Lod Buddha), kyans (ehpre, ,kioum, in rhersrh csni!ry Erirhh w inss), phuigi (p ed), Fauti (cl6rcy) andwods or such k,nd hsd mad; rhef way

The AEk.nese hrllei.e on dre$, tood, so.al cusroms erc,

rh6i, Arakan.se nsrs. rhs uppsr po ,on h kiowi as ,doma.,!^d rhs lower n 6 knorn as thamr, Trrcnames orrheuos-lums as Ahkmxa m hod of w@iis rhem

orara.a . Brburs drrobos.aDty, traFatoJr

3 Th€,lh nanrions,luns. or a cloih rouid rho loiis (vol, ii,pi 293)

29s j a Hisrory to chl Dsoi!

bolns u$d Io bo womsi dutuq ths m i_

dal p. od, Ths aEkanee mlghr havo bdrowed rhs pradi@

l6m rho subbnrln€nr and afteHaids taismted ir ro chiltosoig.

so, rha .upposirioi thd rhB prec ce .l wsariis iwo pieces of

clorh o snared in

Burm3iizdion of tuakan, rhe l,rt s.ve up rhls prcGri@.

was once wd6lvpevalcnr in chlksois belo,e tha intodocrion or rha chd{bnE,a bv rhe E,irGh the Al H6ska a'd rh6

B6nsall E weEmost popluld rll the snd ol rha nitralsanLh cetrturv

3€ciioo 5, isrn.ntB ot th. Tripu'a cont'ci wirh

Thoushout tho sxEo h .eirlrY, rha Tripu,.s enrsrsd 'nb

a

osdoly .o{lcr w.hot chirtasons. wnh fts obFcrv

sdch Dowenul Tipu,i and Birovm:iikva

@uld ovdrun rhe to cnd; bu! Ih.ir hold oo

chilEsonq, ercepr a decade or Lhe Trpura rulc uider B'iovmanikva

Ia$€d lo, a very btier 'im! TheY,

the Atohan tule, tr h:ldh!, a po ici ol io ho'n Chirrtsono

und ,hen oc.upd,oi. Amoie ths rln$ co 6ndi.s powe6 (viz.,

Bcho6l. Arad "nd - ru J

u'**,-r,Io-"**Eensal a.d Arakln could ndr mik6

Survivi s tace or r,. nPUhvivid specbcle sven iodav. IheE

u. z and on lhe

occ!parioi ol chiruoo.s isai,e srlll some Tdouras Esidinqboderl ne barween chirbsons

L'[o o$er Hndu rulerc or Bcno'l, $o Tr ptria kinos usod ro

accohplishmonls bv philanLhmpic w0rksruch

Chi'Egons undq rh6 Amk6ne$ resim6 | 299

.s consrucdns bmplos, dilrolo, la4e hnks

or rh6 Liom ruld ove, chirhsonq. lhobotom or rhe ldd io such ai 6{s lharit has beei mtrvairad into.uhivabts laid, ontyrho ruinsd emban,

nor be srid wlrh Eny

who amono rheT,pua kinssduo rhoerank.,Tho Raj,moro s 6 kjnq Dhmya ankya

A,akan. Ths ldenriri.dion or $is cnk wilhrhs Trip&r diohi h rhe villase K atd.nqa ts.r cors asubiacrol coiiedurc. Thd v'llaqe ismsd lipurr suhaida ii rh6 Raojan

u. z. aid the TapuE jaioal2 n6 rhe rown Fay hava rclarior rorho T,ip a rulo. Tho hill-anos nsmcd ,Ghonsimurha in rho

dis*tous etrea of Tri-pua soldie^ lrcm A.ak.n durins Am imaDky3! rub3

Sdms rripu,a .oloqtrirl Ehs such asmurhEhlk),lanoi (olanlo,m suppo,Ed .nd nada with bamboos .nd wdods) havo lound0.c!$ 10 th6 chrasons dBlsd.

Tho mosr rcmdkabla chirecuEl rcri-virler h Ch'traoons ii Lhe Iara medkhl Datod h rhs chandraidharempls in sirakuida. Tha chandEiaflr! rohpte oi rh6 psak olrhe hill, was brill by covjndamoiikya, rho pious Trtpu,a monrohwho l'!ed 1 ct,tr"oo.o ur o.t". to.bwnqa pahcs revoltrLioi,

^trer hh redoErioi ro rhe lhrciq ho bullr

a Gmpls dn rho chaodranarhs Hilt aid crcavaied a bik ne ir,4

Fo',6 rc o". rA d6i 'eld'

m '0 n40, T,,dnlcom lh reqdn

4 6l{7.E ri!.r{r qt tr?f ,

r{r]iq?s c{E,sr eil{r f(r Lr

trinc€ shujs s so,ouh in cllirt.eoE .nd th.tho so 6llsd shui. fioad

P,iico shula Lhs luckless a.pnanr Lo rhe lhron. ol Delhi

aid dspo'ed nom 'he

subahdaGhro or B.o!r) The ouGuns mpar.l mv uid$ Mlr

comlell:d ihe lrustatdd flns accord'is

'o r. ih.s..dnd.'obo h"{4 rdrerlo t'r.r\qaYnroTo AH l,hc n4h

rouG bkei bv tha lusirive Drhco ln sd!poi Lo d*riiailon, has not b'ei sarisracrorilv

ssbblished so rar. AlmosL 3tl rha co"bmporarv sources hold

ih shah shuj? anc hs Erry Ietu

ro lhe Aknstidn'h, "oi ths (ollowins

day alror sradn rcwrds AGltan, rheY meron rha w:v o numbDr

snd Po uqtress ssnl

assd shah shuja aid hspervund rh'6rd3B

or rho kins ol a'akan.'2 (h.u (hatr ssvs th , "((heprinG) ioa_

hG pareoial oHecG vBssels or gold aid

ii boab, rowed bv rh6 Po usuesesailore' Ao'ordiiq @ Ma r'i\

atrd rhs subseqtreil evo s hsvo bean al6_

by Mr slcdiq Krrai n hh .emmsidtble

s P, rx (1s66), rs5'2i4,

chirrdgons uidq lho Arakai6.6 rsqlma I 30!

n.rurivo, rho priica was rcbbod or 3ll rh6 trBasurct and igw6lle'vol tuakan'1 lhs

'venrptuid-ne ol \lJistbls as Palsiga, D'ais and some othe, placa on rhschirrasonq

w{e rhs nororious

Flundorlns opehtloos. lho conrempoGr/ Enolish facro,'s reporE

corobodve referenc' ro Priice shujai set

ioum6v b ohinaoons lr slaEs: "aboul $o I'Grondorauqus(...he (Shq:)tled bv hod and sod ro a r,onLier ton or $e kins ol

Anackans. 2 This t,on ar pos w€s ids 'ca]

wilh siLhor Diais

or Chlhsonq Tho Etrslkh and Lhe o ch

tacro6 definirelv shE rh lho prlnm wN broushL liom Bansal

ahada o, rhe klnq or Ai:kai

Bur ts sizeabla bodv or opinon beloisin€ 10 ths la erpedod

lrolds rhar rho ,ouls Eksn by ShuF w3!maiilvov l d throush

lho hllls and juiqles or T pud aid chGqoiq. Ac.ddins to ihs

aulhor ol rha RiFz,r l,d i, "strlbi shui. wnh a number ol loll'ftsice Pro@Edad ro

(r+tzrr."l Chelds Srew . rol.owiiq R. d.6nGrcc rhs w,ld mounMiis ollippsE, rrE a loos ard waarhoms

jorn6y, ha raa.kd chntorois."4 alexands Dow{aE$"Havlns

.uch ar Sn A P Ph.y,e,6 L s s o' MallsyT atrd orhre Wirh all

E r , (16551667), p. s31

302 | a Hierory or chilaoonq

oor in3bilry ro a.@Dr

I ./ s- ,1 s. xxvt ngser_ se

chnlasons undd $e A,akanssa ,6q mB 1303

o$ disposal, But ir doos ior b4h.llvditrormuch lrom,hs Erslsh Facb,'.,epons, lr,nsni.noh,aid docounts

or rhs co empdE,y travolle,s suoh as B€misr aid Manucoi. Almosr

all the.onrcmpo,ary aurho,res tsll ftBprn6'ercmporary dsidencs

Abour rhe P,lncab adlv ties du ns hisb sf.ky'is in Chirb_his@,iane say pnd callY nolhrnq Kh.li

Khsn wir.s that fte i&a ol occupyiison tha frc i66 or $o BaF of Aakh!ns.-1

ft ics shuia mish' hivs li his mrd a

klngdom or Amkai as a whols a (o makc

a baE6 0r hs br.rher Khafi Khai's srara-

msnr is indkscrly ,r,oflgn,oi,oi, accordins ro

wlr cj, lhe DrinceBhalur' e lier on h s lom.y to AGkan

msnr of ths Prnce's p'oj€crol s'izn9 chirhqons has.lotridtloi,Noweld OD prolocl had any, could never

Tlro loctsl iiadirlon and lolk poemi supply slideice ol $€Prlnce'6 sojouh n Chncsons. Accodlis b rhs local iddirions,

his p,aye, somewhe,a ncar rho ddsah or Pir

Bdr shah, siruatd on a hill roo a' rhe hsan ol rhs citY. Alocal ballad- iamed tan B t Hcrnotd ndrd6 th ds P,in.o

10 ,ho holy sh,lns ol Pi' Bad, and oenercuslydhribuLod alms ro Lhc

r'.1 n'hs, ?. "o,6Pi'cuously sk@d bY shhibuddn Tal'sh.

Daraled bv ths nacirioi and the banad hrve r defiiiro lounda.

2 dtsilF qrtF Erir rr.r? rrEar

304 tA Hbrod or Chnaeois

The ..use ol rh6 P,in.6's dep ruG rrom Chirbsonsl is nota plac6 1ik6 ChiLrasons coutd nor sen6 as

a basa ol opeErions rsaind rha mighry Muqhal Empira, secoodly,hB mu havs head rhe iows or rh6 p,osrss or Mt Jumla,who war drocGd by rh6 Empero, auhnqzih,dlv, fts Ahb'a bouid ve$als wors 6irher unavaitablo at rhs poriar thar rlma q rc sails darcd norvenruraromda lkeajouney

moisooi and cycldne Th€se

ioiidy or evsEuy iiducod rhs Pdtrco rolir up his m,nd b I?avB Ch ksDns d ro make a ioumoy ro

,hs IocJ orhds

A6idi,2 rho nama or rhe Eequm(shah shuja,s ecoid w,ro) as

Dows and Esals,4shah shuja ar6 iamed as Gulrukh Eanui rhe eldesr

p ncos (probably 3he d d nor sccomeanv th€ fuoiriv. p ly), Rdu.shai A. Besum, rhe.ecoid p nc6qrha rhi'd p,inceswasn.med

nkk memions in rho pa y, a sh@r or Shuja mmed sahe B@

The com€mpo,ary on rha iunbdandnamer ol rh€ sois or shah shuja who rohed h'n. 'rhs A,on.3nr4m0,, spec tcally mei ois zaiiuddn, Bltand akhw6nd zainalAbsdii fioush ir ddls nor say who amon€ rho p'ncosacrualy

n fi{ c{r rei.r {in +Enitrlsi risrs rrqrlt rliq iril

1W Baa a. An Orcn4l E ostdpht.ot

or rhs chaeckbsddiq Khai in rhs / A s P, X!

has besn discuscd by Mr

Chitbsoiq uid{ rrra AEkanes6 resime 1305

acconpa ed shtrh shuja. Bem,er, Maircc, d Bawrcy mentonsulran Eatrs (also spelt as Eank, B quo, o' Bon) ae Shulat ronshoss acriv6 rcla in rhir evanr has b6en relaEd 3r som6lensthbv $6sa sources. coni! van voorb(q rhe Durch !hi3t ladora( Mduk-U nairiois 'Bon SulLan' os lho aldesl son, in a ls(trro iho headiua ra,s ar Baravia.

A1 rhal i,e, rhsrE was aw;ll kiown ptrhlic ro,d rrcm chilra-Adkai, tha &scipl on ol which h gven

by rhe Eump€ai tavelleB.l P,lica shura msln have lsed rhis

ro A,akan Thk m:d, sub*qDnily colladshrja Foad, orsn * kom $e lerr baikof Lhe river Kariaphuli,

(or Bundrn, AiwaE, aid (h€n alkr cro-rhs A,akan Foad

map sho6 otrly,ouohly co esponds ro rhe noddn chirh.

Th s pa or rh6 rcd runs6irhe, rhDuohrho hills o, p allel ,o the hill Eises. Locil kdirlon asc,lbes

rhe name of Dulahazra for lsw houE wrhths rhouend pElanqu ns c

'yins rhe harcm ladles. Eidoons was

iamed os such bacaus6 rhs Prnca ps,lohsd

lhar place. Borhsrewa 2 and Phayrc3 hok rha vkw rha( rhe

crcssad rhB rlv$ Nmr on rhen joumy bdo nor say on whhh pohr rhey ch*od tha

,ivs, Th6 roure by way ol Taknal lsnounblnous and errrehelrhrzadous. rhe local ballads ia ars th Lhe Pinco had undsr'raksi land iouhoy ol ftnGei davs aid LhnGsi ilshF wirh d

rouhlsd mlnd itr th.d,anca laid berorc he Eached rhe soshorc'

3 Fhayra w 16: "From thsncg (chxbsons) rhsy ravslled rhrcusha dlnculr .ou ry (o rhe N6ar Bivs,;snbred tuakan, and arrved .r rh6 oapihl aboui ths .id ofrhs yed 1660," (OP, ., p. 17e)

306 rA ttGlofl ol chirtsqons

tlerc he mlda a hilr fo h,es days,1 in oda b raka 6r.on rh8 rounh diy, tounde .ok rheseatouDay andrn.tly hrh6drhe AEkanEs ctsp al. Tha hre or tha Prtnco ar6r his ai,ival ar,hoc.piElor Arkan car be known rro m various so u..es. n is dmoduirrimously suDroscd ihar he 6lons w rh hldf.mily @. brubllyhudqed by rhe lj6kri6o krcs.2 Ssujih trasio.id may ,oniidaiybody ol rha ransirotuess ol ths worldlv pow4 .nd slory,

bv him srll snmemorares his untonuiob

ApF.ndix 2. F.ihor H.nrlqo6'o Journev from Dians to

Farber Manriqua cam6 ro chirbsons on SoD,.hbs 25, 1629

es. An unavotdabb cncumsranelcom@lled h'm to und,'are a journ,v rrcm Dianq roihcAmk.oesa.apiral rha inkredlns drals 6r

'hs jourey

chitrasons iarared by rhe rravell$ h.ve b;ai sumD z.d below.

on Jrly2,1630 rhs day or rha chriiran tasrimtof tha v sira-

sloance of iishr", embarksd oi a ,csti., ,'nounred bv lowa ul,owa6". lr $em. ih rlrey ware $lixs aloiq a rods ciose rorh6cozsl shonly air.rwarr., lhon cratupa$6J "alcn9 a nTr6vJ.boilins

hourhsof sev al sneams aid ahtoflhassr.mourhs o, sv al reams' ro ou' ravoller is

bur rh6 soverat nol1hsirwss'au &nrsrou! ro olvlqde" ii rhs moiscon mon$s2 -which

soscally alois Lhe.o3 ." 0n d)s rhnd day

Maidqu. rook rho rlna wroioly ro bs wlnre,, ThoGllol E -pa,aru,a as a resul( of haavy din and rycl.nicws ha, mishrs va i$ ro otr, travells/s n nJ .usDi.ioi of iving waarher.H! is nor, howrvar, w,ois ro rc ioD rrE rimD, "a seasiol hsavy rain €nd srohi' (rmreu., r, s3). I should r(r

laid, rho rb ian Pshnsuh belonsro ihe MedGrli8an climara which h charad.rlzEd by borhsummer aid wiiter prociolarlon.

Chirhsons uidq rhs AEk ose resme 303

6f rh6r joursy, rhsy 'temhed hs . w dr Famtr justdt rhs hourb,s monlle over rhe ea r trccompa

nhd by h,avy iimLcai clouds whhh dk.hafgsd rhen w ery

oppo !D'1y or bndins". PrcbablY lh8

1iav6lh, 3r rr's rase jourey 'hbuq,th6Bak-khal' oi lvhich rhe

inre,io, p t or rho wearhe, prcve ed them

tom iindiie aid rhey Ee,e'oblised ro p*s rhs nishr n rhe

qrr." Nezr dry (he sxlh Julyl ddawo rhey dkmbqk.d aid

'whd road (thcy) propos-i 1o tolei, Ma r

ode BDIed th 'lhs hu13 aloiqcDqu ry ,evealed

quedloi 6s owins ro heavy G tr rhc dr..ms nom ths hillsw o

s!ch voluma aid rolm iir su.h violsnr wal?r

ion$s,hd even EhDhin6 coul4 nor rord r56m Thev w.Isadvhedthe lafd 'dtrte

oi Jllv 7, rhev bsumed rhen

loumey ]hey !v,s

rhey "decid€d 'ob.d ovc, {ho tEo leaoucs ups'eam m lhs roor

Ithlikalyrhdrvla que aid his pa YrakhsEak khalr moved lf,land aE

t'a. as Galan 3, pos,bly $! lin I mir o, Lft oivis.blitv ot thsan hor uril rhe €lephanb

com6 uD' rhe elsDhanG, nowdah" 'tullvluhbhsd wnh ma(rcsses tuqs, aid clisionE anl wdll dosed

in w h w.rcloh abovs aid cFalnson tlE sids." oi Julvs,whan rhey warB abour ro ra rhen inland iouhey, . man was

rlqe,, as la,se as a youns b!11." Aftei a

whll6, rha vicum wd rcscEd wirh svre hjd,ies in hk body.-rh* rheY had ro p.* ft

w h ouns in haids, oco3sion3ll

3091A H,sr.ry ot chinasono

wild aiimah ori rhs road. ' soaked by h6avy rah and -erporieicins sre dLff'culrymud" rhcy rea.hed a "culivaed openins', (he plaiihnc howeeirhs two hill Enqes) ar ;hout 4 o.ock. Thev did oor dae to

be Mo leasuos. Thsy en.ampsd ar lhe loori,shl oi rhar niqhr rhsy ws'a lashed by "a

,Ul]ou6 wiid,, wh]ch badly$n'h July, fiey resmed rhoir jolney bu(sooi round themselv6s

ii.lemeicY o,ihswsE robliosd 10 cb off

rhen cb$es aid n $s tshe* or

rhe v.ry early houBaid r.ached rhe roor hills. Thoie rhey

,ound somo desqkd ai wetcome shslLer

:,wa,c old oood

ofrh6mo iins iumed dEtul elsvsn o'ctockrhe6 ror rhe whole

day aid nrshr. Oi rha mohiiq ot Jtrty 12, ihey Eiched rhe

idenrited bv $eedi,106 or rho TGVels ,s Thela.dauns mounrars which ,oh rh.

and Assam tads, likinouo wtrh rhe srsdln Fais8. Ar rhe bds or oa 'rha,l*daune

prcbably ns rbubryi rhe Myo.ka..houno.oi July 17, rhey Raioo aid rca.hed Peroem

rhere rhem'ssonary n,eeu da rd hs fil:l

by Manrique in proleEics ro olhr buies,is noi d'lriculr b o@ss Tho laid roure riom Dhnq Lo rhs a6.

loasues lois. lr ustrrlly rok.s rwatvs0ov4 rh6 disctr.s or "rough mou ,inous

chk6sons und$ rho A,ak.ns$ rogimo l3l0

sw:mps. lo alli rheD w.rc as msnyrhe uBvallars ,,om rh !ihd. on5 w6rhese.rorieridm Didq or chi(aqois drecrlo MEtrk.u (Mrch+uns), which rook Eccodiis ro Man,ique, only "a fsw days"

Manriqus ii his ,eru joum3y rrom araktn rochftsons. Tho seoond was fio laid roure riom chihasois via

which wa! p,obably ued by Pfica Shuja inhk r,oi. fliohr ro AEkli. Iha rhnd roub.id rhomo*ha4-dous was rhat uaad by our sGemed kavst!4 Manrque uidondokhls mis6ion ro Aakai ro pacirv rhs khs and ro Blhin himlromsond is mkiis rorcas ro uprooi rho Po ususss ol chirrssons.

aLJ h.r'a 'Fourh,

rhr rFedd\'-a 4d a*'-of rho prlncipal[ies rhrough which he

h3d hlsway, wd8 mcss.ry itr influsnclns rho arakaitussovsreion,in rhe condlcror i.soriarions withihesovernoc

CHA?TER XII

PORTUGIESf, ACTIVITIES IN CHTTTAGONC : Pr!RT II

6dlon I Doriu€u.3. ac.ivid.s tn chftr.sons durins!h.

^r6k.n€ss Bedm.

Tho Amk.nse ,uts ii chitosoiq wlissed rhe ponusu.$inllraroG, which i5 evident tn lhsn *mbl,shnrnr ot sotomonrsand jn rh8i' misioidry .s woll ae pnagcdl ocriv ri6,

skardar shah 0571-15e3 a D), kins or tudkan "was ravou-rebly dispoed hwads rh6 ponusuossr bs.atr$ lhe la sis bdhyal,o rtu T puE helped him in seinn

siva rhsm msiy racitiries fo. c ryf,s on r.dowlhitr hh knsdom; bur ihs Ia 6rh hishhaodadEs aid disloyatryro rhe Arakaiesa lv.ined rho sood Btaiioirhat had bEsn prcvaliis borw*n rhem, one ponusueso maEudsr,

souza Godnh!, bok up ams .saiid the AG.

'Knqs l6rcr" qr H J, p.3

20J, aho c6mpog, oD. d'.i p. 67

adruges erivi'3 in chiuasois 1312

rhe kins of Pon4al ol chiLLasois b6s€eda royal assir ro buld a Ponusuese lo n rhe potr row. of

rhs lhs ol Po trsalrequ6Ls ol th6 Po uqu*8. The khs also ,uhed down thsPon4ueso ptEn rho tuakaneso kiis.The kiis of Ponrsalsubjods ro ayold an med conflcr wLh iho Iocal ptuc€s tsnd

ro bs p%ceful serlsE.r c'mpoe howevar, r ndsfsulwirh rhe Pc..lhsarsfa.rioi on rhe nesli-gov nm.trr rhar raled ro

2 Th6 .oncl,dton Eachod bsrw6ei fte A'akaicse aid rho Po rsless

Lhlaw cold wde' on rh8 pEposl.

From rhe beqmnins or his rclsi. kins solrm Shah I (1593-

1612 A D) re 6d

welldisposed rowdds rhem rhar m 1596 A D he hmtued rhe

rhBs Dsce .r rh6 durhs rhdrthsy used roEv 3

Iha Potuquese pi icioardn in rhe Ahkaiese klnqs PBsu

Tha ki.s or Po usal i hs le er ro rhe vi.eroy or Po usuesew.ora thd A o o

do sous. Godinha osined rho ro or chdrsro by rorce ol ahsolfore (p milinq Lho Ponu

ouese) to bu ld ,o re$sshotrld be accspred

aid ir wlll bo enorsh ro ruinrain wirh h'm sood I ond6hlp,"H l, F. 203r ale campos, op, (t, p.75

,,Li la did rtu kis kiow th it ths Podusuese had ascrsd

rons in chilEgons aid ai.kai rhay misht h3v6 d6fi3d rh6(iio or Arikin oi laid as rh6y del6d his IlsG ar s6. in rhe

consranr drussler ih aros ln rho no lew yods,

'Klnss loto., q( H , p, 7,"33

Pdnuouce ac'iviL as ii Chiilasoos | 313

sxped rron (15es A D) 1vd rew d.d vJirh coacesson and p,viloss.

Gu€trBi'o wiLes: Almst all lho po (or ch{rasons) has b.sisiven ovs, 10 rhe lile rhere, aid ro whom rh6

(ins h vory w6ll-inclned, as thev haw assedhlm in his w!8,aid havs beoi ol snho ro him ii msiv orh$ wavt. To 6om6

o, rhem ha ha. slvens(peidsomor iiglo finry rhoNlnd crus-

.dos a ha hssdockred hk inron oi or makns oo0 ol lham

b$rlrr ,h. rwo m'$iondlos,he would e aiss lor $eft manr&

them allowame which ha would doubls rhs

Th*s concesions wirh an immone

ihen i3val basos

acco,dno to Guareno, Lha Pontrqu€56 iavy oi

I rreisrh ths Pontrgues che shed

b ba rhe und'spued mane6 of all ftc po s of Beigala 6nd

rn the bsqhiiiq ol the sevenb.nLh ce ulv, !h6 kland olsaodw'D was bDitrq ruled bv kda' nn, ch Br or B3kL Thasre-

dual Mlsh.l e:panslon Binsal rhrc etr8d his

.oitrol ov rhe sland and rc.ordis ro iavdlllah, ho evenru.llY

losr it io them.s ,ho lor looo had an 6vd on

rhis ch slaid rook advaftse ol this stu ion"6 Domrso Car

'o{ vJa Po Lqleta h Bs' !l or ovai ii

6 liay ullah, Ta,i[h.]-akbflormJ, qr E D,

314lA Hsrory ol chiLGqoiq

lndD," and who "was i the soruico of xs&r Fai,-l -rhrcw

TheiihabiEib of sandvrip, howevo, rctusd io ac@pl rhe dom_inarion o! ths lo:elsne+.and bear rhem ofl fiom rL: slaid, cuvallo, m exr€m di$a$,opFald 10 Mriuerii Deans" rordetvuancg ftoh surcaiirhLLrioi. M6tros rsspondedto rh6 appcal. H!, "Biur foor hLnc'ed m.d, rcached s.ndwlpoid mada a sudden inroceir tnhhbiranbot rhsisl.nd.id dispercd rhe peopl4 Lry swod .od ine. cad,lho aidMalroe rhon becams rhejoirsovemoE ol rhe,staod aid ruLd ror

of $en brll3ir seivicss, rho kinsof Ponuqal creaEd c valh. aid rrra oi Fidnoos da casa Rsal(i o rha noble, and bes,owed oi rhem rhe

Tha conqlB* olnoso moi ch alirmTho Muslim cou e6 o1 ackai, as sGred by Gu6 e,o, cau[oied

.) Tho Araitaaess k ns dGparched1602 A D, s lleot ro drva our rh€ po usurechef dronshold, l(ccar fiaj, chjef of Bdkla,

1oin6d ths khssot sc6nt ol rh6 mpei.l is aftck look ro rh:n shps and saitsdorl wirh all $cn could nor r.co rh6 sidmyt€nohous lorces. ihose of ch trtrsoig also besrn bescaoow Lhrtun mo$ prccioos

1

)btd,

Gunrtrq p, 195, scB allo iuprq p,240

Po uguee activirid in chitbsong |315

ot chiri.qons,"1 Thaiolnr atrack complotalv rdulcd ths Po usu6s

naw, Man@l da M.nos, fta Po uouese capEli of Diais esdped

wirh his llcer ro saidwp The Po (su6e

upoi the A6kaneso, on Nolombq 10,

ca alho ioio y mado a ds$o upon chi(ta3oio and d6rrcwdfi'Arek.tree iauyanchoriiq ner Lha po Thc sove,nor or Chitraooiq

who wqe rllled ii th combd lhs Ponusu'

esd, how.vs, dled ior Lo c5p1ur. chnkqois immedilElv'

when lhs news of the Ponusu*s mid o! Chirrasons was

cornunic.bd ro Lhe AEkaies' kiis, he hunGdlvse'ran iiforc6m0nr

ruhcd his atenlioi Io ths Po ugu'He disDamEd an !no'm.us rls6l to Sandwp,

wdn ? Pvrhlc vl.Lorv nBvY, aid dhpmed

oi nHrcal acriviLies. 0n ,hs iurrloriry of Gu reno,lr 6 k'ownlhri ono Portusues .aphn aamed Basuan Goncaluez4 who in

His aiqllcizsd iamr is Srb*tan Goizalsn ivo or rhevillaoe or S. A oiio delTozel, ner Lhb.o ando

"m.n.lcbscraexmdion"ror lndia aid otr his , val tharo w?nt tu Brnsal, whera hs t'steNed :s a souio,, "b prc5rblv thG prolD$oi did nor uriouIwcll. "subscquanrly hcombarked in tha srlr tads, bv mdans

olwhkh hs made.uflicisnr to DurcEss asalla (a sftll vessl),

in whth hecir ed a calgo or 6ah to Dlanoa" (Danvds,0P dr'$0. Bs ' I'od Acrodins

ll6lAHlsro,y ol Cx n.sois

@mbindiloi wilh sehhin Godnh:, 'mads h mselr s,.dly laai€d

ii fide oa s ddsc.DdBdyrd ir" li ihcr$3ulr, ho r.aptr:d srly pie.es ot a ll€iy'1Ns D ed oi simhrd{tucrlva acLuiies ii rhe r'.diac€irv'Uases

He 3lso "incnded to do I ks.wis ro th.lo res dch isar",3 uur to w* .."t"a oy mrolloweE ro whom -rhe saux world ba a vs,y porlous alfan.'4The Po'tusEse wss "unwillns ro rsk Lheir llvcr's Ii rho wa'

n srre or Lhe D,ovo.,ive ,criois oi rhe

ce!:.Lion or hoeilliat

o, ABc., rho Po.rusleso uid.r Nicotados,ho nadc Sy'am rh!i, stroiohold. Tochilrason!. rh€y

Ni.ob beosld rho kno ol A,sk.n ro

who -nor bern! rivolcbly dspDropo$l ,id,p6,surded obled io, whch hod6srd

'o ob :r po".s-,o,

bL &ir:!6 nm .,r q .iiqdo-.'

16 c!siiaib, he, in collabororidi wnh Bel.hio: Godinha, mvassdDi:nq. H' a..ompEnhd seb:n an pnro as a leulsn.nr drinqrhe 6i6qa ol SaidwlD AtueNads. he be.ame16 iideo.ideruIe,. ses ruDrc, p. 2a5j aho ses adni,, p. 173

7 D,nu.,t "p.

dt., ,'142

Po usuese acrivirios i Chi'bqons | 317

upon his khqdom, rhe Amkanes3 kin! ord3red a sen*al m63i.rc

batuarclslv c ,ied Poruqucn: Ion tharlives rn rh cold bloodedwdods. wh'ld othe6 mnaoed ro ,ea.r r5en ve$3b and pd our r.seo, am.ns{ whon lvas s.bdho Goi?ales 41

Ths deaih ol Nratr$l ds M ros, ,,lord or srndtva tshnd, n

ndep.nd!n1 Mrslim p, nc pal iyPo rqu6a. h a d'ivo a! d riem h€ pur

all ,h: chrish)i ihab('nb of rh' i:hidrl d.rh. Mon or rheand sdidwip f,!$i ss c.3ied ro Bakb 3id

fom uidq rhe a'rr or rh. Raj: or

ri, fier.e iavil snsrs.m4nl Faraxhan waskll:d by Lho Po uquse, cormanccd bv sotranhn Pinro Thssallant senecl u6.

Th6 Po{usuesr scbcbd GoiztsLs 6s a3n chnl coiz les

Eakla) rhai hs should recaive halr rhc revenues ofrhe htand ir h6would asskr ii rikms , (s,nd!vp).'3 The [hs of Baklj, accordhsly sEDr lome shies and rqo huidrcd hdse. 'ey Mnch, 1609,Gonznos ,ound 5im:alr toay n.t and 400Ponusue$ w h wh,ch hep,o.eeded ro rtr,ck rhe strd " 4 He rhetr

rh: clat:iame Brii.alD? in rDaiv s Io.arcs on rhe wcyq,

3nd id8iired w nrodeh Bharkt onrhe Maltrbar co j. so tur as the m.ssnr irradon scoic*n.d,ths pla.an3he E rcaloa s pos blv rh. wroiq,iprcdu ion

313 rA Hkrory or chinaqono

o, a s:ll.ii doteice by ths Mtrslim$ ThsPo !su,sa, rheicsroMad, ,ebli edin E very ctu6t miis,. AIIrha Muslim nhablkds ol irro istandi a rhousand in iuhba, wsrs

said\,tp m ked rho calminaroi o h6 ponu.. r39.o,. -oo qo..uruc."codtd,o,co.crvs

oi 'he

g(id EoFd ot.o,qtre,ino rh6 wlbl, e6 sn coad oarhs say of sdsal wnh chtrtasons aid Pesu rs bases to, rhsn

Seha iin conzil4s iJled hG htaid kiiodor.!ai r'indeosid6(sove,eisi 3 aid oi,aii,ed a soynimei! ol his own I kins. Burh6 Flicy.doDred by hG rhe policy ot rhs ptui

allesianc. ncfte,ro rh or cDa. coozates ako ptayod rho

rhB 'slaid

wer6 arfi's( sm sd lads rheis, hurrhesconzlas s!5sqrc ly rook

iho khe or 0 ri.,loa ( ? srktrj halr rhe rcveiuas o, rhs klandas hati been asreed

3 sonaror darsT ro r5o Araklnesi K ns. rn rhe earty p rofrhoyear1615 AD, thaar:krnDrcltrids,oororhe sli^dof saidwip. -Gooza-les louid hiDltf iow h 3 pre.arious posnioit ond behq in ieed

to' aid "6 "Hrotrded rh if rhr Vcsoy vrodd orre.ralty sup-po him ie l,ould b3come njblr y ro poruoal, aid pdy a satteon

3

Ioad or rico yearly in .ckiowhdqehoro b5 dslive,ede(hfl aiGoa or Malacca.&d $ "aI he hsd done was rc .vsnsa

( led by e IED)anqa.-2

Po usuese acdvi[es in ch(asono j]O

Goiz,16s, dopaalsent a rleer uids rho cohmaiil ct DomFoxo, who atrvad Ahr.n oi ocrob 3, 1616.3 Tho Areka-i8s kiis ii rh8 meadims, mido ai aliiica wirh rho Durci, rhschiof comps oE on Ocrob 15_ rh6iohr Arakaness d Dur.h rleer tauiched

loE .4 Ttre naval eisaqemeii rhar rolrdwsdinll dsd orear lcsswas k lled by a muskq balt. caspdr de Abreu,anoJer ponleues

wotridcd did d,€d a Jew dar laG,,ssoris $6 revecss, Gon*tes "Dom Luiz de Azevedo who srcc€aded Menezss noxo wilhdrcw$€ ned alDserh.r and dned b saidw,p. ArieBard, h6 larllo' oo ,ni,s rhs \up@1 ard p,oEdion

FrudEred hy rhe d.1mr, c ares r.Lumed b saodwtp br

Ih6 arakai€ss coplurc of sandwp n 1616 A o sh(tsfd rhs

in rhis rcsion. Tha portusue$ detoar, a.cordns ro Daivsd -end6drh6 coireclion or rh6 Ponusu6so wrh rhose p rEj aid Oosrna.

320 | a H,sro,v or ch ksois

ordin y lrh1ory of sebirko Goizalea Iib:o'lEeiis ro'Bd ro Ldra saidwip, Goiuales rook rcruse aL srptrr.

Bui sve,ybody htsd ha dor hh iolorous iam Bnd iobodtrrhere.lorc, c@d ro orrer hlm shelrd lhus h6unLiio nom ph.B ro p1r.sha ull maroly pa*sd ii{o oblNion BoIh hk tueaid ilrl weehEqy,H6 lvsd a very inGchivous bur advedurous Iira uipaiolhkd inrha hisro,y or rhs ol hs tr€,chcrcus acts

rhe ddkes, bloE'2 Fadr y souzs dispdE-

sinsry rcma,ks: 'His $@ssLy pascd !(e a shddow, hhpridswrs humblad and hh vllhiiies ptrn'shed,'r

asaulr or rhe poiruouese basee $srowE orhe, tacLore

lhE rcgjon, rha uiion ol 'he

clowm of Po Ugal

noi iovolwd Po uq:t tn a hosIlirywlth ths Durch 6nd rhe Enslhh w h whcm

was $ef atlaudand this caused

and ov seas colonios. rr 1603 A o, rhe Arakrieso psm trod fi6buldfo ,rcarions

$en he,o ro drv.elsewhsrc we,e Loo heavy ro accspl rrrs olrdr.4

ln 1615.16 A D Lre Durch deriitrelv cam Io help rE Ahkais$ inariackiis rho Po usu*e nro ai open .kshwi,h iha Ponueuee. campos approoriarsly rema,ks, "Tha ev€

( ls' rl -r or o' 5r r ^

aqo ro"Le).,,eal"d r . L e or qoto'._r

2,)

F ia o souza, ll ,263, qr /,{ s 3, N l,Ba oloms coisalBs

and h bed'l whlle rhe t veller was1630 A D (r, rgk, r, e2).

HaMy in ..itids. HEary ofh,tlo, tvll

in chirraqons | 321

in chirboros a. oh.(has wa,e no less evldsir, Ah3ollLa w.iror dh.plhe and laiily or mocL conklburad sredly 'o

lha doc-

liiB ol rhe Ponugusso polvsr. 'Tho Podusuese , wrlre Bevohndryhnnl.al in ii.dins with lho n jv6,.,No

beroE rhs Po usuese '1 Thi.aicired indonalion ot rho

na:ive ruh6,saiisihem aid tho Arakaisebsoan ro lhow favourro rhB Durch ln [a.i, f6udu)ence, p]lndsdis aid hishhaidedis$

PotusuesDtads in rh6 poft .l chiGqons. Bsr

1 . d.dY ol rhsi

Iaityasc,ibable ro rh6ir mhdeeds."2

The Mlghal conqucd ol chtaqoio cdmpkr.d rhe ruii otrhB Po ucuese inrllBros in chirrasons. All ihsr GiiiLo al aidr6de lac LLes thaL they oiroysd undd rhe Arakan66 rulo

wd bIs dstond.d o/a srodq Muqhal sa ison. HcnceloMad, rhe Ponusus$ 6.ssdro bs an iidoFnds and assrs*ivo powon Thsy wqeomployed

D,lm ly as h ed soldiere "Ihe Eerqal

Ninraln chrh atr troops mo* probsblv Po ugussB at chirasons176C.61 whon rLro dis cr wtu hdtrded ovo,

Portuslo.e tr6clic. ol Pkacy .hd ll.v.

slavery and .laE trade in chiuaqons oxsted simulraisu.lywirh thos6 slsswhda ii rha subco ined 8ur rho phdh6 ofdavsry and slavo rcd' did .ppea, in iG wore( roh wnh lho

I Fsv. Lois m rho C n, ll (1332), 35

Abdul Mliid Khan, Ih. rftrsnbr tn B.nedl, p, 3

322 I A Hislory or chi,looiq

3

pon!su*a adiviries in chirhsons | 325

s)aves or [hcn uih3pDyyJh ev could ior ba .movedjrrinucciqives ft6 sama desuiprjon

and th,ew rhem inro $esoa2

loo r r1s r.ov. lrrnr 6,p"dirior olhh compai'oB rs lol6w!F . (io Bsns;l) rhey(re pirares orArBkan chidasois) wouldsrck aid derroy alllhev'lhqDs ard sdrlcme s on rhs baiksol rh6 Gaisas, ro . dtsEice or rwo o, rhree hasuss upn,sam,oid besldes remov io atl rh6 hosr vatuabla rhhss rhey fouid,would alsc hko caprivs any p2oplo wnh wiom thoy crme

From rhe above n raLton rcan bs conctrdod rh rho Fiiisipna@s hok a leadiis pa in rhB slavs hu ns 6:pedirtois, !trdrho pa icparon ol ,ho Arkane€. in su.h sxpediriois was oimuch le$ scala

324 | A Hisrory ol chirksons

Tho Emopean tavsllss, such as Mairiquc, Ednier, aid Manucciumnino6ly da rh il was ths Po uoueso Ftrads who rook rhahadlno pan in plurderns fts coasbt .a and in ddv6 hunrins€rpsdirions, rhs only wkh Lho sh e ofrhd bodry and rhey leh no ie.e$ y or joiiins rhs pn s qho

i 1r3o',s admtcd rhrrrs Po1Lg.6sa rool rho had.o rrr r rh" r:c.o! plrldo'fs:only'ioccrs onally a rew Mash s€lros rollowins in rhen waka..l

Thd pe.ph or nobl! o,eii capr!red rhus by rhs pnacs w6r.in rhsn contds2roo rc hdrer rhan dru -d'iven anih:ls. T:lhrrvrires of rhen p,Lhnic ccndirloi .s ,ollows l

maiy purc and $yy dbom whri, wa,. lompslled ro undssoih3 dksm@ ol elavdy,

i.kedmen. Musl s ui&rMnrruoh opp,.*ion ii I'h iilidella

For isorly hil, d cenrury, chi asotr]] was a breediis srouidol rha pnaLos rvho revssad rhawhoto or Lowd Beisal, d.populiledlr and rtrhed ir ro wlldeiiE$. The dedrucrivc elfecc ol rhaslavshlntiio orpadirlons can h. a.conained ftom rh€ ia aiva of atrinq' ptrr:o h.r tus beE. quord by ldl'rn a, ro'lows

(Wh6i Nawab Shai.r. Kh,n iiqurcd a ruiway Po usue.e pcraabo!r1hen sala,y, rheldrcrEpli6d) our.al y was rh6 imredaldodllo, W€ .o soaao r\s trlol" or E{d'r d ou,j., .

All $6 rw6lvo mo hr of fto yoar ws mld6 our colledioi( i a, boory )wirhdurtoubl6. Wa had nor ro bdh ouElvssabour amhs aid imiis: nd h:d warobaldic6r ro 6nybody Pas6a€a over wdd w4 ou, ( rcld )survoy. ws isv6r shckonad o oirai@me4r ot ou, Dnri

Ponusdesd adivnks in chirlasons I 32s

viz,6ooLy For yoac we havs btuno arBarc or ohk) rcvsnua. Wohoi of rho boory vnks. bY

villase rorlha hsr fony y6rs.1

Trrh dp,oJrcioi o, rewords spoken by a prak h suflicis ro

tow Peisrl eriron, r ralallar o, 16so A D wrtreskind ol sdvdrisnLy

aid osociaring wnh piaros aid h$dr or all na0ons owsdno subj.drion ro ft6n

o..dao:or.

aclivlri6s ol rhe Ponusu.se pErcs rloiq wi(hrtuir Amk ese colhboraloh e ned lor chr,qo,, g,,bls aidlasriio namss or "Masher Muluk and "H mads' Muuuk h

o, rho Maoh Firiis' pErcdl o iviras, rhe proviico sll wasof lhon ac&i(ks.

Ths capiivEs w 6 emptoyed itr sev.Bl occuparionr. Frsr, rhekirsdom of Arakrn w,s a spesely populared aGi, wxlch requirrdhumBi labou' ror ayi.ulruE. A laGe

'umbd ot stavss wsssmploFd ii dg,ictrltural acrvir.s From Monrqus's ac.ouir wa

ah,so nunb4 ot caprives werc cmployedin tho dlLso ot bnd utrd.r t\E Po trsuess kian.y h cartral ctrirk-so.s. "Ths Mashs as $ared by Talish, ,emDloy.d du rhDn capriv.s

ii aoriculLuro aid other klnds or s i... 3

s66idly, ahlo bodiedrh. nfund{i|g shrps. Bs,nier wire6I ,Those whowm iotdkabhdby 6sa, $e piEras koot in rh.n se,vhs, ni n trq rhen upro rhsIov6 or ,obb3ry 5id

326 AUkto,y or ch rdsoio

Thirdly rha capdve tromsn weE aporcpri.Ed s thar as wiv6q

hous6lrold seNa s Amois ths lor rhs Youtrq

andlatrlooklns wo si caprives wss luckv 10 bs h bdrar posnhi

Foll y. aLso

The slaves wda amployed siftd ln domasric s5vi6 as artndant

Pymi wrlles rh upP class sochlv, 'hiva

Fii,ly, a s@ iumbs or rh' ciptivss we,o sold ii fteoFih rel Talsh slv.s a vi" d mcdu ol lho Po usuete solliio ol

SdmE(lma6 rhev ftc Po{uou.se) brousht fte 'apr

ves ror lale

rdmluk aid ths Potr or Baleshw "sale w.s rhis:-rhe wBrches 6od to

n lhcir shloe anchd orishon dhknce

nom rho shoie !lr Tamldk or Bale

local orr"rs fe ns ler rha Pnatss

sldlld .omm I aiv depredarion or kdnappms lhcro,slood on

ol rollow s, aidIhs D racr. lf ths

'ho Dnats look rha moiev and s€it the Drisoids wIh lho

Linschoci, TrE Voloc. rt )ahh HltEheav@rtu Eolr /,d,., vol, l, n. euhell, P. 231

po usuo$ adv tes in Chircsons t s27

mai Only ths Fnitrsi pnaressotd rhotrprisonorc,,.. 1

Talistr's repo s co,oborar€ wirh rhose of Eehior who wrir6 :"Thoy h.d rha audacLy ro ofier tor $te, ,n rhe placB wh,chrhsy had bur dc€ ly ,avasod. 2 Th€ ssvsnr@nrh and oishroenrh

this brural pmc,.6 ol rh6 6nstavsms ot humai vicrims and

Ths Eiditrs w:s pronounced by rtre provinciat couicil ar coa

32e A Hhrory or chirbsoxs

...on th€ |fr, aid Gachedrhe villass of soioraDsrh (From

rhk poil) r rh6y whhed D ptund J6sso,e, Hushli anduP rhs Ganses i, rhoy w:nrcd ro ratdaid Da..a, rhoy

Mrtriqre sp?cilically menriois such pliccs:s rhe p'incip:Llyol J:ssoa, rhe teriro,ies or EamL, solimaivas',2 whsre rtE porrusuesa csred rlran plundqlns oprarons. Tha ravetlff to herwi'6: 'rMy (h! Poruq@$ sl3w htrnrere) usuatly made rhses€1orl a_d(., r L.o, lolr rmralds which weni on mo or ttu year,-3

of nE ,vtrch Friisiopuh0oi aid economy or Eensal

oivesevdcncs o, $6 conssqusic6s ot rhe hoad.hunlins expedrons ol rh8 pnaGs ii Lowcr seisrt ae to)lowsi

ropeded deproddrions rhd wa soe somany rno

'slandsar !hE mourh or rho c6noes, to,mqly rhickly

peopl.d, now eirrclyrhs desolare la6 or ris s aid.rher witd be 6.4

a',ranucci srar6 thlL, ,1hess inhrbirants (ths po usu.rs) ,n icrsdg'eal dairso on rhs hnds or Beisal.,5 Tatish d6q bss rhawidogprsad dssrucrion cau*d by rhs Maoh Fniisipllnds is r.idson rhs delLalc B8isll

ten cou ,y prospsred, and rh€n iuhba' ,n esed. whilasansat doly l)36ma moE aid mor6 do:orars, ts$ lid lo*

.b)a ro resr and hou$holder was l6tr

Ba[a, a pdr or B.issl, Iyns in ftanu:urLpa(h, wEo Lroma'ly) Iull o, culLvaroi aid housrandyElded every )?a . Lqe.mou ro rrE impsial qova'nmsnrasduLy oi lLs bdeliuts.plunder rsd abd!dFn, le ins roie Io

kindL a nre r all rh: ta.Ll

nar lon ol lalGh r caEs rhs axlenr olrh' dsstruc0ve erfscLsol rh3 Mrsh-F r isi plundsinss, whhh p Ec.

lioally depopulaLsd a la,so po on ol Lowd Bensal, Ihh depo-pulaLed a,ea hos s'ice rhen sdduauy bedi traisromed inb ar:.r or Lhckwood and juisl*and named rcmantically as suid -

ol rhs lo,elgn navellsE and somo olc maps

Lhs rhrck sedemc E i^ rha slid4bans.red a.Iire as rhs s{een'h ce u,y. Ds Baaois mspshowsmoy bwns and

.euled plac.s ii i Renielfsmap 011771

A D, the whoi6 ea ol tho sundarbans is shown as a naor.dopoptrl:red by rho Mashs."

Th6 impo alior or rh6 shves inlo rha kiiqdom of Arakatrprodu@d rd ,sa.h ng results. wIh rhe ENranr avalor. la,g.number .r €pdves, rhs szr ol rho pDpul loiol a,akai ndeased conBde,ably. somelmos, rhe impo ol such

wrebhsd vctimE reactud 3uch a sreahese rhri .coordiis ro aisdimalo, "bdwe€n 1621 a D 3nd 1624 a o rePo ususssb'ou.

ehr ro chiLbsons 42,ooo slaves."2 Manrlquo wdcs "Duriis rho

riv6 ye e (162s.3r A D) I speir itr

PeoPIo came to rhB Po s ol Dionsd and

ansaGcrls./3 Eeror6 hisa iv.l ar chirEqono, "ovo, (wonry rhoud.

Po !q ss rtivircs r ch Eqong 3i9

2 Fa$or ftlauiorr, calholic En.yclopaedia', qr

I

3sd /aHiso,v o, CI aqois

rhe$ nons {ot chilasorq).-1 eemd $ysih "ror rho mos patr (rha Muslimror tuakrn-chkEqons) raksiolavee he,e at rrio€, by lhosa FGnoui. {Fi'neisl,"

As o resulL ol rrrr .ornins of slavcs 'n

plains chidaooiq $sDecenEse ol Musl'm popuhrioi roso as hish as 30%ot rhe ioralporuLlioi thouqh in Htl chir$sof,s whe,e rhe crptive M$lmsw4e nor alrow:d ro serJs, ir is as low as lo Lo 15% or ihs roblpopulalon, ln AEr.n prop rhs i,Itrslifrs Bccou'rsd ror io le*lhai ois sixh or lhe roral popuh oi,

Ths MGlift in A6k!tr pDpor aro kiown as rhe Kolas o, K.las,whoaEsuopossd by snA P PhryG ro ba or aBsnsatidessnr,,rh6s.hol& wares or this psopl.:

(rhs A€kanese) 6ppe ro havo s iumbeB ot rhs iih.b.raDc (of Eensrl) inro Ahkao I slavss, wh.ncs arN rhseEsei! (ora (orcrsie, popula0.bour l5% or i[e whola populaion. rhe A6ki Moosulhluispr€6s o rhe laigu:sa oi rhen ,oeroh lor coltoqu6t pu-poses, bur alMy:.lso adoprad rha d,ss or 6e cou ry,

Th6 iumb, or rhesc Kola peorls senliis in the veu6v or rhe

(rhe Klladro is naired aner rhe K:tos or rhe lorcisiaG.

Nsedless ro say rh{ lhs slaves surere.r lnhumai c alry aridrarion prcdoce rod hooy

(he Po usu65. eiraca) haLne or rhs slaves rhus obhined w* mos cuet."3 Tathhw -

"Maiy hrsh bom p.Misand Sayyid!, m ywom.n, wqo @mpslled b und6G. rhs

Podusu6ss ac vit,os o chirhsons | 331

dsq,aoo or slov y,ssvtc. or coicrbiiase or Lhc.e wickad mer.-ITalkh s,aph 6llyslaws rcsivod rom rhsn cruol caprorsai alen coudry,z Hs (the stavs hLnrcE)omptoyed rhe rew hsd.lyed eprvesrhd suruiead (rhis reahs tin rillago aid orher hlrd csks, accordiis Lo rhe, powu, wrh sEd

3videnc6 6r slav: iDsfr.cLon ii rh6 kiis-dom or araksn ihousrr sotrrces give indi,6crsviden.s of ihh th P,ncashula du nsh'samed rebsllioi asah{ rhs Aftkonesa kno,or ,e local Mrrim! who,,se modty of staB orisii Thk ibor

caldmiriols ro ,he Mrslms who strrrercd muchar ,hs haids or lhe royil roops.4 Pod alaol allesld ro bs a

rebeltoi w.s onsof rE6urfarere. Th6 succa_$lul Mlghal milir y oFqarioi i. chnaeonqrha open ,evolr or the Muslrms, ,krdnap@d rrom Beisal',. Theyjoitr3d rho vicrorious Muohal my in drrvins oor rh6 Ahkanese

be admnEd $d ior all lhe slaves w sBubjacr ro ill trearoBn! norwus thay to,ced ro lead a hmilialiigliro I k ro bs r6m6mbrcd ihar th6 orod{xL Eenqalea ooorofrho svenree h cE Uy wrsorioFally a shveqho in his boyhooddays was kidiapped by the Po usuEo manh! cu dunns a b*rioumgy wirh his rarher A role ed m,D a5 tu w3s, Alaolsoon

l of tho loyal bodYguald sa a,,Hjs1rch,y s€niG soon arhckd rhs nonc6 or lho Muslm nobtahstrol,hs .oy3l cou uide' whoss rrfuonrhl sdppo rho posL wror

1

6a,hi, p. 114; slso Ahott works

332 , A Nisrory ol chirhoois

l..rion 3 Portusuo.o Softt.h6nis rn Chirtssonq

Ahois rhe EroD.hs, rhe po uqk!6 werc tho nd ro eshblsh*rl6me s in chilacois Tha Eason of rheratuadioiror chnh_sois is ior hr io s€ek Herc rhe po roup6e iound I coidirtoi

,nlerruliand sNkrDj in LE smsdnecrioi rhe h Itsor p.nue.t and ch aqois 63:rudcd; rhe cti aEo, chirbooio h hlc{ F i ot rhe coashl

Ths iarivs rule,s qeiqiltv showedtavotr, ro rher yrled 116 The oood hrbdu.qe facihy of rha

iD or Bensdl aid rh^ paronEsgor rh. hdivs tuk6 orfqed rhem a rcalv uiavotd.bte oDp6 uiryroi.oloiizalioi. Trr6ss ra some os6lscrrdrhh pla.e aq $sneiLh, p_qmined or rmpoEry restdu,us.

Bul ii was nor iilabour 6ishcen Fac l.rer rhai rhoy lv*e able ro e{ablsh a fadon/rhore. lr may rr3 rec.llcd $dsurrai chrysuddin M,hmudshah,ih6 hd sulran or dyiasy, our or necessiwpehited rhs Fon!eueso ro bJild r:crorks in chirheoos. Foldw

ons Ntrio Fa and!, FHs was appohEd ?hict0r rhs cusrons hous8 ol ChirLasond He was ior onlv aE ad. pi6ca or land wirh manv houses bur was c irlld ro collecr

al.o snrirled rd mrnyorhs privlhqshs 'hepDpb

rhss dsts

1 Anofier ierarktsble pssomliry was Do antoiio da Foza owho durins hh boyhood days waHs w:s broushr up and Lrer on .onvened by rhe Poru€u*3

aurho, or 8ro,,n4n ca6di. trnhnd, oasol rho € lios pr,nrcd Bonsali proso wo,ks.

F,om rh rime chikroiE b6.amo.io ol rha chkl Poirqu*q

PonuqFss iamed it as ?ono Gi.ide orIh6 q,ed pdfr and somdlmes'ir.'. dd 36rr.ld o, r.6 c / or 86!"1 .

thEUohour tha .ixreonth and rhe iidqua er uf rhs seveiteen,h @dtrry, rhey ii,q@ lv soased rhn

msalves in btood/ wrs aid EvolG aoainsr rhc n4iva ru16r. A5

s rcsur, rhcn setlBmtrrs in ch Msois sulrsrud

l.om rims ,o rime. Po usuess rcbellioi w3s

mercils$lv nur down by rhs A,.kai6s krns. h is Iopo ed 'hev.i ,lie .hildrei,

as sii huidred Poduoua$ 'n

Diaiq alonsfta akk.nase kho su,h

toublors eveNsrhe Poruqua:3 .ol.rnl e ablissmrG in chircoois. r: re dle1o then o'xn loll is thar hey railed 6edablish a pqman6 .oloryii chirrasonq beto's

Lhe lo,eiqn rav4llcrs oivo evidenB of then5aih. Br' h tr6

AD, ddes rh aha Ponuluesr . € a lews6 I.n3iE ii rhar kinsdom (Ahkai) and slvd:l dwall risrc, wh lsr

setrlemo s aiB oeosirlvoi rh' sea shoa"2 Wr havela nr rhdlha nume,l:rlstrsnsLh o, $l

2sri0 Poiu@se and $sn des'si,. ?kai."o Guereno noLc6d ii 1602 A D

rhd ,blmox 3ll rhapotr (or - /i"ois) has b%i ovei ow loihePo uqrsss w5o live rh6B, .nd !, whom ih€ khg u v6ry well

'nclnsd. ...Ho shows th6 Po unuess rhese Gvou'snow, becau$,

334 | A Hilrory ot chihasdis

ihoir ssrvices hs k aixtous ro co snr 1h.h."1

corsr ol Bensit.,2 Tha uava 4 rcas6 ro a po trsuss. advsdurs,

Portlsuese sorl6m6 s r chiLksoio rid D ans aid sm6 sm.Uarseolome s ii somq dstri.r. He atsowriros

bilahs or isnrlaids in rhs 6sc6$la (chakash) ddricr.,4 on rh6$ha au'ho,hy w6 hNo leami thn rh. Pdnuoues. had. R6idencyii Dhio, "rh6 lo.al cefue of chturaniry,'5 rid then 6d eh€nr

Th. cl6rsyman n querlon rdhsr wirsskino -ro.otled all rh6

d'rr6'snr pans dt rho kiisdom aid $ lr rhom

ssvsEl Ponuou6e s rte6, a sG idhhar otcrrisron st,v.e o, hal,ca . po{ususe, and orho, Fuiks coll6*

e worltl ..Tha kiiqo..upyas4pod causd ch lsoi, and made rh,m sEnb ofland./7Mrnucclspsaks o,lhoir ltourhhino serlem6nb n Chnrdsois Es foIows: "Ths kisdom ofArakan adjoiisrh of Bsnsat ro fto Easr andon s bord€6 h.s as ic

Iivad rhsrc, mei or varrous narions, prnc-

po uouese acriyir 6, ii chi asong 336

"maiy FL,inos' who "lived happily ar ch4saoi,2 und4 rhoAmkai6s6 rurelrse The Arakansso kins, ac.ord ns m him, . ooo-sldered ,he Fi i€' pnaLes in rhe Iishr of hra s6iva 5, and rdok

ras hs sh a).,3 lr is norichbls rharrhouoh Lhs P. usuese esrablsh6d a hw se l6m6nrs in rh6 aB.kan6sE ktrsdom, rhey showed iturl' alles 3ncs ro rhs Aiakancs

or rhit fiey hmoiiod lqal ro rhair morhd

FaLhr 3 bi6rs corespond6i6su4e srrlem€d. in chitu€ons durjns ihs ,ilohal rule, rhs

vis rns chiuasonq

aod sold u leadss ro Iook arrer s iicrssrs, To locare deprcseirsiGs ol fiese colones h undoubcdty a dlrcuh hsk. 0.6 orrhoso coloiies was siruarsd in Drais whtrs rhs ponusuoss aEsaid 10 livo in rhst placa rill rhs rirsr &cada of rhenrnerssn,h

l,lnq,o.zal, Ihsrhd sdl&manr mishi be m modori Jamal Khao, a municipal

rovn. Accordmg ro a documerbry evjden6,Lldys Asuhprion s me oisd as arJabat-

calda, whch mud bs Jamal Khrn (Jamal Khrldh') n6ar chi(asons,, we do nor know whsi il was sE edri6 Bssid6 rhs66etr.

lsmnrs, rhe PoalsuaodGricl Amonq rh6 Ponususs sd€menrs

336 | A Htslory or qrhLdsons

rill rhe end or ie Mushal rule wislhat or rhe vill,sa

dr 00.m, piMnr by Elm KaseF,r a veq nrl

uentbl Po uglese zami^dar and mdchaf,t ramrlv surrm;J s Dd

Batros ws lrlfs m th villaso dmins rhe lala Mushsl F. hd

lr is ii,po:sble ro srds rhs iumarctsl drcnolh ol fio Por

Lusuese popll onrhei n!m6i" srcnsrh

sread ly dedea*d du, os rha laE MuEh.lp,obablo 6ure! ol lher ralL n poptrlaioi

Amdcrn colo es.

o'Mall?v w,iL* {)at rhe Po usu

€onq.2 Ns loc es

He refe,s ro rhs locrl trldtrroi v,h ch

buccaness bu,ied lhe lon Feie ins 'o Lhc

viar or the$ s.hobrePodtreuese wro hslp.d sultan Ghry'suddn

Mohmrd shah rob! ld a rorncss n ch tasois. Eul rhe sulGn

rcicded t& Po usuess requosr to havo o ml'biY esGblslimenlin rhe .hrt Fo ol his khsdom rhouqh ho rvBsed rhDm wIhnliy orhs privl€qss.4 \/a havo beci nformed by rhe Ponlsuess

Po, 's

aa o, ahlcsonsk'ns I. hlild a to

mr mly pu, 6ld3 $sn prcposal as !'sccepEbla bul advn.drheh nor to iicur d'sphr( c ol ,ha narvs rul.rc by buidios ilor 6r such qpa or ml,r.,y cslrblBhnc . Thc view oJ o'Malley

1 sdrgtn A tcny ?onik ,

3

in Ch raqoio I 337

md campor 6 nor [lauiquo or bvde Lavalwho adually vkirod chkrasons. pyhd de Lavat w,irss ii 1Fo7

"Tho Po uslesa h.vs her6 po o cEid6 and po o pequoio burwirhour lo s and sov6rimenl-2 Ma iqus who sLayed ii ch ra-sons l,oh 162rrod in chncsoie V.i Lhsihobn wrir.s thar

ior pot,c€ as in (po u.su*er rtrda 0hey havo) "3 ri m.y b6ADkaiase roii d r,re hean ot rho

left batrk ot rha rivd (ahaprrulj miehr prcvBnrrhs Po"uor.ld a^. o..td.io Lo m r1,ry eribt. nsn> dywlgrd

Ihouoh thd m.lorry ol rha Po usueso hh:bira s w4, pro-rosidially pi .s and stovs hud6rs, ir sesms rhd $en rehrtoiwhh rhe nariva plopl! dmiis rh6 Adkaf,s resihe Ms seieEllykiendly bur occasonally hdshta rh6 porusueseneely hcrmatriod wirh itriva wdmsi. oi rhe surhoiry of Mamiquar we.omsto kiow rh rhs Hiidus liviis iear rhe p6 ueue$ settehenbbordwed adichs fioh tho Po uquA6 s rtsB the rtms 6f fe$ivals

to rha cBhbrarioi or je Durqipuhfs{ival, Miiiiqus Haarheh lviis ie D.ansaaid o,h& ch'kriai sdllcms s were accu omed ro bo70w fromrho ch,krair silk .loths, russ, jewethry a^d rho I'k€ ror rhardonmsnr of rh6n ldots and alro or rh.n houses.,'4 oi rh6 same

rhar rhh lr6i.ly relarton woutd rum inrohoniliry ir rhe dsm:ids or $o lo.al peoptewirh, Ths unhappy n.id6n, oLed ii Manrtque,s accounrsprevcs

3sB lA H no,y ol chirEsdis

thd $a lo.al peopls w.!ld larally h m aiybody triwLllns ro

ftnplv wirh rho rPoirusuosr s6isreUy receired eood nearDe nom ttu loEal peo-

pl' ro whom rhs 3rhb Gnhonoi,li.al,ii) and 'kblbo' (plysiciao.

rhs bisoEd d -:^.1howsvsr, had a dmig dbliks or lhe idive reloio's Evensuch

@pscted mksioi y mvoner as M3n que woulc nol coic6al his

ill-l.6lircE ro!, d orhn ,eleions i H'nduism he saw a "falstElisioi,"l ,{alse

Muslihs ln lis ey$, .d!e rha -rollorar or

.v'1 aid,.ls. Alm,ai."3 Ta6 Musl,s ii h6 enim o ura" norollowqs or i 'rak. doctr i' a lr

trhror6t i ituda r.w d

lr caiior be pre.isely r?.lngs rhr Drcva.ileC berween tD

Howsver RalI Frch',s remrL rhri thon Li

rud3 rowdds a iello,tr Eurcp.an would tror b: mrlulnced byriytouble h6 had w$ rhe rh€n sovehmsnL ch+

owins ro rh.ro,n sho .omiis:,ra led b ,o h a well oderud soc,erv.rhe i iva ,ukrs, rhen own recktdssrhemslvas dood n thr wly o, ro.m ! aruqda, and tuarrhy

Portusress ?.ri!res n ch tasoDo 33s

vavellcG, a Ponrqueso peoa)o l,!ed ioiii a cvitized datr bur

eckhss rid tice iotrs tvno, rrray warc nor atro3erhs devod orsomB to'h of 3oda1 life. Th.y rayd cdrh,drals for worship,and

boh Lh,oush the sa ed rcvjviiyns

secrroh 4, Men ond Mor.te

orho roreisn travclte,s

340 A H ory ol chi(aqonq

rhe iitluendal Po uouese malero)k asG vaiously kiown as

'oao'a m', rdalqoj,le$a. Bur ii rcalrys va s aod advsnrurcG. soldoG aid sxcgll

w,s p 6cv, slave hunrlrsUnds th. AEktnesa,sqm6, som8 orlhtm

we,e snntod vLEs or land-asisime s n rhs p,hcipolny or

k bd illustrded in rhe c eer ol John sehsr an conzales,slim.beoi sivei ekewha,o n thh book. Strch

10 Ivo ii a b b.iic splendou, rnd srcwwealrhy on kade aid pluid ed booL,/

in Ma iquat accou is aiorher ryphol oxdm.ple ol +a _od" o' 'r. o' '5a Polrs-c.r .orr oes l.vnq n

,srsr oore6lves nom,6p'oducins a pon'oi

of rrrs pa$dge lrom ou, travausr's €ccou

h $e same vrll.qe o, Aisfficals, b6ro,e

Commaid?r, iamed

osa.l,vsd theE. tre had qu rellcoisequsices to himsolri had

com. h live in ths po{ (aisdacale), rhen but i smau

sdLl.ms . . rhs capE n used ro s6llv lonh riom this placs

w Lh hs soldisrs aid vessh aidftid e k Ldrios otBa.ola,Sdllmanvd, and Jeso,. Emboldoied by rhs

rha Po usu*s commaidds roo

aid Ld hlm oi ro stll more daiseiols en'sDrisos, and slnca

(sodde$ ol Fodone) showercd lavours upon hm uniiu ii .a mo* d iiq aid

llcky leadrr. ihus, a! hh ,ams spEad, re0ped rha usu.lbe €i poeloi llo.[ns 10 ts,€ undsr

H6 lLved n rhk uJay s.v.El ye r admi,ed by rhd world as

p,osp dus .nd rch in rampohl po$e$ione but 60 sngrossd

Po(usue& acriv ios 'i chnLrCons I 341

n ft.m 63 wholly ro rorcd rhingr erehal, sunk ,n.luiury&yoid tha smca ol rha Farhs' ot' Ell lamilros, li rhB lackol spnitual pGsssiois h6 pased rh. sp,insrims of lrh llts,forsauins his obliq ions 3s a Ch,hrian..... So did rhs &vill6ad F T :.rc/ rane, ha woLld od olr rh. acr 30 oson al ro his salva oinom ve o yoar... ..rln hh sick b6d) he wot suroundod

rh. Iat6, s,isvins lor w,ar rhoy had [d]led io obldlnJ

Abour rhe mo,als aid mrins,! ol rh6 Pdrusueeo in lidGaevo.end Lons rcma,ks: r(rhay) haw been such a3 !o b ns rhs

Eurcpsan charecrd Accordris to Ralph Firch,

ofliojal. '3 Van Linschorsn, who dwalls oi Pontsws men and

(rhs Puiusws in Pono G,aids) irve r s manner l]ko wlld

will, .nd ev y m:n k Lord (rnd ma$dl nalth& sdsmBthry .iyrhlie ol Junce, whorher ihs,a bs anv or non6.nd

. EYn. Podusallst dwell tmons $.msoma h'rc, som0 rsE (sarbEd ab,oad ), aid a,6 lotrho mos pa .uch a6 da,o nor dty ii lidia lor sona wlck.

sdnss$ bY thsm con,mncd.4

Adulr€ry ss6ms to bs univ.rsl .hons th. Po'lus!64. Iharavell& w ras ol ts porlisacy ot Lho eo usuose wom6rfol|

Iuruiious aid unch!$s, lor rh.,e dEvay lsw amons th6m, .lthoush rhey b. maiiiod bur rhsy

3 Fosrer, Rorpi rn.l, p. 254 r,*rd4, r, ss; also s* 3 P P, x(915), 81

342 | A HEro'y or chi asons

have bBidesr thoncall.d soldere wi$

'ien lbasu.es .rhscaB n y me nrymBd bv LEmiiy wdm6i o,oushr ro th6r.nd

PyGrd do Loval who ws!rChnLa0onsr 1607 A onorced

3nd liw Iko ndvas or Lhe co( ry; rhcy dursi noL rcium Lo tidu(PondsGso lid4rhiy hov. tro cla,syamotrd rhemi'2 9."i"' ai"pa"g,nsty rem,*",

Th6$ pspls were ch,niais only in nam:; ihe Ives ted bythoh rcra mosr dercnabl!, ma$:dns

Ehdtiiq .vsi rhenroo onan tro beirer

lved wrlr such lawlesnc$ mar rwould tk. much sp,ca ir Iatrsmpred ro rc.od r e I mtsde.ds.

a rrraL ieed riand nasly or rh6 buror mcn.,,4 Ha i! hor

rhsy (r.6 Po s, s..',eichsd rhs very acm6 ol 6vil doing, lr any ona undoiookro spoak ot rhese msn, or fisr vollnca aid of rhen bar,

woutd riid sioush ro I ssv.,at bodksbtrr had ot ir no 00ro

rhin rho name. su.h was fien ctuslry rhat lhev dtd nor

1

Po usu*6 aqviriG ii Chnlsoiq 343

Frysr, a travolh, oi "Tie ErY otsar$lby oU.wed Fo'lugu€sa,

rhe mo* cu6edlT b:* or rll motndb*rdd b,ood lu,[hq ii rho slaids nl(]s mouth or rhe Ga.ss,

P6ach s I'trle sood is said. Likopsoplo like p, 5

b".H ,h.r ,ham-al!a" 2

whD says ihar rha Po.usuese prresc weE' I' le d rrerenLnom rlremselles. '3 catr r naracs: -Ihe hny pL'Dqid n(o all ma E, or vice, and .ven rha .u'ates led a vsry

dis:iracd I re, were.ovclotrs ald sens,tly 'snoatrr

ol rhe lansu-

rem:in br,nd ro rho s@d qdirrres o!$. @1or eetudrcs

rhsm$lu8 zeatousty

rc a nrdv or rhs ndai l.&lastss.ro rhe devdopm. or B8noali lGEru,e isnororsm3ll quanriry.

Thr Fo us8ess hieu.q*m oice rrr hadins Eu,opsan laiotr-s5lpuarkcd sailo,s or the id s.lrelliis rotrrd

Lh? Po luotriso hrouas6 ve:y popula, .mons Lhs iarives ol ch!qooir :!rr.DI reeroi 6 .rErl?s l..[yar who published his A,

m.v ruslr ho;i rh.y havs esrblish.d a kind of lhsua f6nclm all th,r sea po s or Ldia, or .rcrtlvro uould fid ihlsrobewelrund $ood

344 | A Hidory or cht aoons

wirhour iL.'1 Ham lron wirs ,Alons rhs eacoa, ih6 ponusu.8sa rr3yo l.fr a ya$ises ot fteir taieuaqa:houeh hu.h cdiiuprsdycr tu s rhe laiquEs6 le.m tiGr ro quatiryrh6mselves lor sen*al tunvohe wirh the diifercnr inhabna s or

Th. p d..f r& Poftuouese was ooi6 and wi$ n sono lhsndrcdm or slablshos a rsdiis €hpir6 iid of spmadins chturia-iiry amdis rh6 p.ool6 ot rhe slbconriieir.rh6 Ponuqu.sa licroriss, mllir y esrablchmenk, carh.drah arc rorcmhd us or ften coldurul lrd bur $sn suruivins d.s.end.^bdill ,6nhd us ot ft6n adve uous deods. rh6 Fninsis whomrha pBopla w,oisly call lha Aislo sansalh a6aduatty rh6 d6Edid.nh ho ol

fien B.s aid ot $sr ln.edore, Th.n surn.amss .re nill Ponusussa, ru.hDs S'lv:, n€bsib, Ds ftuz, D. cosra. penh.rc. comB, coisrtvs,

caLhol. church ror4sdno 6dhflo, owes

rDF.ndix I Chkrasone ?rii

J J A camprs whlle payiis tibure or phhe ro tha cily or

'From rh8earlan rimesi chiiEsons was rha

Bsnsal..aid oi: olciri6.-1 almo sll who m3k3 6fahn.aro ih s .lq a,s eloquent ii rhsn iar roi ol rhwiiq tdde,

'a,bd-r la! Ir.!oni.kdolall rmes k loud in his

prai$sorlhis iru{ Don orB6iq;l whila n,yiiq a olouiE tibu16io ch raoons, heramous and wealrhy or Bens:I, oi a.counrol irs pon, at whi.l EeeE thelralfc 6tall rhd arnql,edion ''2s..no ths brishr prdspscr 6id voluh6c.ll ir Podo G6id6 or rh6 sr6ar por itrcomDaison wlh sdoaoi which rhsv.all Po o Peouem orle$*po . ln rhs medisval Dsiiod, t|)e potrofchiuaqois \ras an inGr

rhs Ean ro Po uqsl

so ro BeNar h.anr 'o them ro so o

Nor.ilv ir rhe Po usuoso irino,aries, hhro,lesand ch,ori.lasappEis:|, D I € Pd usuese lE,aLUrs rlso

chlrrsoig wiis hishiiclei or hs ass, hB comratiol camox3 was ona o, the sre&

(c. ls2ar5s0 A o) a very sined podlho Po dsuase Lndh as a cvll ssryrir

346 lA Hlaory ol chlnssoio

i6. liE,ary ligu,as in Europs duins hi. r m6,ot ihs ciry in lha m.,p ol Bsnsal mowd rho

s€o C.rhlsah, aEid rh6 hrshe$ hishrn Bsnsal provriEg, proud o! v hd sroraAbundaoh, bur behold how placed rho posr

shorut'ie rowads

ftom 15s3 to 1570 A D. Duris rhi6 rim. hs mirhr h.v6visirod chnLasons | \li.je En.yctopdtdc a uhtd. t9l3t

I Bu ont trandaron or ih6 fotlowiis vo@ qr, Cahpos,.D. dr.,

vs carhisao, cdad6 dae mthorctDs Bsnsala, prcvinca que ss p@6

olha qu6 6ra ponaPr,a O Aus'o d4ur vGda a .odo.

chi(.sonE drd th6 ciry ot Bons.l. or th.

o rhe si!r6 h and liro6rur6, hl.roricalwo*s, tra4llinsee3lially or lho Po usuae6, thd€ aG lrcqu. rcleGi@r ro aplaco namd BensalB, 6rh& ciry ol Benqol., $s lo..rionol which contues who lail ro rcach ad6n-iir€ mnclusion on iB lo.arioi Iho Bim or 1M lollow,ns d6

h .hould b. mad6 cls .r rhe cdmmsncemenr ol ondlEcussionthar whon &nsala h msanlobo r provinoso, 6rara, ihsn rhrGis no doubr rhar ir srands Ed a nrme lor the klisdom as a whole.Bur whsn s6nsala k hknded ro meri d padicular muDicip.l area

and an €mpoium, rhsn it k lke\ to ha iddntiried Eomarimans oudyins rownship or

discuson b dnodod rowad .$abllrhins

lvlarco Polo rl3rh .o u ) is pobably rh. liBr Eu,op68n rous lho wrd Bansala ro dsnoro a khsdom which hopl.6loi-nily wirh rha kinsdom of Misn (Euha) und$ rhs ddmharon olrhs crcar Kh.i (Kubldi Kliar).1 tr h quirs idprcbrblB ftar rhaMoisolrn sway sxroidod all over Boioal in lho td, qua ei orrho rhinsenrh enrury, Whar appoaB trom a .rudy ol polliel0ondnion dl fto

'osiods in quosrloi is rh rhs pmvjnca ol chl

,aeons w.s uidei Pasm Glso Mhi) co @l wh6n ih. mtshrol tha GE Khdn war lotovorrhsorsa, ThsEtorc, rho pbvticsot chtusons tu cts'ty m6anrher.ro b6 Bgisata by rhs $avsU6r_

1 rht rturch rt r.t.c pdo. rh€ o,ion p@r, p. 204

(1512 a D) wre ons or rh6 e li. Poror Belqila. Ha {' Io.

FuJre, 6r, I:av is rhh F var Gaises rnd rollowino rha coa

e iod - o'Bono_ltwhsrc '

as woll iihid tss

Healh:n. lhosa ,,ho dwell inliid drc

inddiu Ld6ir bu1 u',J, r[. d4rord5iip ort,r. kii3 N,idl'so'.Th! Moo,s dlvell in rha sesoons whsB

s liis or shiF borr sEaraid s all ro m:ny counnics, ro' rhis sa3 is a suI wh ch

rwo lands aid qons well o ir rhercal th.

^1@(, ernh tL,cY

t has s own iide.

m?n \{;n bUilt;as A<hs, P]ÊE, tb!\. and ln,ttaas-, Att at

, p6!s 8rd' $rps arrer rho

o$er ,hae are f,om chitra whi.h rhsy call'ltn.ar whkh rre rl zrc 44 qd

ch dnaidel Mil:cci,crmhva and ceilai a.d dstt in ooods or matry so6 wilh

onf :hP' t .orgus th.i.at

ve quorarioi will GVe.l rhar

rh3 ciy or senlali mrtr oned in rtu hu p of rtu pGsasa

ns,aes n elir d;bil or chirtsons, alrhousx

rhe nngdom or Ben@la r rh6 b

whols. chirEsons tlmo.ra aEly rBwss io th. desnlplioi or B c,ry ol Eeisala as

chlelly by rho Moorc." Babosa rishrly'a !4 6r-hf

nor tar riom rhs $.. As rhs inhab,Ents ol

3{3la il nory ol ChlGsons

I ,-!,v ll. 135 146 Llal "6

m1,.,

Po rcuerE acrlviriss n ch raoois I iJ{o

rh€ ciry cdi6irsd ofliai miEd racss, 5o rh6 peopl.rhsoh w6re of ,a [oplsrlon

rhoy Appeaod ro lhe navslls,. e cr)trbsonqh. pon iowi and a buslnes convo, rh oro,oi ir oico a .acred''eonse6 r6m mriy lends strch s rh6 Ambr Pedanr, abaxis(Habshis or Abysinai, ind ridi,i8 ro e abLhh soilgretrrrhs€,

la,oo iunbil or thee Deoolos airh{ vi.xed 'o o, 'ssidsd

in

merclrins .nd rhsybuilt srL, rha laEhion or .r Middlo E6Gcouitre, 6 qurre applhabiorhs tido and polir.al Elarion belw€n chn! and seisaldu is

I'hly adablshed uidsi rhs llva! sh.hinu hava cotrrinuei rll Balbosa's moacrh6

travbllr round chjngse Junms'€nsassd in d ryhqon rEn w h

Mr M L D.mes, edtro, ol Ba ross irhe6,y, wanb ro iden.rrry rhs ciryor Beisah w15 caud,3 rha rhei capikl or rha kinsdom or Beiqar. ti roply .o hs algumonrha rha ciLy or senqab, nrav bs olgEd6d rhar Barhosa .rccsdsdlrcm rha mouih oI rhs Grsss (Bhaqirarhior Hust) b rhe,ishr.ida bward

'hs cky ot Bensah rollowhs rho co..r ot *a n6r

Badosa he ions rho nams of rhs ptacs asBsisala aid w/i1es .iry or rho Moors whtchrhsy call Bort4 s ved excsll.nr 34 hrvan., h may bs potnredour rhar Gaud, shich lies emore rrcnwas ai 6xcells !va. a capirat ciry ofB6nsal so rhe hhab:ra sol $s ciry could treva, b..Imerch6nB.ThsB sliould bB soldGrc aid sovs,omsir orricrah of variour Enkiwho mishr b6 osly rccosnizsd by rh6 uavsltcr. t! is rus rhar.ll rre crzens or a ridrns enre tko chirheons could nevar

consist eroloslvelyorh chs$s or paopls rcsidns in LrD ciry.or consde,lbla sze oould hor ply upLo

sithsr by rhe Padma Accodiiq ro rhechnsse t v6lle/s so no va*ol bound lorEonsrl had ro an.hor ar lhs pD( or ch Lasons (Tsar-khis).

hip ussd ,o bord smallt crerrir lh.y wors ro so ro c.ud. rhserorc. I is h,shly imp'obabla

arc or q'e sizs sid carysrcar caEos- could sail oi any on8 ol rho bFnch ivs6 olrh.

cio i ssan ac vs trid6 Elarionro rhe se6po s lyins alois rhr coasr or rhe tidi.i oc6an. Bul

coasr, could hava no such dnecrrchrions ro rh66s phces 6nd rhss waE lirtls po$ihtky orcriisIo.ds nom $sr ror :b'oid.

asoin, Barboss c[y ol Bonsata 6inot bo vs €d a5 ido ]datLhai oo0 huid'ed m es

in rho hrario, p L ot rho cou ry and'rda-haven. sdrbosaqrir6 rhar hs a vad rhr cry ofEensalaali6r a coaslal vdyssa. so, oi rhlssrornd, sarsaoi canoor clojmto hs rh6 siro ol Bsisala. Mr Moretand hotds rhe opinioi tharsa6osa's oty ol Booqrla rslsG to sorarcaoi, a nobble voDoof mldi6vrl Esnsal.2 His view may also be 6!!ted by abov6

rary or Du e de E.ibos alsona idnsrhecLy otsorssla aserly 4 1510 A o, rh6 ravellarspoaks ol Gklns hls +out roi, ds rha ciy ol Baiqala ... oio dtrhs be rhar {rhe rJvelre4 ud hiiho o sean -3 tt

's dflcuh ro

idonriry fta ciry or B,s.la .r % hrmat accou w h aiy pl6.gh Banoal Mo* a,obihly v;4hem! nsvo' vh sd 10 aensdtandcallE rhs whols L(iigdom otseisal by ihe mmo ciry or Bansala,hshould b: roftd rhr nrrher v rhema nor Bilbosa speciri.auy

35ir A fnory oi ch,aso'o

3 Ludovico do vo hem. ol Eologna, Ir€ rUieo,, tans. J W Jone!

Po ueu*. acLvires ii ch lasois l3sL

tr ,s kmodoD or Benqllor sensaL a rhk .:usDs pflphr ty ai,oie mocdi scholaG.

( e cdade ']a

ch isso ald cdad6 de Bansala)

Ln tha o,heis rL.!. Joao de Levm:. r Po uqu*E noblemli, whilarhsr rook pLcD in

.f rhe ri,q hal,ru,y, M, Ccnesao ,i.r1ly rcmaks rhd .hl'asoie w6 rhe ,oal

Ih-" subjad howave,, becomes dmplic ed wh8i fts lab

alons wlh chirrsons aid 3dm3 othdpla.es. 0e Lad (15e3 r64s a D)Mosof wrLes:,Tie clier lowr isci edBeis3la, bo(h otes s rirely blilHnd

,om rhe cly of Bsn€alr. ws have b$.lold by Mandersrd 1,r33 a D).ft lcstrd. Hoodi [Dmm. Rar-:l

"\o B.!"io ,sF

nr ror,f aid '8etrsaL are frirc .ries LchsLiqan k .tso ,3c.

e 3ccoun6 0r oe Lad Mandelslopon' oJ,:lha annsnca of rhs cjryolBeiorl'

d.iolh, c li$ or Beisar

i . R (Ja, M,ch, 1s3a) o 2r2 a co *io, ,Tha ci(y of Bslerl: in 6rly rcpo s" I ,4 s s,1!au5,

1 ae Lre\, rhe Eapne Dl i: cr Mos.l, rans. J sFoyland,pp71-7sa Arb da M,irsklo, ter v!/og{, uais, A Da whqutor, p.290

3521A Hisrory or chl asons

cha s or tha EuroFarn., h $o(ans aid rs rooBphds ol ft6 ${Ee h did seveiis6 h can-

ru,ier rhar siva iro,mdion abour lhe facL

n ca$6ldt maD (1561 A o), carisam (chinaqons) Eloca.lrled ro rhs sotrLh'4sr or B*Eala, ridis O,ioiblis (lss7 A D)

aid Benoola. tn(trs halt or

'he 17rh c.nrury), Beioala is

'5o0tr on rhe lerr

x naphul,), on whoso,rshr b.ik cha,oEafr(chirtscns is siLuded. Hondirs in hs m{ ol Ash (1612 a D)

Iocaros b.rh ch isam :nd Eensala Bur li ,Dollrd map dhwnh nuch smillq s.ila, ho insens oily Bcnozla, jus no h ora,adm (Arakdi). Blaevt m.p pl.lv, re50 A D) phcsr cha €am

or ,he nvd xamaphuli aid Bsisala oi fts$ulEm bmk or:rhe 16 2 a D) d,ows

wosi aid B'nsalarm:inri lr 566 a D)

) ad Eenq.la \r.no)8, m a map

o, 16831A D, plac6 rio ci'y or BeisaL oi Lho soJ'tun bank or

D rivd (oma2huu. Pia€ vandd 0727 A D)

ci a shr banK of 6,vd. BurLo rholshb.nk or ,hs ,lver Bensrll, s showi Gaud (G!ud) k al.o showi

map ot Pso vsidor, borh chd6sam(chirrasois) aid Berqallo a shown on $a rishr ond rhe lsrrb:nk rcsce.rvelv ot a nvor, probablvrhrK iaohLli. wiu.m Ba

rrr's lndolskn locara! Carsam h r delk ol Ie Cosmii r]!Eoiora hlboundad by tho iwd bdn.hor:

6r rhe ,ive. c6m n rlu ln Hanislls ma. (!779 A D,, sgisalacor .bdrw€ei rhe rwo,ivqs Kahaohol rid

evidetrdssl 6hd ro ' edablhh the hcrB6rqala sr.nds on rhe chflasons.o$r idiha'l

rowi ir*ll. Thoy ilsd cle&ly Folnr otrr rhr sxh€i.e ol rh. cirv.all.d Esisala .s dd orhar cirlos orLho prcvic8 of Bens:I.

Po tr.u.s? aclviiies rn CtriLcqon( 353

Iho subj.d i! rualEr ..mDlcakd by Lhe,"rdy ,.nqalF'

[4anriquo 11030 A D] aid PyErd C! Lavai(1607 a ol, who icru3lly dayed i0 ch fiasdiq, do iot mc 6naiy ph.e as ssir.la. Fdh* crorei,o, who naiQr. rhe cvenLsrhar rook nlaca ii netrricn anypl..o i:medBensala. All or hedion the pon &v/'or chrEooD! as rhe.hhf Porusudmrlacaor sc leme du,lns rhar iime

such as Abul FDl, Shihabu-ddii Talsh, Mua r.reigr navelere su.h as

ii \drDSr a..ouir rcr.Gices ro chiLbsono 3rsromd, callcd chnLa!oise-Anerla cin b3 scen eur all of fiaD rersr!o rhs Ponu0less setledd or lalsht i.c.!nr m:y be ic.ntrred rvirh Dirng, ri? chilt

Tha oerplrxins ralu,e of tha subjed Ieadr$mcmoden sch-obrc 1o (hnk rLd rhe :lleoEd c Ly of e.rc,la ieve, liscd aidif ir h3d ac'd:ltyo"nrelt'. -Je.--

or r ,ets bur no kacls otsuch a ph.s eftr." ilrtrl n is ph.ed ie rh6

rhn irni,/ have b@n ca(ied(? cfss). rn /rmk,rterlommr(D4. r372r

cjon cf rhis oowld .ny.l or H slo:jrmann w.irrs -Iharowi

a'd H;lph Fircb lvrrodei F,ouDk. -Ihs probabiliry, ri3rerore, h lh*

ori oiiuion rogrdne of rhB pla.e: "The namaBdiJ.la is a mqe w0 call a ,siisalow'

1 or Blochmain /,4 s D. xLrlr373), 233

354 I A HhloJ., ot chirksois

F.ve,iid Hosco, 1r6 c6lsbrakdauLhoriLyotr po !ou6sB hhrory,wahs

'ra schol:6 or rhs .orftict of oojcrll rhe flry o! Bensah

a myderiors pla.D ll4 wiies:

hlnlt .nd thkerhss ot ttt A:brr roddI,r de,sqr. Nsw ssies

Jahes rayror, A !r4c, 0[ d. ropac phy ind st hu( atDka,cdlcutra, re40, pD. 21, 92

aorEtrt kitasz, p. 15

Pdr(usu48 acriyiiios n ch (aoonq 355

Th. d,rr'culLy ror u€ trdw s ro kiow Lo whr p Licul,, c ryrh. ravell66 of a p icular pdiod apptiedrho r6rm. Bur rlrhis no ,eason why wa shoutd g,r tmpario and speak otEensala as a myrhical c Ly, or tancy rlrd irw6som?who,o

Lhen places his owi Fonr of vcw as

rr E 6a!y ro uidorerand why Bersala shoutd havc b€snplaced ar chirhsohsPonusuesa $nl6hm1a D and iilr ths rim6 when rhey fruided Husrr 057sa D),10 so 'o B€io.la mus havs noanL

rr rcpded jof. Jr.1oE or HorF,.rors , ord s.m,to \ cwrhouoh h a dirforent way_ Thoy w re:

AEb cuqo6 ol sivins an tmpo .nr roi€ron cily or $, potr

Mr J J A campos discu*B rhs sbj6d wilh som6 etabora-non end rca.hed $s &ms 6ic,usion.

rr may be ralely a$e(sd rhar oll svtdeice Foirb ro 16

,t a s a, N 5, rx(1913) 444

356 lA P no,l or crltrasoig

c,y or a c,ty pcrr afLcr Lhs cor nvy n which

0n aroLre, occs'on, Fevared los:i idaînes E c y or

-r ..la r ..d o,kamaphut ar s moufi.2 D, H c ribldrdd rully accods wfi

or .ll rh|se I lcal ncl-

ot rhs ciry of Bsnsal6,

ol Lh n!ms,-3 Th6 s?mc vie!, h eJ€iesed by Lhc rcDUEd ioinrod106 o! Mririque! Travels. Acco:dis ro rhem "t,la,sawErhe ris, Poiurtraso s4rl-nsnr on llre gulr or Beioal;heic., b4torcrhey sdrled ar s oaiw o, rlusli, 'ro so @ sensala meanr to

proposriorr c?n Lr: deduc?d.

de BeL€li vTar rh. .hEr,,/ .o e.rqJ ' .m.r.

1530 s, so crlrh-qon0 issupp-

'ic Bensala ot ths .rvor 3,,{,air, aic io so ro Gei0al p,acrrcally nrair ro ihem ro

pEbably, borowed ih6' "ns r'o s..! "lly

imro;rair;ir,), o, a oily Do .frcr,h6.otriry 10 Lvhich ir helonsdd.1l': 1,1 - " 1 rlro.o da. .alco as c.dado do B.is3la by rh3 carly po treu.se .hroniclsrc and carc

Bongrla in Jris i rarivns.

a plqce ormnd ihpo,raica brfore the Ahkai:ss oc.upELion or Ch.!asoi9 i ea,ly 159o's. Bu1dtrrrn0 rrre Alaksi.se eqine (c 15sot.r.65 aD), hD pla.e imporrncs * rho mo

3 r HQ, xvtlrlao),331 332

ihpotra ol L[6 Po usue* $nlehenrs in tirh 'us]oi.

as chi[a$sncriB[ place ol ssdsms , rhs Po us!6e

iow iatrr:iidd hh nama (ia, rhsciryol Bsns3l.) l,om chtrbsorsr.om rhe closig ye s

besan LD [. cllhJ a] c(y ol Beisala or only Beisali. Tlrarpd'od, lmdt silh6rBensala

Tre tavelle.s whor.r.r ro rhs plaD.

su\dn e ro Disnsto (onluson amotrg rhe

sore ot whom veal rlre iane Botrsala as aide i.al, so $B Eumpe.tr w -

mo on 'his

plaE by 4iLher name. The

.orld not.oma mLo dnoci LAlallon wnh lh6:lloscd cly of Bsrsala owng ro iha js:lrus, and hostrlLiy ol

lor fto knowtedso obour rhe ,eoion, r

lrre map ol van den Bbu.k (1660 A D), rhe

omiLs he oamc sjrealaalsr x irm cr i!ii{,) in irs.oreor posilion. Thers1orc, rha @i..llson mc, Drs ,A rho Podusrcss ory ol Bensra durhs

ruached by such smlnBit aurhorns 6 col,r!h, Heveren.i Ho$.n, M' Lu d, [4, J J A C:mpos and Dr R C

6d sriouslv dspuGd, k rs norico.ble rhar oian!romcd oily a pa and Fa,hsr Fahan.

fis Iercr wrtsn rmm oiais on Decemb6r22,

is99 A D larls DGnq a rown (vill6) inrhe ponofchirkgois.rhls b66n rcftiiad ro i. rhs

Po usuaro sBrorie as ,Bsnsuel (Bensal/

nry concludr ou, ds.ussioD wirn rhis 'sm

k thai ftepon roui

, c, traloio r l5/

77i al,o / l s ,, lxl1s13), 433

|,

36d ta Hr.rory oi ahhddd d

La6rs, Mai&lslo's and.urchs,s accouib and ot$6 tab 6ii_rasnrh aid rhe sevoicenrh ca ury mrps, .! Dianq.

CNAPTEN XIIT

Tqtr \IUCH.TI RIGIUE

secri.n 1. Mu0hEr conquoer ol chi(.eons

Tha Musr.il coiquesirha qlorDrs ev?iE ot rh3 re qn of Au,oszb. lr 9iv6 rho.vrdeila or rhc Nlush3l ialsd ro, drarotosdphy and ri,a

' or war

6lruhed arc ,,e trvo conEmpo,r,y ,hrori.al wo,kand ttonr nlnah

aid rcushly 3..dnh msmoBble !vsn.

The succ€*rdl r,4!!hal nvas,oo of chnaoois ii 1665 56.oique or Bsnoat roa succ

cstLn .oni:or. rhs capLurc ol najmahsl

svehl anemps wss undsnakei Lo wkstsub'atrLial w0s6chi6ved by rha Muqhak.

as b3ri9 dh.oirhu.!s

o ri ,,c âkinese

ki,r! no1'o inEda rhe b&/sA!6iqrb, rhc Muqhals resumod rhen

low ds rhe €rsGm lrc ier aidr

3i0 a Hrol nr Chrrlonq

,ule, rhe po or ChitrBsdn! wx ruhPdin'o a s,onsholl or th. M:sh-F ri"si pir E ,r[spraks, wftc

b.ld ,nd srilrul {dr wirh lou r r e

errlea$s iFy woulc aft.k, aid seosEltyrlo Mopol! ra'hrs,_r

.rl dDcrs hsnned odar ,or amoiqp,oblss r.' .!ery Mughal

ha last chrDlearf he Maer,Firhglw ir' that ir s maiilv

rhs Mushal vi.-,oy or reisll (r6e1 1677

1579 r6ae ^

!) uidto Arxkai mad. rhsempam, !o nu.) 5e 6lly

dned.d Mr Jlmh ro JelLo! r! ',ih.q

q1iBr: Lr Jumh'"-

hr o the proEosed

.rrs cr uidadairroraml, by rhe arakan€ss s,.trJ,r iusei ha

,n.p,rL rr. Muoh3lr, vrirss e nier,

sulGi sulah ;,d his,imilr. iBtr-.zrbe rD ,leD!. rhenuddor *os. lL$nous

BlordF il m6li:ll crcum*rnGs,

or Bq,s3lr iiom rho cruci a l ii.Arao, dev-

ihm6d ab obj4( orrh6 arp6ci'ion ooiGmrLr.c by chslr h6sKatr loon trr apio

of 'hd

Knsdon" (d)j.lso s;3

Chiuaqono und6: Lha Muqrral reqins l36l

New'rholes, rh€ ctrlbiial Bnbirioi o, ihs Mush8ls was rha

chlar morva rh srimulabdsuc@so6 or the Arqhds,rh. Muohils ftouqhl, rhsy hld aialuEl.laim ovs, chitasong, Th3 exphris wiyro bs included ln rha l4ushal 6dnisndivgrh{,1 prr ol B^!:l A-!102'6 irm.d' slr Jr6. hk d_-r'on,,ssolv.d b d6al wi'h tho unlnisird p:ojed or his sEidrarhd,

'tuoriiq chi(asong

Thi ia.k bBro,a Shairia Khrn was lohld.ble nd do!br. Bolh $olird .rd s6a ,ouEs ro ChirEsoiq wse h0zndotrs 10, m chEsol nooDs. Th6 juiqlo from rhe sourhon bznk ot rFe Fonl toni orjnr or crihqoro' r w3s scdcely phdi.abla ro mrch an ny nom Ecisalg lnro

ih3nieb rh.i ifi.Bec! rh6 non(i.rc'1 a *r rcula iivasion also{rDUH rlvolvs qEar rhk. rhs iaJat,;idercd n dill mro d'lriDulr io tr.nsDo ,r hvadns lorce by

""".2 rh" p,"*is" or rh. Benoal rlorillr

., daqroddioi du,iiq ths rgslmr ol.dlhrqove 06 esieciall! orP,in@ shuF, rhar accoftlio! ro Talish, ,lr nam6 aloi6 .enEiied,n Beiqal."3 x wa3

"rh! silo6 or rha E.nqrl rtorlh wrcd bo s 6f rh6 f.hq,

,shEd only lor ol rha l3r*, the s.isal crcw thouqhr rhsm

s6Lvos lu.ky ir rh6y could srve ihen livee by lltqhi'd

Bur Shabla Khan'6 spnr and en6,sy Dmved ro be eq,al roihe snudion. Ha dnenBd all his si6rsy ro rhc rcbuildrtro of,ho naval ror.s and lhrolsh rhs caasdlBs orer ons or $. Nawib,

3621A Hrflory ot Chrr.s.i0

ch{r,sois undor rhe Mushal hgims 363

O"q o' a todee s.:!en by rh6 {d.ror dr tjgl ,o r.,6 S r,.

36,r I a H'srory ol crluaconc

rhs Enslsh €v dmce E supponed bv Bd di's $'EmanN' Acc'

Ths Nawab',t commu cdion w h rhs Durch Ls conrhed bv

h6b ai l.lsi s evdonB. Tal sh sra!6 rh rho Nawllr calhd oi

rho Duth caD m of Dhaki and odered him ro "co_oprcb wlh

rhem, uit $ ihsy obsved him A' 6is rho Dur'h 'spErn

rcplied

rhar h6 was uoable ro Dka anv inmdLars d6cslon wtrhour coi

lurished.'Eas lndia companv's l6!d riom Husliro SuraL

w FosG,, E t l, 1661 1554i p' r95

cr li !),J rid'; ,,] [luJirl ,sO m] r 335

covor, ,or tho Gr3r.l -1

h s &rbrrul vrx.rha, ,hJ Nj:vr6 ou( such a srep 's ro

d ed ro srLavir. L is liGly Ih rtu DuEh

mnrer Ihq Etlsi lacio,s of Benqat unds!

stnd0s riE n6c:rsi1Y ol hsl)ir rhs Ndw3b with mei and

mrLdal, srit ioidlm:tron in 5outhan Iidisthar .u.h asnaicd ro trr N vsb would $uch rufllrer rh8i

n Ee,3rl.2 Eut rh6 Enal6h sdhoririss in sou-

rrrar^ lnda, ar isL. mnrry .sssraico ro rhs

Ihr srlh a.ridolfrsa o: fi: .o.npiy's

n ghr be iivolv.d{a.ro6 thar thev

c.uld asri: Lr dr savs an ui& akinslo r olrP .omo"n/ in

ctu::t b p:y th:n dabls ro [. Eiq]ish 4

Ths ourbEiLt ot rhe Aislo-Durch w bw d rha middle ofsnuaron Bo$ ihe Eislsh

aid da ourch becamr iowobviously in o:ds, b san his rro_r.

riance in Bengll h dly moro than a Yer,re[ cmbmd*ed os ro tom vJhoh or lhs co end Ds pa iss he

would sssk helD. Ir^.riwrrJr, ,lrs slluaLon tooka dn8reni tunaid rre Nawab io loise, felr ii iced of rhoir helpo

Al.ro all Lh, cof,rmporary sotrrcs r isrr rofto Mus-:l uonql",r o' rr L,,o s

5 E F r, 166a 166z p. 1{4

r

366 | a flidory ot chirGsois

hmsir if rhe ra(6r dd ior b,eakup ih:ir Elariois

(The Nawab) $rc eiBd ro oveNh.lmfie pndes ii ijremediabtoruin if th8y d d oor rmm.diaely subml ro rhe Mosol.aurhoriry,,aurcnszab3 isltied in rhe ,esoturon,, sa,l he b lh6h, ,or

chadhos rha kins olnakan, and a Durch rteel roo oowe ulis ar haid. tt

Manucci moE sp€eiricauy shcs l

'hrouqh rh6 h6o .t Anronio dd Foco aEside or Hust,. .rh,s m h chardew a brorhs i;6.d

?

chtbsons uid* rhe Mughal ,a6im, | 36?

sebasiao Gonsalves who was rhashai{a Khai s tor Anbiio d6 Roqo, 3id held a tdig

him. He requAsbd hmrs. ravou, io hdtoof rhe royat .d06. He ptgdsed hh wordo o .sr !1orid b"

hish pay. Meaidhil!, hs paid h,m rwadvjtva rhDUsnd tupes

dellvercd io him.1

Trlish ofre6 his him, tho Nawabhad beEl plrinino how io prr dawn

rep,kal da*tred rhcn nittudy s,vicc und lhs tuakan*s iid

/nu..i t. 113 i Fo . I' ro d/riai coiiaks, ruhr of slidwip (1602n5r3) G reldsd ro rh.sgbsLhi GoizlA of M.iuccr. accou . fi n h suppossd rhar

dsnrc,l rhei rh6 probten Emaiis how

'rc..le.o! sald4 r'ourshed tr .6r.t611 @io s.erc,eiiry as lars.s 1665 66 A D.

8wd*, p, 13r. ru u.ci wrr.s,.i'om!oT rh? Fahisis, h.vug. aisa$jnotsd . sEd p rcs ot ahk.i flr 1r3r

r:r f,]Llrhah aid iho Po ugueseirh6 au ho'oi tie Alar).nn .t .nlnL:,:

som: o: rrtsr l-itrts (9 rrx tryrhe aw,b b $6e doryleiro tutlin! i rc rh3 hsnds ot K am-wirha rlrt yJ:s i rio envoisolsaid.

w,p, Iha lau.omnul.nillon.^no. .,nshould br depo .d

363'A Nklor/ of Chirhq.lo

b rrl,;i. dreded rhe sovemo,

ro lodr c sl,lly ro rh4 dsf.rc?of rhe c.!n y a1d fo , cocillara rhs F iic A,akai rhlir ,amillesaid .1r ld6n, rnd a hrs: ttsa .quippadror h:trr! w:s 6.n:r r,r lysr

ror r,o lidrllrl oi r! F, ij j. rr rerlly i?is r;d ro Irre lharfamiles ro Ara6n Fene. hem$tvss ar

shrkiibyrha jyrl ol Lhs em:rirl ler slDfrh6crpraridfTaTluor3f 15. Mitrh c\?r, i[oy iled wiih

rhsr lamilies i tr y L,o jilbT tD F,nli,l K ian a( N.akhali ror

"F: 'tl ' 'l"a:.r ,0or rh6 hrendsd amkii,so refuh

oI thD Idor, and i ed rorssruido lo E:nsnwlh illlheil so1665, rfiy JJlbas of $o F,inqrs, full cr o,rt muskds and mun riois

chiLlaoois Lidd fie Mushrl resime 1369

.id all th6 Fnjnslramil* rcached Noakh'li,'1 Ths accouitorlav'rni.,.Lo cobli,ms rho PotrusuEa bdhvar. accodiiq to him, i'a ile6r

rusue$ lrcm ,hs tuakli6so saveNawab, who had boen day and oisht thinkinq how ro rsalis6

rhh obiecl, reqad6d rhs .omins ov or rhB FnlnqG as Lho conmen

The ordDosed oxPodir'onary

commaid ol Brzurq Umod Khan, €ldesr soi ol rhe nawa6 "rh. shduld .onducl fis campaisn whila

'honaw,b would look dfre, the work or ksepiiq Lhe mv supplied

darcsha or lhe nrw ahr Mir Mtr aza, d osha or $3 a ilhrvirhs Noakhsliourpdd, Janal khan D lzaql

Mn Abdul Fsrh, a d'wanr Mulrammad Khalil

w,iri or rho lorc:s. Besldes rh*e orric.B,

senedls who a..onphied rhe 6xpsdiri.i v ,orceswae lrh sas

Khan, saGndz Kh'D, oaGsw:l xhai Raj.subal shsh skodia,Kh ai (hazland orhorc Muham'

mad Khalil -was od(edlo koep h n (iha Nawsb) darlv hrohed or

o rcoo all ths da lY evens, srcar 3idsmall ro $e Nawab, and av v advice harha

Ihs imoeri.l llesr,

kum.ls7, bacha -2, s.lb 3, Flba-96, parcida 6, ior sp6ciried_3'

Ihi Hu$in w4 apporred t'e .h ol ol lhs naval

370I a Hisrory ot' chitrasois

aod orhe. zamndrE rtrM nawda as hG ilror,i .toie w h

wjh 40 vossels, jo red rhs Mushat ilsa romak6 Bal\ a rohidbla na,ar o:pecnion.

Tho problem ol p6$ase or rhe ny rhiousr ai iiho.pn.bisIand and (he supply ol €Lom m I € 6dv:i iq amy d€m6rd.dspacial ah6 ioi.Itu Nawab h,d dr.adysancd some kiowledso

que,, Tho drisa loEs aid mtrllnuwould orler a haidi.ao

d rfrcrl7 M I Munazr .otied.d a hroe nlmbd ol axes lor lrnq e cu [o0.2 ih! Niwdb 1,:s €qu:lly .or or. forfis rcoular rupply Lh-a armv. Tatsi imahs:

solri5 (qrai 6,h.lr ol all rh, gra( wrror, le6) brcuqhl inlo D:cc: shoUldjdqr of ill prts of E.irrl !,q4

shorld bed4zarchld ro rre rlpli oi 4 force .sd ei.sllerrom the lreshn ir rll

I' ,r r. rh" N,,abd a oir anl l€rrnothnq ro chan.a Li hstd d,oka6r dplo.

ro rhe Mushah rnd of{erino con.,lLilo,y IavoureGov.rnhenr, - The htrs

msnino ch€r mual orr.*,oid n.r iotodri. p. 1s3nr.

rupe4 and a mtr h,chier capbin (s{k , a\rfiEzih. | , 234)

ci,tasonB und fis Mushsl,ooim6l37l

or (h s .o esroideicarh3 Niw:'ot olrd was ior qiv6i duo

hid was surr riodrly dri.d up o p,ovrdo fac'l rhdor Lhi ,orces 6pe.a ly cavalry. Txs sud.cs olcomD rvrly c6li

rcapho Nrod s!sqesred ai ca,ll,tla inromed s. nawab rh 1h6 Amkliese

had h{h6no €slscredchdoaon atrd rhat Lhe Dlaca could

be .as'ly Eirn i( ir mmsd'a16ty wrhotrr

Lhe iawab asreedro ths. a ioirr ar{k or chtusois by land

15s5, ,br a monerrausprciousro' makiisa beo niins,' Blzu,o rrom Dhaka wrh hk

sboe rhs Muqhal mv wrs d'vid!d, )r wasrcsolved Lhr thc army und rhe di'ed comn'.

was Lo rollow rho varcuad ihalrhe ronr .ommand

was d,sdod ,o movo uo wi$ lbn HuEinaid r3nu zamndar wrh fie fl.d " l(am:13 a ei ot rh6 for

who had ukAi shslsshah J:h]n, wis ,Iso

Mn Nrunda, "wrh a band o, $. M.shs wro tivsd I Dh.(a,th h. wduld be

2 s",t*, ,t-o,g'ia r r,:as

N apadsyi in 1633 a D.

372 I A Hisrory ol Chirasons

las' Mushrl ouQosI

on Jinu y 121 ^tuar

iwo d.ys ma'ch, Fafiad Khatr aid hh rollo_

wsn c,o$!d rhs Fsni (Janu y 14) Thsy ft.n.i@rcd rhE Aruk

wav..urclslY.2 BuuG um6d Khan,

who wss leadns rh6 maln body or

Talkh w E rhaMlrLary b:ss was osrablhhsd on rh. Fei,rol.owhr 'P" od-:rho sea, tr was rs ed would pa$ uprhs

,v d h.t5, rB 'nFqal Jrmr's orsaqe."'. ra ns h'r (o'sithe Mushals decidsd

urder ilbi Hsaii rd$thd, (hB llael $ilingalwayr closa !o ;imy husshs rho coa .

iavy warc al5o advsed th 'lon€lolndanv

sisn or impendlnq dansd, ir shou13 immsd'aclv

ro rhs oLhd. 'Itr mnch air lrah the )and and s3, lorcss w*a

eqlal rara vJ,L' rho ,l*r lhn Husan anh hs floer lrlvsd ar

much ahsad o, $€ amv. lh6 admnal ddiol s,r idL, He lindad a bodv o, rooDs whoLnqla b*ouowatr ch sao_ ald oohmd 'dwrds t5e "ovai.ho

,d,oh, on Janusry 12, Farhad (han

ReniEllt mao Jasdia is nsa ed on rhe mouft

Muefat Gs,i I 3i3

rcached r pkcs nom whch charqaon ws mly oid day's pumay.r

The la er do*eda pla@ which

to rhe /4jcmsri.noh, rh6'impd ar

It@r hrlred aL Kumrrra3 v lkse, which uds 2o-kos ra, oti lDn Bu.u.s umsd Khatr3 en.ampmeiL lt appears rhar the ihpariaL a,hyin rhs earlie, $ss8s of i$ mathbrt nom naru,. Thsy rhick sid parhl.s

lrneles and drly sd,anced d slow pace cutiis,hs juisle and

lsvellhs rhe ro.d,4 Fo,'y., rhe advaicsd land

antr y 2r'5 Meaiwhle, Lhs m.n

(xum h). lr wx de.ded rhd Lhs [lear aid rhe

would lct ros3rhar'

oi rh' svaniis ol-Ucd,. it' .,6 drdm, |].4oi rhs rho admral .,lled upoi his

hr senL a rew ships ro rhe horlh of $s c,EkLhs enemy rhel Ncx' day

(Jaiuay 23), rie .icN srios, consned or

Don,r4n.F 9,k /

'h€ m$pelliq or Rum a {modsr (umm). E'Lh rhs sc ba

'ha conrGion or (dal) and (k!r).

rhe da,e 3r such.nrss rhs daG as rhe 23d Janua,y,

rr can bj 'd. hed w 'h

{:[aln chh.ra ol our rmo, TheearlyBrrish Gcods w're rhs namo as cuflaliah-

374 i a HhLo ot Ch traqonq

rtJ.d, o.o.p,t, rdL.

Mor ard orhsr F rn.rG, no led rh4 vao, b:tdlv

'nro rha enemy ilrr a(d rbn Husai h,m$I

wirh his rled was tolovJinsMlshil arack, fcved 5:c( rDm

wanr:d b foildv/raimd by rh6 Benqalee :a,toc.

Mish rler."2 ,rbi Hu:ain h.d ro yiold." tre, )olv3vs, .dv:iEd a ti,rll,ay rher6 rilr €wnhe,l prcbaLly ro keep

Bur k war soon discovered ftr a tdqrr Arok.nese ,l6dwas sEyins a, +s Hrrla cr*k.3 ior

bBva\ s.lod aoan+smaller crdfr. The tuakaisse ilier c; e

lna di o,. h '4 ,lro mear rh3 siemys t,rser shios cathd khJrs aod dhrds,,nh

rh5 satbs wrri.h Eachedpray.r. -The rwo I n6s

srood ldiiq lach crh{ ind rhre wrs oity a d a an lery duet,brr io closa, adlo.,

3 Ihe drr:m caitroL rhs ide iried

5 S l.r. A .'g26. rr, :37

chjksons u.ds rhe Mushat bsims l37S

es dins rhlssecoid iaval eiqzqamlnL Janu y 23), rh6 rr.gr' o,] drfere a litrtr w Lh Lhe F,

soon afr*v^rds (ans it nGr n3v,l br 6i, rh3 larsnshtps('dvJw a..buzurs) or rhe lFmy c.ms i sghr, tor a se.ondrim: huohL a tois aid seyqe ris l and suissr ll:d r6m rhs

(anaDrul, aid hh oqi b.sor ships hadhim, re rrrorqhr ii iiadvisabte ro.dvancj

rteer Lo I su abl6 ph.e and pased ih6niohr n keopiis war.r 1

io'n rh6 n:wad 2 1, coI { itr.h rr him$I

shpi .nlrJ srb; sh!rub! ii tho middle.nd,h6, 3 n1., aid lalbas aid ko$s sido bv

rcliiquished Ihan Pre'rionbsok ,rom rhe rhrsaleiod oosnion Tlie lla6-

Arakanasa tleer enrorod rhs mourh oltho K ntsDhtrli ind ,ea.hed ao cknd in ths md$rcdm (prob8blv

modeh Bakaliar ch ) shrps in lli6 or b te

baweei lhe shnd Husair .voided rashness

.nd wiih Esat caG aid p,udeice lollowsd rha Ankan* 116(,

Ths imoral llesr rcached rhe ,lvs, mourh and block.ded it so

lerr bank or rhe nver, clos6 ro rhe villaro or Fi,iisiband4 (ora@\,

rh6 aak.nese had erecred rhrc6 hamboo stockades, and "llkdrhsm w rh rillery, maiv Telinqas i1h6 tohrhs m€n ol A6kaoaid rwo 6l6phanE,imDd al tleer enrsrcd rhe moufi ol tho riv and cams ns rorhe!.o'.ad.6 h. Ak.rios6 ri ls y rp4hl ll*L h ssoBs th rhe r lring could do lir e'dam.so ro

ths mperial rlaer.he en€my by borh hnd and rvrhe ver and Iaidrd a body or r

.ohr$ aftck slen.ad rher ouns Th8

Ara' s4 sinGon arr r $ubbo,i rloht ibaidoned rh8 srocrades

bumt down bY $s Mrohrls3

The chi6l caPbin aid orhsr Frisl

chiLroons uid€i ,h6 Mushat res mo | 377

,pj'acs, lh6 Nawabs otl cs,s iamoty r,tuhammad Bao Abaralti andMuilww Khan zamtndar, -.sh. swirr! nom dtrgEir sid6s. i"A srear liqhr wa. roushr Firo wae oD6i.d (oi rhD Mushatr)

by hm h rhis iaval enoaoohentT

373I A Hhrory or Ch asonc

On rhar day (Jaiu y 24), Fafiad Khai, who had ac.ehre.dhh march row d Chnralone arved rhs b3nk ot rhe (arnaphut,l

o/,le ol^ It t,Jl

Borh rhe ,4hdErn!n.h and rhe Fdhla de rhar rhs appro.,hol ths Mushal my damDoied rh6 spniEison. Accodins ro ths AlonE adah, "rhs snemy to{ h6 rar

rhs rishr dr rha hlamic "'.y 3 T,l"h *,ir.s

rhe to ntohrd rha

app,oaoh ol lhe Mughrl ihy This nsws and rh. soac6.t6o, rha vi.rory o, rha imp,ial rte4

s,rhon rnd sotdis's o, $6 cdufuy, rhartolq6 iumba rhsy eda

Iho aurhor or rhd FdLhra n rat6s rhsrollowinq rh' iaval bnde or.Jaiw,i16s rhs aurh.r, ,reidiis ro rhs ron (or ch eaon) rwo rur_

rhe $ips, wror6 rorh. qiladar,... ,why ehould you idedlssty de oy youbolt andyour family ? Barorc seized aid Ecirced ro

up your ro , ,nd sava your lrs aid piop6ny,,I'o qiladd. la' ,s ,.a,sl , .o..$timo lor sscape, s back rh3 reply $at trs.horld ba srr 6dr6spii6 lor fta nishr he would 6dmn,hem.s Thms €ve s or rha itshr havs alks4he been ,onorcdby lho aurhor or rh8 Ad,sti,nr'

1 ,rjd, p. 2osi Trlish is sile abolr hh a iv"] ar chirGqooo.i

2 ro0tyo, p. zoa. rn" ,t N i" sitenr abour lha m5.ch or jho command.r.ii chlel oi January 24.

chirbqrns !ndo, rh. M!shat rdsimd t379

zamind atons w h hre @mpmiotr; sEEd rh6ro did sor fb adersd soon airsrwar&, indtisd his be ro but ii vain rh. fi. .pEad

as onois ar atoxander,s hado rha dsr,toiuiconquroblo fo'ft6 wom our, h. (tbn Husaii) rsa,o

1 ^

N O,dir, p,2osn He musr hav. b6oi p.so.d6d by rho ad-vaicis ahy uidor Farh.d Khai,

3ao lA H'srorY or chluaeoid

mrk4 lhe qrlad., or charsaoi cap(llaro ro Admnal LbnHdlain'

slvino rhs Nluqhal land rorcs lnrl6 6h a i rhs evs ' on th€

orh4h,n3, rhs alonsti.Drt lros thal 'Lho mporial mvsaiiadro $e wholo prov'ncs ol orarsoon

'nd$o onrn6 anlts,y aidnavY or rhs Plac6. 1

si, Jiduiarhsarkdrwho disc!$es rhe discrepan.v or accounb

conclud€s w Lh rhis rsma*:This dili culLy h avoldsd by ralsh's sr.Gmern thd rh6 cao

rie rcsul or a ,osuh, ei6ge I rhiik nrar Lha Muqhal a,mv

on rha ?th wh3r phcri.allv all was ovor

Lr isjud po$!bls rhd Buzurg umsd Khan

wa a( rhs raU hie .trval undff ib wall!6 dB lhe adual cutroid rmonioe or fta 26Ih) is rend ed

improbrbls by rhs dEranc'.2

Sa als obsNdoi, howsvd, ieeds irnht. sc,rriiv, Ac'odiisF had (hai atrived ,t rfs b'nk ol rhsk*

n.ohulion Jan 2a, and decsi!. oival

enoaqem.ii. F had idl6 and ha d red th'r$.ult or rhs ro, rhoush TalGh nakes no rcl6reim !o ir AccoL

diiq ro rhs Fdrr, Bozurq um6d Khrn h6a ns or th: naval

b 116, htsnsied 1o I$ nelshbodfioodw$ poslbla lff him ro reach Lhatotr ot cha!

saon na{ day (J u y 2s1 as lhs Ahng,rd,.h cl6 lv 4n6s

So rhr p ricipaLioi oT $o amy h fis a$atrh or ths ron c'nno' be d sm'sdjounish,.

rh6 ,eal drliculLv lies ln $e icoishkncy in delails. Talish

'hs knd .my ror $6n psrormance ii rh€

al th, AhnEtrdmt

Satkdt, AdlnEnb, t, 245

ahirlaoois undo, tho Mushal rcsms l361

would ior svo to ths irval loEer irs dua cedir' But on

ro s.v rhn lailish h!d. sruds6 aqaind rhe

my oid rhsau,ho, or rho al'mgr&@l, hid D ill-l..liis sqal.ssito vl.M comP iblo bY arqumsnr

:nd somo hyporhlses lr mus! bo admrti.d rhor rh. 8i€as.nairsb w!6 fts arakanssa aid rhe Mushdlt w.r. chieflv naval rh'.hy hlviis oily a scoid y rcla b pl6Y, Th. batla ot rh'Kahoohul de.ded Th6 dola,t di3h6a,si6d

doqrc' rhd rhev p!a' -

callv could orrs lnls rcssanoa b rh€ iiuadins Mushal amv

Borh ths Fdi)o aid fia Ahng)Nncheious laod ensasamg b.Lwian rhe Muqhal and ths Arakano.s

m,.onod rhe ollad who $ lac.d dveEsalL r,onG Th6 advancod my udd.t F.ftad

(han mshr riavs laksi pa4 ii ir' Tha Po udulta uoachsrY rnd

lodl paasans dvolr mads rha rask ot lbi HuaiD !o oary 'hrro, Lhs drivzl ol rh. commandsrin chi8f,

uldd Muiaww Khan 56t rh6 lotr oi lro,Tne on,y rhitrq rha( wrt 16 pull down $€wallr or rhe iort and rc demolish iL 'lho

m.ins ol rhir lon which, 6cco'dine

evei rho Emp $ ol aloxander.

The .us{ioi iow ,emalNi wlry rhs rkmsra,r,h asisiadrh6 achievem.nrol rhs .Epru is or rhe chars&on fotr ro ftaahvby dop vns ft6 iavy ol ir6 dus edh ln rcply, tr crn bo sdthd tho ,ecod kesp s ol rhe D6lhr sovohmdnrwerc no( ii dir6cr

6 '.r wirlr rhe evens ihai had bs6n raklns phce thouoaids or

mllrs away iid rh. imp€rial clpibl. Thev larsslv dopoidsd on

rh6 repons of Lhs ^rfce's of rh6 Niwrb shai.ra Khm who woulddsrln chief 6r rho vicro,ioFamY

ol rhe fotr ol chdsaon. To san . hioh-

etder son m'qhr havo .aoiurcrr hi. lmasiidlon,l

1 rh: Nrwsbt mEitoi wm ruI'lled a. his 3on siinod ulm6r

3dz ta Ht.rory or Chhhsorc

sir J6dui h snk h- daraored a s iour mhrekd ii raLsh,s

r has beei dkcove'sd. A mhkkework h qrire ndu l1

ois or pmbrbly ,s havo r6aDhed rhs

svo,y hns !L nn my orf,csr coutd d6s rs rodaysi v'2., ts rirto, a h,ohEikins m.nsab ai( rhe

ch rLa!ois uide, rhe Muohal 'eoima

1333

Eur. cr8lul eramid'otr cr rhs rooF wIio s ious di.mny

d6c 1s 'n

Lhs ,a,angtr,,n.r.

rhe hcr pEss or rhe forw d move-crn b! aftnqed .hroiotooically. Fonun ety

sou.e books me oi d eswhtrh ,. exkomltvv,llabls fo, day rco d io th6 frarch of rh6

rhe ronowiio ,s

pa(y und4 F hid

J3nu y 17. AcDording

mgrrdn.rr, F:,had Khan "daoio rriy.s totr 6y. and

um€d Khri s rival

.lanuary ?r. Ac.ordiio ro thoHu.ain ieu r(um ia ( say 15 mibs nonr ch.rqeoi ), which dc.or

and wh,e rtu lunsla

ar a pla.aakos oi Farhad Xhan and Mn

Giched som:whe,o ne mods,n Brd! i, abouL (.n mils6 rrcm

t,.6 r+ \uha,,o

Tre Mushil ll!d

mllss uplo Knhalis ald srvr u2 j!irl3 curin? .trd mad m.kiiqrc ACBIIhG hG

i6d Ehdiy,llomwh*8 ha qurchn8d hr aosre*

334 | a HErory or chi(aeoic

rho ri,sr irval .d$s3menr.

ro rhs ,{,aDsrdf,or, ,Fa,h3d Khln

'vcd d rhs b3^k or rhs rlvor (xahrphrrr) obvoustv nom

Karh,lia ond mod p'obrbly shyBd somBwhm n6a, rha mourh o,rha 'ivr (p@bably ri Pabns,),

accordins ro rh! F,mro. Buzu4 Lrmed xhan, hodns or rhsr(.! bn to. \as{.drha kamaph!li i rha alrundoh.

Th6 Muqhrls woi rh6 i.val vicroy

siese or crrars.on td .

r rce days ro covo. s nkbrcs or onty rLne3i mil6, trom (um ir'o .Frs.or. rlc rollow rq

Frcr, rhs whole r,cr ol laid was id doobr covned wirh rhoh s ol raisled wsdarlon, bur noi alroodh

'unolv, b.cru@ i w6s ro jlow . s +sion,o br .ov.ed whh sd as b rosisr ih,

rhe hslp oa raruD bur ii was ior wh.ltypathhs becsusa fi6 A'ak€Ee Ld rh6ir o..€lional cids inro rho

ch as6ns uid, rha Mushal rcsm' 1335

sd6idly, $o 6xp6dirldi war uids rk6n n ihs diy sea$n 6rr\6 v6a.wlsn

'h3 wiloEsr of r\o v.g.Grron wde eF.il/d!-iii-

rhs rh,ckigs or ths iunola orcduallv dsdeasesir rho p,oximrLy ro rh6 iown

Ihirdlv, rh6 sandv rouro alo.o rhe s.abaaoh could na! b6

cova,sd wirh junslo owiis 10 rha sxtuma saliniry or rh8 soilTh. expedirioi v lorcs., borh land aid navy, weddrccred'harrh6y shouldp,o.e.d.lde by sid6li such a m narrh oi. Ehould

not lore sishr of rhr orhar.

Lidly, rha dsr6tBicou,aq.d tha Muqhals

b charcaon. Th 6ld4, nelevan.s oriothinqunusual in th6 iaiiarioi ol tho mov€menrs orlha ahy. Ths,4ldh-

$eclli. aid chronoloqical th6n the dlh.r ln

rclarioi 16 rhis sur such mno, laulb .s rhr omlsloi or dars(J.iuary 25, d6 .Gdir or Tilhh as rhes6..

Sir Jadun h snk ihai cha,s6' rho oficrl hidory (honhmnrl.mdt) wirh rh6 reha* rh.rir"ioiorespa play.d by rh6 Firinsis ii rha campaisi."l I ie tuo lhdrho rrd,Srddhar,) trilik6 tha Forrr does ior slvr coBidd,abla

h lhs dahp:ion, bul ilwill bo uijrv ro $y lhar ir comolaGly ovdlook. then valuoblo.eruicos. Tha /4kngkndnoh, ir IoBt in onopla6. acknowledqas"rho 6rclb s'vi.es' rcndsrcd by rha chief c.puii,whoacd-mpanisd rhe mp*hl ro,.s ii rhhexp6drion."2 ft.anbsrc8o-nably suppB6d rhd rho oflicial hisrcriai dop6ided almost 6rcldiv6lyon rh. rcDo^s $nr by rh. Muqhal olfic.h d Dhaka. Th6 padpls6s wsll as rhs sovskmsnr know 66ss psdplo, who lo,rhola$r5O yea6 mEkiiq havoc o hs ruushal r.rirortgs I was hldly. lo iiqhr whai rh6 PoilusuosD pn roe coiduciod rhair uru.lrid! oi Bonsal vilhs6!. An inr6rya! or only . rEw w@kscould

1 Sa,t<t, tt,ang,to,1u, Ztz

336 I A Hkrory or chilacon!

co ma: old sBsii(r o,4irp.n!,iai.ol theFeocla. rr !:s r dplomnc iE ro.

shoisb Khai $, hr h3tl oainrl rrE Forrl!.ss allni.e rsansrtho AmkBiise BuL

Iuies pasr hoems a lri€rd ova'

,ole .l Ih. Po trqucsa

qs\, 'o

!hs pr'i.ipaLionth6 Ponreresc alhi.e can $

(rc dnn.hlzal Mls ilPotuq,ess hrlr.

aoJ lh: .o]r ol l(all l:was s i,aty dro1ar'n .,'ov 4.dl,r. rJ v.q!'1.

brav.t, i .. o!cr,i.i Lvirh rho po uod-rcdrtie.l ro/al b

trori a mu,I rard, 1r[ ror tho Muohah rod8red rhB .r Drild tlBer or rrl

Ê!:r{! iid ihs ponucuese,

rhs cioru,6 ol rho

o, irs inmdi6. rha oos i.rL BpiF qiv.i,o ihe qil.d by tbn

rhen elcapr. air- Ltr rill or rhe for,,...rdino b fis rrd,srFws rhe son .r rho

A acai kiilt unde, w:sorhai rcl.riveg and ns-ly 350 !cwirss

'rral rhaqi,adar, w[o rr.d b!

16p,6sL.d LB Rzi'h ofchdgson and rire qrbdn .f Lic c

rhe rod oi rhe orh4 6i.ro ol ths rlei al;o nra rc al ro rL€

,4 N (srldier, pP 2o3i 20si

Mushal tusimo I 337

rwo i l'ph6n' ald bro.srr "m o'o' llia'n

AbouL Lhs spolls o,,hew rrr! rqo souc€ hooks slpplvsom6mfo nd on. Accod ns 10 Lha Fd,,yd, i lleer

v dorc Ths coN sr.d ol khalu.2, ohunb 9,

jJod 67 ,S..' : o o 3 i' d, 63. b,.4m.22,:

rhese. a lane quaitir! Gll in rre haods

'd b'bdt ica "l os'c.O much sroi 3id m ssli and lhree

elephi s, wore .rprurcd.'4 Accoditrs to a eslimalo or Sr A

pleces .f cainoi, oos or rhom Jiiqals calryrs bnb nor Er6o-

!o.J.'sl"tr. 6

ot the conqued ofchitrasois rea.hed Dhak,

onouoh, (h6nked

b Dlav.'7 Libsal Iaw ds

horses and el6ph:i6"alms ro ths Poor"'8

rwealh bBvoid ro lhs Firlioi DEr4 aid

3

3d3l a HbLory ot chiuosoic

as boudy 1o hir owi orl'c.h aid rh6 crow

ol rha iawdah.'l contadcb Talhh!rDon ol fi. Nawrh's oirrs and ,smtrnshrion io rhs Po uousse.

ln ,osard ro rhs Po usuoE., Chah-h$ neas th8m, no! peL

but cs .i.ly i6 rhey dderu6; hB considerc

unnsc63tary ro fulrll a siiql6 p'omsa. He

surlorc monrh arr6r monlh ro 6lapsa wnhoui siviiq rhem anv

oavr d6.laiis rhar thay € toiors, ln whom n E loilv ro

who hava baselY belayed lha Prhcawhoss

sh $ey had sarsn

Howsver, rh. obssNd'oid mad, by Maiucci3 aid ravemis, rully@nroh ro $ ol Talish. Tavomsarived

ro th. Nawabr paym.nr or ela,y b rhs Porssn'm. "Hs (rhs Nawob) savs a lErss pay ro

all $s Po usal olfi.6,s, ond m rhe6old*s

Th8 rea.rion ro rhc lsws of rh6 Mushrl v'dory over A,akan,impe,al cap al,s k recoddd in the Fdtyd

r'. Emp oro d.rdroror3 _ur ro

b€ played.6 Rs{a,ds w.,e€iven ro all mncem6d i ths con

irh a cosly jawellod swnrd

or 'ra

EfDs,o. rô elep'anc. wo hor"sw hsold_aopiios., r@cial khilsi, aid an imp'ral i.mEi ol p is. Buzu's

and Giched tho imp.rial capital

accordhs tu iho , N, airh. snd olsh.ban (Fsb:uary,1665 A D).

undouhredly an acr quiro ooild,y ro rh. nalurc ol rhs puririn

chiuasons unde, the Mushil,as mc:3sg

mmod Bes Abak h ws€ promorad. l[n Husain sor rhs ri a

Tn6 /V0d5n',Alo,str 3l$ s es rha svrnq ol rhs cwdd ro th6qeiemls who we'e -'hoioured .nd sisddeDed wirh maiy lavou,s.r2

Iho Mlshrl conqure was rollowod by a larse scal6 i,tashThh avenr s poputa,ly (iowi 3s ,Maoh

dhadha i arc. Ths Mlshs escrp€d laavins thsnuidarsrcuod, and c dod

o pla.esol hddetr rlasurcs whchn the llluro werc utrlsed by ,he, descondais

the Mushals, rcrend ns ro follow $atr vrcrory @ ra hsrsourh,

1, pPda' -,, ]. 'posble, ro qo ro the pla.s and besese n."3

Ar that i,he rhe €ovsro, ol namu w.s nawl, a louoq6i bDrheror rhs tu.raoese tias. Jhe Alansnrdhah

Tho Mn, alrn usveEiis d rricul, rclde dense luneles, aid,eni61a ,iv*s, ar the eod or 12 davs atrived wirhin on6 kosoi F:mbu. N3{ dav, ai noh he sro'msd rhs lon, ThsAtr

iamed Rawl, who hsld rhesovehmsnr oltha oh.e, v€d his benq worekd, hg

rlsd wtrh rho sa Lsoi ro a iunsl€ clo$ ro a hill ioar rho fo .

Mn Mu az6 qivnq chass slsw mtiv ol rham 3nd crFrubd

Buzus umed (hai hoaihs or fte v.iory aid laamiis iha!a lorcs by land asdin{ 8am-

bu, desparched Maf,a Khan, Jam.l Klran Dilzaq, aid

Forl'yo, p 2r0 A.mdns 'o

rD,4 N, lbnPusan Bceiv.d rha

J N Sarkar, Calcuk. Boyal r'iiaric sociaryol sciuaL 1947, p 31

M ' Mu{aza. Ti,o lvln, .kd ir

the riva, om and r h:lr ros fom F6mbd,tas snomyt atrival force or rhe eiemyw h sEvan ahplra s suddDnly *!ad nom rha r!nsl., rolL

on ,he (orhe, hnk, boldlyp[nead r wlh hs comrad.s an

rlqhr. lkd. Th. v crors )ureue.i, sisr dod

Ihem, oid sqlzed

aid orhd war m erGtl8ur an ourpon lik 8r(u 3bou eshry mrlos

rehro. whils eipldrrs rhe causes or from F?mu hs atrr orot rh€ l,ansrnono, wnrcs

As tha ep3ca bdw.8n ch.rq.on lid n.mhJ 's

vsry h d roc,oss, rullol h llsaid juislar a

rha wholo pdh k llooded, and $b y6rhsrewas only a small doE or provhiois oid rhe Etnysasonw.s nsai, ihercrora, Mushal .hy iiroAnac.n wa. pur olf.2

Under rh6se .ncumsran.ss, rho Muetrats ,houshr ft wDo ro sivaUned Khan "ve y w6oly

ro ev3.u e Fambu ad lall back wirh rh8rsasads or F.mbu. on Dakhm.kol.

which E close ,6 crorsi.n "3 lE rha ordds or the comm.ide, n,chi8r, ior only evacuarod tumubur also $s lvhols oi rhr tr:ci lyiio 50urh ot rhe ssikha.

l,r /l (srudies), op, 21 1.212

chrrh(oiq uid4 rhe Mushn psimq l3sl

AGri,nese e EI aurho!:v ovoich (a

oois h:d vnL6lly rhr;D d6c,&s b4ro,o

rh. Mushils esablshedA kiilso ,ules rl.Dend.d .n :,. o,ovncial.dm ni:x,lion rnd on ti,r dersn.-" or rhk pa

N:waL Shatra Khan, Iha

or ii. P ,ulrss'dase(eB sipldis rhe w,onoorlicy or ths A,rk?n4. es hlj.ws: "owis ro rher oids and

rally, Lho kitrs and comsel!ore or Arakan havo nes16cred rha d.reicB,on and mdqlv dspsid6d on 6 (ror thh

o!.osq ).'L .rh6cdllis. "Aiercised lirlle .ontrol In ch aqood,

siF Nl, Il S coln, ,'had io hold nall qon such cuLlh,ods (h6 Po usuose pn er. 3 Sn Jaduialhs kar mosr ap'rv renark6: .suc

acoiiliioi or wealthaid Ioive iheir narioiil dsrsr.e in rhs hands of aliers,"4

or rhei, oc.asiona, mids inro lr rhroushout rhB Mushit odiodVfirh tho dsdlr or thnirh! dhamma rhe reGplsnden, mrjsny of rho

^?,111es. hliirhy

of rha artrkarch kiiqdom sG.drlYd".ln.r B.n!$fie,:ll o! c,iLhqoi! (1666An) an.r ra..*qon or said, lvErya lr7r0 A D), rlr{o w,e (!n riqi3.veH

oily u,l. rwo drd ior icioi r0r no,cBdUr Ssnda \lizara: Nui a6rva(r7r2aDr $D av6no6

'so n;oru,e a prl'cy" i 0a v.w ol

2 l. E,r, E s. I sorh Ani

4 satk , Aua'gztb, t t, 2r2

392 tA Hdory or Chi(aoo.o

M, M s cnlis, .s ltle,emor6d nom an chv,'l

By ai mEhl od$ chkraqciq w,! ,6iam6d kl6mabad2or rM l:rd of ktrm aid ir was ptacsd lnder dmcr Mushat Adml

I 8ur. A ! (50rh Aii. Pubr.

rha Mrqhil coiqu6s o( chirragong w:s ior mq6ly 6 r6maLkibre milirdv v crory,wrhrheMuqhll hrqu.tr rhs ca uqold isolarioi or thadhLi.r

ot polticallire orIo ai ,Aid. A lons ia,ly a ce ury mddechiltaqdis a p r ra to,y rid ir wdlld havs

ior 1ak.d Pla.s. As aq was asrin unlled wirh Eeiqal

.nd rha lo* or hrnrero^h, ai erclusl-

wirh rho miqtred of chirlarono by rh6 M qh.ls, rh6 dhricrth6 Muqha! rndis !! th rh6 Muqhal coiqus*

r iew culru,a, a new dyla or a,chirc.ruhlchl laiEuaq6 we,o Besldes rh*4 ,h6distict rucBivsd a new nama 0shFabad) Durins rho Muqhat ruta,Musl,n cultuB again becams predomrnoDr,

"Ihe mos sloious ,ssulr ol rho viorory_, ln rhs visw ot'skJ'dunalh S kr, "was the rehase .id ,onoErlon rd homB or rho-oeids of Bonsal pss b who had hosn kdiapped by rhe pdres

ds or slavss becam:trcemoi ov -iiqhl wirh rha

'pDroach of rh. v'crorious Mdqhih. Ecco'dns ro

or rho .laws, in

rhe "mo$ qlo,io!; res!lf ol1h. Muqhal vlcr.4. The mo, qloious

ChirLasoig udo, rh6 Mushal rc€im! | 393

rcsull is rhar il se.urcd ror rhe dkricr rhs much dsi6d ,P6i

Muorr.lla' lnd ,oiq Muqhal arms, Tho Mushal coiqu6* olchnbsoig L,ouohr ths kn€es tsnd s6.rlydccrcaled thon pn i.,l acriv Lios. No, oilyall orhar Etrrd)eii naLlois .eve, qaiied Eh*on ro do is rh.v

lked. Nonhsi chirEqons asan becams poDuldGd Ar Nawab

ri _.oly Io rho smosrcr's

1n', g'' i 4om sr"wl,{l.mar is the @mposure (iamsn) o,

'h.mlndr or rhs [!uslim! pnabs), ws Gan e6ilv

seciion 2 .hirlaqonq Under rh. irush.l aob.hd.E

as Pl.ced unds mllndy qov.rrJnd $.i soi or Naw.b Shakra ftrn:,d

corqusororchnkqonq. w,s .ppo ed mlliBv ,dmin{rdor ol rho

co^q 'erad

dcrlcr.2 rhoush dG(ict oilY l.r a

shor pe'icd his iame .id achi.veme htv€by thc nsme o, a nlaca rEuzurs Lro.dpu in Mn s.rai u. z), r!

my otricq, wrs do0dred ro the no h of chilhsois/'ro,o ruE$rabl's5 s rltrnah."4 Tai Mlana 'wnh hic

folowe,sand a huidrad [email protected] sppolnbd thanadar aid suard ot rh! ro.d iio chnelDn ro rhs b.nk ol rha FBiirivar"5 Mod.ro

rajpu in rlro Mre ? romembhnco ol $6 arct

Muchrl firi.da n thr( Ieo'dn

394 lA Nisrory of chiLracono

wi(h rhe rerum uf iomsL.y r Lr. pL,hlc tr., rr ht,:trryru16 over rho dsrrr cams ro ii€hr unde rhe .ivil:eh-ut-ttlukhoan, lslamabsd oi c r.Joisrdn iauldars or eeng:lciany known as lariir otrder rhs .ub,h or E:;iall r:. h,sbryot chirbsois dc,iis []o [4!ghal rule r.oJs uidaj rEfe]ttrwr!

Ar.kane!o ihcursio,s inro cnirtnq.nq

loi ch !^!ois ro 0E Mr.,als, h'y.ould erDtorc poss,

bilri.s. Ac6rd rs

r*s ,n sourhwrrd dna c.

nass m.d6 a pldrfamity hisro,y or ire hitlt'ns hd 3r.,ped.qThe AEkanse ,atd ii 172a A D wai so inroisc rra r,. Mqrhft

corEspotrdsnce ot rJr: chist ot chnbqois, dL Feb irqr E P P, xxvt 1e24), r5

sa*ar atrtdnsztb, | 241

rlurch rodi, (rnrd8o,& rir,, Iiddr (Mss)

rh tr.srr! rndfl rhc Mrshal rcsms t395

admini5!aioi !,hs dskid lell in coirrseddso,saiizarion. A l6rE.tom Edua Rcynold, J!0d8 , supplios iha

30.000 Moqh sold -s o, AEk,i hod ,nade a dsscenr on chi.uaoono and pluid.red LD rown. Tha d'srulbaNe sD,oad ro

arc5s so rhar ieynod was cohpolled roleare Juodea anc eka sEl,{

'n rhe Eiglsr f.clo,yar Dlcca,

rhr rolldw nc ye (1725 A D), th6 Mash.cJms as n and beeri Dllndr'rs rhe Eiglish tod rifry peF.. of rrn soods ar

lr m$lr m .hed aoaind

*hid QJ,' Khd,r,2 Th6 ahk+iDsc usuriy condlcLed rhs,

arohh,p or Muhommad Baqr,,'3rhe rh:iah or hlam.bad was -b'oken up_ by rheAnkaissa onais

berles borc aid rlkcn away sone rhous:.ds or oeople.s caprivssFnFo, Lernory,"

Murch'd out ,4 airerhisrsm Eeisal, de.ded inmly b dnve alvay 16o Ankaiesa invadedwho we'e dll rovre alons rh6 colsr ot ch rasons and hotdinsirs people e o: und* $e command ot Mntuuhammad !ac5 was rhanahor chitusons,,,

iB€isal Publ c consulhr dns,, Nou.2s, 1125 andNov 28,1126,qr A Krim, Irmsrd Qtltt Khrh dnd Hb 1tn4, p. 58

wrhen by Azad ot Husaitri, k:is srkar, B-gd, Nod5J, p, 4He hay be ide rkd trnr Mrza saqr,i6tbofchkksois,man.

Loned if Himtdullar ftait lisr.

was iMn:o Lurrulah. ile was a son inJawol shujauddn Muhahmad ftai 6nd roceived rho rirte of i0uEshd oul (hm rnrrz, p,274).

5 He may be idsnrted whh rhe naib (7131or tho .ame iamBin coroi's

^l.nofoir?i dtrd in Hamidu ah Kha s l4dth,

Olhd orriceE wh6 acdmprniad hrm w.rc Mrhammad sadlq, M r

Habihull'h, zuloada. (h'f,,] Muha mad Ntuhim, s,njuddr M!h.lmao Behd iom. Mr sd/lid d r.,.

whi.h wrs ttu E, bis!(huisah) or fid rhanah ol chrlsaon. 'ai,p]|r .:y thar no on.

vasr mYass,mblsd

itr rd or hlm rem:ined i hld nq in $sn.wn l.nd, aid Godt

3c6 LA H dory or chi[aqo&

E

Tho ,6laroi berween rh. Mrohl qo!*imat atrd the hlLchofs or chuason0 by Lha subm s:lon ol rlro

lar., ro lh6 Mushal sore3,i,e . rn 1r'r a D Jn3l Klrsi, tho

tuliie Chakma .hler (khii4l ln corron

ohalned pe,msron

diiiss.3 The r:do asreaiE was IKhao, w5o in rdd ron ro th4 received t,on Faulda, zlkadr Khan,

laid n rhe Fansun a vslllys lo, whlch scprrare

Gvonue wds paid.4 Backed by rhc Mlsh,l aov me , shdmFrKh.n in.r6as0d hk iilluen.e by d:qcesaid cams ro occrpy ths

of rhe hill trrhs. shdm. Khan died hJahbd Kh3n. his co0.ii €r.ceded him ro

rhs zamrddi and

und€, rhe Mdqhal sor imeit.

I H6 w* p,obably

2ors k, s!,g,r Ni,orr, o a

3 Htrrchhson, op .ir, p. 24

ippoht!d :s irb n chirh

cl,rksonq un.4 rE lvuot:l eeh! .,1r1

Lho plaioe wdo oftoi suuie.rc ro sllri

'n$ ot rha slddei dracks ot rhe hill peoile. rhese aGcksnade rrE lra qid a l'$or w rEn by MrJimo, rr vn. -ole, o'or cr..bq

i cil.unr (Decsmher, 1744 A o), ,apoft, thai(a tr bal le:der) ,mahDi)dd

pa sot fte h'lL rnd loo.red rh3 villaor ol rhc plan.' Ths Ia(* ru,rher repons rhar "oicsm 'h. Mtrshal sovsimanr, duriio rhe rcslduico rereof Mahasinqtron6 huidred n2Lchloik men roltowed rhtsKtun's) s,andklhs riom ona eid ol rh! hlls ro lho orher and

drcvo hlm b abscoid ro Atrscin.'1 Tie Muohrts, howv , ra[sd.'laroidl o. r oi3 .r '\. .ll trbsio

rhs "ilia5's

of rhl(F,h !a,y 16,176r A o) qjras evlds.o or tha ii*crrc cood I or aid,wanL ol dB probcr o),Tho mcrBions ol nE r hssmen.onriiued down ro rhB carly p€riod

rvu:r,h sL!jr.rs

mLi.rkab]3 isarurss in lrro medievalhidory

Dolcy or p mi(iis re ion Mssl'mrh!r own raiLhs _ x s rerlly amazins ro sed

rh rhe tuling soflioi did ne he, dkqula! the miio ry cohmu

1oPP (J,n,Jun", rs3o) D,a

Mush.l govonme \ras orstr.hmlkr d's,itrcrion bdws{ m.e3

M sdajud.iin iamss Shor JrLiba,Jai Bakh.h Khrn (J ,/l s P, xv

Tb pol1.il st.rctrro or lh6. ry@ (hir n dld iol qendallv

r$ i A H dy or ch lacoill

3nd rol,qons, rh6 man&bd synemby Akb rha Grc

th6h nevd,. b b snsasiis a rir p sor ro a suriblg Dosrior

rhbrcr'otrr rhe Muohal

,,e. .o,to ir" tr o,o,d! -.J-.

of tho d'sricl Thoush rh: I ndus wors nlmencoly smrler rhai,ho M!5lims, rheywnh a brer numbei .r o icars.

on y, vis no ch rasons ii t713 A o, 116 chmr ais o, ch ksonewarc p,ov ded wirh "complaG lbdryio celebfure rho r€ ,vals -r

equal'ry, tusrce, sscuriry aid parce ro alt ihe

Lioo, which save b h ro a common Bensali lansuase aid crlrurs.Lhe Muqhat resimq rlra ial{ion beNaon Ue

Il

diff66 .oDmun Li6s rrr sihr wirhin a radius ofa m 16,n chawccoDmuial hamony dur nq ths Mushatp.riod.

Chr6griq undar tht Mushal resimc 399

A sarhr:cro,y daa.bour rhe r.laLon barw€tr rhe M!9h:l sovo.

drrrulL ro rorm or 'n e,idl. r,luch orrriosouce mareril res dne L.i strhrc i6 p€seNed ii rlra lndi'

.n som6 orhs pliccs 'n

Eu,oPa,

rh,lroE ro re rin sources cirEd bY s.ho-li,s n rher works. u,ro uiarely, rFB F.e nublrcaionsbylhesDhdli6 reqrdins e Euapeii tradi h Bcnsal

LD EdhDeans,,ch Laldnq du,iiq rhe p*iod

rhIrliron bi(.en ,,olrs i nd son:c codial, orviiq chrctiy ro r,-A

.rrendiq r.ri!iti.s ot,he la tr, rher trsolence afd rer.ha,yiaileit,rn De lccaL ,Ll s as a rsrh or wh'ch

Eu,opcan v6de .oulJearly pft or L r r/r!6al reom..

8id ! half ['.y almiq

Ehosa orow no ntlu.i ] wes

tclL Ldw d 'h. rloscrwo al na,ions, fo olh Eubpeii people re tried 1o ssablsh

ii crirbgoi. cxp{liLdn c,a.1lyrielped Lho Muohals Bur lhc event i0qead

racliiier qu'ck8n,d rh.n dEcliie:s a comh.Eldl 6id rsnio al ouiig 6a la@ Piof,rro A'akaissa rule, $€ DD or orns washanded overrorhaPon!9uese, who kom rhisplaoe conducred Ihenpral'c.l acri.rri€s

in io,w 8mqal. rh3 Mushal cotrqlo .id rha consoqdsninnir:.rmalrlon ii rhe Mush.t occ!)ied

rh.l, pndicaladivi-1i.r ?h, dm n s$d n,en f,.do ri.l.omnsrce in ctr(cqons, Thhuohoq ,!. Mtrqhal iul', rhoy were iorauowpd io 4joyitE $mekh{rofprjvil.qed onjoyii(rdu'iisrhop,svrous

nocboorbb and we,eemploy6es. Th6saiq.l

dowi ro 1100.6r A D I

J.dunnh s kar, relyino on Enslsh evcoi.rs, remaks tharthe rehior br!v,.i Nawab shaisra (hin itrdrrcEnllshraderc

or Lhe hher bylh: viow ol s,

rkr inilyzno rhF

l,ioLh, '!',rrd rh€ c.rlrroi th siii;r:ndispubble o,o-rh .!

rhir limJd -3 so kr i;rlre rlaroo bdrJci rhr Muihal ruhhaid rhe Eislh' vrderc was

atr r ma d, ol frd, rl.a [l!shil sovoomoirmlJstres rmm rimo ro r mB:sain4 rhe Eoolhh

vidds beilso or rhe laters rc$iriul :dn !ics. To ntrnkh $ei\em' uJ:!h cxamo],s

o olled by shatE KhT in rh6 impoLs) se,vic., as a comm.idBior 3oo roorss shonly .rreNads, lre d€.e ed ths N vah's sid.

r Abdur M,F,r l,*. "! "r, p. 3

1 For de alld desdlpLon or PG s a.rviriss, scs Dr Mohm al .connburor, / I i P, xi1e6s), pp. r10rr.: Drs$(asdli's ricle3 P i, yxx r os27),3rfr.

5Err(r6osr6e) p i67

chirbgoiq uid ft. Mushal iss mo r 401

5nd w h "rwo orrhre: Enolkhm.n.id ssv.mlt Po &uesc"6sc.

.isrq6d som6 0f ,h6 \.boba ve$4le a

ro'csB aid caplured ' ,rc ier ro( (niobrblr in 6ourh.h chirroono),which Sh:isia (han h.d prcvioudy rak.n 2 phr's pndr.il

'di.v'ies iafuGl]y t,iraled rho iawab who,,ha mddli or odobor, u(sd rh6m ro rc@ll

P.an, aid in case of ion com.lian.e, thr$rened ihem wirh rot.lbush'si wilhi th' pmvttr.a.3

nom bein6 held ru5pqtsrib)B 'o 6.1r a.rPm wa: in emplry.6 or $o Muoial .overnmo so rh6 htrer

adion aqatn* rh5 des.n Th6 n;w.b,me2nwhl6, ,e.oned ,,arri sood le$on, Ho

reruh ro ohakr wnh kins's hsad. This larcrsrch a h.in* rhar ir foll iiLd rho lrsnd ofrhs

A,akaness kiis. Thskirs imnediar.ly prr P6r to &alh.4

6nd s..n orh.r huid.lF er.i,red d{.I.a!;e of NaMb shoda xhai,he Enql5h vrere iefts.d rrmssion ro ss,.hlish rade rc]dioi inclrLrssors durii3 h€ vicoroyrlly. Trre Eislsh, however drdidrabaidor rh6 plli or ai ?,med 6 ack oi . r Lrasois rn r636a D, rh3 Eielhh

orqition inlo chi aso,s ondro iisEllJob.r crr Fo, rowi and Tdriroryofchy-

4 lrotuui |, toz1oa E F , (t66e.Ee), p. 167

402lA Hisrory or a,irlreoio

pl,i tell ,Lai s Jo:iah chtd, qovahor ol

o1h4 bold srop io by iod. H3 sucesded

s\ould orrar.'' "rhs cou pooplusly anno-

deLemlne,i b hvy wari ior oilY oi rhB

Ntwab or Boiqal, blL n 'he

ssquel on rhe EmpeoI him$]r."2Evenllally wilh d's kno, Josiah chlld "lrcdor rhe laGe$ am.menrEielaid ro (h6 E.d. Adnnal Ni.holsor was se our wlrh 12

2oo .ddiri.nil sun: ,"re,o ph.sd on bo.d,"4, s .o,j, or !r".' " a-d by :or"rrr

lo.al hidlords,lo move oi ro ohika, th. capiral orB8io.l AiE,ha wDlld hrv6 ovdlrhalmed tsE q*,ov

'h€admdal war ro f.rcs

him 'o cede iha o, chirlasois ro 116 compmy. Arodino! Lh: poiodld orremlvs b4ai ii ocrob:rr63t

was rhorcuohry ushid by rhs MushalBg,s:15 Trr. Enolkh hoos o, en!blishins a ta,

dehod ro pircos.

The r,mi0don or Shaisk (hant subahdaGhin n 16FsADgavo r5e Enqlhrr ?1 op:Donuoiry ol

oneciors dspar.hed caDrin u,I.m 1e3,, x .omiEid or j fleer,an idsrl phcc ror

c R whoi, Edrl anats of th. Etsrsh h aaE4 t, eoPhil,p Andeisoi, The Engtkr in wsEm idia (13My, o ?37,

qt Fam Gopal. rrok the arr\h aktpnd B sat, a.25Htbtl .i ||rtu, ,211

s Ram Golal, ot. di., po 2s 266 Fo, rlrE adiviue6 of CapErn H6!rh .so ! P P, xxlx (192s).

ch tai G r.l* fie Mlsh:l rcs no llor

$trlsma .,r Hedh (o Eke ths po$oElion or

Tha oppo,runily dr .Erial,n0 ol CapEin tiorlht dxqns

dnioi rhd rha nawab shDuld coir,m all rhe old prv lt-gas hal

had be€i enioyis by the Enslish ir 9en9.l. oi Dec'mb* 23'

havlnq alrcady seit rwo v*soh ro the coasr or Ahkrn :nd rwo

mor€ b 'rp1o,e

$e hourhs or rh6 'chirrasoirJ Rivs' (Ihc K '

anived ar chitrasons Hh rsal hrc 'on,

how6vei uas [eDr coicoa'

lld lrom public6y.. on January 21, Hcdh c.lled his rhrd.ounolGom whe$ rh6ywould advha hm ro arack

ihs rowi. B{ L was lound rhst a cirv lke clirksone irsreided"rdksn b! I[5 coll ',

nor could ir hava bao^ kopr un&r co rol, f rakeo Hearh Lhus

had no o$er allehadvs rc ba a llend or

rhe Mushals, Io miko $E I6nor bslisvs ln hs ldul plav. Ho,

neqoriaiion. wtrh tho iaujd or cr'tasois oo

rh6 eneuins Arekdi elpedirioi. All on a strddsn, H6arh wihdGwhb padiciparion .id s&il6d away ro orfer hls ssrvicas ro ths ruler

oEveiI dis.losurc ofiho wholsmater, aid

ledh allans @siry to rhs rad rhd rho

pu,po$ ot rho Enslish tade6 with respect

ro sdii ir by d6h0no moaus.

104 | A Hhrory or ch (asois

a basa or nrlha,y MlsLIs oi o;cariois.rhoy wolld rum us of r5e snnit anuiriesol lh6 Ponususrr co&6 lndenu lke essoies woutd n.tu.rally p@voke disple u,a ol ihe local sovehma , wh ctr p4veddsvime^ral nol only b lha iiror€ oi rho Enslsh Lrn ro oh

.1 'J

kr. r.t"it6d ro astblsh a

l8llure in enablsh is ladoras o' sddam. s i chiiasois ar.norfar b seEk. FGLi rs chir.srns !v:s a irwty cotrqtrered Lrovand a toiLier o!rpo$, rhe Mrshal sou nmenr

uide' nicL suNsilhica As a m:ulr, rhe nov:m.ir: or rofu:,,Jrin lhs ph.o was look.d upoi wrhPoonla li d P!.r ro hr, wol d o l/

secoidly, ror sevBal dccrd.sot ['c eirlv pai ot rho Mushrlrcsims, th8 .oas6l pan of l5e

wrose d6p,.drrors.toislr 6rn 1s

B3n9, coasr hrohlydscoumssd rhe Eiol6h aurhoriries froi, u a

btishis a iadory i ch,(isoio. Th, Ackansss 6d oi tho Enqlishfacrory d Jusroa as tire trs 1726 A o, p,ove. rhairhs .oan of

sa,o 15r nav,sniol uit rho,.

c,mpfii0t ( seems,ihproved 1o somo oir!irundo MuFhidoultxh,i 3nd AIjv diKhan,

s wfa srmdhii. li[a ,be6 hives,,which could be.ru*!ad whli.vflequned Throusholl !h! psriod,

ii 8'osrt p,osrd:d uids rha pror.d,Dn olMu6hid ouli(hao ani

syn in 1713 A D by rhe Enslirh w.s a

€re srao in sr.r'h1 rica raulibs i, Benoal. Thoy woG allowedro oshblth f,clorlss wha,evrr rhey lkeJ. E,ei rhoi $syw{eior able ro ediblsh a lasrory ii LhirEsorg I rough rhsy mllhl h:v6

chi asono lndor $s Mushat,6sima 4OE

a.r* ot l. r in chirroons. h bacrmo cl€ rhd nejrh alivardi

w'h r6 arakaiosa invad.6,

commercial loohold oi tha pon lowi of chinasorc, Th6 Frs,ch

6srablisihenL ii chiu.sois iisvirabty causd fonh uiEasinos rorhs Eislsh wio rvord atso soticirhe rhs 3mo uad, t6ct,ni6!

wss noi altou€dAliv di (h.i and hs succ.sor si,ajudd.ulah.

The Eistishi in rE meairim4 joiiod rhs conspnaoy rsaii< NawabSi,ajldcalhr on A2,il 2i), 1756 A O in his l.rar ro rr, wahh,M, sft,rron susqe ed, rm coss o! Jaid on rho p,ovii@olchi-

ro satrls a lddorv,2 as ono ot rh€ condirioi.h,

106 | A Hisro,y,or chnrasons

would I'ke rhs p,op@ed nsw naw.b tin casa ol sBiuddauhhtdeposiroi) to dcogde. Tha conspnacv was succo$rullv oxsou_

rad io rh3 farsful liald of Pla$3y.

lr caonor bs p'6che1y known how rhs ba le ol Plassv

allscGd a dhbnt sa,k Lka Chilhsoiq. oie ol tho nora,onhY

in rho so,my polirkal sceia of Beisal

E. c.tslon ol Chitt.lons hv ths Mushal sov.rnn.ntro th€ Ealt Indi6 conp.hv

Mi' zal& was s hroiad ln tha iawsbship ol €ansalbv tho

Ersr tidia compaiy. The Comp y in room rccsivad a lump

Bun l,om rho naw.b who pDmiled io plv an vadilv trlbuEdid$is ludarlv. $nlsFe wi,h rhd nawab lrarilidd a cohpanv

lound rhd rho iawab lailed b meer his obli_

ro rho companv, rhesvanco ol wlrich knsw no

6ihauered €ichequar d'd nor p mlr Nawrb Mt zalar

b Ear sly tho insaiiabl. qrcad ol rha Enslish Oi rho orhsfttid'iho mtruption orthe sdvaiB or rhs comprnvbrouqht ir und$ acuto

lhtnohl c.i!h. So thay w.rc looklns for new 'vsiuss

ol incomoro

6dhlv 'h6ir

qrowltrs

rha Gov6in4 in council d Fon h'iuhfr b obrah lbm rhe nawab

tho edsblishmsn(

i4 ,7J5.57,11, 349.i50

'DaEpalches ro Esnsal, Msrch 3, 1753', ql A M S.Eiuddh ThE

8flou. tdf,irturdki of !h. E,{ Inttr Cahl.rv h ahk@Ear' p 13

chnbsono uidd rhd Mrshal res]fr.1407

6'dd r,on rha iawaDl sim!1| Middlalon risbv rho cal.u a councl. Aqha N zam

bs.:!se h s pE wlia l,om Mn zal das3ddrussd ro M:ha sinsh aid.or ro him.r rn Novenb , Ve,els!aid hls counril ar aDs ly ,rar Ash. Nizrmwrs rh,owirq evdy mDed,msir o. then

to Pdmit lha Enqlhh

ro ourchba .ldrh ii his cDuntry."3 RobtrTi.d Epeacdly bv rhs

-a lirrle srrd'hE a/iv:l itr Beisal (ln 1760 A D) v,Nirartalk d

but Nawab Mr zatu, "pos rively rclu$d

Btrt M r zarr would Lo rh s p,oaosl whi.hwould co rhe nrwrb otrs ol rhs mos lsourifrl q*25or Eeigil srs.h.,n hb hond, Mi' zar3' wtr bold €ndroh 10 tu down rE Enslishproposal h 6$ablish orploir ion The nEwab

nor onlv crussd rh-A orln bdr also dech."d rhd ia solld nor

allow fto compaiy ro hav6 aiy l.ad6

compaiy tha ialrddi or chirboois bor*

'Bons:l Publ c consulhions, l6rh ocr. rid 27'h Nov. 1753 qI

Abdul Maied Khan, +, dt, p 3L

s arion Lo Hariiqs, 23rd D0c. 1753' qr lr,d.

H A Viis ua , ,4 N,iI,l,! ol. tlL.d6B rc.civcd fiom Beisal, Ja

403 A Hisrory ol Chitaronq

iow oicloss you iwo hleD rromrM Nrbob, di perulal or which vou wrlt lind I hav6 ior beeisrcc€ssful in any applicatiotr ro him for rh6 fotrrdeco or chirra.sono aid silh6!, H6 hm acquaiired m. juniow wir rhoresutrol his .oisulrarion yeserday wirh h s mnk1e6, which h a dowi

qhr Eru6a,, all.dsino rhar LEso rwo prov cas hs has .sstqnedro, $a n.inrenanc. or rwo or his sone md Monil.tt acb asfi6kDewai."1 ri rcDly, MrSyk6 inrorhes kar _should bo aiv los roptny r' odld p:v rha same es the proseit posesor dds." Bu!ths n3wah ior only Gjecicd e ,aq!65i bur 6vei prr astdo rh6

!o br'lc a racrory,c.ephbla.2 ( ws bacon ns .le rhd $6 company could not,aco,vsdl wharfi.y wa ed lromthd ir a nsw nawab repLcid rhe p.csitrr ono rh?n i |r,gi rumcolld ba siiiednom $o icI n\.ift rrlr d. .ec.ssrv ol d Lja,xrdrLBo.i.ao prv

B, L ii,s could nor br saiied .o toniii rhs nawrbsh p trrs

Tho ier choics or ,he Eislish w$ Mn o66im. Holwsll,rho succ€ssor ot clive sns,(.d himrelf ir sdsr aranoeme wirhM, Oasim aid phc.d rhs.ld demand or rhe compinv berora him.Mi omim reDlied rhal ,lsLrabad wrs nor in rhe eilL or theDiw ,- beiis a jagir or M. Falouri, Mir

i6o.ria,on, Mi, o im w:s arsu,6d or Flolsh

l6 1730, qr, VanrnE .p..il.. p. 3s

r.en{s re.aived lbm sensar, Jan. 16,1751, qLl l s p, xv /1970,,

H, is! ro Goveho" no dar., 1760 ql Abdul rvlblld (h:i, ip.

chirhsons undn tha Mushal rcgm61409

suppo ii s.inlno rha &bahd6,!hip A s.cr6t troary wa..onclud8db.Mson rhr Enslish ind Mn o.sim on seFromb* 27, 1760 a D.

Ev rho rinh .nicls or rhe rrearv, il w.s o,ooded rhr "ror all chlnand or tho said ahy, aid p,ovisiois lorlha

riold,8.. rha Li.rs ol Budwan, Mdiapd aid chi isong, EhallEuiiuds lor rhd purposa shall b6 w,ilten and

sranEd. Tha Compaiy is E rrEnd ro rll loss8, and rccsivs .llrha p,olir. or ih.s6 rtu66 counries.'1 In oclobar,176c, Mn zrlw.r d6pos6d and Mn oarlm wa6 odalled as n:ib bih.do wirhaU pow66 ol rh6 hzamd Th. prcviousse ertrea,y waspubllcly

By rhi' rrcary, chiikgons was vnrurlly d'smembe,ed f'om rhoju,i.dicrioi or rhe iaw.bshin .id it w.s acd.d 10 rh?t ot thocompsiy lhe Mush.l raujdar was ioplacod by . i4{ Englhh

1a60i r5s CoLIE I r ,o'r fiir"a- tsnpon.cd Haq veElsr 'chisf' ol chnraoonq with Thom.s Rmbold andRBndolph Marior ss mshb . or his councit, wans llitkiB asassisranr ro th6 lacro,y .nd Gokul chaid chosat Es dtwai. vorkt6id hi3 council w s of,missofis chalgo of tho di.ricr otr January 5. 176r, veieln racs,vedrohal .h*s. nom Muhsmmid Feza Khdi. rhs hs M!ehn truidarol chitbqois, "Ths Fa..rul6urrhs Compary's $rvanbsanal non rrie newly 6 hrdiad nawab or eeisal" nalked rhBeidol rho Mushat iul€ .nd rha bssinnins or rhe Bnrish rule over

Soh. AEp6ct. 6f th. t ushar Adntnis-

Ihr whols of chiLtasono a. it ands roday, was nevs.lully

Ahchkoii r@[.J, Ersrg!'46 ,rd sliidr, vol L Anicle 5, pp,

4lO lA Hhrory or ch aoono

.onqused by (he Mughal! Ar rha s ld a* or th6 ,ule,rhe saikha was rh6 Mushel occupr6dd*cr of chnksonE. Grad!.lly. rhs ;ourheh noi[er e eided

du' ,q ns c63sion 1o rlre Ea{ lndia como:nvrho Msonal sarkar of crnGsons

6{ ds in l.t 'ude

ro rhesourlrw d ol rhe capiral (rshEabad)lbod I hy miles b a iver calted cru:.ol\ ro r[a wedwedl,om ths 3rid .iv6,,sourh easr and ean, aid diuda rhs chiu4onq dGricr

'lomrho no h.,.ir h bouidBd by ariver caltod rhB er,ih FBnny rBts Fe ), which smpries irslr

Ths Musrals k or cha,odon, which ats6 tnduded a la,rs po!rion ol mod i chlaNns HlL Tracb coirainsd ai arDj, r.ushty2,s37 !q miles2 aL

.ts i's co.quesr by rha Mushals was plrced uid lndopendeirfauid ry adfrrnh atoi, d,sd.r admiik(arorwas oblio.d 1o rct .s chisr or dhy or occup ion, rtl resuhr

cE ve'y .prly wrissrhar rhs dirtrrcr "becamaro sr sra,iors ror borh rhe mariis and sEndin€ milirarytorcgs orrh.soubah "3 ri u-s a Mushal pollcy ftar rhs whore or rhe conqu4od ro iro,y vns "a$isned, chiorly in Jsse6, ahsha or provhioiror lh! Moobinah (muralenahr mil ri. or oa kotr roops, connan y

Amkai-s."4 Milia,y ourpons had ro be co.3trucrd on rh6 bank.ol rha srikha,5 n rhe sEk roo$itts and atone rhe coasr ro

"Lans kom varehL 'nd

his councrl (dr Fob. 1

Jamos Grant ,An.ly.h'. q Fifrh A+ot, t, 305

ChLibqans und$ r. Mushar resime tlri

prcte.r rhe disuld iom rho ncuGrons o, th' Affi(aies6 rh'hillrbe.aid rha pi,,ss ri 163s,whe0 Capkii He hl v'sn6dchirtasong, h. rouid mo's rh:n rcw't r5. dcd.ass or !' li-e.dF.u. ois inr6

or q soi is noops was aho decre$sdcesion (r760), Lho iumher or mura'yenah

soldieG wds only 3,532 m6i.2

llrr administrdior ol tha southdn nonrie, aid Lhe .o4uLmahdls war made dv6r ro rhs coarmandqi of va o$ hnks. rheyrrad ro ma nu n (oopr asrii{ rha pos'ble lyoads or rhs AEk4 cseand rh3 p d8s. L6id a*isnm€nb c, ,agis werc ora ed m rhem

amons $e orl.aBof hoh runk s.rutrsbound y, rh6 haz 16 or Doharrr came

Thry wsG rcquired,r possibla ro 8tund ( souihward a, rhe cGr of rhs A,akaneehsld tsrio,y. This polcy provod succ€ssrut in rha tons tun aidwirhin ono huidrad y8rs, rhesourheh lmtr ot$e rvtuqhaloccu.pied E o'y exreided upro Khuruskul,3

Besidd rh. Muroy.iiah miriria, r

ralisd a naw4.h or . lloot ot .h6d vsssls for rre prcledion or

Mrrehld Ouli Khan iiroduced somo 'mpo

.nr rcfohs 'n

rh6.ivil aid rcvenuo $e Beiqal subah. Fn$, $Bchaklahi bok rhe place or sa'kft lid rslaDobrd (chtraooiq)b.cdmo oia ol $. rhhr$n chaklahE lnro whch rh€ whol0 0rrho subah w6 d vid3d. The iunbd or p sanas or mahrl, ws

rims ot rha $ssioi,14a pdsanasor varyiis rzs utrds, ch.kl.h,Frsl5mb3d. Socondl,

41' lA H qory or ch iaods

fouid ship was abolh'isd .nd i.bship w.s invodu.gd in rh

placa, Aiorhar mpo ant chdiso thar rook placs uid, MuEhid

oul Khan was lE apporhenl ol Hhdlt in incrcasins numbe, Elhs cv I .id rcvsue Posb

In rhs Mushal civil and land ruvsiue adminGkron lh6shall8 ren o,"l.1. tr E.dlhd rrujr or v b!6. ! 1/ bdof m- Fs

aid rtLs whols of rha disticrws known

du,ns rha€ ly Mlshal rule a5'alk aid in IaB rlnos asch.klah.

The chisf axe.trtve olr@r ot ih€ disnlcr was $6 louid ,

who was PoPUto,lY .ellsd iaw:b. Tho

apparendy ii a riul saiso, rh6 acrual offics hsld bcis th'r

ot riltd ."r Bh admniltdvs hoadqua^srs woE sntrlbd a' Ihc

ander in ch'sf or Ho slpervised rhs.dmi'hLs spschl ,esponsibniry b

mainbin rh€ domo$ic Hs wss also rcspoisibls

Io' rh. .olle.ioi or land ru!enus and san durls lrom th. zamiidds

and pPoplc. Hs oflB w.s known assrd

and allporiblo nJonaroi on laid 'i rh6 loh or.hhirta kha v.ns.aid maiyorh blared documo r

wsrcpreseru.d. ihe la!rdarJ otchirmqois eniovsd €naii 3xclu.i6vad6 p,lviles$ w dh hh ru,isdicrion.4 h is noLics.bls rhar llrs

raujda:s or L[s ea,ly Mughal admiihnariof, wsto holdeE ol hishto rh' sk asic impon€ni6

otrhs dr d aid soms millary iuid'ois rh.t ha was oblrssd to

,he lauld s wsrs 'ppoinGd

nom comp di-

17, 1770', qr abdul M.jed $ai, oP.

ahiuasons undor rho r,lushal r.slm' 1413

v6ly low ruik, Th' frljdrrehlp, .bolish€d by Mu6hLd oull (hanw!. Ginsracd ii 6ubsquonr rine

Iho ier! inpo(.nr orllcs, war ps,haps hi! dopuq or ihenaib Accordis ro rvlv thmidlllah Kh6n, ths pddol naibship

Hahamarullah Khai's 6scdnd rauddship(r700.1706). Prcbably rha absanB huidaEhp

o oolom $mo axocurivoluicrlonsd0ine rhs ah$ro or rrs [aujdar.

Na* b the laujd and hii nrb, rhsor rh6 disuicr. tt rpF.a6

rh ho was tha hish6{ olf'cs' in rh6 rcvenuo dspadma orrhgcivl admiihraro( admhiwarive po$ wa.

wrE rho '?aynfsro4 an ofhc* whosa spacial

dury ir wrsahd ro k*p on accounr of all dEbut$m8nts coniocred

Orher inoo anr sovahmsnEl olriciole ws,6 tlre darosh0-i.naw a or rh6 @mm dff th8 d o€ha or rh6

a illory, and orhd milii y oll cffi. All ol thsm p.a'ved laidol lh€n ss,vlss.

or .'lr mahalr, who ir $6m bsloiqsd moErlv to (h. Po usuess

aid rhs holf.cad. Eo,ooesos. a havildi, o, how.ldar 'it rhg

ofi@r pladd by rha sovsmmsnr ro superlnisnd6nr a lmall vilbse"2Ih. bahrdn wa! anorhd imrro anrofidr wh@ po{ *as almod

llmil ro "a h 6DU, or boab, .idsv6i -. colleoror or pon dury."3 ln fis crry, aLtpolico dutiss, inclu-

H H Wilson, A clos y ,f luckil .id Ro.,u. Torhs,p,49

Rob€r om6, rid6'ci, p. ar EGo Hamsay Mun/ Ir. /'iak,g.fstnkh tn,1ir 11s23). F.28

P.iro0 (o/6p.4d!'a, l, GLoss,v, p. 470, Tho scribo ol a purhi

{.rs thar $s lamily or rha own$ol rhs purhi i5 6undd.do. bahd (r P, p- 177) A'ho/ or mork{ knowi os 'BahoFd hai ,i rhs srbulb ol rhe rdi ot chnllsons oomNmorc@ oie su bahda,,

ll,i I A i.li'o,y or 6hx@dno

dins rh6 trrk ol hainh'nlno public order ind dccoicy werekorwal Ho ere ad

ulban lila ol rhs ciry ol lshmabrd (ch Lbsonr). vllaso porrce

adminiltarion w$ o rued ro lho vilbso h6.dnen, warchhand chowkidar, Pake Oommm) d pyad* (dkpalch bea,soas6 o,isinally sovemmen! orliciah. ln rhs ,at& Mushal and 'irh. edrly s rish p€aodt rhsy b6camB rhrlools ol ths zamlndrsin oppbEslno th6 ryoE atrd iharcby

Du nq ih6 early .rases ol ih€ Mush.l ruls, nod DI lhs h,ohorlio.ls wor.

's.runedfrdm ouEide rhedhdcr Thehish drti.es

wda lillad trp by m.n l,om Dhdla o, MtrGh'dabad. Tlrs rauidao wdo froquduly ai6,orsd l,om ois placs ro aiorhd burhu subodharor ahjoysd lons4 p iodo orrcveiuo olricials wd. rocruiEd lmm amois rha ialves of

'hs

civil rid .nmnal juscs was admmisiercd by rhe l3urd66ii ths oa,ly pa od and rho nabs In rho larerp6 od m rhsad.t rad rhs raujd i(coun) rcspocrivBly lyins in rhsn hsadqu,rsrc,Judi.irl adminkta(lon wa enrudod ro Lhe qazi or judtchl ojUoorappojnled ro he{ aid ry cars in iia@un or ru$@. ln 1727,AI6iandor Hamithn &osot k.sps a cads oriuds6 ii ir (chi'rasonq) ro admiihG, iunioeMohoD6bn i.hrbir.iErl A qdi, ii rhs 6rim . ot omq waeii.n sxremoty vensrarod pah i,2 rha q,.i, l*iue", u"i"s fi,.juds. or oll cLimE of inhsftaico or suocs$ioi, perroh6d rh6carcmo.ias or woddtiss, tunoEts sro. Th6 diwan was .upposed rod6cido c.5ss ,elarins ro tandsd prop ry, rsvsnua colldctrois

kiowi a. diwrfl .datai. By vnru6 orft3n pBnioi in rhs diwaii hiedchy,lha aoltq shiqd s, rshsitd.B, GIukdaG aid $ilisos nduhly.iercssd aurhodry.vsallrcwruo.nd iih nando c!s6 Ev.ry mauz. and paEatra conhn€dsovsnm.nr oltiErs, who per,ohsd rhs6pocrv6 lun tonsrcs

1 or campos, .r,, p. tou

chirrasoiq und* rh6 Mushal r.sim.l 415

rh6 z,mrdFi cdcsary (.acdE,i.o admiiisrercd . 6uqh rnd

d:dy ryoe ot,u$lce mpdry crimh.l casar' Ihez:mnd couldinfl.r ss ences noDpins shon ot d6a6 ssieics ro, whichlha6pp,oval or h qhs aurho ries wae iecssary. rho zamlnd*swarc

ror maiirBian.a or @a@, aooErrBhiocriotr ol prcps y ro tha owie6

, b rclrrc,tul b o5vruo Lh du,ing rho daclininq pa,iod or rhe

Muohal ,ule many or hs zimindr6 bs'im. sic.6dinsly ty6iilcalh6s 6re Lo ,o ure the,yors ror a drlino causs.

rhh wm,.burouslr, rh. elrory sde of tho M!sh,ladmiisr,a

..$. rhs psopl' sdrlsd $ dirrar.nceslo.3lry by me:r;collo valy or rd.vdrally.

socrion 4 Admini.kafion ol i

rhe prd Mush.l ps ode dirriculr rd sliaco ovor because or rhs lr.k orsourca m!re,i'l.A qlmpse or,ha p3rh0i reveiue$ulemen6 lo uircly cahe.rowÎo rs rhounh (ha ,4b-i.,{(tdri. Moddi hkro,iins think ir Toda,

M,ll's a.couil or rhe ,evenuas ol srlka . chars.m wd obvlouslybrs.d oi rra nr_Ayiols P hii doctrmnG

frlshL h:vs riz,d by .,e Musbl oiitcersotc'ud, whotr Tod Matl was

prcp iis hh ,e"t ,oll, chi[asons uas undoi rhe tula ol rh6

sh habuddin Talish w,iGs: "Whsn Bsng6lainei6d ro Lhs Mushal Emprc -Charsaoi was 6n1ered in,hs p2ods or B6iqal as one or tho dsldultios uiserl.d dis.

'mu6saddis' of Bsisat did not rcaly wishwhos. ela,y wa3 duq rhByeivo him atr

assisimsnr on rhe reveoue or Chaisoon tFehp, p. 1a4.

416lA Hidory oi Chnbsooe

Ths di.tricr 6l chlrEsrno du iq th. Porhai ,ul€, 6luh3 ,drms,s rsvsnu*ro rho provincial a/chsqusr

uid.' ,hros heads 6 o, reiiiro,ial,sahwa aid hr rcm.injns knowi

rh. amou ol rcvsiue rctlzablsnom dirlsre mahh is a3 rollows:

sulejhanpur kommonly shaikhpu4

T.hqaon (or Malqaon)

sai, dues nom sah prrs _'

"vo( i'nF-lac,ly conqrsredA,zk{ or Moos' (qt I R ,{

hir opinion ihar c iuaqono wa.undor akbd lrom rh6 rbr€ ol

A dudy ot rtu cwira and land rsnu,6 sydem du is rha

is sq!,Uy dir(hul, owiiq ro fts lack ol.ou,.B mare al. Th6 synem rcpl'Ed rhat ol

aurhor ol tha a./'dri6r es rhar rho pa,slne

or Nramp$ usd

elpecLally ra co. al tsd was delibe,.bly dspopuhr.d ondbrr b b6 cov6,sd wrh w ld vaqdalion. so, Iifilo,wonu6 couldb, cdllocltu rrcm .r $o pblinc. of chi-Msono (

^cludins mode,n ch osotro Hill Yiscb) was.*sned

ro 6oms chGrs. Accordiis ro Mr M s collh, rheEware asf,myas rwelva ruch chkfc. on rhc aurho',y ol Ma iquar h i. kiown

6nroyed a IaEs' or land srmrs in rtuprin-cpalry or chakdsala phce. obviously in Iisuof ih6n setulces asainsr rho poslbls Mushal

rhd fie Arkam:o admlnilr'arlon in chi(.dono

chi(rgoig ui&, rho Muqh, rcsidol417

wa toa(!red by a mixru,o ot $a raits or Euoo*i feud,t taidienu6 aid Muelr.lro.slqi v:v.lls6, rhar rhs .h€rs o, ch ,a-sois hdd ro ssrvo rhe ArEkanelo suzs,ii wi,h men and m srirl

6ismv, Trr..onr,rmroBry BaisatiDUrhisihe extsGn.s ot hnd hotdets, horr, Hidu iid

Muslim The Musth rirle. such as chosrdhu,y, ma:lmdtr src.,rhar wsF .u,e durlno ft.r rime, indicd. rh3 jntrodrdtoi ofMudim reveiua sy em inrorh6And6 or our kiowledsg, ir h noi Dosbte torcisa a.sunr ol tho lId 6veu. syecm aid ilsoD io. during

iorics ihar rh6 Mushals, su..4soB o,,eoruiss i, $en hid

a unirorm66urem6 or land aid rhe meof th6 Maohi Er ror thsskleme or rlm. m rh. revenus rccol& resrity brh6conrnuancs

querr rir!ehrl 6dmlirstr.rron. tr nay b6 noriced rh lh. Maohi kdni3nd 116 Moqhi Er5 \,46 nor in voquo aiywheE ii Bsnqst arceprin chirbqoiq. Th. mixiis ot rho ackanssB 5id rha Mush:t

rysrem grv. e lii pe.ultarnios ro rh. liid,ev.iu6 admiihrarioi ot chnmsdis

qaiuosoship, aid aon uhi.h rhs elahoGrs

Muohal '(veius

admnnrdtoi sFids ae unto unarolynor,roilable ro us rhes€ vasr mAs ot pwth chhnr, khdjyaB, k chas, F rar mu.h:tkls. s.nads, qabulyds, qabalas orc. h.v€ eirhor b.en delibr.rgty d.s,ovod .t rhorlms ol rhe c6.s:oi, or havo bosi pdishsd wirh rhshsavy mo!!oq,aid orh4 mkhaps, ., have i6r b6ei prsservsd ror whrch rh6soffi p man6 ly lod ro us. Thsbtorc, w6 havo no .lEhdivs6r@piinq to d€pend oi rho Eisthh so0rc6B for E rtudy ot rho

4r3 ta Hhro,y or criraona

Muqh.l rswnua system. rrese $ucssdaal'is criirly w h rh6

coopany'.6arly rcvsnus adnhcrGuoi €veonly t pssiiq rerereiFro th8 6libo,ak Muehal sy"em or isvsnue N06dless ro say Lhd

owino ro rhis acdrot r6voiua duiid

$bl{t rhB 1wob, Ha y VBielsL on Feb'ua'y 16 and Jure

5, 1761 "lonsiruro a iiiior chsrc io Lhs rev6ius hsrory or 86osal".Esids rhsse, Phllil FEi.h's Pd) of r|: rkir! a m$r, Jam6

2e038,:nd smrarocphs 'h,ow

ls\r of chirusono dddiq

,.rtn! rt chntosarE md rhr rrrr R+q,arnlory', ar9t. ars wy hslpful Ar.nq ,116

ot ttt EIt hdlConrory n chht.,\1. 176,.r7al br Dr A M s,.iudd i Ls i userulxo1 dli!ods1

n ilbmiidres [D d lre,ei,as0ecll ol lho M,ohal

rh rhs whole aea

didoly a,r iLs conqres byrhe Mustuts. all l.nd $!s acidircd.

strehl5 4 tasn rhsh,mluer emdl,'no.r ,, smJll alloho s of hid

ktrowi os rdhlha ahshsm. Ih! Emkha ah6hamor ldtrd as.isnnr.nrln milir v prposs eslscisllv lor rh. mainrsnanB or soldis,eii lrre dhricr was or rhred ryprsj n:m6ly, (a) risir huray.rahor Drovhotr r., (b) iaormushrur raui

ri iaon mw a d

urr ueD,o undd the Mushal De mE l41u

nE,iro c ablhhmdi,. rhs soidiere ('i $6lohof Mmkh. ahsham) n lieu or $ipends was re rres Tho .dm'ihr iv.erpsnr?swers nriiMiTlrs co mu6d hold i9 ol $o !a,k , n spre or h.avy d'ahaq6oi srchequer, Bi be jGrithd oi ths qrcuid rh il $rvod €s

$e Muqhal EinPtro As rro Mushtls waaE ds, rhay would nor

allowi h€ pnaLes asah ro moks chirhgois 'hin

bass or pturd asa.

L6 Mqhak nom or 1 er lllo n ch_fte psoplo .l dirlereit prLs or Benoal ro

maks sstlgm6iE n rho distiot. Ths securi,v sivsn bv i l.Qgbody ot roops dd'onod rhs proeped ol a.qtr.nlno land in iho di*d tacLed a larso numbei or llhdu aidMuslim serlerc t,om

'drled w:E known as khu.hhsr'2 strhh. lo €ncou,aos iha

6.{Lms , no Gv3iu63 w6r. colbcGd by th.

rhs pgopLs lor many yaa,s,3 Thus alm. ih' whola ot rha con

qu{ed ptdvlnco was sxsmpkd lrom ra,ariotr,

o'[i.ll6y D€cilc,lly wriro. rha|I' lsrcvonB appedc ro

hav6 b.an colhcrsd bv Muhammrdai qovshms unrU 17r3 A D'crn lhrc ve , Mu6hrd Ouli Khai was coihmsd in 'lrs .1wa

ol Eeisal, and .Lo w3. mdo dopury subahd ol E.is.l. Ho

6urvoysd da land, ,lxed rhs,svsn@ s n5s,4rr.l.7l pa I dsl rrma ot Chirrasoiq To ach ovo rhs&rksd snd, ho ddopr.d c. ain mea6ui.s Fn.i, hB iulltud all

I'Vorcbae lo$r ro vaDiuan', qr,DLrkr R( dJ, drnuF,g 17rO-

2 Thh h o P.6irn t6.m moaiins ,bsiis

vosus 3ll ovi th8 submnliio duinq th. med aval p. od,10 indicd6 a r6ia o, shle, inv rBd

ar a pla6 uidar aid kvourablo rarms'

Fifi, n€p.ic r, roducrioi,

r:0 A Hhrory or ch bqons

under hh power, and .ach admir od liabi.

ctutrasons uLd rM I,rtushat rosrh, 42i

w ds, D s rt.me ot t764,ba,omediiro oieiararund.r

J5.'r.i .\. d\c,arss rFar ihav.tsoi con-!o.d :.d i1'o ora .old Ds rro p,6ces so obrahod. x I to, ,hr.E

"oi, pdhaps, rhar rh6 h,afrwhioh so by rhs namoorornuEos

ar3 slmo iiy 'ablY

A. rhe sfrecrivsly admihrercd Mushat crirory d{oidedrou-

No racl5 d. loc4od in Teknat u(hio, Famu, Mah6shkhali, Kurub,u z ,q ..sv rsmih6d otmo wFolt/h€yold

r'3 odlo or Mugt, d ror Oi. no,i.6abtah u rharFr,k-

u. z. is .ovaEd wrh and lunotss aid lhoGtors rh. u, ziai,m ro rx..r r,c

)ir rA Hsiory .r chirhsonil

srualsd i r. Jcnla Dlal(s ol lhs drsn aid rrrarelore, h6isin ftai pLco. Simila,ly, as rh, civil aid

n lt r o.' sr rrd ,o

la,sr numbs or i6 compndrively smau sz.

Ihe colhd,oi ot' la0d ,evoiuo rcqunsd a lars6 numbe, otolric,als. urd Mutshid o{ti (han and h,e suc.oso6, B;igiti

clenr and mNcry

' u lDo{ "n rFs ad'i'+rdlon A.codno rha Mrsl'ms "hold lhsorllco

and rhrefo,6,,he Nhdus we,o employ€dlor rs.p rs ., oL' " 0,614\ns rnr 4!6r.a +. o.dr c io pslo,m nsvarious cl. c6l duri.s curiousu onduoh, ,hesa Hrtrdu orriclais

ii chirhqdr3 rhai in rnaiy Niid! domrnareddistricb of Boisal Mriy or ths familv riilas$ill ii P.6hn An dcmpr msy bs m.de ro dscuss bie,lysomaot rh6 &rushal rcwru6 orlicrale brsod oD

Chowdhu,y.2 thsy wss villass he.cmen whosa qablliyaciushka h6lFd colle.rion

il !a, is or 'h6

ps ph or !5e d*c' irerpaqve .i ,aLs'oi w also cuiienr ln ftrpr6vious aDkaies. pe,ioc I h d 6d in a local purhi ih onsJamrher chowdhury by r,6 sovamo,or Chak.*h in vlll.ss Kan.hana durhs tho Ahkiee dsims.3Ths oaly racords of rhe csdid aid coiquered proviicBe showih chowdhu,yr had ii soro cas6 sor up as rrlukdm Iolis

Tno word, Eccodino ro som: o, rh6 holdrs or rho iirlo, c dsivedrbm S:nsk r .haLdrdhtrrn ltr ,our dGdions. Accordjiqro Morcland, hc 'cNft ed some son or Iocal ju,Cdidion,'

\cchbtidP Hkkt.t ot tndh. v. 15t)'vdyaruMd' by sabnd (h!i, qL 5 P LMon3o.n Numb ,1164

B s) p. €a. soma orher nedisv.l pu$is .id rhe E r9!at!fllD4t 0762) havs .l$ ,ererond* lorhn oo .

ch traoooq uids rhe Mugh, rosinE 423

rs sxaouriva ruiDri6ie.l

oncs held .h s6 or rhe lEh6 ot rho seislt fls€r !nds, oB

h.btrr. s6 $s luic(lof, or a d h!& wassomoLhins Ik" a viltroe Leadmrn, a local pod ism.d Er m xa$nr

Fo,,hhdii,4 ll s ilid ol 1f ]kir4 aid rh,iaicht MrrhJ and. tyBrish .uli. The Eo ,rqrqk. R+,r fi762) mr on a ,owhhd

cipldrr \r/. .on6:c,o$ r,s ofold or fiis Doa

lndepardenr Srthidc.Trhsor ,ie col4.r:otr oi rcYlxuls, i,,

Mobhid h rhslnAJ_ jJss. slq

Alco,dis ro rho - he r,m roa h apptrsdh A6bic. to.lorhs !s.d wacr

totrbt cr:tr y )ri]od romthG di5i,

co3m.tr i.ire Fooi' lo, i,Udda,applied ro a br ksr, a cdsh kaeDar, or an orfi&r r Djbli. ssr..blshms.l ror waiohiio moily or butrion,,(r,d)

/ ^

s r, xl(1343), 1c44

Ih6 appo msnrrrc a rst* cr Mawl i Mlzal, shams Botkhi ro sutranGhiyasudd'n p2am shah u s

^ 5. xllt (1es6r 13.r5..

l2r I r Hiro'y or chnhsonq

6mployaa or rhs sov.rinsnrl Th3 t6c.l pod Erim Ks6n 6oiion!tik, Mus.mmad xa*un.s an influoiralpmon durins hi6rme!.z(hr on. Iho orisin or rh6 leh is di iout ro ro@ rhe6

o'. roo rhaorhs Esardi^s its orisin accordtn,J ro one rheory.h€.ssnser chdsed ro coivBy a

,rqu4r or ordsr Ac.odins ro orher, rh.orioti nom kshr, meonins .utrivdionj rharc_

rorc, a ka.hrsir mishrDvr,iins ro as culruro all $r (raseirs of modsh trmas betofs

(d or Keo , accordirs ro Morcland, ir was ih. populor

rcoion-4 ii th. lar6 hsdisval do.!mcnB or [rushal .dhinisuarioi.

Lali. Ihs dsivalon dBri t ty knownrith or 116 kayerhs d khart ii rhe u.P

aid rh6 punjab. Tho hotdoc of rhe lirto rhink rh lho wdrd tsconuor ro,m or sesr r Raji

Mriumd , xr @ 6cr roh s mrimu"4. ti Bsie.ti .nd iiis proiouncgd is mijumd hoantis roklier.

H0 wa3 "ppointod rha accouiror rhs Gvenuacollaorors ii ea.h dhrhr ot a Muqhal subah Th. rc.r war.u,e duriis rhe ! is le,Jnr rroh a pu(ri

' ur, a numbd o, chakaeta sdined the rills

(vul muhunda, rron rhe a,rkaiss€ thllt chakasla5

lyldil k, F,obsbly rh6 Em is '6lakd

ro Arahic word maliko, holdar or mulk or laid. Du'rnd th. Muoh'l and fisearlvsirsh

a larsa iumbd ol Hindu and Muslin hallks iiI J,a r r, xvr 0ssr), 552saP,l36eBs,p.42

at trdb, t\, a6la I ,r s., xv| (ls5t), 5i

' chir.loig uider 116 Mush:t 6sino | 425

Munshr. rr i. 6n a w re,. Tho porr;m.iisd ii exhr€ic6 evai ii rtu B'irish

'osms and rh6 ploelo

who rad some kiowleds6 of Pe'6iatr coutd obran rhis posr aidsurr*qu6 ly urillzed pon as rdmity ratla.

o. cle* -2 the ntr8saddis an.l wsre a$ooiarednoi n,sly wiLh Eveius cdlleciion b(r orhar brench* or ad rniskdrci as wall Ar p.ee sono sdddht$s or rhr dbricr b.e

ai ofrrcial lvhosBequi,€d b/ a diMn or a coll5dor

The po h torerchaDso:ble w{h peshda$.

oaiuoqo.3 A.codins ro phlip Fraicis,

runmi and otur ordhances rehriis ro rhu po-Iicy ,id s)! nme or rhe cou ry-4 "ThBO. hso as rhsram€mple6. w.s a walkiio didjon yor rh6pdvtrljioruks.ndpBc.1i.6s (orun) :nd a

rr.eJ.ds, litur his!o,y

avs occlDisd:n impo air p$irioin Lhs ,cvsnussynem otchiuaqons p,evous ro rhe sr!sh ru16

/6wri$ rrar rhs c\iet duLy or a qanunoo ot

chilblois " a. ro ksep a recod or colhddns,ro ch.ck rhe auuo-bnd holder), aid senoally io took afi4 rh6

rhs roh m:lr,k rorm ot mah{ltik which DrLomakr in mahl or hod

'6y8nua

rh, rr, 50. an oicllls,r nudy ot LrE ad v ies ot rha qaiuisorh.s b.en mad6

F6ic,, n eiu5 or 8r!6r, p 3sSalk,l

^1,sho, /dnhnkdrci. p 09

426 A Hdoq ol C[raoong

zamnd r or rhe colled'oq olrcod An'the introdudroi olrh3 Birkh roh,

"ThE Oaounqot', w,tes rhe colhc'i ol ch (asohs m 1736 A D,

vilw or or A M ssaiuddiD, was €$ablshodd raujdd Fddia Punn

Khai (1727 1736).3 nD $lary rrom (ha

rhsr cleits or rlEy

or latrd as ,amune,a,iorwhy rh,, hnd hold no

rE dnricr Dd,ins rhe subsequsn! Br rs, i!1,,rhd q.nunoo as ins,itutioi ded.b6d rhh irlo as a

's.kon nE or rh! muNh honoured po{ whch

l,eld uid, rrra Mushals

,hi, rereire collecron w$ hB GhEI r!nc! riol lha ,;cods in ,hs

'sienlsdspi m6nr or rh6 sov.rimsiL'si orhcar appoinrsd to colled Lho

'sveNFl/om a ce ain dvhdi Ghqr or Ip sons who usuauy roo( rl's LLL slono

Wad.dda, Morc conacrly uhd,r,ie,m hoais ai orlica.tiuiis !iLh$ a civ'l o, mlliLary appolnLm!

w:r also ,plied b rhc h,m8i o, (,nnido,

/rid ltu nib q3iunsos siihsr tud ,o live F{rllally F rhs

Lh t,so,q unds 'ho

Mushil ns mo ! c2i

, Gvenue r aho,o. sall coilactor '1 Li such a phco as ch (+

rhs zamlndni sysEm or laid rgnurr was intoducBd more

rrr€ holdds or jaon lor mil( v puoosca (Fqr ahsham) duinqrh6 erly pan ot s Mushal rulower6 in a seis6zsmindd rhoush

liod hr ro rhs

convsn6d inro zamhd i bv vrhlch rhe mvciuorrrnets wsrc GqrEl r. pay landnax Io s sovsnmonr'

'Ihe Mushal zamird 'ss

of chilEsons dev6loped $naii Do'

cul' Es rLs rnsr B. tht! u0lika rha :.h ndariB ol oLhd diiuics,rh6 zts hda bnd

linds ror mlln.ry pumo.es

rhe se.onl pscllh,i,y ot thk syscm lles in 1 6 varloly aidor z'miidde. Ar rhe rima ot rha €id or rh.

Nrushal rulo, rha wholo ol ths disnid wa. "pa irloisdamons aI

leasr 14oo pdry hid holdod,"4 Tho iumemLsnss ol iho Chirrrba accou 6d ro, rhe rh& lollowins r,crore.

lrs, . 6rak , o, r o law ol rt tl(awe,o .ond3 ly underso ns subdlvisioi aid rrasm6irarcn amonqsr

iumdous hei,s. ssEoidly, a hlg6 numbs ot suNsy and ssde_

meni olricsG obFiied Dieces of lrid in dlrlorsnt ph@E, erh.rEw d hom ths sovohiEil or lDm bs

our rhsrrobs lhndly, wrh moE and modrcclo anol or ,h. dae.Lrds r.dlleoculriv oB, rrrs holdiiss also icre.sed in

Ae a 16!lr,,hopiop,l6rors cum zomioda6w . ahoon lhs iicGas

1 P.,o" co.*p""d,*,, r, 6lo.$,y. p as3

sanetj.o, Erttt Adhtnhuddt. :v{rh al rhe EN trdtd 6 Porl tr

4:d tA Hno,y ot ch [aooio

Th€ nomb& o, rhe zam nd 5 of ch laqois in d:ed so trrselyor rhr e$ion 'h sedaasmatry rs 1400hnd

saden Powell, r.,d rF€f, .f 3r

Ses apd, ch. xrLr,6ss.2, also Sarhh 6hosh, ci,(h, /4u, pp 64 it

rhe $rd p6.ul iry 5 rhar rher h.ld,res rrre r reredin shall p:,c6lJ

L.rly, thore wdc no bs z: idaks brl i rrr2rr !dre.ot mod de s'ze. dbson.e of ta4az:n.dd

ur by Mr Brdei PoulI w,s rsIack o, idu?l opponui Lyr Tha Ioio hill GisE whrh cre6drho disrciorrered hr,dr.nca b rhe qrowrh or hrss zzmmdx' er .3.

k,nds ot zamrndatus in chiuasons dtrrins$s hr6' phis of tho Nlushal iuk. Fr*, rhas wsr. somj tandhoidoB rhd had ro tha Muohat coj-quesr ii 1666 A D. The Mushah,ro ove h6rv rhe n:likona dn land so lonsrh6 land holdsc .onriired 10 seid

wera Lrs trbal .hctrans d, Hll chirheono.'Ihur by Lh6lwo a!reemdnrq2 beLwccn rhe r\r!shals and rh. rrholchDls, lhe ldtrs held I!.d po$!sioi in tho Mugrt Le irorvlor which ,hey rye,e ,cqrn6d b pay hid rcvdnus r.

'h€ Mrshils,

as o,isitral -mind s Eid ft6nhoidmqs, wrichcould i6ver ba prop(ly surueyed, w a tarser rh:i ths oLh4

sacordly, M!h'1da mw .h,r o, oflcials ot whos6 desdpnonsarc oiv,i nfo,e,

These o,ficah ii rho

rhem ro colled rcwnue kdm rlr€ peoDle.

ro rây rhe, collecdoisuaually En Ferchr. ln Eoms c*6s,

Ch (:dois unds, rh, Mu0hat ,e!i-a r a2e

rhs s€dual deey or rho Muqhat pow,,tudEdds (ri:6d4, tor a fned sum,pradically lrsredary nghr and rhoy w edbtdbma(o rhoruwi

lriu'sos wero also zaDriid s r

ai rh,a s!;reso6or fie soldie6, who had beei 3*onedro tjidqd s n lisu ul carh poymenr, bdc

z"a,, t,a u:. trlr who.hd"d o u."1d lotue "o ho.snro(rt-"btL.ro rhsv-qh,t so6nsrcouho.d Erl.ms or rlro squarer i:miliss h wjre l.nd. Thspalch ol laid cls.red nom rhe wi$es

lind hs culriydsd. A rew ycaG lrleri rha land war asssBd rorrax!' on and holde, of D land bscame z.mind wi.rour obtisarion

rheL holdn by coi anr an oachmenk on rho adFtnins wasks,

1 ,n6verua consulr rons, July 13, 1773'

2 ,rames crrr qr Frtrh Fepo^, t, 4s4

'l3o A Hdor/ o, Chlr"sa,0

,hose sho her boctr s,anred

could b6 saiiedpurch:sa. ThB lan rive clascs ol zimind s

in .ompt,ilon wirh rhs orsinal ooes oi

A r6w wods abour rhazdiihd sl rh0mselves wrlndl b6 or (

or placs coNd,ns th6 irlusn.s Lhey brened oi lho .oirempora,ytid an analyrEl udr or LhB p,ln.ipal hid

holdms i:mllrcs or rhr dhli.t dr ns rhs Md0halD odmay!r3

Ths chi€rs or ths h,ll tribes who sho,{ed alleskn.e (o rEMushrl sovahmst o,oiirlzamidrs. oissuch zamind was Sher M r (h:i r tbal chi€l who hdd a

IaG6 6raro h rhs

$at Shs,n r Khanpshisson t'om Fauid zulqrdr Ktrd ro $trt'

wirh his d6pBidenb in rhe hlls ol Fansrnia.2 Dr A M saErtr-ddh siv6s rho followiis decls or rhh chief:

shendr Khln re.sived . sEntor was€ hid in m:uza Xodal{h,le.-o r o hi\r"o

Ei.s ot hi. rollowars ae a zamiid l in rhe

suidso Boy, He was ako mdd6 rgspoi

eible bv ai aqGsms wft rhe raurd ror piym6 ol rhB(rDas Mahal ,6vsiue or rhe hll peopls

Mv Ham dull,h (han in

ram,l.s ii no hon chirEoonq. Ths /ddJ

ot chilLaednq aid rhs

ol rhs E,irish ruI.. Besdes, $s lo.0l puth's sivs ratBrences

1o rome zamind hm l@ rhar we,6 in sr denc6 drhs Musralaid sarly Er Lhh pdiodr.

Prooasdinq. of th6 connirGc ol F€v6nue, Mav 6, 1734, qt

s.Hjuddii, oP. rtu., p. re7

Chirksong under rhe Mushal Isormo 1431

hs iirLeiNo aidol Lho hill tribis.

dtrdno hE liierr. As a rc.ull aner she M*i Khai's aarh

! elsr 6nd hs couicl bv a proclamr'oi

n r763 de.irdd Lhr ldin rurkddoi

l1 apir s rh Ve,shr dilv conrmed rhs clam or rh8 chai r'h! ,n.en€r rr lo,rl luotd d:o

s rhe amifdd or Raiqui'

ciah uidq e rL/lueh3l

sed oi or ,hr hndsd - rd.€cv ol lhe d strtr'rut! msirioi . iumb r or rh i rypr o,

wde Abdulhh (h:nKhai, srcbh Khan,

Mrltim l<hatr r,lla\

oinuiqo nrlbalhbsO6iuiso, Ka kaDta$_d

o.n!(so Billibh Shank oaiuiso

L,im Kstm aives a l$ of.omo bid landorncE or he own

sslmab rlo(h\lnr n the Lrer Drr ord .., " " or al.o (ddJo.' r.7l 2,11

Rxrl n .idhhaiik who had a larss

rbal noF Nalk chaid oi (.nchaioE Sh

ssnluddi, or .n. Dp 1e7-1eai

No. 29033 qr seGruddii, of,

llso Hu.h is.x .p d., p. 24

B, L $ Mrseum Add Lioial Ms

432 | r ' nory ol ch (:ooiq

ynrd or a.n l?) o) and Azim Muqim iAt or rtnimpu,; xamal wirh A!hraIn

no r (?) tsDd ramn m souLh o)i Hushm ali droi,is; Frsr6nAl, (!d ind orrE6

Po li#rF\ rhf , -.o-. qhEAnr

v6lair deede oi hk p ron zrmid,r Batdy:n4h noy or vllaes

sx!6d ii rhe Dh*3 .D ains a poom .all6dHodn ttnBlr Kt i of wo iiflu6nri:t

and rh6 drtrm h R.hm3i

A.oLr, Dlas orof m{chcs tud mlir4ry idylirres or iodhuo hdr whow.e

som€ chrGrian 2rhiidars

Krsem g,ss a d* hd

rls iimls 6 tsketr iiofr ,BorisL Musum addl

3 A P fros I !,d l(1365 B S 3052

chkkcono liJr rheMushal r'smo 1433

oualria! or rhis zamlnd ramllv. Ih6 Dod al.o qiv$ a q6io+looioal hbla ol rhis ,amlly. F,om ihh ir is ktrowr th AidFamad ( 7 And€4Andrcw Femiidsz I was rheladE, or (aloch

F6had ( ? cirtos F66 dp ) who h his lum succo4ded byTiri,ii! (7 riranaiil ). husband of AoE de Btr,os, rhe la:diiq lady

populalion 6r hs z,midd',2s ibour12000souls aid r[o area or h hnded p,ope y

rh. @d'e 6$lmdloi, ws tfe hrse iiionlrie zamiid r, rha i;mllY w's ako th6

rado. ThE pool hiqhlvin rhis srtoqsi.,rmiid otrhis p6,lod Tha E- qkk. Atport(1762) rc!e,. ro rha damad-A or G

1 ors or '6lsio.ssidowmonrs .id orher clasls ol zr iidrs vrho wa'. ndror smalL

ro .'y rh 5)l rhe z.hi.der w 6 pdlylandholdore rhouqh a lub*.dlal Donion ol rhum plid lxrli trqsrhri . i.w hundred laid r6vanua. ThsE wsr6

llle rhose dr ihs KFansand the Siqhs orDohtz i, ths zimnd iesol z3b d,d (h:i, AoE da BI,osaidrhole of olh s. Brr rhBsia o, th8 bq zmiid ies w!3 so 5m?llrh theso canior b6 lavoo,ablyoi sddwan, K,ishnaia!ar, Din:jour, Rajshahr,olher p rs ol Bsioal,ns ly 3000 zamltrda,iss .an b. cdmDftdEspocr or rhk rype of rrid holdnq. D, A M sd,juddo s ofopriion rhar ,rho iame of psrsanr

Sedoddn, +. dr., p 200

4341AH..roryor c Jsols

prry bnd lDtdjs ,l r,t.,,trh.tss dlL otrh.m mu{ bo crled zrmidns h:cau!" Lhry hj]] rjDr llods no

Thus, rolv d rha closo of rhe Mrq\at nrt!, a h1!o!.i:ous bodvsohl. ndepnd. crtt.rs ro D r. rcv:iu6 ornciats

and patry bluqdaE hrs.n Lo be crl_"d zsnrdrr Apdii. lv,rhoy w6r. rho mrddlemsDn Elarion ro rcvrnua. rorrd rh? ctoF or rr Mlihil ru].,

th6 zmrnddi hrcanr mor or l-i h.red rr !ol inco e wa! r[o .mouiL or l]nd relq ueorvabl. ro 'hi .o1Tsn.7 T,p quhics ioowr allolvM.a, khdrDosrr.r maii'eiai.s 6llomi.., aid i.iior .r ]Jd

or raveirs. ,rrr ;. 0ro rol.rnsro har. seen lev Ec hy a s' 3jm id:r Ln his

Putryi, "Tho ftsL 'Eroimoir

ot rho ai!rEl mir or rcventrs

Eid (h ach Erpmsss or rhs Eid ie vat of a zrmhdar,shad Kh .cF o,\ra/j oi-. ! I t. "d,o ! , " .n aso

.xpenses of ami.d or his cj lccnK.iya kh,.ch rh s ws llvcd on I e

.rponsls or s rui 3loi any orc or hh ieir rchr !fi

saranrimi, a collsdioies ot colkcriis odEr i.dr it s:Dens*.r4

lJesr,xvogro,,zoo2 Thi. was knowi a5 thd ded!fltoii or muscu,.r and sebundy

cu om y mutuc I chaE(s or .ol:cLotrr

L 1r :,4ushaj 4 mo 1435

kr5tr h n. zrmiidrs lrlcs.

q!ittry rt.e, bs siz: rGhe, erc.

pres-rnL ol ,o.d 10 rho 2imtndr.lE ryotr or prlss w-6 Equred 1o

of FUsoial sHVice ro rhe zrmiid s.(hai. A co$ l,yisd bf rha zamiidd ro

Pa 3nr. ^

su prrbl, iL tx3 rhE oi c emoiis: aid ronivals

Iaid L wr hel,l. Thu saiads trcm (ha€ov6h,pow o colled blk on edod! sold

Rahd i or iilaf,d sh has or fstry roltsvera also colhcr!d

zlmird 4jorod a ftee haid in rhB man+sema 6t his holdinqs,rrEd orioiDalry baen ti rhs lar$ ohas, of rholiushal rule, a zrmmdai hecrfre va,y ns ly iidsEidsor ii hisr€sprcrivs hold ,sr Tho ryo€ lvhs i his zamrd i wam lubj6crd ro rh6 whios or the znnhdii who woutd r.ks awav rhol d Lom rhe pe a s ir rh!lfi,r sl€hrtydkplsa*d rhs torms.Mod of rh6 zrmlid s ospo.ially 03 lrse oias wtrhdrcw iionths dnscr mrn!sBmenr ol rh6 asiculLuh, acrivtuks aid abandoisd

oraLilii.Lion 6r seises rho hx burdeisd poorown h s Iand .nd whos6 sra6 or rho pro.siEll, could ior

r.sJlr. ioricul,uhl acrlvirhs srcdly decln€dduriis rhe racr Muqhal rut4 rhe.amitrdars

rrurhhss moi€yleidds "Now:var, all rha zamnda6 cortd ior

smller zmiid s rId ior eno!9hJealouq aid rivalry amoig rho zamindarc rcsdsd rh.m nom

,l3ti A HL,o,y or o,irLaso iJ

oprresiva Govohhs o,fhs,s sraLiorcd ii

FyoB or culrir oF w.ro or rwo lypes; khudkishtaid pa'kas{Khudkmhr IoE wra r,os' who culLivaEd laid in rhB viLase

mGiarory or nonro6idecrlrlvaro6 wiro culrvared laids lor a nipulaLed re'm.

Tho relaroi belBeen (ha zam id andrheryorswrs co .ousdby ce,Ein ,6sul:ions andqabuliy syrem.

on wh ch land wastuld by Lhd Fasrr. a qabrl'yar B a doclmrnr or,ecepr olbid nom rh6 zamiid, Thus Lhs ryors t)Ied rha lhd uide,

rh. mediovrt ocdi ,L

rha bid wh'ch he lllsd. Eur rhe sysrm orcuniv o, h.d some so

Tia rolal latrd or rle disf'd v€s ola$rrd o rwr rypss,abadi or hrila o, crlLlvabh lrnc, atrd khlah or wane landThs [1,l,h nclrd8d all rypes or w*r. bnd i.ru,al aid maim.de. rhe ialutsl wasrs laid consned 6r hills, irncles, m -

slres, cansls, salni .o ral l!fd, dried iva. beds s1c. Taiksordlshc, vllise roan, bu,il srcunds ,or

or rh3 Hindrs tohed mai mado khiah lanri.Tha khlhh laids ft,e. Ths r.ch med naLural

khil:, lands we,e coin,iLly mssirs wnh rha adlohitrs abadird'o on/ 'o

be

The ab,d lfd or ths d;:ri.r was chsri.d undor rhrc6

A r,raLu.r laid or re-ntr.payhq Iaid.

3. Lakhhj or reiL rre lidc. NoaLrid o, ns-ly cultisared land.

ot l:.d rh€ h[hnaj or rsnr n6s landrced: spBirl itrlDrlon, p diodll,T almo* all

ch'rason0 urds so i/uohrl resiiE 43i

rhB land or riB disnici was qiven as renr te6 ro soldEE whowoB p,d, ior io c h bul r iastr

sncouEss ssrlamenb ths Mughal soveh-mrnr ofk6d o,firr of I.id Iiee ol r.v.ûotiom .rh, dnrlcr. iypE or hnd mav bac.llod l.khmi l?id. oulr odmiiEtrd.

fold ngs wers assesed ror raxarioi aidwarcco-nland. A nsw ryps or lakh cj land cams

iro oisenc: ltm or rhese landr o,o

allowaioes lor pre'Prcpher (oadam R8s!l)

o hs pl:c: ordF4omii4toi of waql

o, 's,a of land ,o, a rclqious man

c ro BGrrnris. as bEhmotrar.

LdDls 3s dlvotra,, "g{ ed rorrh6 suppo ol a tampls o, ii idol"l

E, To rvruslrm ,l! ned

ol rha im2r)arGhed old lr ir.s i rhe ro,m or madad.o maash,

F. To rhe ,,elistous pnsoos,, rcbtrves of Hndu amiidaGaid paopl€ or respecrlrls isnlee, who were ol tmired mEns

rho d.usrrLsE o,or do{ry ro rhe wves or (,. Muslm

G. senr rrce hnd A njjor 3id khoroosh ror rho h:inctrEncsior rhs hdmdsads or rh6 ryob; and

B:nraitrnce or mluqdars

r w t"on, "p .t, p. rtg2 P rior carup,r,nnc, . lassa,, 442

,l3d A H,srory or ah iqor(

.r.ls I i dr. .ri p.,t { s" o. , (o,on,.zarion rho Mu, rt,.. l

ssraiuddn, !0. d,., p. io

5 ,",."rd,, p. 6"j ,l"o o(4.ltoy, oD rr.., p. is. The loDalpoerhis v ues a! roltows:

!:ri7r{ axn .,tii .i{ jtr.i.ilIt. i{ iir h.ii 1t.riiml-i a nik tri qFE r j or a Bhatracharya, e,,dolifisal Kotri kthuc, p.1aa

ch traloio lndd r s Mushrt res ms I {30

*s:srho hiids hy rh. mautvir, rird ts u ds(03i.sy,icw, €rs), iihlowr s w.nkrsi snd.'rrc, s!d .creoDh.

v av, ir driol6i N,sialhdsb,ouorr rrir.ulLirr.i r.r rhe ourc.el or l.\yn{rEx on rhem.,/... 0 lj r 10 \.". 10lllT/. .,..r...d,v. 1,hrt, ryre ..isr s i, h 1l'. jsioles. m sia, ind rhs s ie ros onlyir J.n! Ls sN? rha Mtrs\rt aod, he

kct3ndion or 1vi !ro cle qrd sefl!

or r, xr cbared r,onrnoabid riJrq or liid c+o.iJ jor rbiraron

.id nlairr:oi rr. lrqlrs.m:sher, co'!.r ra r,,r ct\art;ics.

'o rc.lsih rrc Ms!5 h;t ro soi, iconmd t' hol.li, th3 Irij rhacori.rwascrhd a mu.ratra

l/e!,Iow:i.. .rhd i:tr:d or Lhrc ia'sof hfd our of €ac) ,rfr wlio hs .d6 clt

,u,abla. rrir Ei;nE rc rra hndj hr urchDh*r'dr .al !d

doi or lard , y crt,rd, .,,/d,rrdta6.:

rhe N\ohals had a rjn -'oward rh, doseimponsw.,e Jevi.d B*idA u,c

arsl, rhe rollowno oxka chdqrs rcla1is 10 mihl, ipre io

4401Ali3ro.y .hirrsois

A Srhwa A ooDd ahor was collsdsd uidd thish8ad iomtha c.$lon or rho dktrlclws o,isin.lty apprcpnaEd

by rha huzd ar a '.,vae onqtrkirs ror himsslt on iho lsids,'bu, 'l.rer oi .cded ro rha reir.rcll "1 rha n'm coll:ded uider{hs headdUiq\,)l Ese(hdn's admnku loi was 3157! 14.142

3. ,rru'ah (r Thls is i sum ot moiey rouocEd h rho cur,

I LrD plrat rom\ r'o.e.J, i't I.ELI medlkq

bo, lr wae ,eJlly ii mrosl, -levied rn seneml di rhe rcspecrivs

colled rh*e ndm rheir

ro Lr. tr tspecris-i

or o.r*ioial cs, or tariiroo:ed upri rhr specirt puFo.o or undq.omr iicidsibl n.rer "1

ol rhe ,svoouo, oirh.,I om €{oidcd .LnLilrroi or $s hpe or Bumorion or rtieided

im.unr ol assonmsir,n a j:! r, was .omidered ro b. ths rishr

ot,,s $-k..r" m Al .hr - odr'o,o.q."lor ishsrrom conceilmonr irs Galsalior univ6tsauy,

..$ opri assisi.d laids ii irs doad,uhich w:s rhcnrr aLo crlLed r nrrs

ssEjuddn of. d',, p 17

Dnii4 R.rkd5, chnrsona. 1160

chidaoois und.r rh. Mughrl rcsth6 | a.1

F. (ir.yol Vvkor dotines tr ar ,prorir or tncBis ih rh.

ln rha opiiion ot Jam€s GcN, rrrs disrjcr "uido,wsnr th.

c.. Ez.ra hl.dr r.r I is , rn impnsad L.j6tv up6trrh. hotdins! or rhs H !

142 I A Hisbry or chntoons

10 rh. day. or $e lndsp.idsnt srlGn s

E. Fahdni An inland rcll coil..Edchowkies on ac.oun' or ms,chaidhe, sEin aid all rhs trece*o es

ol lls c red ro m kd

c. san h A natket or hcoms or ths

MushaL Pe od, The ha( h3:l wrs a rhd

ot duriar charced

Brlrhh do.umenb reld ror've p,iclp:lblshcd du,lno LhB M.sLral Dciod s:nDM rsanj, h', Frrhm,

D. Gh .id rs v. 'Ihs lbrol me.ilns .l shd s a landiieph@ oi ths baok ot a .!ial, river, aod .ea rl€Ghi cauv' ir 6

on rhs ri!sr b1i[ whto inland taisil / (i6r

.r. Isvdd oi soods aid pasenssG "? Tha Fonishd on rho iv.rFstri .nd ParLEEhna on Lh3 rvar ( naphuli w o rwo p ncipal

ehak l,omwrro,s a coisidrEbls amou wa! colle&d Thera worc

r la,oa iumb, ot sh s on ths naln

$6 (*Mphrli axd tha sankhs and dn s6vo,al rihu iss shh 'rrh. H.ldc, tla lcha ati, rha shrimari,Iha ch.ndkhali. thero w a

il$ , iumbd of shns alorq rho ssaco.n, such as ohot anqar

E. Dhah. Dhah Dtrifq fis Mushal

ps,iod, toU wd colledsd nom rrolh,oush rho dhalas. The 6 lv Brirish do.ums . rerar ro some

dh.la! which h"d ftrn origii ii rroMushal prlod' 'lhe&r a

F tk.hhari. Aidh mank, Hamlchh i, Udalyd, (n al, Dolonii,

'sasors cutohi B akumd chhorkumila and Phoh?i6'

chi asois rida, rhe Mushal roqtmo t443

sr ,in d1d dhdt, wd. ,ro,poztsd

444 | a Hrstory oi chirL'so,iJ

lovi.d on rhos bnds whlDh viglded ro u.n ownoG a @itid 'ble

o,olil A(cord'nc to 66 rrn' onnliol F'D l sszt;am' 'aD

.r * --ur u-

Hou$ or commons in 1773 A D, Mr Varsls! ssrss

1 or ssnruddln, .P. dr'. P. 132 Flfri R!P,., l, tntodudioi, P orrl

eh .asoiq undar fi6 Mushdl reslm6 | 4aE

whs rhar oi sv6ryBordor ot rh€ P,ovince ds${ed bv rho lnhabiranb

$sn hid. Ih6 pr@edrgs o, lh. chirbsons councrL' debd

€sm3!oorvoGlsi, thsquaiIrv ol laid cull vaGd h sbour4'00,000

A htrEl ohm ol

A Au6il Jumma Toomary P:dshahv or l72lirqssr, E o, A$igned l.nds-

1 ! r P, xxvtt (1924), t7

3 or e"a"n powat "p.

ar, r, sEen

446 I A Hsrory or Chhrasoio

Toht Aus) and Ezata (1763r -Wuz. . €dud'oir. jo-4 v-,j-$t ! rq- o, .o.le,.o,\Io'al1er Fev.DUe orchlsari m rhe tool,dhmia\\ pae o oooblq ot co! r . I _

aus r (sa. ns)

_ 35,135

. t4,825

4,050

3,491

44Ol

Say* orcasrfam 7 Ch saD) _ _126 sm.ll p suinrhs Erd slrosdhd ,i rho Ausl1a4 Pelgs-To€l or fteTain,ldeiy s, R, _rowfo* on rho rr'l b4 .nd [,lar ic j:eeerc b rh.ye 1163 A 811756 A D)Ker,ysr sub*qusnrly ro rhe aroremenuondd daro,

HdyiUa CharsamJu03dlahDuc6ncola

N asiisabad, shanabad 6 c.-

chnDsois undsr (he Muqhal reslms l{47

3 35,13t

Dedlcr hrlr sebundv .lMrses or LIE neab $illaduallv in.ur^ n A, i I Ezatu 01 chilusotro ro 1167

ioD'oi mar.lv roaerl accou ol rhseih-

- 'h.,lms {5m 1PE*d ddfl rnslrsh

' Toral. 4 43,91S_1s 14

nr lh:se dillereor fteds ncludes manYverelsi w oerh "sv6,Y ois

.,37,761 1 111

,,33,41I760-7-r4E

rrrd, l, lntodtrcrioi, P cir i

'v3,oLfs lerq b Vaisra f qr Dhra F*u?s' (Jrdogar'' 1700

443 i A Si.rory ot ChltuCois

nd,Iet ftlr N hEIl ot $6 Froduco o' riD tard. rh. amtid,,,sd rha \ql otrti,k w.E io. oitv o.mpcd f6m p.yhs riroout ,hs/ o,r"n aqoysd va our rvp., o, rarhi j ho;i;o,.

lpp.rdlr 1 A lllot. on th. Hdz6r,s cf ChittaEono

Th6 Doh:z i P.rsaia ds v.s ir! ,ams iot trom rha hc( rhai

rr was rha jasn ot aiy manslbda, or rwo 'housid

zd acco'disro rh6 prevahd manshda,isy{em, wrh th6 o\cdDrior or Buzl4Umd l(h:n, rhe ft ,aujd, or s k Ch oaon, all ohs' raujd siiom Nutullah Khai ro s bulind (han 11694n7t0 A D) wr.holdds bdwsen r,rEen huid'd zar and :s tow aE niio hund'adz . rh6rc was liulr

m labdr ma'ely 6 r.o i.rhrid . or less,rh€se haz,i. ot dohrz T had iolhhs 16 do wlrh aiy mnkot im.pe,ial mtsisb. ln Hlxy, rhr nams Dohdari s d.,ivid ,rcm rhdplac. ol ldioiiins ,4ideicss or rho rwo so .nhd h,znir, oi.

sid iio w Mushm uhamodKhli (now

onr or rhe ai.esrore ot rh.Hindu slishs crma non $aU r Prad6!h (ii Iid.) .id oll6md hit

suad oi rha rohi bank ot rhs slnkha, Therehe acqut.d ta.s6

zamiidari and nlsndod ro s6rh rhoE. Thh ran ly hd rtoi wltheb u, ii ass ahiil rha o oin or rhs

'j(t' ot H:zari. rhe Hindu

B!iduqchh. s6nohllly kiowi as Baks iy0rd'Jric\ or B-a-. w ec ed 6irhs, in dsa.ior

or ii .oo{s8y r. H6zrk. This was 662!d * ! ebud tamil,riLla by rh6n d6coidanrs lk6 osnuioo .id shiqd4 by EsnealtHindu lamllra! wi6o loundob onc. ,/sro .svonua olliDials holdiis

lr i6 ior kiowi who .hois lho aic*roGot lhoprclenrstisht

Dame b ch (rodne 'id wis :p2oiicd nodter w dei w th ai aEi

oihrir or 3 la{o zlmttrjri rd' subsdetrca, \ru,nd a Hhdd sei alnam.d Fill s,bn shoh sisodia (h6p,amp s ie\ h:tonqed) in rh6 tra,t or rhe vrcLorious Mushrls 1

.n .-t7 'olac o. | . : -,sly mr ionif,q his nrie. aiorhs

chirrroono (17i3r753 AD) Burhs b,t.nredsirh* Lo Lheskhya .lN aid he wrs an ,m lrc,rbts

si.i,7ol're h,aiis I is saidr]ar ha rerherotrdy ez.rd lirhrtu,bule so{allar ,.zris atrd ssirlhsm all prkoi 6 uidq !rndro Mutricabrd only td f.i! r,e laal sid. nrf.' mr r. hs

sdLl.d rr a lrica kicwl

or rh3:i oron rs roi conr,med

srae \rl,iL',i,o,+a,onh:. bsoi supolnr by local plLh:s inda pu'h! n 1.o /o.^,,

'ro r", a.o d o-rl'.h

MtrFhr Ahc!l (arrm sahrya vshaiad rheyb_"loioed r. the MuqhJIp.pqs or ,ha .rly E'irsh tuls heiriotr the

iams ol Lrcrrmin s ooh ar oni of th6 promii-A.! rnr id sofcr-(3oois. n rha E (rqrk. R.p (1762], wcor rlni Sirh l,ino in oo1rr .4 T,s ,oveiui orp,s 6r lh, h,.eioh'€6 h c.n,ud or 1,o !,tr.ir;l,ri

ar Lha rmo oi tho c€sson. As hr as 116rci or lou, L,orsaid bu'q!ril!$es

450lA B roru or chirkoonr

Ot 0'fr:lley, oP. .,r., c, 35

PP,!p 172-!73. Th8y hav.sbcbestr minrionod by Hamidullah

./ r r 0, x o3ir3,, 1015

Chirkso,s uidsi rh. Mughal resims t45j

Lhar rhe ancenor or Nia6 Khan ioii€d rhs

lsEiuddio, c, dr, p. igoj Dnftr R(ud,

by Nourzsh xrran, ql p p. p, 3e9. Ttis purhin hGs rho hnBticidl deeds .t rhs Khan fa6 y.

sBrclddin, aP dt-, p, 222

6

Mushal invadins lorcls uidd Buzu,s U 6d Khan as a mililoty

o(cs ii 1665- 66 A D 1 io malo iEsue ridsavs hh only daushE, Nu, chlmnr P haii ln matrassio K am

Al Khai. Thoy $us aid rook Fad AIL Khtsi

rta I ro'no z"a n-

dm du is rha Mush, aid rhe BrnEh psods Thatwo rzrissrabs conq$d a srbrrnLial poil on or modeh Pariy, atrd Sarkiia

hm lss h!:1 no qu rel bul rhs p€opla ot chi'nasoiq u$d ro qua4el ovar rhs Esue ae ro whoss kothi(lrouso)

on6. o, rhs sinshs or or rh. Khans and

blows 6s is rhrr natdra,

AE disrii.r ndm 6e rwo Ho?ri hml'esa ha faza hm'l€r or !.z ibh ol ch(3sons rowi. lr s

ol Ka o naz (Ana a Sish ol ch Fqonso, no o,dy &lons€d ro

'he lamity orxa o

H.z, r, sdv is m notr{ommi*on:d orlcer,oif6,sd b phce soo,elly undq

'lre ddcr on ol h s Brileh oltrc

rh- !r .p o' c"i2lVr1' Ba'd.liolB-,m1Ir6 sum a sBiorl irhamohrs

our ol cuiiosiry was olsmnios th s hindsdnads whsi l sud&ilybusr aM k'llsd rhaL rercwiEd qeieGl de.idiiq ,hs rare or eumaIhi! fazai wa. s!.n erEnevo zam ndd n Crrirbsons whicL'

hh hn'ly eijoyed undd B,rish ruls.

Th. H:z C or Ch asois srew so much pow,lul drinoths lard pa or ,hs Mushal IUls rrrar they oFnlv d€l'ed $acrvll admiiistr ion lid besatr ro $trle arrlnsin lhen own&vro puihh rhen (raclorna:s Fauid Mahasinsh rook rocoursa ioiniisue. He inviLsd

'ha l*dirq hsz i Lo hi! cou(

"id n.a-

chdoudv capturod eiohl or rhem aid

Mu6hc.bad.2Ihus he b,oko rh6 powsror rhs Haalis:nd.o aiily

452 I A Hhrod ol chtruqonc

C G H Allli, F or relu, of ,rde 4 ot chtbs E, P- a]

stn.t dd ntkr.lL tt rhe

ahhr.oons undd rhs Moshalrcsims a53

!d lr a. .tr .smpl. b lh. likominded landoMsh

Th. ..rly 8fihh Ewiuo p.pet aid a B.nqali puthi wilknby Nawajkh Kh!n, a local po6l montion srll anoLh.i lirllenriolhauli, 7.m idd idmily ii chnaqo_s. TT ram6 o' I\e F.7rid$ Mangar Fam. Aooodnslo lhs purhi, tdnsdFan wd81he

owmr ol an .nsisivs rucr ol culLivabl. land and erabl'shed

. v'lbs. named ahq him.1 rho naha or Mansd Bdm Haza

rind! n.dionsd ii rh. .arly e,irkhriisui.h.d H.2 i we. J.oar Haz i shos6 oams occurs in th6

.arly stlnsh .svonu. ft Mans nam Hazri.trd Jqslr na' i waG Elarcd ro oach orh . ris lra$ o bud

ol 1776177 mon,ionr nad and Tsj sinsh

r zamird r bsloiolno ro rh. 6amo p iod.3

1 .l.rFln clo Efiff s€rFr,qi {r.ll ai irt {ltfl htrs I I

r'4 {r5iil 6& qn +ttrqrrr i1i lrr rlr i! {tn

z I ,r s r, xv(le7o), 206

3 s. luddii, oD. .r!., 222

Chkhsdno uid$ rh. Muoh.l r6slm6 1455

Barrdlr Khan, loio M E

3iIEhi Muirnmad Iu54tr, Dswif, Muh]hmid (h.n

N.im, Dewri MuEmmad Khan

Nur'llrh (iri 105_6 M E

Naim, D!mi-MJhamh6d Khan

Nari, Ds,,ax Mtrhammdd Khan

Fah3n.{!li h (hr, 10:o M E

Narh, Dew:n Muhammad Khii

N;im. Dsw:i Mtrhsnnad Khan

Brhsnrrrhh (hi ise.ond

Ahmed D.\{.n srnin

Nib alrr Talqb, sakhrhr-Nurtrcdn Muhimn.d, D,w1r Mr

Farh t(han. Bakhshi Nfudd o.rJl!haLnmrd,

Kr BakEh urrddin, Dewai -Ma0iRam

Muhrmmad Y)sh,

wili 36q K\an xnd

Erkhsh Mrni F,m

I0s0 10e, M E/r141 B s

tlu33i M!hammd Kh3n, Bhalra r0e7 Ashwio lo33 M E/1143 B s

Maii Ram ,ror a brjef paiod bdween rho rsmindion or Fusain

456 | A Hi.ro,y o, ChiI.sors

Muhammrd Kha s lqv c. .id rh. ,po6lih. ol ZulcldtKiii)Ba{hshr unkiowi, Dewai_Mrh.kum siioh

zulqrdr xhan, Krrik lcg3-Ashafi Iloo M E/ 4l B sB.khd'i uikiowo, D6wan Bo.s.li L.t

Khan, Asha6 0o ch.h,, ir00 t E

Bakhshi unkiowi, Dswan Ba.utr Dutusiajuddir Muhsmmd Kh3n, ltor-J.htho itos M E

Brkhshi uiknown, oewai Lakrh N ayai

Dowatr MahastnshH,shan o!l' Khan, uhsdG 1105 r!04 M E

Bakhshi un(nown Dewln llrahNnsh

soi ol asha Baq..Kh!i. cnaird 1113r15Mr/r1e03S

Ds{.o -Chai6i kn6htra

Mah,s iqh l 115 Ashnh 1 120M E/] r6s B s (lou, y. E rsi monrh.)

Aqa Muhsmmrd N hmDowan- Bano.li L.l

Mn Muhamn.d nsza (hr Gecoid rimo)r,swatr Fam shgh 6nd F.d Shrok.r

ro rom. ,.aib .uDlhewnh ,han riu,J of dflc6,

Mn Hadr (ll 0 3 s)wrli Bd3 KEn. hB s!ccolsor 11I20 B6)

( 34 B s/loeo_s6 ME)Khan(1017s3ME)

zllqrdr K\in (I43 45 B S)Mir ADal (1t43 5i B s)Aqr Brk ( 59-60 B S)

MahN igh (t160 65 B s)Aqa N urn {1165 66 B S)

(hrn, h{ nrihsub.h

chhbcrla, .76a a7, ep. 249,216

CEAPTER XIY

SOCIETY IN THN MEDILV.{L IERIOD

Medioval sociory wa6 basc on relision. nolisious bll Br.powe ul hclors ii dsre.mii nq rhs waY ol

liro or ,hs m€digval psople, F,om ss ,slislous poiit ol vlow,llro m6d,avrl socaly is iishrly dividsd hro fon rcl,qious commu-nllie€, s o, 'hs

Muslm,,rsHindu, rho Buddhi3r and ft6 Ch,irri'i,each or whici vEs ol sub.dlvEiont, hwll ba 6,a conveiiBii ro na(s an ,ialydoal nudy ol rho

medhval sociery uide, $h ch$ircarioi.

IhD Growrh ot rh. M!.|'m So.lety

clrirtsois s now a Muslim maioriry ,8a.1 No on. dn*vwhei chiiosois ha' b&n a Mudm mrjo,iry

dErid. rn 1301 A D, r5srobl populalion of $s d,srcr ws s ima.souh in hs propo ioi ol rhcs MtrEIiNroNois found ro ba a r\4urlim maioriry 6a du'lne

ca6ar Fdddi.k's visrr ro rhar klaid itr 1s6s a D,3 fircushour

Accordmo io 1972 census, mora rhan .ishry parc.nt of ih.popura,ioi profe$ ro ba Murlimt

Haminoi, oP. .n., p 119

'Purch4', ql J l s s, xLn(373), ?30

453lA Hslory or ChiMsoio

rha slEhde e jod, rhor6 w.s onen a kip,rirs srruqql6 amoiorh6 Muslm sulEis or Beisal, HnCu najasof Tripm and Btrddlnkinos ol Arakan ,or rhs po$6$ion of rhs d ,i.r The chrhrianPo u9!660 warc also adlva durhs rha$rEcirh snd sevr eeiLh

or Mudim popul,rion 'n

chn dsorsii.pno ot such nolLi.dl rumoils E ssnr,c.nr.

lshm G srppossd io havs boen roduced inro chi(agoioby rh6 A,ab m .hairr and coloizss much €arriar rha! rhs rrrMuslim conques of rha disri.t. whelhor rtu A'.b trador showod

rhE r rclietoi ]s d ,.utr b sev \rhh more probablo s rhar ihs rslamrzaroi or Lhe dstrr.r oso.inom rh6 coiqud by Sulhn Fa[hiuddi Mub ik shah A..odnoro lbi B lub, Lh6 sll'an was a dovod Mustim tsnd oatroiz:d

a hqr nrmed shaydJ

oiw d, rh. ftrtrdim popul oi iicre6*d ro so . h sh d.oree rhdrhs dhnhr b3o8me ulLimnely a fu:uslih mlorjLy dres.

srowrh of rh. Mlst,m socieLy h oln*lya ,ibutsd ro ssvahl t:cro,s th6sa aro (a) a p roiase otGhm by rhs Mtrslim tulercr {b) rh. p,ololy zhs acriliries or ih.Mrslim s'inLs: rc) irE co rbulioi dl rh6 Muslim .d10)aE aid

mars3l Foilownq or the srclyrh of Mustiisoclely durris tho msdi6val p od

Throushour rhe rud eval psiod rho Muslim qov ôts aid

hish Efkiis orrrcss oava auriva hotp ro rha hhmizd,on o, rhad ,id. Fakhruddin Mub{rk siah, rhs Musln conqu or himssll led lho way ro rhs p roiass ot Mudm socisry. Th6 sulbi

S'ciely in rh6 medigval psriod 1459

ot mosqurs aid tombs n rhe disrld rh6,uhs or which eiisred rlll TalGh s rim6.l Durhs rho ru16 or rhalndepsidBnr srthoab,the &nqale6 Mrslims ro a,abla lor pllsrlruse.? sullai Nushlsh;h f said ro havs Gk€n an acrivo iirsrcn ii sorcadho Muslimculu,s in rha dttrcr Tha ,al,sious buildiiss coi rucred by rhe|Jusllm ru1e,5 drhg rh€ sutranaLs psod erhihir ,6tisioE zealor

'ha Muslim rulere. i rho Muohal pdtod rho Muchal orlco6

aid zmind&s conrruckd a lalgr iumb ol rcliglous buildins$rho q,.aLiumb- ot mosqu6s, shrh* and .omnsmocrive bdtd nssarc rha dne.r evideico of rh6 relsious aspirarions or

'hetulercrhe people who u.sd tham rh6 lnsc,lprione.dnd adnrois relarris ro rhen .oi.tucrrdi ep:ak

rha Mu.lim 'uhrs

aid h,loe ial orrlceE and

Th. .oriviri.r of th.rhar so s small commuiilies ol Arab os-

chants lvsd in chi rsois muchby sulLar Fakhruddrn 66 mddt6 ol fta rour_

rsl.m as a p,ose,yririig rorc. appsred oitv!.n',Y. tho qo*rh ol .sar:s'n rhs nan

du. b $a hbolB or th€ suripreachers. Then coitriburon @rho 6p,6ad or Muslideocisry ismuch s,o errhan .iy olh racror,

chirhsons has kdirlonallv beetr kiown shc rhe medhvalrima 6s BaE Aulry4 Muuuk' o, iho ho\ abod6or rwrlvs aulivas,AuLya, accordins ro rho au$or of ths ,ahr A6ad, ,1s tho arab cpldral ot wal which ssniryns ,n.ahe$ bywhi.h h inEnded spnirull proxmiry.,,s Ths srlivas were, rhus,rhe rvluslm mynics who by.x.eprto.al holnsswon . h'qh pbcs

460lA Hhrory or chttrreons

in h.av6n aid v.n6mrioi on srrh. In chirL.gons, rh6 wods artiy.pn,.id buzu,s (pdsdi ol sred*hd rnowldsa) a,o almon idonllcal ii sslso Ea.h or rh^Dwods bocamo a riLlo ol honour aid ths ctrll or sa is bitnsplblEly @labEkd on rcliqious occasloi. sohs Mu:lim s s.ho b'd .uch ho,o'c rirlEs asshahid aid qhrzt. Atl ,co m"ij

k his ny iBq ded

Ilraral n"r rs or . %o '. Iils loio qilqsl6 asr i rho iifdeliry aDd lives a viiuors i fs.A .i.hl'J is ons who ror parisErca r hLri:l.irh. Ihs aul'yas or rhe pts hos,ly belonsld ro surismw,ichphy.d ai ihrcnanr ,oe in rho lorm on el Musl'n .o'eLy

suli.m h rh6 disricr ssvxet ordds or'r.riq.., oir. wayO. Pder Muhamtud Mlqim €'vos .vdri.s orihowidssprcEd iirl!once ol ch sh(ya b,anch.r sutem ii ctrtrcqons,lAll n6j. 116ss-1730) A D), a Iocal poe' wrirs a pden nlmedlrso Qalardu on iho mysric aDods or Lhe oBtand jva, bnirhol !ul'rm. Ths 3xin6n.o or rhs sh E,l bhr.h or sul'r n

wdk n.m.d or&z Lnrlir, wh ch ,0166 or shah ch bullih, a

dBcrptaollain( nuknuddio

A liroo numb6r o, Mlslm sainiswsll kiowi or urknown rofada sith, visiled ro o, s?trbd ln ch tr6sois durns rhe mldBvolp.riod. ThBs Muslim sa s bolonoed 1o rrETrdtrlon ,slaGs rha( nany or rhsss sah$ .ama lrom hs m ddlo

r dl,'did orr e 15.6 nrrEr{F q:ilq fi fri3q i nL

fp, pp. 99-100. For Lhe o gin ot chsrnya oider,!e.,4,i, In, 397i 402. Fo, a d6cu$oi ol Ch shrya b6nchot suhsm sss sayid A A atzvi, A Hhprt of s!tunh to,

Fo, a dhcussioi o,oaland*lyr !6cr los Alzvi, oD. qn, pp,30l 321

sociery in rho m6di.v6t peiod i 461

by s6a. Ths myrh or rhs so.callsd,rwslva ruliyis' orioinaies tuoh rhh advenr of Lhs sai6 Eutrh6lir6 .1ory .f e:cr or rhe lwelvo aul,ya!

'l hksi mro b numr.al

n'eanins, k slll A wrlt.kncwi loBt ooet,iamod r\,1trhamri:d Khai wa5 rhs in ro neirlon rho 60.caltedlwolve arliyrs'1 Th.occomDl;hm,ds ol (ad3r (han Ghallrhonamssor lris elevon compairctrs, lesl ir would brdotr h6bookF.oo rre pedlsra. or rha poer ,\4!hasmad (han ws come ro rnowih Pr sid,, KoJal Khan c[rzi ad hs dleven companons, Mlh

hall bronsed Lo Lh6 m?perod,we m;y Plair rhen

rm6 ol ILvme n tho r hal orMuqrn anoLher loEl podgiv* a l or some €ainrsr in hh w6rk6u'.o,rowol An

ro fis ode. ot suftsm hdr re.crirly been bDushr ro lqhi by th6 Dopan'n6 ar HGrory, u0i-

Tho ,'$ o aimcallsd'rrv6 sains" lwslv. aulyat aidorh cdesores Thess I$s of hdly p'Eotraqss a's iiv,luabre for

Fo, rh6 rake or ocivsii3trco, br us l6L oive ' lho b'os@phical6korch or somo ot rhe Mudrm saha of chirhqois.

Ah,l sultan s.hisawar. rrtrhhrwar or tvtahi AE,wd miyEngrish ar rider oi rh. lsh. His o'is isl nd"D

tlijrr <-r qrr rr. :n4r{ I.i'i sr-rrFr ilir{ qrsi ,

{rrr ql.i {r. 1i3 qri !r.r a]lr{Jr ir{r. Y. Fi.{-{ il@1,{I.r

"iarlrr qr1 f. 11 tht

raiiil {.4I <i!r rui. f{E3 ldl6 ,a,ikd. 1s7{ s s, pp, I r2r,

4621A Hkrory or cnhr,soic

G nor kio,,n. Tradirion daes rh ho cam3 ro chirlasoio ridttrron tho back o, 3 rish wh6n.o h6 cahad ,s namd Ma,i Sawar.rM la.r of rhe m rr is rharths shipo ot a lkh or which a po ciror n5h was dGwi. This h nol impdbabh as mBdrev.l s6ad3l'ws,6 builr afl, Lhs rashioi o, peacock ( cr, M.y! pdkh ), swe,5hrk, lsh aid o,hs anim,ts. Tho MtrlrErw radnion is k6prpEssn/ed in rho by pod (luhamd.d Khan,wrro .l:ms ro ba ,he des.eidaqr. Tho vadi.

Thei my for6Grh4s, I bow ro lei My an.ssor wis M.hltho Sddlqtrs,am y, He v€s vnruous

liks Umai In modery I ks osmln shlmgherr i. wisdom tikeAl; ln cMrly lks ljk6 Hamza; and rhsspnitual gud' Irke rha rce yieldmo all d6res Msb orall .,ns and ammunnioi hs was bdn in Lho 13id o, aEbh. Wh la in his plomurc rp all ov6r Lhe slobr wrh FrHali (ral'], he.rved and pur on I'on's

ol allah, a lch sw,m upLo them atrdorf.,ed ,h8m rs b3ck io sir oi, Bslyino oi God rh€y rcds

siLuared on rhaKadal Khai Ghr, sho wrh hrs ahv..,oamins jcyrully in rho country ar rh6r rma, camo ro,wdd

Bad Alam whou.sons lolt lr mselr of H,l Khalrlr all

Lhem ot rhoi hElp,

MahiAsaw wh 16 waide,ios o rhar laid saw a daushGr o,fan a. a iymDh b6w c[me ]i h smlB

and hoviie 8,es lk3 r[6 pqals or Iorus. seeiis h& Mahi

Asawe besqed or rhe

coor of rh3 Ach yJslho Ach ya on second thoughlolf,ad

his datrshbr in ma hsa ro him Aller a happy matrted fislor GoN rme, rho siinr wr

So.l6ry ii rh: mPdkral poidd 1463

his illudrrous wfe s:va binh ro a ch Id..1poer sivas 3 b,iar ds$rptioi or rhe hdlyFa is cd ro bo a co emport,y or BEd,

Alam iPk 8ad, wios.llm laint ot ci,iLkgoiq. lr Badl ALm, rhe coibmrod,y o, MahiArawar is ids.rted wirh pir Bad. o, chhors d sah or Bthar rhen

Jir$ harf of tha riie6 h

rhs 6aii I wihess,t (h6

a NiLies .r Kadal Khsi Ghazi aid hG comprlions n' chrtrasois h cin b. i^rored thd sllrai MshiAsaw ,

i, 8ic, and K,d,l tivLnq r rhe s:me prodii ch troqois mishr io1 raks pla.e ai rho

D, cohsl us opr Laid,

''e h dolio.ly o,wherh*h3 wis a ,ail hsb cat psreoi hr becn Lrr uisotrod-3Dr opr Laid rhxksftoHindu myLholosr thaword Nrahi A{w ir his view,ervnoto,sically ,ctaGd ro rwo Hiodu i6mThe ntrr oie is or Lod Siva aid

'hs s.ood

ris in. narioi.,'4 Atrq aya uino Mahi Asa-wnt tadir oo h or laqons aid ehowrrerc, hs r6achsd rh, coi.tu.siox th4 the pereoiarry ol lh! sulbi h butr wirh ra3(urctborow€d r,om rr:L

ro bs . symbot o, khm, vhrorious evsn whenn as mtrch 6 he symbotses rh6 hLhirc ion

of rh6 reqron, h6 k also rhe impeGoiifcdioi or rh. pEopte whorh6 iow rclisioi adcepred by lhen ho b,

.arli ro4o.pr

2 !rthl ,&ory, pp, ss s9a I ,r s r, tx {le6a , 37--as

464 I A Hbrory or chtitasois

whrh th.ir minds uER srill o.prtvacd by Hiidd rohhotosv aidrhouqhL-l Mv N:midull,r Khan wdr€s rhor rhada.c6ndantsdt rh'sant w,o sill lvii! in hh rine2

r{odol Kh6n cha2iinrdhaioi abrur rhs LVa ior sainri! rha 06isrldsicrl kbta.ofr.pos6d by rhe po, r,Iu)ammad Xran Tho hdnion as Blaledtn0ra bble ruis .. tottows

a5d asah ro K.dalftii ch:zi, who wa!wo,ld. ti lishrino wiLh him, rhousaids

^r roq ,s.l n 'hd

'n the ds3p sei atmo{ lifekss and

hs brousht chaLgEm, under hk rul.,\{hil0 rh) iiriel!dowi rn,l all yJr! kLllld ortrishr. I Jso 6ow down ro hisebvri conpan on5

le$ rr: accouiL 5e l'4rrir. ors rri6rC or his den,oyed rh6

aic corrrkd alt b htafr.3116 tu ir w,r a co lmpoEry ot lhsn roti.

K?drl xhrn was a rva(io,dsomn.roi or khm i, rhe

min.nly ooi Mrsl,m ara. Ha

ln rho lo.aliry rnowi :! (irals:ij nc modeh prichahGhodLst shar, whtcr

may D3 rho dsspelhis of shah Kadal. Accordrs ro rjotoE.ltad ron, irc vill.s: or Kadslrur ln Brozri u. z commcnoEEsrha holysdurkso, rhs sin( Mtrhammad xhan 6 na(dionsuss6sGrh Krdrl Khan Ghjzio, shah Odhl phyad ai impo a rols h $o

Tnitx€d ltum lhs pa$aq6 quoEd in 0 5 lir940), p 626

srirl and d.voGd hrmett ro rhodi*ici, which w,s rhan a p6do.h rlso msnroned ii rho Arabic

h hs comhendrbls codribution in r € l n 5 p, ! r(!so2r, t7-ol nB 'al\, .,a. H a, a P\a Y a|

iirr- ri.i ni{i; iz qr4rr

4ii;i1 1lF!> F?iil rii.iliEtt qleiqrdri,

rriftr 1ri'.1s qt@ i6Eci

socbry ii rhe medhvit p6jidd 1466

Tha lesend .t rhh

shh:budd;n Talish, rho emiaenr Muoh:l hisroran o! rh6 mtd,6sven,eei,h ce uy, ch6 ro rh0 sspuhhhlholv sa nr on rh6 oD or a hL|, 5irrnL.d

P Esda,; rh3 a€rdi s or

DAUId WAZ E:hNMrh6 rorl, ot Pir Eidrr in oi. n, h c

466 | A Hisrory or ch :ooio

aid plac* i, n s idrirnriwn6 rrd.,rrthh.Muzammil .no,h id.rl loc?l rrlr s,nrior 3 lrr s :hi Erda

rudditrl tss his reacher, !r,rios: oBor coisderiis rhe tr,nD ,Jdor, lr k ns iiihl,/ /m;,ro:ail. rh

Pir Badr and sharE Badxuddtr uEharaks rhs hole sdivn€s oi s.i s aith::d:cri.li i nniv!otGhazii bur sdLl3d ar DB n

Tha chl(hsois r:di:ioi or p I aid, 6as ar 8..,d ioLi:c otsoma nlneredh ccnrury Elro'rnsihr s6il or.nLiras Ac.ordiiq rd Beate's or.,ur sksqrhkat D).rq y tt E.tt .

. Musul ,i sahr whosr ronb i6 ar c,h. m i B-iq]l airir evrdenrJy ol s!m1 on,iqriry. rr,B i. o srri: :,rp,C iilo

5l!o anorhei bea, io an

le illssiblo. Th 6 rhi Lonb rtLr i 3tibot sknne, b:drins an !hstrh nsnpLon, rrpap ly (rom

rho KuEn. Ar a sh.i dhrane is rra m@ld of r.rulrrm rdYasiu wirh an iisc'rpLion .oivoy ns (he y. ot rjr lj30

Accordirs (d John Bermes. ths ,utt f;m6 oi Lro .ainr w,sBid uddrn or "lull mod. or Lho G Lh , r$ r.ioj,ild orcnctisrrk.roher tho caro or rho saiir a5 roliovJ;l

H. it aho caUed Bidii.l-Alam or flll irootr or rhs vrorld.Boh ai Maad 1rn rhe u p) he t:d rhe ua h,il lro orar6qn a,d w6! p'obabtv arradid ro E.i.it Hs lved tor alors rima ar charoanw whda a d E,h or aniie, h sirtoiaol $t ao, (oispcro-! ,rd \ero arod p.acs or r lq -,ro

I2

3

!. h d ro hne Iah chiroqoiq shotrlv

bcfo,o hs ,ielh and sarhd ii

n ,ro med'evil pdlod 1467

ELlrd rhns hB died in A t1

somo liyporhdical vi8ws in h,. anomF

llre sory ol rhe sr .

lr :s 's

h lrlf prcbrble soms Bdd uddln or orh camo roir as is rlro hislrly probablo,

of rhe .h,xiqon!. Fiv.'. wh s.robrbh, h6 swa and waded

;li rhe mdrals nec*sary lor buikiis up

L€ whols fJh,h otlBgeid wh cr h:s srourn 6und hk iame,2

n c rempG, ilkr ot rhs .aEr or $6

s Frscisly thal whici s commoi allsr ris or suproaLural h.inss, beti?ved iiby

rho ,ilk ires0ectira of rten p ri.ular foh of protessld bo-Ior ...,!, 5 p:3 snhotrlly a Muh,mm:dan sahr, asoidariLyrh sanr b6sr kiowi 10 rho b!1[ df fi6 Muhimhadatr 14r.rins po:ularloo,

rre c!l! .l Pi, B h h dn obi6 or much dsvorion .monothB rural a d m lLhre folk of chturas.ns, who b'tavs rhar rha

namo ar th. siiL is v. y auspi.io6 and d r Lheir wo,k, sooft andHo B rlro su3dan sainrol

r o !rlo5, .n ' ror.o b1 .la udr. ss IoGr.d bo nsni:r'H.

pa '!, or Fl o.o. 1\:n " rE" 01 . ounsv ov sea o, riv6ras lollovG ,tra 6 bd child;cn. r

sss Riv6r h on ou, head, o tive sh1s, Ohr Bada Badd, Bad ,"4

1 I a As, 1394, pp s4o-341

4 Ths . tha Eiilsh ,cndeiiq by Dr A IG,im ol th. lollow ns

463 | A Htsrory or chtlaoono

hi! word0rut hmpon alt srde. r aid near. Tha evt

?.opl.) betevs rh Lhe ishoor rhe ddrlcl (ch i{,€ma or ch jsaoi) war doiived rrcm rh,s

qFr qii! 7 rP if"t 1 1.i n.. -::pi.

' Tho l.q.'odysupeiiaLu.l powqs tsid acriv Lhs ii rhe dlricr havo bsenn ,ared by a iumb ol wrno6 such as Mv Hamidulah Khan&P !r.), Jimes wisa (Nd4 m r/r ro45, .o .t and krdns

sofloy h i e mgdBvat pfl,odt46e

(chakaia u. z.) Dadmkra {coxr 6az oistrrcr) erc. owa lhenrha rad on ot ri6

ehommsdais by Lho rhnre€nrh cen.srm ro Mot,ya w Lh rhe cullus

wr ,h a 6ur th6 shriesTrk,Badar [rokan, or,hs

b0no p,fomed in $€ dGtricL oi 0ra 29rh n;mzai or 6voryyear3

AirsNdds, when Lhs

s ro 11 6at,(s owi w.h,evoahdin a drcam, ro a vtLea iamed Bdhlhappsi8d to be rcbu,ed rhere.

rhar rho rcot h DEdc ot rhrches o w d s,a$ Ths k4on

o4the ot R!th.! HLbtr, a sa

M, Forciammer. lL 6 reproduced i fis /kFrD6uacoz4GliHanqoon, 1917. vot. t, p.40

Pi' 0ad. dld otr 27rh B:].b, 341 AN/22 Doc, l'14aAD

th6 ca€4 includiis rhe supdiail.it aclvir,ss or !ho sahr har

4701A H nory or ChtuGsono

bshind il ir sald rh ii mo al I to th6 si m l€d a vcry simpla ihand sxDrc$od rris

mBnr should be ercd.dshjii. is rha rh,jrhrLchen.oor has stn'e sirty

rim,r b$i resulary reDnred dnry by $clo.:t sav.i H idu ramil!s. Ir is srd rh rh6 saint t!t! m!.h disk.$!d aL r5cn.ots:ica

llahica 10 'epiir

rhe sh ine. rr.r.,rrre, ha /rp': ed ii a drsamsrioutd be .drusrdd ro

llre Iocal Hmdu5

Hhdu fah,les have brcn p,lohinq rh5 iob reqularv.

vaulrs sde by side, Lh, wensn vaul( isrh.i or ihs si , ii rhe middlr r

vaul is rh or N rsh.n .r sLonol sirins onwhh, h6camorloais D cn a.r.n! s eill Dre*rysd ln rhe shriia

shsikh Fand. The s nr G roPularlyor FoiJ s,aL;.e. .oiilor form or slekhFa duddm cait i.Sh.kk:r. Accord nq ro 1re r'r.r Akr,n, hh birrhplaco tus Lhs vill:le cr Khoovil ierr Mu En.2 alrrw ds, hs

jouhey ro oelhi, $/rerc h6 sas "in",uc-(aidah , s:srai,

Frc' of blesrr0s Ho bado fatowilt ro rhislldor,q ao.lo or r\. r r ol 1:. .ar

1

. .6rr Io1 %!../ Q!,rJ r r s ,,nr

h llierh d /+, in br,rdlh md h or bhckh ..m. h.fo wri ,n in arbic burcah

nor budeciphdBd olrns L6 ir. .crEcqr condiLion. prob.bl,

h 65 ^ ('64snamed N zatuddh Arnrd who ..lls h msel a de6cip{e ofKhr.ja F idlddin caij.i Shakr,.vida, A flahimi op dL, ti sb).

sdc ety in tho m.deval padod L{?1

Limo.r thc darllr orshBirih Jrialtrdd'n Tabizl,o Dr Abdll Halin, rhg sanr tsed

c5EhLiy. ordq .r strtkm.1 lr is lia\ rhd

ilso visi:ed .h tra5ctro .id Fardpu' wiicrr

'he 8'!l,idEd e;i .

Tl.e s:irI k ,inllrrl,, .slle,l 'Eaba FE,ld'. f:er Muh:miEd

resp4clrully i..lqcr hrs nsme h his li* or saiiB, li rha tolkloies or rbq dr,lcr r'ro rahr k mo ioied

/:- ..T' nts- r Ea.d ire f6,a' -6'i!sheikh Farid or fte Jouniaii ol sh6ikh Fa,id)ciLy a,oa, b iamod

sh.h uacar. Tha nime ol lha6ainr k oco ollh.mod wid4rv3as3n Bsisal. Accordiis b rhs /trr.

j nl,dn, hi9 o qin'lir is dcd rh "he nov woG eame s ol rioh !5 ur8 and hd

h6ld aloof nommrn -. The lrrad i ords hkorheir o gh tomhim Fi: rcs'iiq ola.e is in Makaipur."4

Much iilorm ,on reesdli! rha .a€6r rnd piors .crivir.3

Ri ld-i.Mntti Atdddd, 6 sev! eei1h oenru'y riariss w,{en by

Ahdul Frlim3n chhhi. or sy,ia (b. 715 A H)

2 {r Fninij- -i. .irr j-iir.ii iirqj ,..ir -nr .,F.: '

qr r P.

3 rrr {i<" "rd qi!: li.ftr r..r1i{r {iii 4li ni:tr i,,:.llE{ rlno rF1 rr.i ii:. .i;i !3r P

p 324- Fo, ths t.d lon ,aq.dirs rhD

slpordural acdvnes s* E Naq ,{ Hbiorypo 239 243r Hizvi, oP. dr., pp. 133150

472 | A Ni'rory or chthqois

./rsP,xt 1e67,e6.esrrrd. p. 93. rh6 carss or rh!

d.Lar bY t\, M N€q, Fizvi (qpHdq. Brrs. sutt hohhuo, p. 112Dani tttr\ttn archkfture

oi, has bsan dkcGsod iid., pp.3ls,3r9) ,nd orh s

Sociery ln ihs medlsval puLod | 473

in ir. coract lo'm shdrld ba srlci Barad dr ahcm sisbmwas a lamols towr in m6disv,l reaia Jd $e saiir was born rhe'rAccordiis to rhe popuh, b.lsr, oe saht Js:rid ch traqons ford.vorloial erdcisrs. Mv Hamid!]hh Kh, rcrucs rhk v:dntonEnd opiiss rhar rh6 holy p €ci3.Ja o3fe, visired rhis nljdsl

sh.h Pir or sh.h Parr 2 The oa 6 or ,ha sal o.cu,s,nn E l* ol pod Muqim. ThE mrzar

ol e enr h locared h rha Sarkaii. u z Am ker.athd Dansuppd.ed eirhd b haE

be.r ro-ids loy 'to rslq'o-sserviursor ihs $h1. M3ny piprbr bel.rs abour Lhs supdhunan pow.Eor rha satnr o,sa sdion oI $e royal houss cf D6lh. h hk ld.r I ro he savsup aU wortdly eir6ym6 aid dovored him:etr jo dssp meditaiioi.AnoNads, h6 vkired ch roons ric rade ur hh m'id ro 6s 16

mado or oia shdh pn

Jahan buni a arsoterm saiir belonssd brha shdnsri ordd p€opto mGspall hi,iamo d shah P . Ai o,r.sho@ istind namsd

, d{otro1n o.e(ie,comnemo,aEs rha sa ed acririries of rhc$lnr.

shah ch.ri6urr.h.3 the hro,malion rc0.'diDq d,6 lr. rdrh s .elsbn€d sainr ir prcssrued in a medi,

Fo, rhe nadnion r Blarioi ro liis cneer ard supemduGt ac -

\r-Rtcato2s\-)56For dera led id,irioi ol cares aid relstous adjvtuie. ot rh€

saiir se6 Dr Abdul xaim,s anicta in rt$ ./ A s p, xll1666),73 30. Iha rclevr po{ron or dre

^k,r,z is raislared and

quored by Dr Abddl K im

474 | A Ht.rory or cir kosoio

aval rclsi,us work eiriltad Mrl,. Rrk,i or d€courx dstve,adAhmrd s\a i, durinc rhs p?iiod ,rom i6s2

1705 A O, whhh wx. co@tdd by d,o or his dsc,ples. prof najsr tn rhb book ir

chdb....nB or rh6 dsciols or sh6ikh Huktrudd tr...lss brriedbaik ol rhe rjvn Phjn' (Fo )." In rhe ouu!,

or hh ralk bsro!. h6 rollows,s otr rho 3cLvtLics o, hs disc,rt!.'he (. noknuddnl hmslr sard lh,r ho (shah Gh rq w4lhs mbrah rs€ids.n) of ouriz (han Hsri rh. hesni ns or prto.e D a sh icr when

lvas dsr€5cd. h6 Fuh Allaf) snd o ry su.siLs dma 6 Akh'abad (AsG

ll'ts.rmeir showi o rrf darsakdallah's miid rhd hd renoriced Lho

worldly I'ts ind 6mb,aced th. wrnduins I're ot ai 6.eic. "Forsom6 days ho roimed Echhs rhs pta.s(? Palna) hs,levetoFd a, dhchna rorrhssrhr Shah Huknudd,n) Lill I rsscrEd b'tnr a d.ciple -lre vEs

ro rM publi' s6rv c6s sid kd su.h a hunbtalro rhar 6v'i th! lo{liesr wo,k su.h as ctsailns larmssw.. iorIookod upoi wnhh rcd by rha6riit, prch$iois or aly I dd hrdli ls valt ro htm Duris. pdiod ot his w.nd hqs he .otrld

cache,. The sahrrohrsd all s,! c!s wirh devoriotr ! lr€rh, dEvo:ionat dorcaronPGvailsd upoi hihour or rha place (wenr away lrom Lris ,lac.) Lka . mad tiLB dlapD"'(o lo-sd.6 r.'6

uould ro .a ,..osris d rs ,. r :

Btnqalah. hur norhiisnaws reacho,j rh rherc (ar ch raoon€) h, was kiowi asshsh

, -w.srhisrirts sivon r,yyour aus.us sel7" (rha saiir rcpli.d) rha

Peopls or ch ksons

6o.isry h rh3 medi€hr p,iod | 47s

a..o dinq ro o, Abdul Kdrm, thB dara or Rurr Athht kioun_chs rhe w6rld and 6ccapriis an m6to I ra may bB prt i bewlsio,as .airu,6 aid r''vat ar osthi, i6, rh borwesn 23rd Jutre and

.haiq6 ol his nam6 r.om Ftrh AUahro chnib All.h is prob.bly d!. ro hs l.:dinea Door dau$arelre and ro, rhd sEme rsasoi rha iamo cha blllih was s vei roie saitrr by tho paopls or chhrasone.

Ih6 dais or sh'h ch3ibullah'6 ,ivol chr,gois hds norbsei *kd ii rhs r'/orfuz. Accodiisadval oghr hava kksn ph.a loms rime ai(er rhc Mustul con

in 1666 A D. Civi0o 16 dde or dsmiss orrhe sr Dr abdrlGhmbulLh is darsd lrrh ch ibultor, mrrhave disd broE,hs dars bsoauso rha dkcouE re,ec b hk de h

n tha fi,r[,, ir h srardd rh rhs sriir tes burhd ii chiof rho rlvd Feii. Btrr rh€ o'siial m

ol us sa trr cannor ba (acad. P,ohably, rhe m5z rEr rhre ei6dro be destroyed by rhs violenr flow or rhs rver sid rhe coflii

reruBii toliowds ndh rhe orisiat siE roa h'll.rop or oamp a n rho io hsh pa ot rho c ry,

B6sid6s rho above ms ioiod sainrs, rhers w o a hrge nuh-baroi holy peBoi,se. who besi immodalizadoily by rhs ciraroi or iam6s n rho msdisv.l wolks. Theqenea.loqcal hble, doibiEd in [luhanmad Khii s wolk and rh6 I]erot ssiirs co ansd n rh. AEbc mriurcripr

shill sharruddn.s'ared as an inlm e ot K.ddl Khpodgrco,614 b fia mi,acotou' acrivirn6 ot Shah Hij Khilil,a

I J,4 r p xl js66r 73-so

Maii sarv:; and Ead Atam Tho Arabic mtsnusdipr olso co a ns

+Bdrdvo, and ihosund , BoLh rhs pedisre6 and lho AGbi.

air iamed Shah p.Di, Bur rh$omrch lohr on srEr rhs c eff or rhe

.criviss of rhh ojves oily brisr meiLoiofsainr shah Zlhid. the romb or Lhs sahr lies in Mreed u. z,Dr Eiamul Hrq pu.

or rhrss saiE h rha rclisous reldbdr ir was d1l lrearer tn rhe socisl sphsis.

actrviriss rhar acclsrared rhe prcsiess orrslamiz.rron. rha hsrhods oJ ca yiis oi mh:iomry acriv iosby

saia kind. someILko Kadol Khai Ghzzl vrho orldro humbls rho non-compliair hrrdels rhe Mahhawar hdirton,prcsdN6d slsewh,e n Eensal tso drows hm 10 bs 6 miliianrhisson y who Lvould hko rhld ir ne.sssly

n ot druos oway rhc evU epnibEynholizes his elfo E ro conv,1 d,k ):id ol irfidels inro rhe

laid ol skm 8ur p*sudon ro applicaw iiinq 0e poDDls o!e' io rhsn i: h

473lA H srory or ahioaoo'o

Tha saiirs cxo 3.i a qrcor iirileico upon rho Muslrmsocierg

ol Fed,sval ch daqois. Ths places ot their Dutuk arc .omms-mdrardd by buildlns asana, romt da@ah,

Iollowo's !nd oitur rclisious minded psoptg

huildnss ded cobd ,o the memo'y ot lhdse salnc .ai b6 rouidsainG trslped orc5rty tn iho

dsvslopmr or Bensrl lchrus ,s mon or $e Muslim pooE

ol modiav.l ch bsons had iot oily rh.n epniru.l suides omons

1 E Frq A HBbtl ol sqt,i tn B?e.t. e. zr9

so.DLy in rhs medtsval perod 477

ihe contribtrrloi or ih6 Muslih schoh;s aid wriLeB i dtssemhdhg Mlslm l6mnq

'nd Ets.n is ro less imFo ai, ftai

0ie orhs r,clo6 qrcwrr of rMuslm so.ie1v.n h8disval Fsrod a sood nu,ber or i/uslm poes or chirGso uw,ok a laGe truhb- slorr'c oi or rha treand holy acriv tres

3nd tradce or sl:hi.,iru!ls. rhs pfipoiop8opl8 hhil wi'h rhs Lsl,mc nr.s

rM!slms lha l{sois or rh.tr s tplurat inec..d !, ', i-" .ts,.i.s

popu,ariry amons rhe Mud i' .ommln ty o, rhs districr. lr is

all Lhc avaitabta ktlhchava been wr tren n nsdevil chnksoig. A

by rhe pods ot Lhe

distrhr surrrc.s ro prove rhek 16m xs. rajb aid rrtushamr deslwrh Lho rclo,ous G iiq h 3]am. A

N.n,hor M!z.mm I discr:sssrhe r Lesaid d!riesol hen aid iomei n ovuyday ln', ths rnuals ro be obatuedii conn8clioo wirh and rre buitdiiqof new hou$s ald wtun o,e eicoun€B rhe lame, and rhs specalvi,rues inhrenr ii ca rn days or rhe week and ce(ain mo hEsr.." lowf, or Alaol dBals wirh rhs jnponanca or rha rel e,outsinjurc oE which 6 oblsarory ror 6c Nirsums i rhsk dalylte. Qfoyd,ll- r\o h or shakh Mublbr,&hs, plorimase, alms oiviis c. nddiri ( ,b ol sheik, Molatjbprc. rbE rcloious duLies 3nd oslsdioxs (ddd? &ob or sh. khPrhn slEs a des lp,ioi or lsrtm D injuoioh. Doirrt4, Boq&q orsayrd Nu,uddrn deals wi(h rhe slamc mtuncLiois which rh3 Mu*Lms md obse v6 darl,rho ussrolne$ or p,ayer. iha slbFd ol orsor Muhammad ali h a work on El€ otrs hsurcroisror Mustms

knd a Rq,r u, Qm!6 orSayid Nurudd,a,

^l6io. No,ioh ot rho $m.!lhor.

470 | A Hhbry dr ch daomd

on tsLnrh ,ires 3ndbjo!,hplrical sk .h or rho poprer oft& ndrr

ol ssyrc sulLai ,; a seni hi6rorcn ..cou ot rho dsdh ot prc

or ihe!6 purhis h.va be6npa s of the dkrtc(

popuh,ny or rho slbFct r\dJ o, rhs mo iokble wo*s on rh6Rdglsjrnyofsabd(h5n

3nd noiur Bii,y oJ Jsiiuddii. The$ ao*s a,e embotdqad wlhndrrour advan(r'.s and erploiG or rh6 prophBr or stam. Aiorhei

rhh cdsoory s sioi-r ritr.j or sayid suttan.i his work sb,riEr Nasrullah xhai w trshh .dmmun y aqaiin Law of cdd. Hs quo.ke a F-nbs or ,,1 l"rions and prohibiLions or r5htr ad urqsd rho b?tev s,o abdsby rhom. He also clrts upon hk .oiial,oioiisr3 ro ab tsh riomionnsbmrc acrlyiri4s fiom rhe betidts .id cus_tons or rh6 infdsls (Kifirsr He uroes rhe Mrdims ro observerha Drincjpal End. of rhs hlamic rairh did encou,.s* themro abidd by rhe s. ioiural hws a)oia rhssa schohrc aidwir.rs

.moiq the M'slims. Th6ysiimularsd ao inrere{ ii observrnq sc ptuhtsprcad;no a kidwlodeeor ol ranstalioG aid

condhuGd r. rh! prc_ponds'i.a or r\,tuslim ponuhriotr tn rh6 diski.r wa, rhE hrcs scat6.tr-s -i, , "5 s .o r D,n,s 60..at oo!.on

or rha backw d Hmdus ro tam and rhavftarv 6hbrd od .h6 ndw -lrqo,

The Mash-Fnhqi tirsr hal ot rha $van_r@ h .anrury huirod a Isrq6 iumb or M$tims ,rom rhc coashla'aa3 or Bsis,l and foGd rho unlodtriars vicrths ro .atrts iidill3Enl p rr ot rha kiisdom or tuakri. This zls [email protected]

lo, rhe predomnaido ot Mtrsl,m pdpuhion o chircsotrs.La ry, the comiio or a t se ium54 of Murm.etrlersrrom

Lr r,ituohat la albhslped 16 briiq 3bour rha predorn oiica o, Mrslm populafon i

Muslm hm lies lorL

Noakhal aid comlla b selre in ths EBrwh ts dslapslarcd ,n.!s

ch beons uiJtr 'hs

Muqhal roo ms 47s

daY Muslimso.ieLy se Ab !l

ilhb of n.orl. or srydonoin as 30 ,Hunrer, op. or, o 141)

Mustms .a]l 'hsm*lvcrPa'hai6 (Htrnrer, ip. n,., p r4t)

rhoush Lhe Mld r ro orh- .ommun

'ies as a homoseilors bodr, s,

'n rcit Ly. a composb c.nmui lv

Mrslims or rh6 dn,icr ars sri aly su0posd

Mughils, e*reh idiai Muslims. Ahkaiess aod tu so calladBeigdl6e Musl'ms Ths s,vidsz ctsiir jhamselves as d:s.enda s

Mlsllm socie,y. rhs old, blL kchncillyMustim law 3id rheolosy. rhcy 0 aho h.rd

peopk of rho holy laid ol A.bD the r,iLF.ns:rd []e Mushatsoics form..r (he ,ul i9 .liss of rtre dstric" for which rEy s$ll held rn es@srn lr rhe so.ery. co nl

e woioty iidcd!d uider rh€ Muohalswho a'a acrually lis n!,dy aid wn, t€

comp.srrs rlimenrs n prere

iao rA H.rory 6l ch(csono

Ths iirlur ol ean,o Lidisn Musllms (locally call.d GaudiaiM6lm, ii rh6 dhrrcr is svidsnrrn rhadrahd.l ac.o'dnq topoe, chuha/, on6 or his aic6 oB alons wirh his rchrivB l6irGaud io serle in chltrasois.2 rhs ArrkanEss iso-Mudms such tuRoh:is M!.lms, ( iichis erc. li!6 mo$ly in ths south6n lionristof (ha dkrlcr. Tha Kamanchisa6 supposed ro bo rhsde!*ndanBol rh6 loll vr, or S :r 51'jr.Lid and se(hd ii anr.n aid A,akan-chltrasons bods aGa by

wlmei. rhe$ 6rx clasBs or Mrslimswsrc crierly Iorerrnas and rhey Iosr dowd upoi rh' s3nsale6(locally c.lled Erni3l) Murlms who io,m r[a seve h .hss ofrhe Mslim socieLy or rhe dikicr rh' Bonsaloe Muslims coi-shrs or such E.i6l e,ouDs as rhs Khambha,sy., Kuh.ha Kanhar,

Ha,al,ya, Fhioi, KrrouasrioDal s6ups as rhe Jol., Klm . Kam , reli, Malsnsi. rur.n 6'c.3Huidreds or rh3

ptrrrs nom Lown Beis.l.id aneM ds l.6sdbv rhe Mrqhil! conribuled drciLlv rd rhe lom rotr or rhh class.

6aiy Muslmsor hrocrcriclosr rhan o,oiml $atus and sor lused rnro 1116

so called Banssho Murlim! Th6 Muslim comhon peoph whoamiq,ared inro the disx'd rom ih. ioishbou,hq a,eas wda 6Ed

rho Mrdims of orqhalty consisred ot

ot ,6loiols obsdaices Muslims rrom rher owr relsio6 poiiro .'rw ".a dllcou4 ",d b6.orq

f,i:i rrfdrr r or 3 ,r ., 1367 B S, p. 46

or thes6 ,a.es se6 A H Chowdhury, er. d..,

Soclcty ln tho medlcval period | 853

of pilgrimago to Sitakunda. Barabkunda and orhor places relatcdto tho cults of Siva and Sakti. Tha Rot'omglo refcrl to a sacred cpotnamed Falamatiswara which har bcen identified with Sitakunda.lThe Buddhist shrines attracted many pilgrlms Devoted public olall communitleo journeycd to the tombo of the Murlim saintl in

rearch ol the dcceaged saints' lavour or in eearch ol patdon.

Yo get a sight of iaol and to acek divine favour wero the chiclmotivas ol Hindu pilgtims.

Belicf in the contlnued life ol thr dead ie evident in romc

rites and practices of Hindur. Alter the death of a percon, th6

neal rehtiver of the deccased olfer watcr to the dead for somosucceosive days. Thle ritc is locally known lr 'Hainch panl'.

A great mejority ol the Hindu-Buddhict community still perlorm

a rite known as 'prcta annat (locally crlled 'paiccar bhat' or food

oftered to the deceascd). On thle occasion, materiale ol food rnddrink as liked by the decemed in llle time ere placed at a aui-table epot near the homectead ao thal tho deceased may take

them They believe that thc deceased pcrson comes in the form

ol an animal, pailicularly dog, iackal and crow. ll the otfered

lood is not taken by any, thc noar rclativee think that somc

favourite item or items to br oflcrcd have been omitted and theco

muot bo cupplied.

The beliet ln lile altei-dcath givcr rice to thc belief in ghost.

Medieval people caw ghort ovorywhere. lts habitual plcccs ofresidence were tho cremation eround ol Hindus ard Buddhistc and

the burial grounds ol Muslimr and Christians. Ghorts were be'

lievcd to reside on bankr of latge dighls, on hill topc, in bamboo

bushes, in branchos ol largc tlees. A pereon who commits cui-

cide, a murdered pstaon, a woman who diec in prognancy oI as

a result of chlldbirth will becomc ghort at drath. With thc pro'gresc of modern 696 thc beliel in ghost hrc reoedcd, butthe namet of variour ghostr and ghort atoties ctill survive among

lhr rurtic folk.

1 lee ruprc, p. 161

554 I n Hlsrory of Chlrragong

Belief in supernatural beings was an important asp.ct of $ocie.religloue life of the medieval people such supernarural beingsas 'deo'(spirirst,'dair'r ? dakini, a demi goddess of sinisrer forcesr.'pari' (nymph). ' jin' (fairy) etc. had great inf tuence upon themedieval lrfe and imagination. The 'c!eos' lived everywhere, in thelonely places. in the deserred homesteads, in the forests, in srones.in trees in water, in rivers and springs. women atfectcd with hys.teria or other mental diseases wcre thought of possessed by ,dain.

oi 'pari'. Persons of mental imbrlance wcrs supposed as possessedby 'jins' or some other kinds of spirirs. Some ritual acts wereperformed by the witch doctors to force the evil spirits to abanconthe body of the percon who was thought to have been possessedby them. This act of domination by splrits was known n. ,rrrr..l

Medieval prople strongly bel ieved in sorrery end witchcraft.Magic practices were emrloyed nct only f ,r thc beneficial purposebut also to injure other people. Btack rnag c, a form ol the invocation of daemonic or malevolent forces was r;ractised by uritchcloctors. Such ceremonies a; mtrriage an,J Liirth were safeguar-cled by magis3l pracrice.

Superstitions of va.ious kinds g2in-^6 a slronghcld on tho mlndsof the common neople. the sneezing at the rime of deparlurowas believ:d ominous. Dropping oi a ltzatd on different parrs ofthe body was interpreted differently eirher auspicious or on,inousas tho case mry ba. Hooting of owis d,liirrg rhe night in theneighbourhood of a s!ckbcd w rs considered ominous for the Iifaof the pati6nt. Seeing a s€ rpent on the r;ght and a jackal onthe left was considered auspiclous but in rhe opposite case it isconsidered 6qinous, certain plants and marerials were laid besidea women in childbed to ward olf evil fr<.rm her. Medieval peo-ple attached a great importance to dreams which were consideredvery meeningful. Some animals were thouglrt to have superna-tural powcrs.

I For itlustration of rhis fact GeB A ,, pp. 35, 37, 38

'Nasihat Nrma' by l'lzal Ali, qr

Socieiy in the mecjieval period I 5b5

fhe curing of diseases played an important lole in medieval

social lrfe. lts effect was believed to be the credit ol sorcerers,

witch doctors and priests. The art of healing eonsisted in magical

ceremonies, puritication, incantation of mystelious mantras and

meditation. Epidemics lrke malaria cholera, emall'pox etc. w€re

lampant during medieval times Tney took heavy tolls of human livec

GVery year. Village after viilage wele swept away by thece dlseasss

in thoss days of ignorance in med:cal science and public hygiene.

Persons aftlrcted with small-pox and other contagious disaases

were forbidden to make any connexion with others especially the

strangers. The people thought that the deity of epidemics entered

into the body of the sick men" Vlhen a dieease attacked the

person, a worship of the deity was arranged. Meoieval people

rhought that all ceses of sickness were either the works of an

evil power or the anger of the deities and the pati€nt could

be cured only it the deitios could be appeased. lt was a common

practice that tho witch doctors (ojhas) should be invited to pacify

the angry deities and to ward off the cvil spirits. The priests

also took part in those rites. Pt ISonB af f icted with such incurable

disseses as skin disea:es, asthma, canccr, Ieprosy etc' were con'

sidered as ,accursed' who could be cured only by the gtace of

deiti€s. Sometimes, the causes of illness was assigned to a rela-

tive or a neighbour and the sorcerers were employed to identily

the harmlul person Death by lightning also was considered as

a curse ol god infllcted upon the victim for some sins commiltedby the pelson.

Medieval people believed in prophetic utlerances, foretellingof luture events and fortune telling. They believed that the wholocourse of life is ptcdetermined at birth. The Ganakas or professi-

onal astrologers werc invited to cast a horoscope at the birlh ofchildren cspecially the male oner. Peoplo cspecially Hindus wouldconsult the horoscope and the almanac on the major occasions

of their Iives.

Belief in the oracles has given rise to a peculiar religiouo

ceremony known as 'gacha'. The villagcrs of Chittagong havo

56 | A Hisrovy ot C6l116goit6

since mediaval pariod been performing this cetcmony with tho ob-jcct ol finding out ths particular w;shss ol tha deities especially

Ma Magadheswari Il can be perlorrned rt any time ol the year.

For the performlnca of this coremcny the service ol hcalthy males

is requisitioned. The viliagers assomble in the 'eebakhola' (a plot ofland at the ourskirr of the village reserued for the worship of the

doity). The selected man tnen bows over and over again in quick

tuccetsion to the daity, sometimes dances to the accompaniment

of c drum beaten by hie companions and behaves as rf hs were

porsecsed by the apirits. While thus alfected he rolls on ths ground

and occasionslly uttsrs oraciee, Various questions are put to him

by the asrembled people and thesa are replied often in ambiguous

languaga. A eimilar ritual was noticed by Manrique duting his

sojourn at tho Arakenese caPital.

vMedieval peopls were not wholly steeped in illiteracy and ig'

norance. Though ths vast mass ol the scciety were ignorant ol

three R's, yet they had grrat regard for eclucation and learning.

The diccovery of a large number ol puthis in all parts of the dis-

trict indicatee how greatly the society including all sections ofpeople valued education in their culturEd IIfe. Most of the puthi

writele had a marked degree of learnedness and the roaders of theee

works requtrtd to be at least literate if not learned' Palm leaves

lTalpata), prcssed cotton formed into flat piece of thin material

(Tulat krgaz) etc. w6re used as writrng malerials manufactured

by a epecial class ol arl3sans. Peacock feather, pointed at the

hollow part was a popular writing instrument. [-iquid substance

extracted from black malerials (e g, chhua or trlack pcwdery sub'

sltnco deposited on the ceiling near a furnace) was used as ink

for writing with pen. The puthis weire used to ba read amidst

listenels in ,almost

every emlnent, househo!d'

Fostivals wors en inseparable part of the socio'rellgious lifeol the mrdieval people. Madieval festivals were chielly religious.Thsy gcve tho peoplo an occtsion of public rejorcings. ln the

rural area$ the leotivals waro organized by zamindete. EId al Fitrwas undoubtedly the greatect Muolim lestival which was observedwith pomp and oplendour. Othei Muslim religlour fes'lvrls wereEid al Azha, Ashurc, Muhcrram, Prophet'o annivertarios, Shab cMiraj, Shab e Barat etc. Some eecular legtivalo liko Hijri Ncwyear'a Day, Nauroj or Persirn New year'6 Day etc. must havefound their placec in the liet ol MuElim tectivals. Though Chi-ttagong Muslinns bslong chiefly to Eunni secr, tome of thc prin-cipally rhia lectivals. such as, Ashura, Akheri Chahar Shu.nbaFateha e Eaz Daham gained popularity during tho later Mughalrule. The celebration of Aorrura was characterized by makingimages ol Hasan and Husain.l Th" celsbration, accompanied withplaying on muslcal band, lasted for ren days.2 Shab c Baratgained special featuro in the socio religious lile of medieval Mue-lims. Shia festivals gained footing ovcr thc disrrict during thelater Mughal period Besides these, the Urr in the memory ofeome deceased pirs were also clebrated.

Pyrard de Laval notices ,,as great a diversity of ceromonies',among "the gantilee or pagans"3 in Chittagong. The greatectHindu religious festival during Manrique'c times was Durga puja,

which gavo them an occasion for display of all lhe pomp andmagnificence that was possible. The preparations for the DulgrPuja in a rich family wcro on a giand scale. Father Manrique der-cribes the celebration ol this festival at Diang ac followe:

I have noted before thar all the Heathen of those parrs wercwont to hold a great fostival at thc new Moon of the monthof June, each year, in which they caried an ldol in procession.To thir ldol thoy give the figure of a woman and il wa.called Druga (goddase Durga). At thie festival tho Hsrthonliving near Diange and othcr Christian settloments woro accus-tomed te borrow from the Ghristians silk cloths, rugs, iewellcry

I Shoriyot Nomo,

2 'Nosiyot Nomo',

3 Lovol, l, 333

il.1373.1376qtBAP,1375BS,p.64

558 | A History of Chtrtagong

and the like for the adornment of their ldois and al:ô of rheirhousos.l

The Durga Puja leetival lasts foi four days and ends by orqan,z:nga plocession during tho immorsion ceremony. Community feasrand animal sacrifice characterized some religious festivals of medi-eval Hindus. Festivals provided women wirh oppcrtunity of Ieavingtheir houses. On these occasions they were allo'ared to sharethe rejoicings with the orhers in visiting the adorned idols in rhe

decorated templei. Other festivals in which the cornmon oeoplewere allowed to participate were the Rathayatra (Car festival),Janmashtami iBirth ol Lord Krishna), Dolyatra or Holi. Rasa, Koja-gari Purnima, Shivaratri, etc Unlike our timos, Hindu religiousfestivals wore organized by rich individuals.

The grearest religious festival of the Buddhists is Baishakhi

Purnima on which day the birth, enlightonment and great demise

of Lord Buddha took place. tt is difficult to state how this sacred

occasion was celebrated in medioval times. lt is equally difficultto describs such Buddhist festivals as Madhu Purnima, AshwiniPurnima, Kathin Chivar Dan etc. owing to tho absence ol details'2

Christians of medioval Chittagong celebrated a number oftheir religrous festivals irr a befitting manner. The writings of the

European missionaries refor to such religious festivals as Lent,

Easter, Corlrus Chrlsti and Christmas, A report of Fatlrer Barbier,

a missionary visiting Chittagong in 1713 A O, is of great valuerbgarding the celebration of Christian festivais during his time.

Monrlque, l, 292. Mrnrique here commits an errcr in computingtime. The Durga Puja festival is celebrated in September.Oc-

tober, and not in June as our traveller states.

For the discussion of the celebration of the Buddhist festivalE

in Chittagong see Dr Sudhangshu Bimal Berua's articles ln the

/I'losik Eosumoti, Poush, 1370 B S and /Il R, March, 1966; DrSukomal Chowdhury, op. cit., pp. 63-83. P R Barua, 'TheBuddhist festivals in Chittagong', t A S B D, XXI (1976), 188200,

Soclety ln thc medlcval perlod I SEg

Accordlng to him, rho Chrirtians of Chittagong celebrated thereligious fesiivals "with the same order and solemnity as in Eu-,opr' 1 He narrates the celebration of some religious festivals ofthe Chrisrians of Chittagong as follows:

I was charme.. to see them perfolming the ceremonies of HolyWeek, tho Reposirory, ir.i which tho Blessed Sacrament wasplaced, occupierl the whole height of ttre church in the formof a throne with several riers. There, without silvering or gilding,slreets of iia rrewly melted, and shaved in flowers and fos.toons, and ar;plied against pieces of decoratl,rns of a red hue,prorluced a very beautiful effect.

There is another ceremony which is invariably observed amongthr: l'o'tu{lucsg. They sel,:ct a Sunday in Lent, which theycall Donringo di: Gruz. They reprosent, in a procegsion, OurSaviour b:aring His Cross. This ceremony was carried ourwith admirable order. Ih: starue of Cur Saviour was madeIife.like, althouglr of m rrs than humlrr size lt was placedoir a i,iler. and ti'e Saviour was relrresented on His kneesand bearing His uross. Iwenty.four men carried the litter,and the F.rther in a cope, holding a veiled Crucifix under aviolet canopy, ended llre Procession. t he stations made fromtime to tim-., added to the mournf ul penitential chanl, filledus with devotion. Ttre Procession made the tour of theplace by four rcads laid out by rulo and line.

But what edrficed m) the most was tlre grave and modestway in which a ntFretinj wJs made wrth anorher statuo repte_senling the Bless:ti Vrrgin and a third representing St Veronicawth trer veil irnprinted with rhe holy face of our saviour.These represontations have somethiog of the majestic andpathetic; they rnake an extraordi4ary impression on these peo-ptres, and I myseif could not refrain from bursting into tears.

The Festival of rhe Blessed Sacramenr wrs conducted withequal magnificence, and as yet nothing like to ir had been

1B P P, V[ (1910), 203f.

t60 I A Hlrtory ol Chttragong

seen in this country. The Prelatc thotrght proper to dividethe coremony. ln the morning, each in his own church heardMasr and made his dovotions. M the Bishop celebrated pontitica.Ily in the one where he residcd and gave rhe communion. Aboutthree O'clock, Veepers woro sung, during which the Chric.tianr of the other two churches arived with th€ir Cros6es,their Shrines, and lhe habit ol their Confraterniries (th6so arc akind ol surpiice): thon the procession went forth. It wasaetonithing to behold wirh what care thece good folks had

decorated the rttectr; archce of triumph, festoons, Btleamers,

rows of treer planted expresrly oupplied the place oltapo3tly, swivel, guns, mortarg, musquetry f requently re6.

ounded; and when the procession returned at thc beginningol the night and when each Chiristian wac rscn holding a

lighteo taper, without counting the torchcs which waro num-berless, thie illumination alone, accompanied by fireworkr,would have deserved the attention ol psrtone posscrsed olthe bsst trste.l

Thc celebration ol ruch festivak cs Naba baishr, Nauioj, HijriNew yerr werc connectcd with rcasonal renewal. Two of themolt notcworthy ceculat leotivrlr were'Bihu' and 'Nabanna'. The

obrcrvtnces of the ceremonies of Bisava Sankrantr hae been men-

tioned in thc Rolomolo.2 Bihu ( > Bichuvr, 8 year cnding lertival;ir thc principal fegtlval ol the Accamece. The festival was colo.brated by rural lolk of rll rellgiouc aftiliations with eeremonlal

house cleaning, tlking bettcr food, feaoting and amutcmentr.3

Thc 'Jek'or bush buining oer"rnony,4 pcrformcd during Birhufertival may havc relation lo 'yom' (hillo) burning of the tribecmen

ol Chlttagong Hill Tracr. On the prcviouc day ol the occarion,rho peoplo pedorm cutaln rites related to tho paering ol tho

I tbtc.2 ! t s B, xtx (t Bso), b3B3 Siorlyor Nomo, Il. l,OlO 1025I tDtd,, t. tor!

Soclety in the rnedieval period | 561

yeaf. The housegatewav or 6ntranc6 is oftr,;'r huog w'th wreathgmads of flower and loaves. They hanq tryreath of llowers onoverything of the hnusehold objects and c'ecorate their dornesticanimals wiih wreaths.l On the day of tho occasicn. the peorJlo

rub oil mixed with 'oarbaushadi' (a kind of seed) on their brdiesand then taka bath. The most alluring leatuta of the festival isthe eating of several kinds crf sweetmeats and enterta!ning theguoals with the sarne This !qihu festival of lha Clrittagoniansand tho Assamese agrses with ths Sangroin rSamkranti rathor Chai-tra Sarnkranti) Kyadah or the New year festival of the tribesmen

of Chittagong Hill Tracte.2 'Nabanna' or takirig of food prepared

of recently reeped crops was another notablB festival of the Hindu-Buddhist community. PIouqhinE, first f nrit {nabanna', harvest,wera some of the occasions that have relatrons to rhe egriculturalrites and fostivals.

To attend the fair lmela) was a part of lhe socio.religiouslife of tlie metjieval peoplo. Most of rhe madieval fairs weroarranged on prTi6dis2l religious occasions, around, in most cases thevicinity of religious buildrngs and placer of warship. Two of thenotabls Hindu fairs wero sirakunda ard Ariinalh falrs on the dayof siva chaturdashi. Muslim faire took place near rhe shrines olBayezid Bostami, Maijbhandrr and othar d*rqahs ar.d maz;rs. ThoBuddhist fairs of Mahamuni, Thegarpuni, Foracl-iin erc. cjate backto the late Mughal period. ln the lt/lahamuni fair 1li6 plains peo.plo and the hill people met together ro s:rchange or to rrade ongoods' People from ail corners of the d,strict anri of all wa ksof life gothered in rheoe fairs to sell and purchasa cornmodi,lesand to onjoy ehows and entertainments.

vtIThere were various types of popular recreations which supple-

mented the pleasures of the rich and relieved the poor from rhedarly drudgeries of livel hood Cock.fighrirrg (Irrlurgibaji) wi.,s one

I ttrd., t. 1or12 1 s s o, tv (tags), a4

562 | A Hisrory ol Chtrraoons

of the popular entenainments whrch had equal appeal either lnfauidar's court or in th,) c:urtyards of the village peasants. Thetame of fighter cccks of Chittagong reached the durbar of theNawab of Murshidabad where such species were highly prized.lAnother popular game was wrestling maiches which wero patro-nized by all seclions of rhe society. A local po-^t named Uzir AIiMunshi writes that his ancestor pahlowan Abid was granted thetitle'Mallo' and with it a lend assignment of moderate size bythe 'nawab' (fauzdar) of chittagong in recognirion of his ckill.2Drumming and other mrrsical exercises and fireworks were someother prevailing iterns of enjoyments. Medioval ,sipanthis, (a roundshaped envelope conlaining a Iamp rrir!-rin) msy have relation to'fanooo' (a curved envelore inllated with gas produced by theflames of a light and rising skyivards) cf ilur times.

Among the household ganr;s ,pashakhela. (dice), which datesback to the Vedic period, was tlr; most popular. playing with dolls,making rnud idols, running. swimming erc. wcra some ol rhe mosrpopular games among young peopl'.

Two of the popular entertainments werc ,Ghezir l_arhai, and'Ghazlr Pala' These woro really poeticll contests, the exercise ofpoetical capabilities either of the single person or of rhe c(,ntendingi:arties. 'Ghazir Larhai' means the explcits of rhe Muslim Ghazisna'rared in the form of srories ln pcpular gathering on ceremonialoccasions 'Ghazir Pala'was reclted b1 a singlo man with his party.It was unlike 'Kabir Pala' which was actually ,Kabir Larhai'. Twokabis tpoets) one againsi the other gave a demonstration of theirknowledge of shastras and ingenious twists in interpretations, ltsenjoyable feature to the vulgar was personal attack.

L Rtyoz, p. 4t2 ? P, p. lso

6ection 6 tnteraction among the different commumi-ties

C.lrittagong is the ho*" of diverse religious communities. each

of which has irs own distinctive traits. So far as the polrticalhistory of Chittagong is concerned, each one of the four commu-nities co:':frcnted with th6 orher for the domination over ihe district.But thg social hisiory pr€sants a diflerent picture. Social histoiyis largelrT I hislory of actions and iflt€ractions amoirg people of drffe-

rent cornmunities. lncliviciually or collectively. people of onccommunity wili tend lo react on lhB people of other conrrnunities.In the lield of economics, this interaction among different commu-nilies is more c)bvious The producers, buyers sellers and consumers

had no religious distinctions. Everybody could engsge himself

in various occupational activities and everybody could enjoy the

fruits of the occupational activities of other people. This inler-

communication among the people ol different communitres is one

ol the most ramarkable features of the social life of the medioval

people.

The intoractions among the dirferent communities reveal itself

in ths socio religious beliofs of the psople and in the observances

of rites and ceremonies. llindus and Buddhisto have been livingside by sido since very early times, Many features of the sociallife of the one were so inextricably mixed with those of the

othor that one couid not recognize a differenco batween the twosocieties. Surrounded by the larger Hindu society, tsuddhists, espe-

cially the Plains Buddhists were becoming closely related to Hindus.

Borh the communilies were idol worshippers and a large number

of Hindu deities (soma of them wero originaliy Mahayanic deities)

found an easy access into the Buddhist pantheon. The inlluenceof Mahayan Buddhism on Hindu religion is conspicuoue even tothis day. Goddess Magadheswari. originally a Mahayanic deity has

been given place in the Hindu pantheon. Buddhist doctrine otthe eanctity of animal life. the cult of Dharma. the Buddhist

55{ . ,4. l-lloror.v ot (:r:ttflgor\ti

Tantricisrn ahd mil*y oti/Er Buddhist concepts have profoundlyinfluenced ilirrd.: r*Ligious conoopts. Ths intermingling of the twocolrlrn rnitiur lio13 so far that lho two arrpaared to a loreigner asbsings of ihi,, lam r llind.

What str;kes uE i'nost is the imprseslys interaction betweenlolam ar-,d Hin,;juisnr, tli{, tv.to diarnetrically dilferent relgions. Along stay of the two communities in rha sanie place ]ed to rhegrowth of mutual undersi,lrrrling ard apoieciation of each other'sculture. Musiirns were iargely rl..c clescendanis of Hindu converlo.Thersfore, it was eurltl n619,al tl'rat J:rre-'slanii<: b*liefs, customsand habits parsister! in ttre tr4uslim EGcieirr. the i-lindr_r zuddhistdoctrine of rtr-birtn and 'kanna was lo,as.:iy adopted by rhrr Muolim common peoplo Many of thoir practicrs ancl observances werein common with thoser of the Hindr.rs 1 Muslims were accustomed tostudy the zodiac circlss. fflovetrfli-r? of planets cnd stars, and occultinfluence of stars upon hurnan acrirrities,il thcugh ,ilnru nujum, orastrology and forotelling of fururo evonre are p"ohibired in lslern.Poet Alaol diocusses tho iufluence of zo,iiac circles in his workTowfo lnflu:nce of i-lindu religiru: baiiefs on ths rural Muslirnsociety was Go extensive that liluslims of Iate medieval periodused to pay hornage to Guch Hindu ,Jeities as Mahalakshmi. Cha-ndi rather lvl,an ral fhandi), Megadhesw;ri e!c. wiih slaughter ofenimal as oiforing to the deiiy.3 on tha iluthority nf soyid sul.tan wo have been inft:rrned that rl're Muslims were accustomedto read and hear the Pdrqgoti Mohabhorarr.4 This rranslatory workWas cornp,ssod by ordero of a Muslim ruler who hed great inter_ost in Hindu epics Not enly tire eSiics but tho Hindu nrytho-logical stori,;s ancl folktores gained par:urariry arnong medievalfu''luslims Many Mualim writ*rs frequerrtly refer to l-lindu deiriesand tsuddhist saints in their works. lriluslirn Foets, for exampls,

1 'horiyot Nomo, possinr2lRBS,pp 105-tog3 Shqrtyot Nomo. il 889 g92, 921-g2g, g39 g43, 961.S644 Sayia Sulran, Ofot e Rosul, prelace

Society in the modieval period i 865

Sayid Sultrn, Shaikh Faizullah, AIi Raja wiore on the physlcalaspoctr of the yoga docrrines. Muslim poers such as Alaol andDaulat oazi were w*ll versed in sanskrit and wroto highflow,rSanskritic Bengrli. Poet Chuhar srates thar one of his forefathersIearnt sanskrit with the help of a pundit.l Muslim poers eventheorize the common origin of ts15n, and Hirrduisrn.2

During the Muslim ruie, the !slarnic culture gained predo.minancs over other cultures, poliricalty and economically, thsMuslrms occupied a superior position. By virtue of their belng asruling class, ivluslims exeraed a great influence on rhs social life,dress, manners' language of the non Musrims. persian was sfateIanguago and lingua franca of a]l rndian furus]irns 1'rre peopreinespective of religious creeds hecJ ro learn persian to eain a jobunder ths goveroment. l.rindus of Bengat almost e.quailed if notexcelled Muslims in their knowledgo of persian. Frorn ftur_ra Go_swaml down to our great grand dabir khas parents ieernl persianfrom Maulvis. official decorum and eregant rnanners requiredthc people to learn Muslim etiqu'tte and to wear Muslim clress.Hindus were prudont onough to acconrodate readily to the situation.

The Muslim holy places were held in reveronr,e by tho Ftindusae well as the Buddhiats. The majar sharif of $hah Mohsen Autiyais still under Hindu supervision. According to Talish, Buddhistsduring tho Arakanese period used to pay homege to the sepurchralmonumont o! Pir Badr.3 The cutt of trir exert.d such a great influ-once upon medievel Hindu belief that sorne of tha Hindu deitieswele imagined also to be pirs. A numbcr of poems based on

1 g e P, 1367 B s, No. 3. p. EZ2 tq-r; ql( rrrqarl{ q6t tor-un ,r?,e r

cs{ {(f, qlm.t rq;d (s{ {cer q?q r r

i<etnm qr* lc?Tt<"6 ,eetEqTSrr otr trr* 'iTq f,rT

lV, No. 2, p. 943 Fstnyo, p. 181

rATI;I I

;rtE:Irq I r -P B G, part

506 1 n Bistory st Gtrittagorld

tho .ctivitiee of Setyapit, Trallokyapir eic, corflpo$ed by Hatirant

Das, Dwiia Ramganga and otherc have been dtscovered in Chi-

rtagong.l ln Chittagong, Hindus especially Namashudra section

belevo in 'manrs' or oath to a patticular dt ity in their relatives'

acute illness. lf the eick person is cured, the 'manas' is redemped

by rhe sacrifrce of animal. 161" lslrgious concept seems to be

correlated with Muslim religious custom of Ourban or sacriliceto God.

The long association of diffeient religious creeds led to inter-

community harmony. Political power, religious beliefs and racial

prejudices could not put a barrier on the intercommunicaiion among

the people of various communities Common environment. common

economic activities and the government's enlightened altituds

towards the subject people providrd stimulation to ths intelco-

mmunity relation.

1 g p P v, l-i, rbo; i ii a4. 94.9s

r

tI

---.__.--_.,*S

CHAPTER XV

LITERARY ACTIVITIES

Chittagong has a reputation of being a centre of iearning sincethe days of the Buddnist Tantrik wrirors of the pala and the ost-Pala periods With the exception of the turbulent pathan period,the tradition of Iiterary activities was maintained throughout thomedieval periorl.

Se-tion 1. Patronsge of Bengali &iterature bv theHusain Shahi Fauidars of Chittagong

The enlightened and liberai atmo.:phsrc of the Husain ehahi

rule produced an age of brilliant llterary acrivities in Benoal. ThePorogoll Mohobhorota srates that during hrs tenure of office aa a'nayak' (comrnander or vicsroy), prince lrlusrat Khan gaye instru-cfions to Kavincra Paranieswar to composrl a narrative poem basedon tha stories of the greet epic Moho.bhorotc.l

The name of lashkar Paragal Khan, rhe Husain Shahi ollicerof northern Chittagong has baen immortalized in the history olBengali literature for his liberal patronage to the vernacular literature.He gave orders to Kavindra Parameswal to proceed with his workof transtating the original Mohabhoroto into Bengali. Tle grarifiedpoet explains at the beginning of his work, the circumslancee

I ulqe drils ffi GT {rfirs rtrq I

ilETtm aTdrql !T 1ttil Eru,U

568 | A Hirtory ol Chlttagong

lcading to its composition and the 1sl31ive briefnees of his work.lDr Diaesh Clrandra Sen holds that Kavindra Plrameswar trans-

Iatsd the Jl4shrbliorato down to tho Stripatva containing a total

ol 17,000 sloka; (varses).2 The name of the work Btioy Pondov)

and that ol the patron (Paragal Khan' have been known llom

a Sanskrit work written in l6t0 Saka (c. 1688 A D).3 Surprisingly,in some places of ttris translatory work tho authorehip has been

ascribed o the patron himself,4 However, I very valuablc evidence

of the authorshlp (Kavindra) title ol the work (Bhorot Kothol.palronage r Lashkar Peragal Khan ), and its popularity among tho

people irrespacitvo of religious creede is supplied by poet Scyld

Sultan in his work Ofot e.Rosul.5

1 q"ot Rg1flrr qtd ri;ils slt{.qJ t

1q{T;E riT.g(rl {Krte- <Iq'<I{s} } I

<4<I(q qtt,:;t<: EI?{ <q{il I

[T4'{Cs oo' <i:q. <c4{ t{r-q< I I

<scc{s qrTEe6Ts q'5'ls (rits t

Co{5ICE' slu qc< Ttq sc;qts t t

.stq c< Tefl <iq qrcTt'i{t r

?rcqro rr;facs qttr q'rutql atugt t t

stqm qtcq{ Eliqt qs(s Et<n tS<1"E n<{ qrg qtuteil <fuirr t! -Ot t S

23

258-259Hlstory of Bcngoll Longuoge end Literoture, (1954),

, (1940), pp.

pp. 189 190gl{818.9', ?qniq', ryqi t<qil1l6u4{a lefrg< etr{'{(El t4girs 5r(Is1ts' oKif,lsq- t t

Ul"r*ta6' {r{q.i E{{;il{ r6ri<{Is I

cErtv-iEr cTtli<iRl cslEslq'si{ls at{ltt -otIs '(1940),p. 263

4 "rrur,t qlr.t {cq [flf<ar E{6t I

qiFEIGr rr;tarc {r:r t<1;} V<{ l-l'Probably it ic a mistake committed by the oqibe.

5 oTrf* rr{rtlq "{IT qt{ tqcg q'< tv<1.8 s rs <sEl tiqat t<ofr t I

tlt g gfi!{rd ylg wr qE "lWJ -Profrec

Litoiary activitloc I 569

Thc authenticitv rl Kavindra peramgswar,s auihorshio of rhetranslated Mohobhoroto has been called in?o question bv rr, e4utinath Shastri, who bends to think that Kavindra ol Mot,obtorotewas no other than Kavindra Patra, a minister cum oene!.al of theking of Kuchbehar. The critic exoresses the ooinion that thevictorious campaign eoainst Kuchbehar was comqlandFd bv para'al

Khan, a general of Sultan Husain Shah. Paraqal Khan took thevanquished king along with his minister {Kavindra Paira) as pri-ooner ol the Gaur Sultan. th6 yisr6rious oeneral, knowinq rhepoetieal qualities of the vaneuished sehol6'. qave orders to thelatter that the translation of lhe ltfofiobhoraro sheuld ha d^ne withina short tirne t But iurfqed by ci'cumslances \4r Shastri's oninionig unaccepteble The historineitv of the aJI, cpr"t inrrae'on in Kuchbehar by Paragal Khan is qtrestion+ble. rhere i.-q no errr'dcnce ,oprovc that Kavindra Patra anrl Kevindra Fgrevvr,.g,syaT rryare tho samgpetson. lt rS eqr"11, inc'ediblra that Paraqrl Kharr srrrjrf;,rly hpeameeu'ious about the livas of the haroes of the oiFa? er:i. vvhile rhe

viol*nc+ of war was srill raping. Mor+j$ver thc pont nowf,erein the work mentions his connexion with Kurlibahar and the inv.'sion

of Paragal Khan in it.

Tho orioinal namc ol the work ic not kncwn lr has been

varirusly written such as Bijoy Pandab Bharat Katfia etc. byother writers. It io, however, widely known as iho Paragall

Mahabharata.

The Porogoll Mohobhoroto was a very poDUIa' wo'k 8s menus-cripts of this work have been discovered frorn all p,rts of theFreFartitioned Eengal, Kavindra Pararneswat wes a profound scholarin Sanskrit, the translation of somc origina! slokas in 'he worktestifies to this. lt is generally b*l.ieved rhat his work is theoldest translation ol the great epic into the vernacular l6nguagos.

Paragal Khan'c patronizarion of Bengali literature was maintainedby his worthy eon and aucce$or Chhote Khan or Ct,huti Khan

1 Gaurinarh Shsstri, Kavtndru Ytrachits U,at,abl,crcta. lntreeuelion.

U70 | A Hierr-,ry of Chltragong

with an equal zeal. Ir was at his command that poet Srikar Nanditranslcted the Aswamedhr pa^,a frorn original sanskrit into Bengati.At the beginnirg of his work, the poet nairatos the circumstances

that led to the cc'mposilion of this work.l The book is a scho.Iarlv translatlon ontJ c valuable addition to the Bengati translatoryworks. The work is popularly known as tha Chhuti Khoni Mohobhoroto.

A number ol factors contributed to the development of Bengalilanguage. the fsr6rn6st om6pg which is rhe influentiel encouragementgiven by the Muslinr rulers ancl high ranking Muslim officers tocultivate vernacrrlar Ianguages. lt is exnlicitly stated in both rhePorogotl and chhut, Khant Mahobhnro:os that the patrons in order tohave a tasie of tha immorral stories of the greot epic, commandedthe ooets to tr.rnsl.jio tha Mohobhoroto into Bengali. they had noknowledgo 6f Sanstlrit and the native schollrs were ignorant ofthe mother tongue of the Mr.:slim rulers and rheir officers. Mean-while. centuries of habitation in Bengel made the Muslims familiarwith the local longue. Consequently. they could tasre and appre-ciate tha litera'v beasry of the storics of the epics in Deshi bhasha'fnative tonque'! witho,;i much effort. Dr D C Sen aptly saVs in thlsconnexion rhai, "this olevation of Bengali to a literary status wasbrought abr:ui l;y several influences of which the Muhammedan

conquest wa.s ,..rnrtoubtedly one of tho foremost."2

I qF-sus :ttr,gt a e-r <r;r :,r{l:tti: r

q<s?ad <?qc;";.t ?irs< q-iqilc I r

T;dg g'r-<E E a.:i srfs "i;{I sq,t r

Erq'q;?q fs':ri{ +?qq s.qfqq tiqqr{{ sql 5;;i{ EIE QIT I

fls1{r-u w'q'fq4 ctT{ qqIxIEt I l,

cq'rt sTrEr qfq oefl atuE rrglf, I

qrdlrils +ffg. cql-ir q.rtq qirT{ I I

sltl4 vIICq{ ilaf' qgrT dTfl I

glsa a.?'1({ $eq eiTstqrt <tE{l2 O O Seh, Seatolt Longaoge ond Ltteroture, p. l0

l"ltqary actlvltiet I 671

it is noticiable that ths Erahmanrs opposed the translationof Srnskrit works into regional languages. Almost ali rhe aurhoroof the translatory works during rhis period belonged to tho castosother than the Brahmanas.

Maulvi Abdul Karim Sahitya Visharad discovered a derachedpiece of a work entitled VidtosunCdr written by poet Srldhar, a nativeof Chittagong. ln tlris work the poot cornmends rhe merlrs olhis patron, Sultan Firuj Sirah, son of Sultan Naeir iNuerat) Snah. tr

Tnis proves that the Husain Snahi tradition of rhc parronrzation

6t Bengali literaturo and Bengalr poots waa kept alavo by thoIater ruJers.

The most notewotthy feature ol the cuftivation ol Bengaliliterature rn Chittagong is that the Hindu writers occupied o pre-dominant position in lterary rctivities ol the cixteenth cenlury, butduring the two succeeding centuries the Muslim poets not onlycame to tho forefronr but outnumbeled the Hindu posts in lreraryproductions. The encouragement given by the zealous parronsinspired thsir Muslim subjecrs to cultivate Bengali language in anincreasing degree wnich promoted the growth of Eengali lteraturein the subsequent Arakanese and Mughal periodo.

Soction 2, Arakaness patronago of Bengati Llte"raturo

The tradition of li:erary activlties in Chittagong was so powerfulthat 6rr1nn ,n" subsquent Arakanese regime the cuhivation ofBengali literarureattained lurther development.. po}rically, chitta.gong was subjugated by Arakan, bur culturally it was Arakrn

1' a;"ihr- {rtr<'{T{l s{$ q;aqs 1

{<'sil-{tE.ql csrrrls rqsr I I{ffii u1 c"rcTrq rrRt t{r{rr T;qt{ 1

fqq' tetrvr et< Trsl 'rrrir t lOt E S I 11940,1, pp. 78.79

572 | A Hlci$ry of ehltragong

which was g'ea,ly intluanood by a stronger cultute and a morepowerful lang raOr. tr oumbar of comprtent Bengalees w6ls appointed ro hign gov:r,lrn.i,n:al posts People of all ranks enjoyed the

Irterlry bB4uty of S:rngali works. One ol the foremost lactorsfor rhs phenomenal growih of Bengali influence, in the view of DlEnamul Flaq, was 'the sup6llsrity of rhe Bengali lrnguage over

the Arakanu*u".l $r Sukumar Scn rightly says: "From this timeBengali was accepied at the Araki:n cour! as the chiot culturallanguagnr, mainty b:cdusa rnany of the high officials of Arakancim& frotn -h!ttagong and tiis other ooiglibouring terntorias whoseflto,hrr rongus w;s ,3,:n;al '.2 ihus the glorioue Husain $hahitradrrot of rne uulrrvailon of Bcngali lterature was not only keptalive bur w,r$ given dfl 6Rcouraging support by the enlightenedArakanese ruiers and tlreir rrrfluential courtrels. The A.rakanese

kings Of ti'ru $uvefttirentir cBnlu y war6 enthusiastic patlOnS Of

lndian lreraiure csi:vci rlly Prakrrt, Sanskrit, nindusthani and Ben-gaI. 'fhsrr .nrhusiasrn insplrcd rhs same feeling in his Bengalicouitrrrrs und;t whose cars and guidance, some gifted Muslimpoers wrote many of their masterpreces.

'[he first noteworthy Bengalee poet writing under tho aegisol the Arakanese rulers was Daulat Oazi. Dr Sukumar Sen, in

appreciation of his posttcal merits, wrires that the poet not onlyheld the foremost position among the Muslim Bengalee poets butwes ono of the rn-ost gifted pooro of medieval Bengali literature.3Hts poetic qualities attrsctod the attention of Ashraf Khan, comman-

der cum mrnistor (laskar wazin of tho king's army. lheofficer,being desirous of hearing tl':e rornantic tales of Lorh Chondroni,

roquested the poet to writB a poem on the theme, The tale, was

current in northern lndia in different languages and dialects. Atthe request of the laskar tuazir to popuiarize the famous romantictale among the Bengalees. Daulat Oazi decided to compose a

1 e H.q Musltm Bengolt

2 S Srn, lslomt Bongolo

3 tw.

LitercturG, p. 144

Sohltyo, p, 15

[.itarary activitier | 573

'parrchsii' (narafiva poem) on this sr.lbject fho oureome ol thireffert uJas the joint tales of Sotl l{lalno ond Lorh Chondront hieoutstanding poetic achievement But decth carried the poet awaybsforo thc worl( was finished.

Another gifred but cornpsratively little known poet of the courtof Rria Thir: Thudhamrna W:s Mardan, author of Noslro Nomo,

But iittle is kncwn about tho poer'E career from his work.

8y far the rnost wideiy known poet among tha Arakanesccourt-froeis was A!aol. ln his early !ife, his poetical potenrialityattracted tho notice of Sulairnan, an Arakanoso courtier who reques-

ted tho poot to complete the wolk on Lorh Chandrani, which hact

been lelt unf in ished by his illustrrous predecessor, Daulat Oazi.

With Lho cornptotion of this work his poetic fame spread all over

tha kingdom" Magan Th.rkur, an inflrronrial. \rakanese courtrer oflrterary r':erit, requested Alaol to translate the well known Persian

romantic poem on Soiful ltlulk bodiuzzomol rnto Bengali. Unfor-

tunately for the poet, the patron did not live long to sse the

work finished. The untimety death of Magan Thakur so much over-powered tha poet u,rith grief that h6 practically gavo up writingany more, Luckily for the poet, Muhammad Musa, commander

of the royal army, appeared as rescuol who saved the poet lrom

grief and distress. He assured the poet of gonerous help and

requeeted him to get through hie work, lt was accordingly done,

Under tho care of the same patron, the poet translatoo poet

Nizami's Hofto Poyokor into Bengali. After suffering a great dealat ths lrand of lhe Arakanese in connexion with his alleged coila-boration with Prince Shuja'o rsvolt against the Arakanese ruler,

tho poet again took his pen under the protection of Majlis Navraj,

and translated poet Nizami's Peisirn work named lskondor Nama

into Bengali as Sikondor Noma,

It is an admilted fact that claol is the gteateot figure among

the ssventeenth century Bengali writers" A rnany sided genius ac

hs waS, he showsd high powers of irnagination, mastery of versi-

fication, profound learning in both lslamic and Hindu rcripturec

and skill in a numbot of languager, He was proficient in writing

BTq t n History oi chitragonf

puthi and padavali to an equal degree,

A Hindu poet who was not connected with the Arakanesecourt but belonged to the Arakanese period was Gavinda Das (livingin 1595 A D). According to his own pedigree, he was born at Deva-gram (Dieng). Govinda tras wrote a narrttive po6m on the romanticstory of vidyo sundor, a favourire tale of his time. while estimatingthe poetical merits of his works, Dr D c sen writes: ,,GovindaDas's poem was frce from those vulgarities which are now asso-ciated with tho story, owing to ths way in which Bharat chandradeolt with it.''l Tne manner of writing of his anorher work namecrKoliko Mongol is marked by grandeur both in rhe use of drctionand in rhymtng. Referring to the characteristics of writing of thiswork, the same critic writes that ,,its merits lie wholly in itsliterary art." The florid rtyle and tho use of sanskrit zed Bengalimadc him close to rhe Araksnese court poets. ln fact, ths poetgof chittagong and Arakan lollowsd an unvarying literary style forwhich rhey should be grouped in one school.

An interesting feature of tho history of Bengali literature isthat in the sixreenth century, the Hindu poels took a leading parrin the cultivation or Bengali Iiterature under the patronizationol the Muslim rulers, but in fhe eucceeding century the Muslimpoets cam' to the forefront in the curtivarion of Bengari lrteratureunder the patronization ol the non-Mustim rulers in an alien coun-t'y' lt is equally amusing to note that the greatest poet of thelaventeenth century was a Musllm (Alaol) who wrote highly Sans-kritized Bengali whereas rhe greatest poet of the eightee*n t.n,rrywas a Hindu Bharat Chandra) whose langurge is marked by aprofuse use of persian diction.

Section 3, Growth of Bengrti Literature in UedieuatGhittagong

The cultivation of Bengali literature, started from the Husain

1 O G Sen, Eengoll Longuoge ond Literoture, p, SSI

Literary activitios I s75

Shahi period, reach,:d its culmination in tho I'Iushel period' , The

exuberant growtlr ol literary 66livities in medieval Chittagong shot

up the district to the most remarkable position in the litera'y world

of Bengal. tn fact. no other district ol medieval Bengal can be com'

pared with Chittagong regarding its contribution to the growth of

Br ngali litoiature.

The greatest liter4ry activity during the medieval period is

to be found in rvriting the puthi. The Bengali word puthi is deri-

ved from Sanskrit pustaka '> potha > puthi) meaninr a book.

A nuthi may be defined as a rhyrned comoosltion narrating in most

cases the ponular stolios ol both indigeneouc and foieion. Purhis

form a special class of msdieval Banoali literature rnd the poets

of medieval Chittasong show special skill in writing lhe pulhi.

Hundreds of fiuthis have besn discovered from the remote parts

of the Cistrict anri many others aro lost with thei, authors. Many

of the restored lluthis are found in an incomolete and mutilated

66ndirion and many ol them are without colonhones which offer

a handicap to tlre knowledge of their author's lives' lt was tha

lifelonq eflorts of ltiunshi Abdul Kaiim Sahitya Visharad that hel.ped the reetoralion of manuscript puthis from different parts of tha

district. His enthusiasm in this field was shared lallr on by Dr

Enamul Haq ancl other scholars. The Sahitya Visharad and DrEnemul Haq brought some posts of medievrl Chittagong to lime-Iight in their farnous joint work Arakon Roisobho't Bongto Sohttyo.

Later on, Dr Enamul Haq in his worke, Musltm Bcngolt Literotureand Muslim Bonglo "ohityo discusses the career and poetical qua-lities of som6 prets believed to be born in Ghittegong. Dr AhmedSharif's scholarly discussions on medieval puthi liteiature are in-dispensable for any study on this theme. Contributions of D3 Dinesh

Chandra Sen, Dr Sukumat Sen Dr Ashutosh Bhattacharya, Shri

Ashutosh Chanda. Mr Abdus Sattar and other eminent scholars

are also worthmentioning A brief study of the principal charac-teristics of the puthi literature may be attempted here.

iTledieval Bengali puthic tangc ovcr variouc cubjecte, whichmay be grouped undet following headr.

A. Workt ;6l3ting to lslamic religion lnd Gthior, The eub.

576 | A llhrory ol Chtrrasons

ject matter of this klnd of works ig based prlmarilv on the glorlfication of lslam, tslemic injuncrions and practice of tslamic rirualsAltband of Naiib and Musharaf, Soot N mo ol Muzammil, Towfaof Alaol, Shortyot Namo and Hedoyet ul lslom of Khondkar Nasru.llah Khan, Shab e-M,roJ of Sayid Sultan etfoyetul Musolltn of SharkhMutalib Koidont Kttob ol Shaikh Muralib and Shaikh paran,lDaqoequl Hoooe! of sayid Nuruddin. ltamoj i|ohotryo ot Muham-mad Jan. Nastyor Nomo and Rohotul qutub ol Sayid tturuddin aresome of the well known purhie of rhis rype.

B. Biographical works. This class of nurhis wcre wriilen onthe careor and eyploitc of the prophet of lslsp anrt his compani-ons Rosul Btioy of Jainuddjn, Rasul Btjay ol Sab! id Kr.an. OfcreRasul of Sayid Sultan are based on the perf, r62psos end teachingsof the Prophet. A puthi named Amir Hamza wrirten by AbdunNabi2 ic based on tho nrllitary oxploits and miracuroue aetit,lriesof ths uncle ol Prorlhot, !n mosr cases. materials of rhese worksate freely invented end scenes and convelsations are lrnagined

c. Romanric works. Fomanticism in Bengali lirerarurr is firethumanised by rhe Muslim poets" Some of tha innmorta! Iove storiesof the Orier,tal worlcl hava been rerst6 6, these poets . Vu,ufZolaikha ol Shah Muhamrnad Soohir is th6 firet romantic Doe6 inBengali llteruture. Latly Majnu of Dauiat tA,azir Bahram Khan isanother popular lovo story. Satt [r/tatna and [o.h Chandrant ol DaulatOazl ere porhaps the besr works ol thie class. padmavatl andsalful Mulk Eadruzzan',al ol ilaoi ere trrc illusrrious pergali vcrsionsol the two lamouc Peraian romantic tales. Mtsrr lamal of Muha-mmad Raza deals wirh rhe lovo of prineess [ilisri Jarnal, ciaughterof Abdul Karim, Iord of Kurbar. sablricr Krân wTora a Doem onVldya Sundar, a favourite thome of the romantic sTritere of medievalBengal. His anorher romrntic work is Hantfa o Karra parr. ln allthese works, courago, lovq fidelity and orher worthy qualities of

I sh"ir.tt Mutalib wrr rhc ron of shaikh paran. They wcro nativerol SitakundE. P l, p. 7l

2 Thc poet war a narivo ol villsgc silimrur. yhe dare of rhe com-poritlon of thc work ir 10gG A D 1tGg4 A D), p p, p. l

Liteiary activities | 577

heroes and heroines have been exalted. Exuberanl use of imagina-

tion and fantasticlsm characteriz6 this type of works.

D. Ballad or short narrative poem. One of its most popular

kinds was the sahela (colloquial hahala). Faqirullah (d. 1684 AD), a famous musician of medieval lndia, refers to sahela in hls

famous book on music. ln medieval Chlttagong, the singing olsehela songs wae a traditional way of invoking good fortune onmarriage coremony. !t is almost similar to the Epithalamium ornuptial song or poem ol ancient Greece. Most of the sahelapoems are anonymous in orlgin. A sahela is orally transmitted and

sung to some melodv. lt is eharacletized by simplicity in structu?o,

eentimental in composition and incremental repetition. Two of thewell known extant sahela poems are 'Shuja Tanayar Bilrp' and

'Pari Banur Hahala' which narrate the tragic events relating to thoflight end fatal end of Prince Shuja.

E. Jangnama or wer floems. "The oldest Jangnama poem inBen<rali is Mnktul Husatn by Muhammad Khan ol Chittagong."l'Within the framework of the story of Karbala, this volumincus bookgives an account of rhe history of the world from Prophet Muhr-mmad to Doomsday' The book is divided into eleven ctntos, someof which are circulated as independcnt books. ,,Among the otherwriters ol Jangnama pooms from Chittagong meotion may be madeof Nas'ullah Khan who wrote his poem toward tho beginning oflhe elghteenth century,"2 and Hazrat Ali.

F. Hindu. hageological worke Most of the poetical works olthe Hindu poets had a religious tone, formed by Shakta and Vaisna.va cults. A large number of Mangal Kavyas compoaed by variouspoets during tho late medieval period have been discovoled inChirtagong. Among these works following pooms aro notowoithy.Saroda Mangal of poet Muktaram Sen is a vety fine wotk dealingwith the divine activities ol goddess Chandi. Mrlgolubdho of Ratidov3

I S Srn, Hlstory of Bcngatt Llteruturc, pp. 156"1572 ma.3 ln tho beginning of thE work rhe poet wrirco the noiy of hio swn

578 I A Hirtory ol Chirtagong

glorilies tho diving deeds of Mahadev. lt is a small wcrk contain-ing only 900 slokas The poet is a devotee and his sryls is marked

Chittagoog.

G. Borkc classed as 'abhldhana, dictionary', and ,pairjai, (le-xicon) dealing with the meaning of words especially sanskrit andwords origi16166 from sanrkrit. one of the disringuished Iexico-graphers of medieval Bengal was Jatadhar Acharya His wordbook entitled Abhidhana?antram is srated to have boen preserv.d inCalcutta and in the lndia Office Librar\ in London. ln the colo-phon of his work the writer intrqduss5 himself as son ol Raghuoatiand Mandodari. He belonged to rhe Dindiya gorra of rhe Brahmanacaste, His native village fevakod srood on the barrk cf iho riverFeni near chandrasekhar hills 4 His lexicon has been utilrz,ld in thsSabdakalpadrumat a celebrated Sanskrit tlictionary ccmpil";d by Sri

life as follows :

f"tsr rflq1;Ilar <.tr{ $sl <x;Ts1lq?qqtil a;q-E's1 Eorflql {ilfs r I -oras,(t940),pp. 646 647. The pocm accozdinq to its own eoloohon waawritten in 1595 :aka or 167q A D. Ha was rhc son of Go-pinath and Easumati. Hrs nativo village Summadandi or Sucha-

., kradandi belonged at that timo ro Chap1anr1r.' The poet introduces himself as follows :

qle (tflE' ?I{ Tq q?{ rflT ultl?q .T

- tEE$Iar t{{c frqrz -orB s, (]940), p.3952 He *as ! nativd of Chakrasala. He belonged to tha Atreya gorra

rnd one of his forefathers lived at Devagram (Diang). ltseems that hie anceators had retalions to that of Govlnda Das.SeeBSI (1940),p.893

3 editea by chandra Kanta chakravorty 1190s); alao sudhi BhushanBhattacharya, Mangal Chandl Geet, Calcutta University. igb24 srqlnqli sar{nlt stvucl,r(

illmrhvl"rtV f"rgrat F q'l I

Litarary activiries i b7s

{?adhakanta Dev Bahadur. orher worrh mentioning lexicographeiswere Nuruddin and Sadat Ali.

ll. Works based on mysticism and €sot€rio philosoOhV. Agamof AIi Raja,l Jnoo Pradip of sayid sulran dicculr rhe variousaspects of Yoga docrrine. other worke dealing wnh rhis branchof philosophy are srtnama ol shaikh Mrnsur and chari M.kamerBhed ol an anonymous writet.

l. Books written on the scicnec of music. Some poets wrotetreatises on classical music and syetem of notarion. ln theil works,the poers drscuss ditferent ragas with exprenstory notes upon these.Among this class of poets Fazil Naeir Muhammad, Muhammad paran,

Tq'.u1* t<alov's q qBr{r<{(TtqlErqf .qgq' r,e<iq't.s{l({E;-e{' I

uluurcq<a tfl < av<it'u urtB-sr(T Til'its siriql ta+ciq:nqtr{"rEs{te Qta< el1qu ssTtsflcq,..flr[{te:ts.c- <xr t"iggtr<tu af{6s I ]

Ot ChittagongCollege Magaztne, 1g29. p. 14; also H H Wilson,?f/orks, V, London, 186r. p. 2J3; R L Mitro, Norlces of SanskritMSS, ll, No 592

His native village Devakod cannot be rraced. Either rhe namcDevakod has been changed in later timea, or it has been wa-shed away by rhe desrructive flow of the river Fent. ThisDevakod can be identified with Devikot of Buddhagupra,aitineraries (16th century) which etater that Devikot or Kasa-ranya ( 7 modern Krsalong in nolthcrn Chittagong Hill Tracts)where the eaint traveller made temporary stay in a templebuilt by Mahasiddha Kriehnacharya, was oiruared in rhe high-land of Tripura. 1G Tucci, ,Thc ser and Land Travels of aBuddhist Ssdhu in rhe sixteenth conrury', I H e,Vll (lg3l),697^ 698.

The poet's native village was Oshkhain in Anwara u. z. Howrote a num[s1 of troalises on Sufl and yoge doctlines. Hispseudonym was Kanu Faqir. He died in 1790 A D. I ?, 9,12

Liierary actlvities | 581

"included some Hindu gods ancl Avatars amoog the prophers."l'K,ishna, the greatest Avatar of tho Hindus, was spocially ireatedby $ayid Sultan as an ancient prophet of the religion of tire world."2

it{ost of the Musiim poets were the disCIiples of sufi saintswho exerciseid great influence on their disciple poets, ths sufisaints irrlused divine and liberal rhoughts into their disciple poetswho wouid pay tlreir revererrce most humbly to their teacners invarious placcs of their r.,vorks. The sufi ieaclrers advised rheir pupilposls to c,rllcct materials from tho sc:iptules of oiher faiths, Theyalso instructed thB poets to wiite In a silnple and lucid mannerso thrt tha subject maiter of thair works might be reaciily under-standrbla to tho cornmon poople irrespective of retigious creeds.The luprl po.iis obediently follcwed their F,receplors' directionsand dedicated rheir works to rheir respective teachers.

fillny of tho Muslim poets wero deeply inlluenced by Vaisnavaideas and padavali style of writing. Dunng the f ifteenth and srxteenthcenturies tho whole of rhe distrrct was flooded by the Vaisnava ideas,B.rslcllly Sulism and Vaisnavism have mlny common features. Bothof ttiess doctrines profess love of GoC and I-iis Creation andthrough love and devotion, eccording to theso doctrines, ono canbe nearer to Him, This yearning for personal communion wirh Godinspired the sufi po6ts to write padavalis, There is nothing wrongor noD lelamic in taking the Radha Krishna cult to indicate indi,viduality and Supreme Bein1; respectivoly" The cult of Radha Krishnais only a metaphorical expression. Besides this, the poets wereattracted to write padavalis out of thoir regard and aptiruda forthis class of literature. The s\r/eetness of expression, melodiousnote, deligntfui style and rhe overwhelming populariry of padavaliinspired ths Muslim poets to comilose padas. Though the Mus-lim poets composed padavalis following the manner of earlierHindu poets yet unliko them the Muslim poets did not induigoin the indocont description of feminine physique and carefully avoided

S Sen, History of Bengali Llterature, p. 156

The lslamic Review, Februaty, 1960, p. 11

I

2

BBz i a History of ehiuagong

vulqalities in their writings. lt seems that 'separation' (viraha)appealed them more than oiher themss and a large number ofpadas were composed on this subject. Among many poets Alaol,Sayid Sultan, Ali Raza. Kanrr Ah ccr.lld wiire excellont pieces

of padas which may be favourably compared with those ol Vidyapati,Chandidae, and other Valsnava posts.

Of the learning of the poets, doubt about irs kind or speciesshould not arise. Most of theso poets were multiling rists andthey show profound knowledge in Sanskrit, Persian, Arabio, Hin-dustani etc. About the manner of wriring cf poet dleol, who usedto write high flcw,'r S:nskritic Bongali, a crlric writes :

For a Muslim writer to have the credit of impcrting largestnumbar of sanskritic words into Bengali poem and thus hora.lding an age of classical revival is no smafl achievpment ancrwa are bound to admit that nono of tho Hindu poets of the ago

in which he lived was in this raspect, a-match fol him.lThe influence of sanskrrt on the writings of orher poots is also'evident. poul Sayid Sultan wrote the Nabi Vamsa, af ter the mannerol the Harivamsa, his anothor wark langnama is wrirten followingthe stylo of the Mahabhoroto. Tutinama of paet Muhammad Naqiwas a Bengali version of a Persion romanco of rhe same titlo.Alaol translated a number ol Persian works. Daulat Oazi trans.lated a Hindustani romanca. Books written on biography, history,philocophy, aotronomy, medicins and other subjects give evidenceof their range of loarning.

The Muslim poets took the humanistic appioach in literature.so far, most of the Hindu poets exalted and glorified the deedsof various deiries in their works; tho human being is given a se-condary role. The methods takon by the Muslim writers was thusa clear departure from tho tradition of Hindu Mangal Kavyas.

'[he poets did not confino themselves to one lorm of writing.Panchali (narrative poem) was the most popular method of com-

,l

' D C Scn, History of Bcngoli Longuoge ond Literoture, g, d2g

Llterary actlvltles 583

position in which a large number of Hindu hageological workswere wrltten. Thus Dwija Ramananda Dwija Raghunalh, DwijaBamkrishna, Dwija Dinaram, Fakirchand al! of ChirtagonE composedputhis in pancheli style about Satyanarsyan, a Hindu deity.l Bara-masi (calendar poem) wns anorher popular typa of writing inwhich the sorrows ancl sufferings of the chief woman in the poemin all ths twelve months of rhe year are retated iust before thefulfrlment of her hope. Rite r Sorornos of Kamar Ati and RodhorBoromos of an anonymous wriier i!lustrate this tyrJe of works. An-other favourire merhod is 'chautisha' in rarhich every line or coupletbe.oins with Bengeli alphabat serially. As rhe whole poem gone-rallv does not exceecl thirry four lines or couplets,

'it is J.tt.a

'chautisha'. -Amono thiq kind of compositlons rhe Jnon Choutishoof Sayid $ultan and Sokrnor Choutlsho of lVluhamrnid Khan arenoteworthy.

Again, versitication is not uniform in all puthis though ,payat'

(couplet) and'tripadi'rtriplet) havo the greater prominence. lnpayar the lines are rhymed. !n rripadi a line is splitted into threesections of which the f irgt t'ND ate Iinked by rhym*.. The thirdsecfion is rhymed with the cnrres6rondinr section of the next linebut not further, thus making tho whols body a couplet. usually.tripadi helps to break ttre monotorry of payar. ,Lachari, (atmoctsimilar to payar) rs another imporrant ?orm of

'versif ication. iadavali

or devotional songs in rhynred stanzas were familiar.short natrative poem mesnt to be sung; esOecially byon ceremonial oocasicns was anolhor rropular fo,m of- c

Puthis were used to be read wirh tuneful voice, sometimeaaccompanied by musical inorrumenrs such as mridangam ra musicalinstrument rnade of eaithen barrel and sounded by striking byOalm) dhol f drum), kansa (a bocly of round shapecl cast metal,thinlv widened t'c emit musical sound when struck), karatal cvmbalsietc. Often sonre selected hearers took part in rhe chant. But thelatter's job was_ only ro rapeat a F,articular couplet (carred dhua andghosha) regularly aftor a definite interval during the perfornrance.Generally, puthis were read in an open space Gspecially in theIawn of a house whers the village rs could assemblo in la,ge number.

I B s l (24o), p. g4B

CHAPTER XVI

ARCHITEGTUFAL ACTIVITIES

The district of Chiltagong contains the remains of a numberof mediaval buildinge of somo architectural character. Most ofthese construcrions are in delapidated contJirion. For this thenaturo of rhe soil and the climate are mainly reeponsible: both conditions encourage the rapid growth of jungle vegetetion and acce-lerate decay. The earthquaka also susiains damage to the buildings.At the eame time many monuments euffered severely during warsand invasions. ln spite of the great amount of destruction broughtabout by man and naturor a few buildiogs still remain as relicsof medieval period.

Medieval architecture of Chittagong failed to atrracr norico ofthe experte till our time. Recently, such reputed scholars as Dr

A H Dani and Dr Abdul Karim made somo commendable attomptsin this direction. Their valuable observations have been utilizedin rhis briel study of medieval architectule. The pres€nr attomptis neither critical nor exhaustiva because the writcr ie not an

expert in architscture.

Medieval buildings in Chittagong can be grouped into rwoclasses namely, domestic buildings and religious buildingr.

il

i

Architecrural acrivitiee I EgS

Domestic buirdings. These chiefry consisted of house.hold buildings which may be classified into two subclasses e g,dwallings of the rich and dwellings of the cornmonahy.

Tho woalthy people lived in tuxurious residenca often surroun-ded by gardens, moat etc, the Earrhquake Report (rrU, O ;it:refers to the brick built residence of zamindais and other wealrhypeople in the town and in their headguarters. At present no suchbuildings exist.

The dweiling of commonalty followed a merhod, characterizedby certain indigeneous techniqueo. Father Manrique'e (r630) accounrgives relerence to the dwarting of the common peopre. tt wasmade chiefly of , bambus called Bansa by the inhabitants andthatched with straw.,,2 Mrny of the features of tho medieval hutcorrespond to those of our period. Following brief dessrjpl;g.would convoy a general idea of this type of structure.

ln the first place, earth lor a groundwork froor is raised accor-ding to the local environment frqrn two to lhree feet above lhesurrounding level. After that, straight poies of rough wood orbamboo are planted at the four corners with higher others undera ridge pole along the centrar line. Then a line of posts at the foursides is erected to support the roof. Each of the sloping beamoand transverse bars is fastened in lrs proper place with split caneused as rope. The roof either slopea from the four sides of thehouso to a common vertex (chauchala), or from rwo sides onlywhich m.er at a long ricge pore (dochala). The roof is thatchedwith long jungle grass (chhan) placed over a fran.lework of poles.The framawork of the outer wails and inner partitions 6re gonerailymade of bamboo mats fabricated in suitabre designs. tne lanicework in the upper portion of wail serve as ventirator. somerimes,the hut is encircled by fences. The main doorway which facectowards the courtyaid is a littre bigger rhan any ono of other door-ways. wails are sometimes plastered with semi liquid mixturo

I / I s B, xtr (1849), 1o44.loso2 lrlonilgue, l, z7g

586 | A Hietory ol Chltragong

consisting of water, clay and cowdung. The extension of hutcontains kitciren and log housg. Cowshed and poultry farm aregonerally situated in the carnpus. ln most cases members ol thofan'lily unit built thelr own huts.

Religious buildings. Religious buildings are lhe most

expressive, and the most permanent of all types of medieval archi-tecture, ln fact, medieval architecture of Chittagong is concerned

more with religious buildings than with any other type.

Most of the religious structures wero built by governors, highranking oflicors. influential zamindars and wealthy individuals.The chief aichitectural charecteristics of tho surviving medievalreligious edifices are as follows:

Makina a plan of the environment was th6 first stage olconstruction. Many of the religious buildings were built on hilltops,slopas and olevated lands many othars on raised ground. Mostof tho Musl'm religious edifiees were br.rilt in the thickly popu,lated rural area and in the erowded part of the eity.

Tho principal materials which werg usecl for the existing cons-

tructions were stone, brick, wood etc. Stone is available in the

:iitakunda Banges and therefore it is employed in northern Chitta'

gong. The most important stons structuro is the Chhuti Khani

Mosque at Paragelput. Monolithic pillars can be seen in Jolapara

iI?tosque. Slono is also used in the Hathazari Mosque, Generally,

the pieces of stone of various shapes were bounded in mortar. How-

evgr, the uso of stono i9 far from common.

l3rick was by far the most popular building materlal in our

period. t h6 deposits of clay suitable for the manufacture ol brick

helped the briok work everywhere in the distlict. lt appoars that kiln

bakod brlcks were most common in making a building. The eize

ol bricks was generally thin and tectangular. Buildings weloconstructed by putring differenl types of bricks rightly togolher.Bricks were boundeC with surki or "pounded brick used to mix

with lime to form a hydraulic mottai."l'

lt H !,p. 8s4

Arclritectural activities | 587

ln Chittagong, especially in its southern part masonry cons-truction is rrvaliod by wcoden construction which hao certain advan-tages. Tha transport cost of wood is less than that of other buildingmatetials. A good supply of timber and bamboo was procurablo innearby foiests, lts chief disadvantages are susceptibtlity to fupgi, fileand wood boring insects which prevent its durability. Wood construc-tion can be traced in the Arakanese period (1580.1666 A D,,. $incethat timo wood has continued to bo used in the Buddhist templesof southern Chittagong.

The designs and methods of conttructions wero detorminedby the pe ople who built them. Flat roofed building can hardlybe seen in Chittagong. The dome in a mosque, tho Bikhara in atemple and the coverod trusses in a kiyang selved the purpose ofroof. Medieval buildings contain thick walls which provided strongfoundation ol the building. The wall supports the weight of roofs,vaults, arches, turreis, etc. which require heavy wall. That iswhy tho wall of medieval builCings b se thick. Besides rhis, thethickness of wall kept the room cool evon during the hot monthsof the year, As tho windows and doorr,vays weaken tl.,o wallao the doorways and windows of tho medieval buil<Jings are sml-ller in size. The smallness of size, and in number of cloors andwindows account for the insufticiency of lrghting within tho hall.There was practically no specific arrangement for ventilation. Atdark hours, tho interior was illuminated by oil lamp. Nona ofthe religious odifices contain porticos.

Medieval reiigious architecture can be divic'eri into three separateclaeses. The first is ths Hindu archit€ciure mainly confined in northernChittagong; the second is tho lslamic architecture mainly confinedin northsrn and central Chirtagong; ths Buddhist architecturemainly confrned in southern Chittagong, ln the medieval periodChittagong wae ruled by the fripuras, the Bongalees, and the Araka-neee by turns; each period loaves its architectural legacy in the dietrict.Ths Hindu Buddhist temples served ae placos of worship and sheltersfor the imagos, relics, scriptures and holy arcas of tho cult. The mas-

iids wero chiefly mesnt for coogrcgational prayor. Following ie a brietetudy of a few specimen of differont classes of religious architecturo.

588 I A llistory of Chittagonf

A [Suslim Architecture

Ths conquest of Chittagong by Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak

Shah rnarks the baginning of the conslruction of Muslim religiousbuildings in Chittagong. Historian Shihabuddin Talish writes: "Thamosques and tombs which are situated in Chatgaon were builtin Fakhruddin's timo. The iexisting) ruins prove it."l From thattime down to the end of the Muslim rule in Chittagong the Mus-lim rulers and zamindars patronized the lslamic architectural activities

in the disrrict. Duiing the ltJlughal period, the lslamic etyle of

arohitectura obtained firm hold over the district and Muslim mo-

numents of a period lator than 1666 A D are abandantly available.

Medieval Muslim buildings may be divided into two classes,

namely, masjid and shrine.

Masiid or place of prayer. From the architectural point of

view medieval masjids in Chittagong range from single domed to

six domed struoture. Most of the masjids do not havo open courts,

aolution ponds and minars. The tank Iying near the masjid served

the purposo of ablution pond, The corner towors aro a neceseary

leoturs in a medieval masjid. Some of the masjids have more

than one mihrab.

ShrEne and memorial. This type of ediflce consecrats a

holy place for its association mainly with the life and activitieo

of the saints. The major shrines and memcria are the astana otpil Badr, Shrine of tsayezid Bostami, Oadam Mubarak' dargah of

Shsh Mohsen Auliya etc. Tha tomb or astana of Pir Badr is

eituated on ihe top of a small hillock known as Badar Patti at

rho BakhsSir Hat area in Chittagong city. The oldeet reference to

the 'tomb' is oxplored in tho Fothyd'i'ihbrlyo.2 The site of the

structure etatod in this source roughly correspond to the p'esent

site. Thomas William Beale gives a short description of this

tomb.3 The shrine ol Shah Bayezid Bostami is situated at Nasirabad,

1 Fathya, p, 1822 toit., p. 1813 t W tseate. Orlentol Elogrophlcol Dlctionory, p. 216

Architectural activities | 569

a suburb of Chittagong city, '[he mausoleum is a simple squtra

structure standing on a mound urhich contains many bricke ol old.Thc dargah of Shah Mohsen /iuliyal is situated at tho viliage of

Battali inl Anwara u. z. Tlre dargah is a tude construction and

roofed over by grass thatch.

Muslirn a'chllecture generaily falls into two chronologicalphases, pre'fultighal end Mughal.

I Fre-E-u.iughel

Chittagong is not so ticlt in the remains of tha pre Mughai

Musiim'buildings. This is cJue to the political turmoils thet greatly

impeded tho buildiftg activities in that period. Most ol the pio-

lVlughal structrrres were dastroyed by foreign invaders as woll as

rhe ciesiroying agencies of nature. As a result, many of of these

buildings 6ro completely Iost to us. Some othere were left deso.

late duririg tire subseqLrent Arakanese rule. The want of propet

care and r*pairing helpscj to bring abs!.rt tlrs ruin of many buildings.

Mv Hamidirllah Klran refers to th-. fata of ona such religious struc

ture built by Sultan Nusrat $itah, tha remains of which existed

till his times, At presont only a few dilapidstod pre-ty'lughal struc-

turss reinain nnd thoy aro chiefly confined to notthern Chittagong.

Among these buildinge tho following aro noieworthy.

fiasti Khan's fJtasiid aE Fatehpur. This is tlie oldest extant

masjid in tho Trans- reglon' lt is situa'ted at a village

named Fatehpur in the i u. z. From an inscriptisn2 engra-

ved on the w*stern well it is known that ths masjid was builtby Masnad i Ala Rasti Khan in tho ysar 1160 A D during tho

reign of Sultan fiuknudciin Barbak Shah,

Recont rencvations have rr:bbed it of much of its original

character.

1 Sohityo, 1313 B 5, pp. 686-0892 Shamsuddin Arrmed, op. clt., p. 9l

59U ; A Hlstory of Chitragong

Yusuf shahi Masjid at Hathazari. Ttris mrsjid of remarka.ble architectural character is eituated near the Hathazari u, z. headquarreri, about twelve miles north of chittagong city. Accor-

ding to the inscriptionl alfixec to tho masjid. the srructuie was builtduring the reign of Sultan Shamsuddin yusuf Shah (1474-14g1A D), son of Eulran Ruknuddin Barbak shah. The masjid is rec-tangular in plan with four circurar corner tovilers. Above rheparapGt ths corner towors are octagonal and crowned with cupolas.The masjid is roofed over by six domes of equal size. Thereare three cusped doorways in the oast, the central doolway, whichis larger than the sicre ones, is lranked by round fluterj minarets.The interior of tho hall is divided inro rwo aisles and threebays by two stono pillars. Thero are rhree mihrabs on the westthe central mihrab with ite frams built of a solid stone, is biggerthan the other two. The building is in a good state of preservation.

chhuti Khani Masjid at Faraga!pur. Tne masjid is sirua.ted at Paragalpur in the Mirsarai u. z. lt was built by chhutiKhan or chhote Khan. tho grandson of Rasri Khan. chhuti Khan wasihe Husain shahi offrcar commandirrg the frontier garrison innorthern chittagong. Par'agalpur was probabiy his headquarters.This large masjid v'rhich is built of slones is now in comprete ruins,except part of its western wall. The blocks of stone, that lie scatter€daround the masjid, cantain inscriptions, probably quotations fromlhe Holy Ouran.

Mahmud Shahi l\Iasjid at Masjidda. The masjid is situatedin the village of l./lasjidda, about thirteon nriles north of ChittagongCity by the Chittagong-Dhaka Trunk Roed. The writing of the maejidinacriptlon has bsen obliterated to such an extent that very littlocan be known from it. Dr nbdul Karim after a good deal oftrouble succeeds in deciphoring tho name of tho reigning king as

Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah (1S33-tS3B A D).2

r!AsP,2 lud,, p.

xu (1967), 324-325

327

l.rchilectural actlvities | 591

The masjid is an one donred square slructuro with four cir-cular corner towers, crowned with eupolas, The dome is crowned

with a lotus finial. Besldes the four corner towers, thero is also

a mihlab tower. There are thlee low doorways in the east; the

central one is a little biggei than tho cide ones, There aro three

mihtabs on the west, llre central one being bigger than the side

ones. The ccntrai rnlhrab is made ol one solid stone frame. The

masjid ie surrounded by boundary walls and entered through a

low dochala type gateway,

&ziz l{hans's Pdasiid st Hulain. The masjid is situated at

the village of Hulain in the Patiya u. z. The masiid is one of the

well-preserved pre-Mughal masjids in the district. The inscription

wtitten in Arabic and engraved on ths facade of the masjid states

that the founclalion of the masjid was laid by Aziz Khan, son of

Sher Mast Kt,an Alamu.rali in the year 1066 A I'l (1658 A D) in

the month of Shaban. The construction of the masjid was com'

pleted by Musa Khan, one of the brothers of Aziz l(han, The

inscription is engraved by Musa Khan. The outet structure of the

masjid now lies in ruins, but the main bcdy is kept in good con-

dition by constant repair.

The masjid is a single domed simple structure with four colnor

towers, Tho two front coiner towors have disappealed. The rear

corner towers and the large dome speak more of gravity than gr6n-

deur. The principal doorway is low and speaks of its pre'Mughal

Muslim architectural design. The wall is so thick that one can

feel cooler inside the building even in the hot days ol summer,

The front pottion of the masjid. shaded by c i sheets is recently

built to contain the capacity crowd during mass prayer.

Accolding to thB local tradition, Aziz Khan was a roaza or

headman- l,le tool< an activo part in a plot, organized chiefly by

the Muslims of central Chittagong ( ? Chakrasala ) to overthrow the

Alakaness government. At this time, he resolved to build a masjidand even otarted its construclicn. He felt no neoeesity of takingpormieslon from the Arakanese govetomenl to ersct the masjid.

The plot leakcd out and Aziz Khan was thrown into piieon. Tho

592 J A History of C6111rronn

incompleta building was finished by his younger brother Musa Khan.But the latter did neither inscribe the name of the Arakanese so.veroign nor the Arakanese Era probably due to his strong aversionto tho inlidel rulers.

It Mughal

The, 66nou.sr of Chittagong by Nawab Shaista Khan in 1666A D is a turning point in the history of chittagong. The districrcame under continuous Muslim occupatron for about a ccntury.It is for this reason that Muslim monuments of a period later than1666 A D ars abandantly available. A brief architectural descrip-tion of some of the principal Mughal masjido is attempted here.

Jame $angin Htasjid. This is rhe principal masjid of Chitta-gong city. lts situation on the top of a hillock in the heait of thecity glves an impressive viaw. From the two inscriptions engravodon the wall, it is learnt that tho construction of the masjid wasslailed according to the direotion of Amii ul umarah (NawabShaista Khan) and was completed in rhe yoai IOTg AH(1669 A D).1

According to Mv Hamidu[ah Khan the Masjid was laid dcsolatefor many years owing to the divine vengeance inflicted upon itfor the proud title of second Kaaba given to it. ln reaiity, it wasneglssls6 by the subsequent Mughal adminisriatore, probably todlvert the public to the masjids at other places of the city.Whcn the administration of rhe district was transferied to theEast lndia Company, lhe Jaiter convertsd tha masjid into a ma-gezine for storage of arms and amunition. For many yeare themlsjid remained in a neglected state, tn the middle of the nine-teenrh century, at the demand of rhe leading residents of theciry, the British government agreed to iectoie it to the Muslimcommunity. lt was then reconvefted into masjid. The front portion

1 Shamsuddin Ahmed, op. ctt.,

ieading, A Karim's aiticlevol. lV, pp, 286.87. Foi mofe coriectin ltlhos Somitt Patriko,ll (1973), 104

Aichlrectuial activiriee I 893

has reeently besn remodelled and given a new look. Thaso chan-ges hava altered many of its original architectural features.

The masjid is a massive brick buik structure. lt was builtafter thg three-bay Mughal mesjid of tha Shaista Khani styleprevalent in Bengal in the later part ol the seventeenrh century.Tho two corner pillars at tha rear of the main body appear ro beoriginal, The circular pressed basement of the dornes, the clecoratedarchs, thg crenelled parapet, the typical Mughal lrays, and thepetalled cupola indicare the common l\fiughal archiiecrural designfound in many parts of Bengal.

Oadam Mubarak Masiid. Tho masjid is situated on a slopeof a hill near Rahmatganj in the city. Accorrling to irs owrr ins-cription, rhe masiid was built by Muhammad yasin during the reignof [\4uhamnrad Shah, the Mughal Emperor (1719-1749 A D).According to Dr A H Dani, it is rhe linest specimen of all the Mughalstructures in the city.1 16r masjid is built on o raised platform andis rectangular in plan with towers at ths four corners. Tho towersare decorated with ralsed bands and cupolas, The masjid is of three-domed rypo, the cenlral doma being exceptionally bi.qger than theside ones. All the domes are crowned with petalled finials Theeastern sido has three doorways. The central doorway is givenprorninence by greater size and multifoiled arch. lt ie tlanked bytwo rninarets shooting above the paroper. The tnreo doorwayslead to anothEr three pointed arch openings of almost equal in size.

The interioi of the masjid is divided into three portions by twoglgantic transverso archs; each portion being covered by a ciome.

The archs are pointed ones. The baltlaments are gently curved

around lhs exterior base of the domes and at the top of tho

corner to'flers. The engraved multifoiled archs, nichs and battlo-

ments giva livelv graco to the interior of the building. The facade

is decorated with panels, nictrs and other artistic compositions,

Tho mesiid has a room on eirher of its sides. The roorns ato

rocfed over by quadrangular domes crowned by p=telled finials.The doorways and windows make the hall sufficiently lighted.

1 e U Dani, rVusl m lrchitetrute in Eengol, pp. 244-245

594 | A History of Chittagong

The northern roorn contains the holy footprint of the prophet from

which the masjid gained its neme. On tho whole, this is one

of the best preserved Muglral monuments ol th$ city.

An old nameless religEous btl;lding near the Oadam

Mubarak. This is situatod a few yards apart to the south of the

Oadam Mubarak Mas!id. lt is mueh ruined, onlv thrte side walls

remain stending. The south wall has rro trace. The corner pillars

crowned with cupolas ara not high but appear -stout. The crowns

of the pillars and tho roof have fallon down. The hall is entered

by a vety low single doorr,vay which is sided by tr'vo areh openings,

apparently windows. To the local peolle. it is knorr'rn as daroah

becausathere is an old qrats on the southern eide of the hall The

building bears no i6136ription and the date of irs erection is not

known from any source. The architectural feafures such as lowdoofways. short but massive cotn€r towers with their decorated

crowns and the design of cupolas ouqqest that it is a pre-Mughal

structure probably built during the Afghan poriod

t{amza Khan's Masiid The' masjid is ciluattd in the out-

lying afea ol the city, in an open space called Eagh.i-Harnza, lt

was built by one SrTerJ Shamsher in 1093 A H (1682 A D).1

The masiid has recentlv besn repaired. Thick plastering and reno.

vations have robbecl it of many original features.

Muhammad Kh;ni l\{asiid at Jorapara. Tho masjid is

situated at Jolapara in Pahartali on the Chit?sgong Dhaka Trunk

Foad. [t is a characteristic threo-dorned Mughal rnasjid, the central

dome is biggei than tha eide ones. ,AII thg four co'lner pillars

including the masjid itself aie well preserved. lt has two insc'ip-tions, one fixed on the mihrab and the other is fixerl outsidoon the chief arch, Ths mihrab]inscription is written in Arabic but

cennot bo deciphered correctly lrowingBto its fworn out condition.The inscription on the outsida wall is written in Porsian. Tha lastline ol this inscription is plastered during tho repair ol the rnasjid.

[ ,tifios Samttt Potrtko, ll ([g73), 10g

Architectural activitlcs I 5s5

According to Mv Hamidullah Khan,l tho masiid was built by Ds'wrn Muhamrnad Khan. Tho excavation of a very big tank adjacent

to the masjid is also ascribed to him. The bottom of the tank has

lost its depth in natural courso and much of it has been turnedinto agricultural iend.

The rnasjid stands on a raised platform at the back and thsfront portion so;ves as an open terracs. An interesting feature olthis masjid is that two hexagonal cut monolith towers wlthout capi-tals are fixed <ln the platform in the rear cornore. ll soems thatthe inner inscription and the monolithic pillars belong to tho earlier

Muslim period. on which ths lat6r Mughal edif ice wgs construc-ted by ono Mughal officer.

Eakhshi Harnid's N{aslid at llsha. The masjid is situatedat the viliaga of lisha in Banskhaii u. z. The inscriptionaffixed to tho outer wall srares thrt tho masjid was buiit duringthe rule of Sultan al Muazzam Sulaiman in rhe ye ar g7S A H 11568A D). According to Dr Abdul l(arim, who gives an elaborats archi-toc;ural description of the masjid. rhe attached inscription is not

originally belonged to the rnasjid.2

This typical Mughal masjid is recrangular in plan with fourcorner towers. The masjid has thres domes covering the roof.The central dome is larger than the side ones. The domes arecrownod wirh lotus and l<alasa finial. The masjid has three door.ways; the contral doorwey is ernphasised by irs size and it is flankedby rounded turro'rs shooting above the parapet. All the threedoorways have multifoilod archs and the spandrels are lavishlyembellished with orn:mental works.

wali Khan'e Masjid. rt is anothei well preserved epecimenof thc Mughal religious architecture. lt is situated at Chawkbazar,tho most crowded area of the city. lt stande on a raised earthonplatform' The masjid ia a eix-comed eructure with octagonal

1 S.e Tarlkh2leserx(1964),30

596 I A History of Chittagong

cornel towiirs shooting abovo tho paiapet. Each of the towets

is divided into several parts bv raisod bands. All the six domes

are uniform in size and crowned with petalled finials. The rnihrab

is flanked by turrets on either side. On the frame above the

mihrab Ouranic versos aro inscribed. The interior of the hall is rec-

tangular in plan and is covored with intorsecting vaulted roof. The

windows rnake tho hall sufficiently lighted' Probably tlreie was

a flight of steps in front of the building but this has been covered

up by recent extension work. The verandah in lront of the masjid

is recently buiit to suit mass prayer.

B, ltindu Architecture

The generic name for a Hindu temple is mot, mandir, thakur'

bari etc. Except a few buildings, the architectural character ofmedieval Hindu buildings is not of a particularly high order.

The architectural character of the Hindu tomplee of nolthern Chitta'

gong shows its lelationship to that of the Tripura'Gomilla region.

The intercommunication betweon northern Chittagong and Tripura-

Comilla region lod to irnitations and bottowings.

The Hindu temples consist of several component parts, such

as garbhagriha or celia (sanctum sanctorum), manCapa or pavilion,pradakshina patha or circumambulatery psssage etc. A cella ie a

lepository tor an image, a mandapa is meant for the performonce

of religious rites, and a pradakshioa patha is meant for walkinground the temple, which is a part of HinCu religious rites. Ailtho ternples cf Chittagong, however, do not contain these parts

within their plecincts,

Most of tho Hindu temples havo pointed roof called shikhara,

a polygonal shap=d frame diminishing gradually towards the crown.The shikhara is crowned differontly by kalasa (pitcher), trisula (tri-dent), battlemented crest etc. The local Hlndu creftsmen made

considerable use of this design in their temples, This design was

ultimately conventionalizsd.

Atchitoctuial activitiec i 597

The lslamic styio of atchltocture also influenced the dcsign ofrhe Hindu tempies. Th+r Bhairab templs at Sitakunda is a synthesis

of tho two di{ferent siyles of architeclure.

almost all the tlindu ternples are of brick. Stone is rarely

tised in ttie Hindu temples. Plaster was widely used to maks a

building resistant of climate.

Hinclu tempies as a tule have no pillars. This meanE that the

walls are load bearing. The thickness of the walls and lhe doplh

of the fcundaticn woulri thus depend upon tho load they would

have tr: bear"

Most of tho Hindu temples are sither ruined or in a very poolsrate of preservation. The dil:pidated condition of the buildingswas partly duo to the heavy monsoonal shower, earthquake, mis.deeds oi tire miscreants, negligence of the people, Iack ol repairing

and dosertion. ln course ol time many of the buildings became

empty ruins.

Sitakuarda Temp!es

Tile Sitakunda group of templesl pies€nta a very interestingsubject of study. This group comprises a number ol temples, widelydistributecl and extending over a long time. Of the ancient roligioustemples no trace remains. The oldest existing temple is not olderthan the seventeenth century. Many of the buildings owo theiiconsiruction to the Mughal period especially during the adminis.tration oi Faujdar (or naib) Mahasingh who made the place hisheadquarters.

There ars a number of interesting legendary as well as Paura.

nic accounts concerning Sitakunda and its shrines. From tho historiaalpoint of view, Sitakunda witnesses various religious movements

1 For the description of rhe Sitakunda temples, See fftc Sfrines

of Sitokundo,

i;sa ; n History of chirtagorig

that lelt their traces in archirecrural activiries. 6riginally a Buddhistplace of worship, it was transformad inta a centre of tha Nathacult which is evidant in its attachment to sorne famous Nathagurus and in the name of such deities as chandranath, shambhu-nath etc, Nathism was succeeded by ths siva and sakti culte andsitakunda ultimately becamo one of the renowned centres of saktiemin the subcontinent. The Ramayat sect also dominated for sometime. tt has left its legacy in the name Sitakunda and in someruined temples. Now it is a farncus seat of saivism and saktism.

Diffelent groups of ternclee can he roc,:gnized in Sitakunda,o g. the Saiva temples, the Sakti temples. the Vaisnava temples, resi-dential quartors for the priests and wendering sannyasis, rest housesfor the pilgrims and so on. The numbar of the buildings indicatethat this place was a populous centre of religious life. The rern-plee attracted not only the local people but rhe devot€es fromdistant places. Tlie remples gave rise ro the building of residentialquarters of priests, sannyasis and pilgrims around which hasgradually grown up fairs and mail(ets to supply provision to theinhabitants.

The rnost remarkable ol tha Sitakunda group cf temples isthe Chandranath temple situated on rhe peak (about 1100 tf.)called after tho nanns of the doity. The original temple, according tothe Rojomo/d, was built by Govinda Manikya, king of Trlpura in themidclle of the seventeenth century.l The present rernple .,is of cma.llar dimensions" and was eiected in the middie of the nlneteenthcentury.2 The tomple is dedicared to Chandranath, another nameof Siva, whose lingam is placed in the centre of the cella. Theold lingam, broken by miscreanls is also preserved. The tempteis visited by priests and pilglrims only on occasions. At other timethe temple is entirely deserted.

The old Birupaksha tomple situated on another peak, named

I Rolomolo, lll, ZBz2 Th, Shrlnes of Sitokundo

Archilectural activities I 599

after th6 deity stands facing ths south. Ttris simple structure wasconstructod on a terr0ce made of soild brick. The temple is accessi-ble through a small flight of steps. lnside is a lingam.

The Shayambhunath ter,eople srands facing the south. Tne cellais square in shape. The lingam is placed on a raised platform.A mandapa is added to make it suitable for the porformance ofrites. The temple is in go,;d state of pres*rvation.

The Bamasita temple stands facing the south. The buildingis enriched with ornamental and terracotta reiief works. ln fact,no other edifice among tha sitakunda group of temples showssuch a high level of workmanship as this templo. The jumpingmovement of Hanumana engraved on the facade suggests that th6temple was dedicated to Rama. tho templo fell ruin when sai-vism beceme prominent in ihar holy place. There is no imageinside and no religious rites are baing performed.

There is a trabeated two storied building in front of thistemple. The upper story is otill used by the visitors. But no staircaso communicates with the upperstors),.

The Bhairab temple stands facing the east. lnstead of raisedplatform it has a groundwork a Iitrlo beneath the surrounding sur-face' The temple is rooc.ed over by o large ciroular dome whiihgives evidence of the inflirence of lslamic style of architectureon ths templo. The temple is given a plain treatrnent. The door-way is very low. Thcro is no window. The interior is dark evenin broad daylishr. rn the interior of the wail of rhe sanctuary,figuras of Tantrik deitias aro currreri. The t,lrnplo is dedicated toBhairab, the destiuctive representation 6f Siva. The nearby nat-mandii is of later construction. Tlro temple is one of the oldeelstructures among ths sitakunda group of templas. contiguous tothia tomple rhere is a tank wirh a flight of steps.

Temples in the city

Badhamadhab ?empto at chawkbazar. This iemarkable Vaisnava

600 ! A t{lstory ol ehlttagong

temple is situatsd in the locality of chawkbazar. !t i: a massive

brickbuilt production having no less than seventy feet lriq'rr. The

temple consists of cella, shikhara, attached mandapa an{ lcng

gateway. The cella is a square building and has o very thiti< walls

surmounted by a large shikhara. ln front of the cella is a hall

or mandapa lor the assembly of thoso paying their devotions to tho

divine symbol in the colla. The originsi inn:go has been destroysd

by miscreants. The entrance dootway leads to the rnandapa' The

temple faces open courts. The shikhaia is polygonal in ths exteriot

but circular in the interlor. The dome has octagonal base. Both

the interior and exterior parts aro plastered' The exterior plsster

is evidently to withstand climatic influences and the interior ples-

tei is meant for architectural activities. The intetior sutface of

the dome is richly decorated with floral and ornamental vrlotks'

Painting was applied on tho decorations. As the plastor has been

peeled off, the marks of the ornamental work also disappeared.

The device on the finial of the Shikhara distinguishes the temple.

The crest hag some unidentified sculptureo. As the rrvsils have

to support such a gigantlc dome so the ioad-bearing waile arg voly

thick. The recess of the rear wall probably served the purposa

of hiding va'uables from the miscreants. This system is also ft'lund

in some of the Orissa and southern lndian ternples. Th+ niches

weie usecl for artificial lighting at night, The two sidewindovvs

help the liehting ol tha cella. The tempie oncs had a long

gateway tho trace of which can still be seen, but the sirnhadwara

has been dicappeared Ruins ot lhe boundary walls can still bo

traced. This splendid building is in a very poor state of presslvation.

siva Tempte on Lalchand Road. This is another remarkable

cpecimen of Hindu architecture in the city area, The building is

located in the Chawkbazar arca. The temple conslste of cella

and fdur ailached constructions on four sides of the main hall. The

cella is an octasonal hall having no windowo; light boing aCmittod

through lhe doorways. The polygonal cella becomes circular abovs

the parapet. The wallg are thick because they have to bEar the loed

ef a gigantic shikhcra. tt has murel decorations. The baso of

Architectural activitles t €01

the sh;khara ls ca'v.,d by brlrl .rn-nre. r ll th.r .,v .t !s ol the celllare prnellad Trre €fllr?nc.r oi ,, F rs"l-",fl -ail s , n! rrth :ndWost. A large e zo I rrg rir ii p]ar

",<J tin tl e fi;,r j ;,i,rr..rrn At the

COntfe Of tne hall M.rCh Of t, i, Ennr.j.r6 COirslrrlci.(.:rr.i iltyn b..encrumbled dw*y; oirly onc room $till stinds. I\,'ia$onrv in rhia buii-ding is of high order.

C. Buddhist Architccturs

The earliest reference to the Buddhist archirecrure in chitta-gong is found in the Tibetan sourc€s. The Tibetan cr,ronicrss referto a gre.t Buddhist monasrery named par,drt vihar. whrch flour-ished during the tenth through rhe rwelfrh cenruries of the christianEra' B'Jt the stlucturar remains of this great monasrery has notyot beon traced The construction of exrant Buddhist religiousedifiees doss not go beyond the Arakanese period.

ln 1541 A D the Arakaneso governor of chi*aoong buirt apagoda which oontained a relic chamb+:r. ,,lt is the general practicein Arakan and Burma to deposit images in relic chamber.,, Thoruins ol this pagoda have completely bern lost.

It seems that wooden buildin-q and pagoda tyoe or brickarchitecture were favoured by the Arakanese. The bell shapedreligious buildings which are profusery seen in southern chitragongmay have thoir origin in the Arakaness period.

Most of the Buddhist templos of medleval Chirtagong muethave been buih of wood or gome orhcr perreh ble materials be-causo no trace of euch buildings have hithorto baen found.

Thc Buddhist architcoural expreseion is best illustrated in theetupa and the kyangs. One such stupa is phorachin ol Haidgaonwhich is balieved to date from rhe Arakanese period The foun-dation of tho stupa is rectangular brrt qssumes a conical shapeupward. Tho stupa ie either a shrino or a reriquary Since veryearly timec the edrfice has beon an object of worship by thoBuddhisrgr

602 I A Hlatory ol Chlttagong

the Sikh Temple

Thc edifice is known as ehawkbazar Gurudwara' The Sikhs

believe that Guru Narrak (1494 -1 539) soiourned at Chittagong

before his sailing by sea to Port Jeddah for his visit to the holy

city of Mecca.l The edifice was built in the eighteenth century

to commemorate the holy saint's sojourn at Chittagong'

The building is loctangular in size. lt is very sirnple and

dovoid ol architectural beauty. The roof is of the chauchala type'

The ceiling is lested on lhree bays' 't he lone dome is crowned

with a finial. - Th" curved ceiling is hardly rnore than seven feet

high from the grounC level. The interior is ouite plain' The

building is entered by three small doorways of equal in size. The

€ntrance doors and arches are so low that a man of average height

cannot move standing. The central room is surrounded by vaulted

passags on three sidas. The passage is both entered and lighted

by a door on cach side. 'ltro interior of ihe buildlng ie relatively

dark even in broad daY light'

The cdilice has a long gateway' lt is entered by means of

a flight ol just three steps Originally thero was no portico in

front of the building but I roofed verandah of excellent architectural

works haa been added recently to give the structure a good look.

1' fh, 6tkh Revlew, August XXIV, No 272 (1976)' 47

CHAPTER. XVII

ECONOMIC CONDITION

So far ao tho economic condition of Chittagong during thomedieval period is concernod, wa havo few data and scanty infor-mation aild these are supplied largoly by the foreign travellerc,tho early official papers of the Englioh Eaet lndia Company and

ths contomporaly Bengali works. The following ie a brief accouniof rhe economic condition of Chittagong during the medievol poriod.

Medieval villago was the tyPical form of rural settlemcnt.

Villages or gaons (Sano. grama) were mostly situated in the fertiloplains and river valloys wherc agricultural facilitios were eaey to bc

obtainod. Modieval villagee norrnaliy concisled of dwellingc, agti-

cultural fields, fruit gardens, pasturagee and fallow land. Villageo

in the hiily region lvore primarily baeed on chifting cultivation.

A tribal village which was merely c cluster of hutc otood on thebanks of streams and at a mourrtain-elopo. In most caceo a villagowas known as 'para' and oach village had its name. ln the latcMughal revenuo records a villago was called e mluza.

The most important elernent in tho economic life of medieval

Chittagong was agriculture which was tho basic occupation ol thepeople. Two eystems of land cultivation prevailed; ehifting culti.ivation in the hilly region and settled cultivation in tho plaino

and rivel valloys. The former typa, known as 'Jom'l has boen

1 Th" term io most equivalont to ,yoma',

term meaning hill; e g, Arakan yoma

an Arakanme.Burrnlnmeaning Arakan hillel

604 I A History of Chittagong

the dominant aqricultural system in the hilly region of Chittagongsince profrisloriG times. lt is characterized by the torm'slashand burn'. Ths method is ae follows. At first a parch of forest

or junglo is cieared oy fel ing process and burning. The ashec

of burnt sirrubs servo as narural menuro, The sower then doposlts

seeds ioto a small hole rn th+ ground which he makes with an

lndrgeneous implement. The cultrvator giows various typeo of plants

such as yams, tubers, ci;reals, sugar cane, colton, beans, lice etc.

After two or throe leare 6t most, the cuhivator movoc on toanother area leaving the former area to be covered by jungles The

Iand remains as such till it ragains fsrtitity and then it is brought

undor cultivation again. As a result of this melhod, the fertrlity ofthe soil ir maintained. Shifting cuitivators do not require cattle, 6nd

plant their lrelds with the dibble and digging stiek ln a vcry

oarly lime, the hill people developod the technique of artrficial

irrigation by constructing small darns up tho hill-streams tlocallyoalled 'godha' . Srifting cultivatlon helps growing a crop onco

only annually. This practice of shifting cultivalion mainly confined

among the hill peo le, However, nnosi of tho hilly lands were

covcred w h thlck f,rr+st and were left to thre wild beasls such

as tig+r. k:ep:r'd w;ld cat, elephant, wild bcar, gayal etc. who

were ;aal inmales of the doep jungles.

Peor;le Iivir=q cfriefly in the pl.;ins .lnd in rivor valleys adopted

ihe cou:se of s-r,l d culrrv ition. I'ho so I . consists ol e fertilo

mixture or s'-.,rd e"rJ clar;. il is type of soil in every way adap

tod to llaa ':gltiv rt sR W,rh iir+r hl,lp of uloughs drawn chieflyby oxen aiid b.r{f rl<.le'r tho n.?asants gro\^/ m \re than one crop on the

aoil. i hroughout the l*"4u(thal period, more and more fallow land

was baing colstnntly reclaimr:d and brought under cultrvation by

such proc$s$es as clr,ar'ng aw'ry dense trooical shrub, draining

owamcs and terracir.q hill sidee lhe land ihus reclaimed known

as nolbart plots existed everywhere in the district. The peaeants

of the pl2ins usually raise dry and wet rice known respectively

and 'yama' a Japanece

Yama (Fuji mountain)r

tofm meaning the sarne, o g, Fuzi

the highosi mountain in Japan.

Economic condition I 605

as aman or shali and aush ot boro. Various types ol paddyl

wcro cultrvatect in Chittagong. Tho f inect typo of paddy was for

zamindar's consumption and the coorse type was for the culxivatol'shome consumption. The agricultural plots were kept fertile by

means of manure from cattle, together with household refuse and

ashes. The most productive land was known as'powndee'whichproduced three crops annually e g, wrn'.er rice (aman), autumn

rice (aus) end winter crops (rabi). Ths ordinary cultivable land

was known as 'nel' and tho fallow land as 'khilah'. The hlgh

lands of the plains are ussd for eugarcane production. Vegctab'

Ios of such kinds as pumpkins, arum. chillis otc., fruits and

orher crops were glown by hand tillase on a mora or loas per'

mane nt basis. ^mong tho gsrdcn clope pumpkin, gouid, melon,

arum, c$conut, banana, nratpha (a kind cf sltott cucumber), tama'

rind, hog plum (arnra), 6enkey jack rbarta). rose apple (iam),

citron of various species. papaya, mango jackfruit etc. wsre impor'

tant. Bean barberi (etring bean\. radish, areca palm r'supari), betel

leavo (pan\, tobacco, cotton, ind'fio mustard secd, turmaric, chllli,pulse anC various herbs were produced by planters for homc con-

oumption as well as earning money.

Medieval peaoants hcd to devcte alrnoat all his time to such

tasks as clearing and tilling the eoil. smoothing the field, pra'

paring the hot bed, protocting tho seedling, resisting the growth

of weed damn'ing the streamlets for irrigation, protecting tho

ctops from tho birds and wild animais. harvosting the cropc and

etoring tho agricultural products. The womenfolk also performed

some lighter jobs in egr;cultural activities. Somotimes, the wholefamily took part in euch activities. The most deadlv enemies of

the crops wore wild birds, deer, mLinkeys, wild pig and elephants.

Agriculture sullered much f ronr draught, heavy rainfall, f lood,cyclono, opidemics and oppression. The uncontrolled floods ofthe rivate and h ll strs-2ms as a result ol excessive rainfall madc

consldorable damage to oops. The occasional raide of the ttiberr

1' A H chowdhury, oP. clt., Pp. 369,370

606 t n History of Chittagonj

men into the villages increased the digtress. It was a commonsight that tho fields had gono to weeds $ue to the desertion bythe culrivators.

Besides the agriculturistg, there were hunters and fooC gathe;rers who collected their subsictencs ovor a large tract of virgincountry espocially in the hilly region. Hills and jungles offeredmany opp)rtunities for hunting wild animals such as deer, wildboar, gayal, fowl etc., which were abundant in the hrlly region.Bow and arrow, sp6ar, net, pitfall etc. were necossary and farniliarequipment. Thg hunling and gathering tradition of tho hill peopleconlinues down to our pcriod alinost unchanged. Because ofthe naturs of their way of life, they do not livo continually in thesame placo. Fishing wae commonly distributed throughout chitta-gong and fishing peoplo lived on the banks of rivers, rivuletsand on 6aa coasts. The chiof localities of inland fisheries werethe rivero Karnaphuli, Halda ond the mouths of the Feni, g6n([2,and Matamuhuri. There was a wido variety of fishing net, fishinghook, and fishlng trap usod lor carching lish in shallow water.Tho forest and sea provide an inexhaustibla supply of food.

The econclmic conditlon of medieval chittagong eeems to bebetter than in other parts of Bengal. Forests provided good supplyof animal food. Riyers, marshes ('baelr') and tanks were swar-med with fishes and the inexhaustible sen fiehes wsre free toeverybody. Hilis and junglos provided such building materials a,wood, bamboo and cans. Foreign travellers unanimously speakof tho abundance of provisions and low prices of articles in thisregion. Dom ..!oao Leyma (tSlB A D) writes: ,,Tho counuy isvery rich, ten fardos of rice sell for a parado of 320 reic theroboing three alqueires in each fardo...twenty heno and as many aa

sixty ducks eell for a tanga and three cows per pardao,,.l CaesarFrederick was suiprised to see the incredible cheapnsss of commo-ditios in Sandwip. He writes:

They sold it so good cheape that wo weie amazed at the

1 C R, Jan..March, 193g, p. 2l


cheapnesse thereof. I bought many salted kine thete, for theprovision of the ship for half a larine a piece, which larine

may be twelve shillings sixe pence, being very good and fatte;

and foure wild hogges ready dressed for a larine a great fathenne lor a bizze a piece which is at the most a pennie; and

the people told us that we were deceived the halfe of ourmoney, because we bought things so derie; also a sacke olfine rice for a thing ol nothing. and consequently all otherthings for humane sustenance were thete in such abundance,that it io a thing incredible but to them that have seene it.l'

Pyrard de Laval, who visited Chittagong in 1607 A D, says

in the samg voice. Ha saw no country in the East so abundantlysuppliod with all things needlul for food, with tho richee of nature

and art, and were not the navigation co dangeroua, it would be

the fairest, most pleasant, fertile and profitable in the whole world.2Ot the varied agricultural resources, Pyrard mentlons the followingcrops.

(Beeides rice, the chief crop) there are many good fruits, nothowever cocos or bananas;3 plonty of citroue, lirnes, oranges,

pomgranates, cajus. "pineapples etc., jinger, Iong peppets ofwhich, in the gresn state they rnake a great variely of preser-

ves es also lemons and oranges. The country abounds withsugarcane, which they eat green; oi else make into excellentsugar, for a cargo ro their ships. ...Cotton is (also) plentiful.4

Ol the animal stock and animal 16sd, Pyrard writes: "The countryis well supplied with animrls, such as oxen, cows and sheep; flesh

is accordingly very chaap, let alone mllkfoods and buttet, whereol

1 ?urchos, x, 137

2 Lovot, l, g27

3 It surprises us that Lavat trkes no notics of banana. Countty ba-

nEna grow abundanrly in Chittagong but not of Mattaban or

Brazilian type with which Laval might have been well-acquain'

ted. That is why the traveller omits this fruit from hic list.

4 Lovol, l,928

608 | A Hlrrory ol Ghttragong

they have euch an abundanco that they supply the reot of lndia.,'lCatile war6 the chial copita' of medieval peaaant They provtdedhim mrlk, mutton money and helped him rn various agricuituralactlvltiss. Ot rhs forest regourcee especiallv conor ond bamboorPyrard gives an elaborate account wlth wondr,rfut accu,acy.2It should be noted that the disrrrct is well known regard ng thcsotwo forest products both in variety and in quantit! ln the begi-nning ol the eight.enth cenrury, a repo'ter who had cpent I wintorin chittagong, informed captain A Hamilron that ,,hc bought 5g0pound weight of rice for a rupee or half a crown eight geeee forthe same money and sixly good tame ooult.y for the same andcloth is also incredibty cheap lt is bur thinlv inhabited.,.3 Fr Bar_bier whilo visiting Chittagong in r713 A D romarks:

The provisions there are admirabte, the crimate sarubrious rndlhe water excellent. ... I have more than once regretted thatthe Europeans, when they wanted to establish themselveain Bengal have not selected Chatigam in preference to Ougli(Hughlir, considering the sarery of the harbourage the facirityof landing, the abundance of food and a rhousand othei ad-vantages which eeemsd to invite them hither.4Medieval villages were rargery ecrf-sufficicnt. The viilagco

had eeparate areas meant for different spccialized artisans suchas carpontcrs, spinners and waavers, pott€re, metal workers, oil dri.llers etc. who both tived and caniect on their tradc in that particu-lar locality. Much of rhe handlcralt was pr€pared and eold atthe doors ol home cum shop of rhe craftsmen. Local transactionsgenerally took place in matket places locally known as aurang,hat, b626;, ganj and mela. At these placas buyere and sellersmct at eet timee to do businees ln difforent kinde of commoditiec.Dukan or shaded structure for rerail aale of necessary commoditycould be found at every vilrage. Generalty, bszarc were held daily

1 wa.2 ma., p. 3293 ot crmpos, op. crr., p. I l g4 B P F,, vt (19101., zog"zto

Economic condition | 60U

hats twice a wook, ganjr were fot whola sales and melae or fairs

on religioue ocoaciona. H818, bazars and fairr were held in open

plainr. A producer of ecatcnal commoditiea would undettake long

iourney to t rcmoto lair, bur the products ol necessaly comnroditieo

would go to ncatby mrrketr whcre they would find ready buyere'

tn thc markets, the farmcrs eold their egriculturrl produG!s directly

to the consumere. The lcrmors alco sold egge and milk from

door to door or at markst6. Fishcrmen would sell their daily

catches at markets. Ac thc water tran3port wa3 more easy and

economic in those days of poot countly loade. ao market placee

wore g€nerally establishcd on thc bankr of thc rivers and canals.

Saudagars or merchanrc engaged in both inlend and ovorseas trade

to earn their livelihood ae well ae to makc prolit. Aa the cirGU-

Iation of metallic coinr wag .cant in the medieval times, Bo lhe

people had to dcpend on bartcr .ye'om.

Owing to tho existcnco of mountains and innumerable hilletreams, road communication in the mcdreval timas was very

dilfrcult. An ldea of inland road communication in the district may

bc fornrcd relying chiefly on the contemporary sourcee. The Na

rirabad plate of Damodara Dcvrl giveo evidencc of a rajpath (roy-

al road which mry be identified with Rangamati Foad) and a go-

psth (cattlo road) in north Chittagong. According to ShihabuCdin

Talieh, -sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah burlr I great al (embank-

mont) to 66nnect hle capital city (Sonargaon) with tha chlef see port

(Chittagong).2 Throughout the mcdicval period, thio road served

as a main line of comrnunication betwecn chittcgong and sonar-

gaon. The Arakaneso rulers developed land communication eopo'

cially in southern Chittagong. Thc noed lor long-distance land

comnrunication helped the building ol r good highway in aouthern

Chitragong. Fr A Farinha, a Portuguerc traveller (1639'40), gives

a gr:phlc description ol road iournoy ovel thc hlghway which

connectsd Diang with Arakan" He wrinc:

t , r s B, xlut (1874), 321

2 Furhyo, g. 182

610 lA lllrrory ot Chiuagong

The road from Diange to Atokan is a royal road. ot ,ather itlooks like a streer of Coimbra, oo great is rhc muhitude olpeoole going ro and fro. It is a most delightlul rcad to rra_vel by; landm=rks indicate tho distancoj so numerous are rhesethat ecarcely hae one been lost oight of, when the next appearo.I do not think thero is any road more pleasant and agreeable,consldering lhe great veriety of streame and riverg lhar crossit, eo to 8ay at every sr6p. Some of these rivers you mustpass o't rafts; otheis owlmming. rll are of lresh crystallinewater and swarm with fieh which th6 treveller cotches atpleasure. . . . AithouEh the road ifaverses an uninh:bited coun_try yet in cer!arn places test houses have bterr builr by order9f rh" king; 1o rhese a fixed revenue is alrached rraveilorslind rh ra shelrer and tooo l,"u-ot

"h;,S;;-i;;"it woultl bebelow the krng'e dignity to ask for money. ,Along rhe waythere are sevarar objects of great intorest and wail wolthnoricing. 1

tAhile narraring rhe Mughar invasion in chrttagong in r6r6 A D,thc Soho'rston relara ro a ,,iiig )way.. in north if,iriugon, Z

The communication of tho dis rict marked!y developed duringthr Mughal rule. Norlhrrn Chirt rgong was devoid of good roads,clnce lhe whole srea is in,ersecred by the mull,ludc of srreams andtorr€nts coming dowrr frr:nr the neighb ur,ng hil!s. So the upkeepof good roads was a v6ry d tricult job. By orrJ rs ol I awabShaista Knan. all rhere str(arns were bridge d3 immediatery afterthc conquest. lt seems that the uunk road. originally built bySul'an Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah t<, connect his capital wirh theport town of chittagong a d rying in ruins duri ng the -oubsequentArakaoese regime was reconstructed and improved Besideg thishighway. a road was built p6r6llgt 16 th's roacl f gther eactrunning threug6 modern Farikchhari, Raozan and Ronguni, ,, , .".It joins the bank of the river Karnaphuli and Juge ccrla (Juskholgln Fatikchhari u. z\. A th td road waE conslruclcd ln rho farther

1 Ot Monrtque. l, 172-17g2 Eohortswn. f, 4063 Fothyo p. IBO

1

I

II

)

Economlo condltlon | 6ll,

interior, para!lal ro rhe hill rengsg from tha river brnk to a placenamed Milock from which point o minor road linked the third withthe second,l There wero probabty tho royal roade for the usc olfoot passenters as w rlI as riders ard varricies espu6rs]ly bullockcarts. Besides, rh r!'s w.re irinunrerable country roacls some ofsyhich are sritl known as 'Jangals'.2 lhe rou.qh t ack running ingidethe hilly region is knowrr as dh rls'. The early B'rri h documlnrtgivc evidence of a nurnbrr qf 'dhalas' boing in exist.nce rn d,ffe-rent parts of tile d:srrict.

Fivor Karnaphuli along wirh irs tributary Halda wag the chielartory of tho d srrict, The sxisrence of innumcrable canah andcreeks in cantraI Chrttagong cro,rided oxc.,llant inland navigation.Tha link canaI excavat€d by Faujdar Zulqrdar Khan grearly imrrovod

the water c)mmJnication in modern Banskhali-Anw.,, u ..3since early times. chittagong har been a renowned in ernational

emporium because of its excoilent haibour and porr 13611111*r. Asearly as the ninrh century A D. Chittagong was known ro the Arabmerchants and traders.4 Th" great Portuguese historian De Barroawritee in 1532 4 D that "clrittagong rs the most famous andwcalthy city of tho kingdom of Bengal, on account of irs port etwhich moets the tralfic of all that €astern region.5 lt was a verybusy port during caosar Fredericke's rime as the traveller found

uguose ships anchored in Chittagong.6Gaud and ths eetabl,shment ol rhe lacrory

t' se" Rennell's map2 Jangal ia probably rhe joint word of jang and al ( )

meaning milir6Ty road, i. e, road buiit for militat !nChittagong dialect, iang means big and al ( cl Bang+al=Bangal in the Atn ) meanc raised bounda'y of agriculturalland. So jangal may also mean big boundary load.

3 o'lvtrll"y, op. ctt., p. 3s4 Se" supro, ch. iv5 ot ca npos, op cir , p. 1136 Purcfias. X. 135

612 I A Hlstory ol ehiftr$otg

at $atgaon by tho Pottuguose, Chiuagong monopolized tho trade

o{ Bengel. According to Campot, "when the Portuguece came

to Bengal, Cnittagong was irs chiof pott, and the main gateway

to ihe royal capital Gaud"'l That is why the Fortuguese called

Chirtaoong, 'Porto Grande de Bengala'or ths glaat porl of Bengal

in coniraat with Satgoon, the 'Porto Pequeno' ot small pott, the

second Portuguese sstablishment in Bengal. While narrating the

formor cominercial prosperity of Chittagong, the author of the

Riyoz us Sqlotln writes: "ln ancient times it wa! a largo port' The

tredsrs of every country especially the ships of the Christians ttstd

to lrequent it. . . . lt is said that ships which in other parts of thc

ssa reapJear in lront ol Chatgaon."2 lt wat only in the early part

of the eighreenth century that it yielOed preccdencc to Caicutta.3

Throughout the medieval period, Chittagong was hummed with

busy tradors ol numerous countries. Long bafore tho coming of

tlro Portuguess tho Muslm me;chants ol the orient monopolized

the foreign trade in Chittagong. When de Silveira visited Chitta-

gong in l5l8 A D, he lound tho port thronged ol Murlim merchantc

and therr trading vesscls.4 Joao Cootho, the leader of the lirst

Portuguesa trade mission to Bangal arrived at Chittagong boarding

a ship that belonged to onc Groma)le (Ghulam Ali) who was eaid

to be a relativo of the govornor ol Chittagong.S Anothur rich Pet

sian merchant who lived in Chittagong was Khwaja Shihabuddin

rvhosu ship war trken prizc by a Portuguese pirate'6 Joao de

Balros refers to the settlement of an Arab merchrnt who had come

to Chittiigong about a century before tho llrst Portugueso landing

at Shittagong.T According to Mv Hamidullah Khan, "one Alfa

1 curpos, op, cit., p' 2l2 Rtyoz, p. 41

3 wa.4 Ses suPro, ch x5 Soo suPto, p.21,,36 s"" supro, p. 2177 Eee supro, p. 1 13

Econqmlc condirlon | 6i 3

Husaini of Baghdad, descendant of Fatimah, a groat melchent whopossessed much wealth and many glrves and ownod four:oen shipg

had repoatedly been to Chatgaon."l A Chinese snvoy belonging totho early fiftoenth c6ntury states: "Tsa ti Kirng (Chatigaon orChittagong) is at tha mouth of the sea. Marchants from foroign

countri+-'s conno lrorn outsidB and anchor thero. They assemb:e and

divirle the E:rofits of theil merchandise at this place."2 Accordinglo a Portugurs,r corrospondent, there were a number of 'Guzarat

boate' at the port of Chittagong in 1517-18 A D.3 With tha

coming of tho Portggus5e, chief livals ol Muslims. the Arab sailg

began to disappeor fast and the brisk trecle wrth the Arabian

porte declined. Thc Portuguesa took the place ol the Arabs.

"lt became en esrabl:shed custom from the time of S,lveira's visitto Bengal i 1 51 8 A D) to cend annually to Bengal a Portuguese

ship wlth msrchandisa."4 1r 1531 A D, "rhero were thcn sevente€n

Portugueso vesselg in Chittagong."5 ln 1538 A D Sultan Mahmud

Shah gave the Portuguesa a number of territorial and commerciel

concessions in the port of Chittugong,6 But all these coiicessionsware withdrown later on by tha subsequsnt govGrnments who keplthe Portuguere away from tho port. The '-ortugueso, however,regained their hold during the Arakanese rulc. ln I596 A D, ltis reported to tho king of Portugal ,'that rhe commorce of porto

Grande of Bengala is flourishing."T Thie indicates the upward trendof the Portugueso trade and commerco in Chittagong. During thelater part of the Arakanose rule, Chittagong became a etrongholdof the Magh-Firingi pirates. The incidenral remarks by rhe Durchmelchantr while on a visit to Chittagong, "ohow that piracy rather

I s." ,rpro,g. 1142vaA,t(r94s),12g3 c R, 1938, p. 2r4 carpos, op. cit., p. 3o3 tbd., p. l6o6 S"" supro, p. 2237H!,p728

Cr4lA Hierofy ol Chirtagond

than commerco was the chiet occuparion of the inhabirants, whilotho lists of the cargoes which they obtainect indicate no signs olcommercial progress."l During rhs Mughal regime tho private tradeol the Mughal officers were carried on through the port. Accordingto the Rlyoz, "all ths goods which arrived on board the mer-cantile shipo at the porr of Cr,atgaon, were bought up on behallof the Prince iAzim us Shan) 2

On account of tho existenco of a good port and harbour,chittagong l:ad an active and considerable foreign t,ede with d,ffe-rent countries of both the East and the west. A lrvely tradc wascarried on barween Chittagong and ths pereian Gult ports,

between Chi tagong and the poris of the western coast of thesubcootinsnt during ths early sultanate 1:eriod.3 During thomcdieval period, chirtagong became one of tha chief centris oflmport and expott trado. Tlre suitans and the local govenors grvg.trong becking to tho foreign merchants engaged in trade with themerchants of Chittagong. Unfortunately, no precise idea of thepattern. of foreign trada in chittagong during the sultrnate periodcame dov'ln to us. since chittagong was a mint town and I cornIllo.rcial area, it had a great demand of bullion which was importedfrom other courrtries. We iearn from Joao do Leyma,s letter llslgA O) tnat "Srlver, coral and copper are highly prized there.,'4Caesar Fredoricke writes of the bullion trade as follows:,,Bolweenwhich two places lPegu and clrittagong) thero were much commercein silver."5 Of the piincipal items of export from Chittagong Caesar

Fredericke writes rhat from this port rhs traders carried to thelndies groat store of rice, very groat quanrities of bombast clothof every sort, sugar, corn and moncy with other mcrchandiso..'6The export of monoy must have caused scarc;ty of bullion in thisregion,

1 Moreland, From Akbor to Aurongzeb, p. 4?2 Rtyor, p. 2473 S"" supro, ch vii4 C n, Jan.-March, 1g38, p. 2l5 Purchos, X, 1 366 oampoe, op, ctt, p. I r 3

Economlc condltion I 615

Ae regardc the import and export trade ol Chittagong duringthe Arakanese period, information io most authorirativeJy suppriedby the Doghregister and the account of pyrard de Lavat. Fdamvan der Mand€re, tho Dutch resident factor at Mrohaung (1634A D), who had personally been upto Chittagong gives an idea ofthe main articleo of export and prices of those commodities inChittagong. According to his otatement, almoct all the avaitablecommodities could be purchaeed in Chittagong at a much cheaperIate thrn in Arakan proper. lndlgo cost 1+ rangas per maund atChltragong wheraae in Mrohaung it cosr ei rang.s.l The trade inIac was stats monopoly. Prince of this commodily tendedto rise during the ofl oearon. The time to buy tac was notuntil May or Juns. Hs had found it cheaper in Chirtagong rhanin Arakan. ',Early on rhe Dutch bought it at 3f, tangai rhe maund.ln 1641 _A D the prico had rises to 8!. tangas and at later to 1ltangas."2 There was r gr6at demand for lhis commodity amongthe European purchasers to manufacturo cealing wax.

Cotton cloths othor than finer varietics were of several rypes. Ofthera lhe cutch resident mentions three types, black, blackcoarse and' dungerry, ' rho last variety was chiefly manuhclured by rhe hillpeopie Plenty of black cloth was obtainabls in Chitragong. ltappears lrom the report of the Dutch resident that the prices olthese three typer were more or less uniform. At Chittagong, blackcloth sold at lt tangas_per piece whereas the rame piece wouldcost 2 tangas ln- A7sgBn.3 According to Pyrard de Laval, "cottonis ao plentiful that after providing for tho usee and clothing ofthe natives and besides expolting the raw material, they make eucha quantity of cotton cloths and so excellenrly woven that thesearticlos are e.xpoited and thence only to all lndies, but chiallylo rhe parts about Sunda 4 Regarding rhe trada in eilk products,Pyrard writes that " thcy rnake many stulle of divors colours. and

1- 1tul R 5, Soth ann. publ. No 2, 1960; pp. 7l and F22 hH.E tti,t.4 bvol,l, 328

616 | A H!.tory ol Chlttagong

cxport thcm to rlt parts.l Othcl articlct of cxpott menrlonod

by Pyrard are pottcry, sugar, and scented oil, "got lrom a cer

tain grain and divors flowers. "2

Rlce, thc etaple food of the people wao a royal monopoly un

dcr the Arakaneso rule. The price ol it wes generally fixed by

the king's ministers named Losolosii3 ;n 16s Doghretlster. Fixation of

prica was generally based on two eonsiderations, the amount of

outplus available lor export and the demand of the European merch'

6nl3 The exportable quantlty was fixed by thc royal orders. The Ara'

kanese govoinment ''permittcd the export of lice, under the control

of an officer who tegulated it sc as to prevent a shorlage. ''4 'l ho

European mstchanto would not slip an opportunity, whonever possi'

ble of smuggling rlce out of the kingdom by ovading the officiallupervision. in 1636 A D, when there wal a good surplus in Chi-

ttagong, the Dutch lactor came to Chittsgong in person rnd adva-

nced money to privato brokers lo supply his neods at 2+ to three

tangas the cerla of 420 lbs.. but the king's cgent intstvened and

mado this transaction inoperative. He bought up all tha rice at ?il

taogat and re{used to let the Dutchmen hava it at less than 4 to aftangrr.S The export trado in rice is aico referred to by Pyrard de

Lavcl.6

Elephanl waa consldered a profitable articl€ of export to thc

Coromandal coail.T Pyrard writos that. "thir country abouds with

elaphantc, which aro exportod hence to all parts of lndia.''8Catching of elephante9 and !heir exports had been a flourishing

1 lbtd,, pp. 328-3292 ttrd.3 1 lur. R S (50th ann. publ. no.2, tg60) p.8l4 tila.3 tbtit.6 Lovot, l. 3277 1 Dur. n S (50th ann. pubt. no 2, 1960) p. 82I Lovol, [, 431I A vt ld dercription of the khoda or olophant oatching h givon


businesa since very early times. Verelst, chief of Chittagong found"recently caplured herd ol forty elephanls'' at Chittagong. "Thcseele.phants had probably been caught fcr desparch as tribute to theEmperor at Delhi".l Felying on the accounls of the foreign trav6-llers, Mnreland writes that the prineipai articles of export fromChittagong at lha beginning of ths seventecnth century, wero provi-sions (rice and sugar) and muslin, the destination being Pegu,

Tennaserim, Malacca, Achin etc.2

Throuohout the medieval perlod, especially during the Arakaneseperiod, Chittagong was the chief centre of trading in slaves andeunuchs in eastern lndia. Joao de Leyma, a Portugueso correspon-dent (1518 t\ D) reports rhar, ,,(in Chittagong) a elave ie worthsix tangas and a young lady double that sum "3 Ths Arakaneseperiod was the heyday of tho Portuguese piratical activities. ThePortuguese engaged themselves in slave trade, which fcrmed animportant iiem of the Fortugueee trade and ccmmerce. Accordingto Pyrard, "one of rha greatest trades in Bengal is in slaves. ...[\4ost of the slaves in lndia are got from here. Many ol the mer-chan:s c:s'rale lh.lrn, cutting them when thsy are young. .. Thisis in order to put them in charga of rhs women and of the keysof the houee."l Beferring to th6 Portuguese slave ttaders in thekingdom of Arakan, Bernier w,ites: '.They sold to rhc Portuguese

of Goa, Ceylan. St Thomas, and otlrer places."s Talish says that"oniy ttre Firingi pirates sold rheir prironero.'6 H, f urther writealhat the slaves "were sold to rhe Dutch, English and French

merchants at lhe ports ol the Deccan."7 B.lying on rhe Dutch sour-

in the Aln I Akbari, Soe Ain, l, ?84I B P P. xx'dil ( rg24), 202 Morsland, From Akbor ro Aurongztb, p. 5?3 c R, 1938, p. 2tr4 Lqvol, I. 3325 Bernler, p. 1766 Fothyo, p. 1847 rbid,, p. Ig3

618 I A Hietory of Chirtagong

ce. Moreland writes: ,,Thesa commodities (rice rnd slaves) wsrsobtained to a great exteni from Chirtagong,.l The Durch required alarge number of slaves in connexion w.rh the plantalion in fheEast lndies. The price of slaves varied eccordrng to rhe supplyava lrblr and the age and ab,liry of the ind,vidual slrve. Accor-ding 16 their own repoi.t, ths Dutch aqenrs in rhs kingdom ofArakan were not allowed to expot t skill,d slaves who werorequired by the Arakanese king in rhe capital.

The coast ol Chittagong and Sandwip has sincs msdievalFetiod became the chief selt-producing area in this region. Theisl rnd of Sandwip ,'where two hundred ships were annui lly ladenwith salt" and which. eccordrng to Fr Du Jarric, .,as berng ablrto supplr tha whola of Bengal with salr,'2 *r, the leading saltDroducrng area during the timo of the traveller. The gtatcmentol Teixeira rhat ',tho island of Sundiva alone produces salt inBengal "3 poinrs out the pre.eminenoe of Sandrryip as a salt procluc-ing area ln Bengi,t. The portugu6se w6re commorrly angaged in thatrade in s.tr.4 which wag used ro be shipoed from;hittagong by thePortuguese merchants in their own cargoGs ro Dhaka wl-ere rheiragento received it and ihen re c.xported it to olherr parts of Bengal.A number of nimack mahals that have been mentionecl by ii;e Ain-I Akboil and the ea,ly British reccrds concernrng ravenue, indicatothe thriving salt industry in the district. Flevenue from salt pitsof Chittagong_ towards the close of the Mughel period aniountedto Re 23,587.5 During the rimo of the cession. there wero sixnimuckurry or salt mahals such aa Narasinghabad, Shanabad etc ,along the coalt of Chittagong.6 Th" Earthquake Repcrt of 1762

tian Gonzales in his earty lile was a ealt trader at Diang (seeDanvers. op. ctt,, p, 142),

5 Bengal Boord of Reyenue (Mlscelloneous) proceedtngs, Nov. 21,17926 'Anolysis', qt Fifth Report, l, 495

Economio condition | 619

gives information of two badly affected saltworke at Bansbaria

and Aklpurah.l talt was rnanufaciured by evaporation of brine andsalt producers w're known as malangis. During the Mughat period,daroghas were appointed to supervise the manufactuling ol andtrrrcfs in salt.

Being one of the chiet ports of Eastern lndia, Chirragong wasccmmercially connected w;th the dista'1t regions of Europe, MiddlaEast and Far iast, The urusl 6ea toute lrom Chjna to Bengalvla the East Indies and the Bay islands menrioned by the chineseomissaries visiting Bengal during the frrst tralf ol rhe fifreenth cen-tury was as fclllws: By oeean going vessels they (the vtsitrrs)arriveC at Chirtagong via Siumalra the Andamans and the Nicobars;then they disembdrked at rhe port of chittagong lrom where theywent upto sonargaon on liver creft. Next they forced their wayto Pandua.2 The distance betwo€n chittagong and sonargaon ia

given in one sourc@ as 500 li and in another as sixteen stages.3lbn Battutc used rhe river route along rhe Meghna in his journoy lromSadkawan lCnrnagong) to Kamrup. We hear of regular pilgrimagesailing service from chrrtagong ro Mecca during the rule of the llyasShahi suitans. $everal ocean going vessers were employed in thisservice.4 The Porruguass source refers to tha busy trads route be-twe€n C,rittagong and tha Persian Gulf ports round the Deccan coastduring the Husain Snahi period. Sidl Ali, the Turkrsh navigaror descri.bes the goa roure f lom Diu ro chrttagong via ceylon and Rakanj.Scaesar Fredericke mentions lrade roures betwoen chrtragong andCochin, Chittagong and portugrl and Clritragong and pegu.6 Tne

11Aso,2vge, l,

9 bru.a1aRs,5ynsa.6 Purcios,

xil (1843). t049

(1945), 123

XLll, pt 2(195(i), 13-15

V 11836), 466t.

x r35

620 | A History ol Chitragong

establishment of the Portuguese settlen'lent in Chittagong commef-cially connecled the port town with the Portuguese colonies in

both the hemispheres. The thr€e mighry nvers Pacjma, M, ghna,and Brahmaput.rd provide an excellent water communrca'ion bywhich Chittagorrg was coDn€cted wtth ths reer of Benga!. Ctritragong has in a very real sensi been called "the gelew.y of Bengal."During the Mughal peried, the prosperity t,f tho pott greatlydeclrned owing to the rapid rise of Caicutta. Hooghli and theinland river ports. The insecurity due to plunderirg ra'Cs of tfieArakanese pirates also contributed to its gradual deteriiiratiorr. AbbeRsynal, writing in 1777, says that Chirtagong had sunk inro obscu-rity till the Engli6tr arrived and sgttlecl thare.l The Riyoz also

subscribes to this view.2

Different kinds of coinaga were in use in different periods ofhistory of the district. Cowri or shell of small gastropod was rhe

chief medium of exchange in Chittagong as in the regr of Bengalfrom tims immemorial down to the early parr of the eighleenrhcontury. According to the Arab travellers, ,'trade ls carrieci on by

means of kaurig which are the current money of rhe countr)."3Ma Huan, a Chinese official accompanying with the Chinese amba.ssador in Bengal writes in 1406 A D: ,,Ihe currency of the coiJntryis a sllver coin called Tang ka...is one inch and two renths indiameter and is engraved on either side. All large business trans-actions are carried on wilh this coin, ,'but for small purchases,

they use a sea shell called by tre foreigners kaoli (cowri;..'4Thus during the rule of tho llyas Shahi dynesty both tanka andcowri wsre media of exchange. Joeo de Leyma, a portugucse

repoiter (1517-18 A D) found in Chirtagong ilrat shells ars the ccinsin this country for none but the king can own gald or silver."5Tanga5 as medium of exchange has also been mentioned by the trave-

1 ot o'M, )ley, op. cit., p. 4o2 Riyoz, p. 41,3ED,t,E4 Bhattarali, op. clt, g. 7705 C n r Jan.-Marchr lg3g ), p.2l

Economic Condition | 621

ller. )uring the Pathan regime, dam and tanka were in use as curren-cy. Accordrng to Vac den Mendere, the Dutch factor in Arakan, pricesin Aral,iarr and Chittagong W:rs always given in tangas, the ofticialMughal currency before tha introduction of rupee and were worthtwo shillings each. 1 Und"r the later Mughals, sicca rupee was incirculation b.rsides other units ef coinage.

Itloney was useC to be coined in Chitragong from tho very earlyporiod o! tha InCependent Sultanate, As the transport of n:oncyfrom the capital city to a distant piace like chiiragong was risky,so the ruiers c:itebllshed a mint at Chirtagong. Chittagong appearedas a nrint town under tho rulo of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.2coins of tha two Hindu Kings named Danujamardana ['eva andMehsndia Deva, minted at Chittagong are of standard quality andare still in good condition.3 As many as fifty four coins of SultanJrlaluddin Muhrmmrd shah, minted ar chittEgong have so farb:en discovered from the distlict 4 coins were struck at chitt.-gong hy such Tripura kings as Dhanyamanikya,S Deva.nanikya,Bijoymanikya and others as a mark of their paramountcy over thedistrict. Under the Alsftsnese regime Chittagong was the secondirnportant mint town in the wtrole of the Arakanese kingdom.Coins of 1450 A D ''now exist wirh legends in the"Bengalee andPersian charactor, as well as Burrness, some oeing struck by theviceroys in Chittagong." 6 Talish writes:" (tho governor of Chitta-gons) issues gold coins stampad wirh his own nams at thisPlrca."7 The coioage of Chittagong illustrates the importance

J Bur. R S ( 50th ann. putrl. no 2, t,9C0 ), p. 80

Bhattasali. op. clt., p. 78

lbid., p. 1lglbid. pp.. 124-1ZS ; Corpus, pp. Z6f.

One ol his coins is now belng preserved in the Chinagongmuseum.

IASB, x ( l84l ),688Fathyo, p. 182

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

6zz I a Hisrbry of Chillrronn

of Chittago0g as a contr,a of trade and commerca,

Knowledge abou: w:ights and measures can bs garhored fromthe account: of thr fsroigners. Maund: and saers wrre ths twounits to rveigh tha co;.nmodities. lr{unes ( ISSl A D I writas that"(in tha P1r:s G,-1rlr) rhe mrunC rnr)l b/ w,1tch thsy w:rgh all

lains i911y s9s;g iceros), eech seer 1B$ ounces,,,l Rice,e:l b/ thc ,last' orcarra'and scmgtimes Oy both during tharul., 2 Ari as me3sure of capacity fcr grains and csreals da-

tes back to the Mughal period 3 Bamboo re eds were used to measurethl quantitv of liquid sub-3(ances during the medieval period.Pyrard wriros: "of these (the bamboosr roo. are made theirm3lsures for measuring all their goods, such as rice, grain. oil.butter and the Iike. Moasrrres of alr sizes aro made of th.*.,i4Land measurements such as nal.5 kara, ganda, kani6 and drona 7which date back ro tho medieval period, are still current in thedistrict' The uso of nara and drona as units or measuroment of

Ot H l, p. 728

J Bur. R S 150rh an,r. pub!. no 2.l gS0) p. gl. Thc carta asa unit of c:pacity for the msasurements of rice and cerealcropr is now an obsolete thing but perlraps its deforrned namo'cargya' as a conrainer of paddy or coreal crops is stirl current.A cargys is made of thin pieces of bamboo or cano. The'carra' may have a relaiion to ,ari. a unit of measuremsnt ofsixteen sesrs capacity.

Serajuddin, op. cit., p. I54Loval, 1,330The msa.suring instrumenr ceiled nal is a bamboo pol=, eight

cubits or usuaily 12fi leet in lengrh."Tha mgasuremsnt of the kani I conny ) is twelve nulls, oach null

eight cubits (covids)", ,A letror from Verelst and his Council,dt Feb. 16, 1761 , qt Fifth Reporr, l, lntroducfion, p, cxx. Amaghi kani is oquivalent to four Engllsh acres.

7 one drona ie equal to G.4 acres. According to tho EorthquokeReporr (1762), ons shahi drona is rg20 cubirs long and r600cubirs broad. I A S B, Xl! (1943), 1050n)

I

2

3

4

5

t.

Economlc condition I 623

ground has been in existence einca the days of Damoderadeva'scoppe'plate oi €ven earlier.l Kani and drona are related by the

equation of 1 : 16. Thr system of quantitative rneasuremenl ofcomrnodities in masha, ratti, ganda, burhi, pana, kahana etc has been

referred to in the early Brirish revenuo documents end nrcdieval

Bengali works. Wood balances with marks of measurement on

them have been in use in the district sincg tho medieval Lreriod

lndustry and bandicrafts roceived estimation of the lcreigners.Handicrafts included such activities as embroidery, weaving, matting.basketry, pottsry, metal working, rvoodworking otc. Baskets ofvarious kinds plryed an irnportant part as storags containers ofpersonal possessions and as granaries. Pyratd gives an account ofthe industrial activities of the people as follows:

Tha inhabitents, both men and women were wonderorrsly adroitin ell manufactures, such as of cotton cloth and siiks and inneedlework such as embroideries which are worked so skill-fully, down to th€ smallest stitches rha: nothing pretrisr is 10

be seen anywhere. Some of these cottons ano' silks are sofine that it is diffrculr to sty whether a person so artired be

clothed or nude. Man;, 616.r kinds of work euch as fur.niture

and vessels ar6 construct6d wilh oxtraordinaly clelicacy, wirich.if, brought here would bo said !o conrs trom Chrna. ln this coun-try is made a large quantity of small black anC red potrery.

Like the finest and most delicate terre sigillae; in rhis they do

a gr6at trade; chiefly, in gargeulsttes and drinking vessels and

other utensils.2

We harre little knowledge of ths co;ditlon of weaving industry

during thg medieval period. Towcrd rhs end of tho Mughal pariod,

"thc purchasing trado iin Chittagong) seems to have been chieflyin textlle."3 The consignment of cotton products sent by Verelst to

1 ! e S 8, XLtl! (1874), 320, The word nala occurs in the Naiharigrrnt of Ballala Sena. ( E ,, XIV (1917-18), 156-103)

2 Lovol, l, 32g3 g p P, xxvil (1924), 20

624 | A Hielory ol Ghirtagong

Calcutta, a few months aftcr thc cession, "was vely favourably te-ported on." Referring to this conslgnment, a lotter ol the East lndia

Company from Galcutta dated September 28, 1761 A D, written tothe chief of Chittagong reporta: "We with pleasure observe by

the gcod q'.ratities of the cloth you havo sent 8s tho ca'ie you

have taken in the improveme,,t of our manufactures."l Cottonpaid as a tribute to the Mughal government was used as law6slsrial ol the weaving industry Pottery was one of the mostlloulishing industries in medieval Chittagong. Chittagong was rich

in canes and cane furniture could be seen in every arislocratic

household. Barnboo grows in abundance everywhere lnd lhe people

especi"lly the hillmen turn it into ell kinds of conceivable house-hold obiects of daily use witn astonlshing skill. Paper was menu-

factured by local craf(6mEn to supr,ly it to the government olfices,puthl writ6rs and copyisls.

A flourishi.rg ship buildirg industry developed in the poits ofChittagong to sutiport the oxtensive maritime trade. The nearby

hilly forests provided ample sr.rpply of wood for this industry.Tha people of Chittagong earned reputation ae gocd ship buiiders

and excellent crew. Ship building material was so cheap in Sandwip

that according to ths report of Caesar Fredericke the suhan ofConstantinople had found it cheaper to have hls ships builr rhere

rlther than at Alexandria."2

3 tbia.

4 or campos, op. cit., p. 11g

i-

eppendix 1. A lllota on the Hlstorical places offfiedieval Chittagong

STTAKUNDA. The pl;ce is siluated about twenly rniles north

ol Chitiagong city. Fuins and logends relatad to this place indi'cale tfiat the plrce is of considerabla antlquity. The presenl name

Sitakunda appears irr Ilenneli's map and in the early British doctt-

fnents. This leads us to think that the name Sltakunda w.rs also

current during the Mughal period. Hindu Puronos and Tantrik works

nnentiDn Chandrasekhar, no: Sitakunda. The nlme Chandrasekhar

also occurs in the Chhutikhont Mohobhsroto and the Roiomolo. This

indicates that the name SitakunCa is preceded by that of Chandra-sekhar to dEnote thrr pl rce in the trf teenth centuty. The chieftemple, CeCicaterj to ths worship of Chandraoath, is situated on ap:ak narned alter the deity. The name Chandranath is associatedwith Natha culr whrch onco swerrt the district. Buddhists of Chi-ttagoilg regard Ghandranath as a sacred place. Ruinc of BuddhistMahayanic deities havo been unearthed near the pres€nt templo ofChandranath. With the decline of Buddhism in the sub-ontinsntthe reputation of tha place as a sscred Buddhist spot also declined.Tfie place became a stronghold of tlarha cult along wirh suchother placs ae Adinath When Nathism bugan to show inclinaiiontoward Saivism the place also bagan to lose its preeminent position

as a stronghold of Nathism and the place became one ot tfie re-puted pithas o-f Saiva and Sakta cults. The placo begarr to be ramedGhandrasekhar which stands as a name for Siva. The sacred plicoof Falamatiowar, a joutney to which place was an act of religiousdovotion during the days of king Dhanyamanikya, har baen iden.

tified with SitEkunda.t During rhe Mughal period the placo wasusurped by the sannyasis belonging tD Ramayat sect" Sinca thattime the placa haa been known es Sitakunda, obviously named

attcr Rama's consort Si!a. The Bama.Sita temple and the well

1 See supro, p. 161

626 I A Hisrory ot Chirtagong

(kunda) of Sita commemoratc thls event. The usurpatlon of rheRamayats, however, failed to produce any permanent result in aplace already saturated with Tantric cult. Saivism was resroredto its former posltion during the post Mughal period. The imagesof Rama-Sita temple wore destroyed and the temote was teft deso-Iate and it gradually lell in ruins. The name Sitakunda. howeverremain in cxistence to remind us ol its colourful histo'y. tt is saidlhat Naib Mahasingh, tha Mughal adminietrator ol the districtmede the place hic offrcial headquarters. The famrug hot springol Barabkunda is situated only 6 few mlJes apa,t.

EANDWIP. The lsland ls formed bv rich alluvium carried by

the iolnl flow of the Padma and ths Meghna Jamas Wise most

appropriately writes: "(The island) is probably the oldest and mostpormanent of ihe grouo which the mighty river is foi ever buildingand deetroying."l The name Sandwip is supoosed lo harre foeen

detived lrom liwarnadwipa or Suvarnadwipa which is connotativelyrelated to 'Chryse'2 or gol'len len.l of the classical wrlters ol thoWest. The name of the igland appears on the pag6s ol the acco-untt of the foreign travellers in different forms. Da Barros in hismap (Dercripcao de relno de Eengalla) shows Sundivia lanhersouth west than ils actual position. ln this maD, the oast-wostcxtcnsion of the island ie shown gir'6t61 than its prosent shape.Thc location of the island in the map ol Van den Broucke is

approximately correct though rhe same map glvec the island almosta lound thape. According to Farya y Souza. Sandwin ir seventyIeagues in lcngrh.3 Caerar Frerlericke (l569 A D) mistakenly men,tiono the axtcnt of spacc between Sandwlp anC Chittagong as120 miles.4

Euiopean travallers of the medieval perlod piaise rhr island forthc fertillty of soil, cheapness of provisions, and laeilitiee of buildingol ships. In the 'ojudgemant" of Caerrr Fredericke, ,.it ls the

1JrsB,xvut (1922),442 S"" supro, p. 473 campor, op. clt., p. 67n4 Purchos, x, 1gl

.-- Historlcal Olaces | 627

fertilest island in all the world."l ln the sixteenth and eeventeenth

centuries the island was a paradise of Fitingi plratcs. The historyol the irland is closely rolated to that of Chittagong.

CHAKRABALA. The Iitaral meaning of Chrkrasala is rhe"abode of the holy chakra." Accordrng to the local Buddhisttradition, the place is attached to the Dharma Chakra of Buddhism.The nama is written as Sacossala, Saccasala rnd Saquecala byManrique and Bocarro respectively.2 ln Rennell's map it is spelledChanskhola.

The existence ol Chakrasala ac early as ths fifteenth conturyhas been referred to in the vaisnava Iiterature. The place ic acso-ciated with many distinguished vai3p6y6 saints during the fifteenthand sixteenth centurieB. Pundarik Vidyanidhi, the grsat vaisnavaeainr and a numbei of his lollowers hailed from chakrasala. Fromtha Portuguese cource of the early sixteenth contury wo cometo know that ihe Tantrik Brahmanas of chakrasala sacrificed ayouro P6rruguese captlve boy ?o rhelr deity These evidenccssugsest rhat the place was a contrs of both Vaisnavism andSaktiem in tho fifroenth and slxteenth centuries. ln thc latci panol the rule ol the Husain shahi dyncety, chakrasala became in-corporared wirh the 'ftingdom' of Khuda Bakhsh Khan.

A nrrmber ol the Portuguele hrstorlana reler to this place lntheir works. De Barros, caetanhoda, Bocarro and othcrs narratooventr that took place in rhe territory of chakrasala during thelirst half of tha sixteenth century. Under the Arakanese rule,Chakrasala formad ona of the admlnlstrative unirc. Accoiding loFr Manrigue, 'vilatas' or Iande in the torritory ol Chakraeah weregranted to the Portuguese sea captalnc in exchange ol thoir cer.vices ol guaiding tha trontier of the kingdom.3

Whilc delining thc geographroal boundary of Chakiaoala, thejolnt editors ol Mrnrique's Travols writE: "lt stiotchos north.east

1 bra.2 l{lonrlquc, l, 8g3 lud.

628 | A History of Ch'ttagongr

to Comilla, south to Halabun near Cox's Bazar and to the east ofChiilagong "l Th" jolnt editors thus gives Chakrasala an arco tooIarge for its actual size. lr is beyond doubr that the place wasmuch bigger than tha pie;ent villaga of the Bama name. Theeditors of Manriquo's Travels include Sacannya lSatkanya) in thaMagh kingdom of Chakrasala. \rVe are inctrined to think rhat theprincipality of Chakrasala during the !rakanese rule comprisedthe entire area between tlre Karnaphuli and the lVlatamuhuri and

bordeied on tho principaliry of Chakaria. Durlng the subsequentMughal period, tho Arakanese principali'y of Chakrasala was brokendown into a numbsr of units lcalled thanas). lt has now bsenreduced to a villago

DIANG lt is one ol the most nridely known places of me-dioval Chittagong. The townsl'rip of Dirng is cituated beiwr:en rhe

hills and the sea shore on tho ]eft b-.nk of the Karnaphuli. 'lho

name Diang or D,anta or Deang. accorCinq to Dr Blochmann, is

derived fro:n e,ither Dakhindanga (soiithern bank of the Karnaphu)i)

or Erahrnandanga.2 The namo Dieng is undoubtedly of non-aryanand rnosl probably sf l\il6rrgoiian origin lts Bengali forpl Deanq

and Sanskritized form Dtvag16ml are m€t with in the medievalBengali works and its Petsianistd form Deogaon is seEn in theA,nJ-Akbori. Under the Afghan rule Deogaon formed one ol rhe

frve territoriai mahals lt has also been known as Bandar sinco

medieval period.

The eeventee nlh century historian Shihabuddin Talish writes:

"i)n the ( farther ) side of tho l(arrraphuli, near the moulh and

closo to the village called Firinqi.bandar, whcre tha Firingipiratel had thair houces."3 tn oersian, bandar means "e landingplace, or quay; a soaporl; a harbour; and somglimes a]so acustom house." 'Io the Portuguess and olher Europeeng the place

was also known as Bendel rvhich is tho European corruptionof arabic term bandar. ln Rennell's map, Bandar Is located in

I Ha.2 1 A s B, xLil ( 1873 1, 2333 Fothyo, p. 206

Historical places | 629

tho sarne pogition where rrtodern Diang stands Tha BengalSurvey [.r1ap, slrsct no 409 shows Bandar on the left benk otthe Karnaphuli almrst on its mourh. All thesa evidences pointout lhat tre lEro places, Diang and Bandar are identical. Theadjoining h ll is known as Diang Pahar. During ths Arakaneseporiod tha namg Diang or Diangs was commonly used butBandar was never forgotten to namo the place.

Fr Fernandez, a Portuguese missionary visiting Diang in1599 A D, mentions the place, as "a town in the pott of

Chittugong."l Referring to the placa Fr Du Jarric writes thatit is "Una Ville sise en ce part do Chatigam." 1 a village near theport of Chittagong ). Van der Haiden deseribes it as "eeno stadtinde h.,,ven van Chatigam " All these descriptions are indicative

o! Diang al foriniiig a suburro of Cnirtagong iown during the Araka-

nesa perioC. ln Van den Brouck's map, tho place is correctlyghown on the ieft ban!< of the Krrnaoh,-ril near its mouth. ,.Robert'g

maD oit rled 'Les lnd s orientales. 1751' in the Bibliotheque Natlon-ale in Paris si'r<t..nss Diang in tho south of Chittagoog on a differ.ent mouiii oI a rivrr 1? the Sankha ). C' Anville's map (!751)at Boctiein Llbrary, Oxford aleo ohows it but in the north ofChittagong. Robert in hjs Crrte du Royaum de Siam, 175f in.serts Dianga. Hermaon Moll's map in the Bodlein shows Diangain the eame position practically as Robert does; Nicholas Vischer,

in his map 'lndae Orientalie' shows Dianga in the south of Chi-rtagong. Finally, in the British Mueeum 'General Maps 52450/1830 s 116' by J R Burton Bennstt, Deputy Post Master General,Bengal, we get Dianga shown on a separate mouth of the Karna.

phuli, which proves that it was still known."2 The place is also

mentioned by Fr Guerreiro, Fr Manrique and other European writers.

During the Mughal period tho place with its adioining aloa was

known as Pargana-e-Diang.

3 g p P, xtv (igl7), 148f.

2 l{ionrique, l, 82n

630 I A Hlrtory ol Chlttagong

ll medicval Ramu was chlefly an Arakanese town, Diang may

ba called in the same oenso a Porlugucs town. During the Ara-

kaneoe poriod it gtsvv to be the principal Portugueoe cettlemenl

in Bengal. The Portuguese called it 'Bcngala' and 'Cidade de

Dianga.' From this time the place began to be known ar Firingi

Bandar, or the poit of the Firingis. lt became the chlel centro

ol the Porluguese piratical aclivities. The lisc and fall of the

Portuguese townshlp of Diang is closely related to the rise and

lall of the Poituguese power in this region. At present few Chris'

tians live thele. But thore is evidence that the Christlan lottlemonlpcrsisted in that locality rs lalo a! the early pan of the nlneleenth

"rntrry.1CHIKARIA. lccording to the local Buddhist tradition, the

place is associated with Chakra or mcre precieely Buddhist Dhar-

machakra and as such became a csntre of Buddhist religion and

culture during the medieval period. In rhr Rojomalo, the place lsmentioned as Chhakarua, De Barros mentions "thg city of Cha-

coiia" a6 ono of the "populatcd ateas" along the coast ol thekingdom ol Arakan and places it under the iurisdiction ol the'Eotado de Codavascam' (llô kingdom ol Khuda Bakhsh Khan).Tho narrativea of De Barros give an indication thrt Chakaria wacone of tho potts in the klngdom of Khuda Bakhsh Khan.

The name ol the place in various folms has been inserted onscveral medieval maps. !n the maps ol Sir Thomas Roe and olPhllippi Chetwind, Cheria and Chaiia are respectively shown on thocoast of Chittagong. ln the map of De Berroe, Chacoria is conectlyIocated.ln hls mrp, Pierre Vander (1727 A D) insens a place named

Chera where modern Chakaria standc. but he does not dot it. lnRennell's map tho name of tho place ie written ae Chuckerya.

During the Arakanose rule, Chakatia was made an adminir-trativc unit under thc name of the 'kingdom of Chakarir'. lt waa

bounded by the 'kingdom of Chakrasala'to the noilh and the'kingdom ol Ramu' to the south. lt was conguored by the Mughab la

I a r P, vt (1910),21g.zzo

Hlstorical places I 631

1666 A D, but was abandoned soon aft6r. lt was linally sub-jugatad by ths Mughars in the baginning of the sevontoenth century.

RAMU. The precant sm ll township ol Rrmu noted for itsArakanese architecture and sculpture is romantlcally situated amidmountain Bcon6rv" The pressnt site rougrrly corresoords tothe same in the medieval rrariorJ. The name has been ins-erted in some of the old maps ( oresorved in the Dhaka Museum ).What is insert€d as 'Golfo de Rama' (ot tha gull of Ramu) inPierrs Vander's map is ieally tha Bak khali Bive' on which thqtown etands Var den Brcuck's mac corrctlv locates the city.'Asiae Descriptio lr[6yx l6pensis' f 1666 A D ] insarts Rama tothe north of Arakan Other mros on whlch Ramu is mrrked asa place of imoortance arc d' Anvilr's map, Paris, 1751; NicholasVischera's mao 'lndae Orientalis; Bodlein Librarv maps; and themep by the DeDuty Postmaster General of Bangal, 1852.

Verious sourc6s exDrose differant viawe regarding the orig!nof ihe narne Ramu, Aecording to Buddhlst sourcos the nameRrmu is the surviving trtca of .Ramma', ,Ramyaka. o, Ramya-bhumi' meaning 'the land ol picturesque scenery,'t by whichthc whole of the aiea was once known in lhc past. Dr R BBarua want to indantify Remu with Ramma or Rammanadega otPali eciiptures. 2 According to the joint editore of Manrique,s

Truvels, Ramu ls a corrupt form of 'Raja myo, meaning the kino,otown. 3 The Soktl Songom Tontto refers to a place Ramakshetraby namc as a centrs ol Sakrism.4 This p16"" may be idenr'fiedwith modern Ramkot situatod amid tha picturesque grouping olhills on th6 left bank ol thc Bak khali Rivor. The prosent sitcof Ramkot contains heaor of ancient brlckbats and terracottaplaquas which give indications of the antiquiry of the si!e. A

1 s", ,uDro,

21Asao,3 Manlque, l,4 Roiqmolo, l,

p. 16

xvl (1971), 256

94n. The word myo

85

moanr lown, lDId., p. 9ln.

632 I A History ol Chittagong

large numbor of broken pioces of sculJtures and other relics lioscattered in and around the hillock oa whiclr a Buddhist templa

of later times stands. Theos surviving tracss place Rrmkct in tha

ancient nrap of tho country. ln tho madieval works such as tno

Rojomolo, Alamgirnomo arrd Bengali pulhis Ramu is written as Ranibu.

. Medieval Ramu was petf,tctly an Arakanese town- lt gained

sirategic and arlministrativs impcrtance under the A.rakanese regime.

Tha position of the city on the high road between Chittagong and

Arakan prop€r fitted it to bo the most stiategic placc not only

in the provinca of Chitlagong but in the kingdom of 'trakan as a

whole. The place was so important that the wholo of the A'reka'

nese kingdom wos caliod t;y Ralph Fitch (1583 9t A D) as th,r

kingdom of Ramu and Recon.l The town was known lo lhe Ara-

kanese as Panwa and the governc-rr ol thei town was ca]led as

Pomaja ( < Panwa sa, the eatpr or collector of Panwa) 2 Mantiqus

describes Ramu as "166 shief town in this district (Chittagong)

and the usual seat of the viceroy in-charge."3 Tracec of Araka-

nese burial place are observable near the Bamkot templss.

The Alakanese culture was predominant in Bamu-Coo's Bazar

area and a large number of Buddhist temples, called kiyangs wsre

€rectod during the Arakanese period and after. The architectural

style of thess buildings are essontially Burman and most of the

statues installed in these ternplee w€re cast in Burma.

1 Foster, Rolph Fttch, p.

2 Monrlque, l, 94n

3 wa. p. 276

i

I

26

*Fpendix 1. A Note on the H!storieal places sfffiedieval Chittagong

STTAKUNEA. The place is situated about twenty rniles north

ol Chitiagong city. Ruins and logends relatad to this placa indi-

caie tiiat the pllce is of considerabla antlquity, The presenl narne

Sitakunda appears in tlennel,l's map and in the early British doeu'

rnents. This leads us to think that the name Sltakunda was also

culrerrt during tho Mughal period. Hirldrr Puronos and Tantrik works

mention Chandrasekhar, not S:takunda. The nrme Chandrasekhar

also occurs in ths Chhutikhanl Mohsbhoroto and the RoJomolo. Tltis

indicatss that the name SitokunCa is preceded by that of Chandra-

sekhar to denoto tire pl rce in the f if teenth csntury. The chieftemple, CeCicatecj lo tho worship of Chandraqath, is situated on ap:ak narned after the deity. The name Chandranath is associated

with Natha culr whrch onco sweFt the district. Buddhists of Chi-

ttagoilg regard Chandranath as a sacred place. Ruinc of BuddhistMahayanic deities havo been unearthed n€ar tho present temple ofChandranath. With the decline of Buddhism in the sub-ontinentths reputation of ?hs place as a secred Buddhist spot also declined.The place became 6 sllsnghold ol l,larhe cult along with sucholher placo ae Adinath When Nathism bagan to ehow inclinariontoward Saivism the place also b:gan to lose its preeminent position

as a stronghold of Nathism and the place became one ol rtre re-puted pithas of Saiva and Sakta cults. The place begart to be ramedGhandrasekhafwhich etands as a name lor Siva. The sacred plrcoof Falamatiowor, a journey to which place was an act of religiousdsvotion during ths days of king Dhanyamanikya, har baen iden.

tified wirh Sitskunda.l During rhe Mughal period ths placo wasueurped by the sannyasis belonging to Ramayat sect" Sinca thattime the place hac been known as Silakuoda, obviously named

attcr Rama's coflsort Sita. The Rama.Sita temple and lhe well

1 See supro, p. 1 6l

626 I A Hisrory ot Chirtagong

(kunda) of Sita commemoratc thls event. The usurpatton ol theRamayats, howevsr, failed to produce any permanent result in a

place already eaturated with Tantric cult. Saivism was resrored

to its former posltion during the post Mughal period. The imagesof Rama-Sita temple wore destroyed and the temole was left deso-

Iate and it gradually fell in ruins. The name Sitakunda. howeverremain in existence to remind us ol its colourful histo'y. It is saiC

that Naib Mahasingh, lha MughaI administrator ol the district

made the place hlc off'cial headquarters. The fam:us hot spring

ol Barabkunda is situated only 3 few mlles apa't.

EANDWIP. The lsland ls formed bv rich alluvium carried by

the jolnt flow of the Padma and the Mcghna Jamas Wise most

appropriately writes: "(The island) is probably the oldest and most

pormaneni 6f the grouo which rhe mightv river is foi ever building

and deetroying."l The namo Sandwip is supposed to ha\'F bcen

detived from liwarnadwipa or Suvarnadwipa which ie connotatively

rela?ed to 'Chrysa'2 or gol{+n lan.l of the classical writers 6l the

West. The name ol the ialand appesre on the paqes ol lho scco-

unts of ihe foreign travellers in different forms. Da Ba'rns in his

map (Dercripoao de relno de Bengrlla) shows Sundivia larther

south west than its actual position. ln this mao, the cast-w€st

cxtcnsion of the island ie shown gic6tsl than its prosenl shaDe.

Thc localion of the islend in the map of Van den Broucke is

approximately correct though the same map glves the island almost

e lound ahape. According to Farya y Souza. Sandwin ir seventy

leagues in lcqgth.3 Caecar Frerlericke (1569 A D) mistakenly men-tione the extcnt of epacc between Sandwlp enC Chittagong as

120 miles.4

Euiopean travellere of the madieval perlod piaise thr island forthc lertillty of soil, cheapness of provisions, and lacilities of buildinsol ships. In the 'ojudgement" of Caesar Fredericke, "it Ia the

1 1 A s B, xvnt (1922), 442 S." supro, p. 473 campoa, op, clt., p. 67n4 Purchas, X, 137

Historlcal olaces | 627

lertilest island in all the world."l ln rhe sixteenth and aeventeenth

centuries the island was a paradise ol Fitingi p!rates. The history

oi rhe itland is closely rclated to that of Chittagong.

CHAKRASALA. The literal meaning of Chrkrasala is the"abode of the holy chakra." Accordtng to the local Buddhisttradition, the place is attached to tho Dharma Chakra ol Buddhism.

The name is written as Sacossala, Saccasala rnd Saquecala by

;gl667iquo and Bocarro rospectivoty.2 tn Rennell's map it is apelledChanskhola.

The existence of Chakrasala ac early as tha fifteenth century

has been referred to in the vaisnava literature. The place ir aoso-

ciated with many distinguished vai3nsy6 saints during the fifteenthand eixteenth centurio3. Pundarik Vidyenidhi, the great vaisnavaeaint and a nurnber of hir lollowers hailed from Chakrarala. Fromth6 Porruguese cource of the early sixteenlh contuiy wo cometo know that tho Tantrik Brahmanas of chakrasala sacrificed ayourq Portugucse captlve boy to lheir deiry These evidencossugqest rhat the place was a contie ol both Vaisnrvism andSaktism in ths fifreenth and slxteenth centuries. ln thc latc; partol rhe rule of the Husain Shahi dynasty, Chakrasala became in-corporalcd with the 'kingdom' of Khuda Bakheh Khan.

A number of the Poiluguero historlane refer to this place [ntheir works. De Barros, Caetanheda, Bocarro and othcrs narratcaventr that took placc in the territory ol Chakrasala during thelirst half of the sixteenth century. Undcr the Arakanese rule,

Chakrasala formod one ol the adminlstrative unirc. Accoiding toFr Manrique, 'vllalas' or Iande in the torritory ol Chakraeah weiegranted to the Porluguese sea captalnc in exchange ol thsir ser-

vicec of guaiding tho frontler of the kingdom.3

Whilc delining thc geograph:oal boundary of Chakiacala, thejolnt editors ol Mrnrique's Travels write: "lt otietches north-east

1 wa.2 Monrtque, l, 893 tou.

628 | A History of Ch'ttagong

to Comilla, south to Halabun near Cox's Bazar and to lhe east ofChinagong "l Tn" joint editors thus gives Chakrasala en ar€a toolarge lor its actual size. lt is beyond doubt that the place wasmuch bigget than tho pie.;ent villaga of the oamo name. The

editors ol Manrique's Travels include Sacannya (Satkanya) in tha

Magh kingdom of Chakrasala. \Aie are inclined to think lhat theprincipality of Chakrasala during the !rakanese tulc comprised

tho entirc area between llre Karnaphuli and the lVlalamuhuri and

bordered on the principality of Chakaria. During lhe subrequentMughal period, lhe Arakanese principali y of Chakrasala was broken

down into a numbsr of units lcalled thanas). lt has now bsen

reduced to a villago

DIANG lt is ona ol the most widely known places of me-

dioval Chirtagong. The township of Disng is situated betwe en the

hills and the sea shors on '.h€ left b-.nk of the Karnaphuli. 'lhe

name Diang or D,anta or Deang. accorCinq to Dr Blochmann, is

derived fro:n either DakhindangB (southern bank of tho Karnaphuli)

or Brahmaridanga.2 The namo Dieng is undoubtedly of non-nryanand most probably sf fu'lsrrgolan oiigin lts Beng;li form Deans

and Sanskritized folm Devegr;J6it aro met with in the medieval

Bengali works and its Persianistd fotm Deogaon is sern in theAtnJ.Akbori. Under the Afghan rule Deogaon formed ona of the

frve territoriai mahals It has also been known as Bandar sinco

medieval Period.

Tho seventee nth centuly historian Shihabuddin Talish writes:

"i]n the ( fartner ) eide of tha l(arnaphuli, near the mouth and

closo to the village called Firingi. bandar, whero tha Firingi

pirater had their houces."3 ln oersian, bandar means "a landingp'lace, or quay; a saaporl; a harbour; and somglimes also a

custom house." lo the Portuguese and olher Europeens the place

r,vas also known as Bendel rryhich is tho Europoan corruption

of Arabic term bandar. ln Rennell's map, Bandar is located in

I Ma.21ASB,xLil(1873),2323 Fothyo, p, 206

Historical places I 629

lhe sarns position where tnodern Diang stands The BengalSurvey ['lap, sirect no 409 shows Bandar on the left bank ollthe Karnaphuli almrst on its mourh. All these evidences pointout that trs turo places, Diang and Bandar are identical. Theadjoining h ll is known as Diang pahar. During ths Arakanesgperiod tha namg Diang or Diangs was commonly used bulBandar was never forgotten to namo the place.

Ft Fetnandez, a Portuguese missionary visiting Diang in1599 A D, mentions the place, as "a town in thc port of

Chittagong.''l Refering to the placa Fr Du Jarric writes thatit is "Une Ville sise en co port do Chatigam." 1 a village near thaport of Chittagong ). Van der Haiden describes it as "eene stadtinde hrivan t,an Chatigam " All these descriptions are indicativeo! Dianq al forining a subur'o of Cnirtagong iown during the Araka-nosa period. ln Ven den Brouck's map, tho place is correctlyehown on tha ieft ban!< of the K:rn,:oh,-ril near its mouth. ,.Robert,g

map st rled 'Les lnd s ori,entales. l75l' in tho Bibliotheque Nation-ale in Pa;is sho...cs Di;rng in the south of Chittagong on a differ.ent mouih of a rivcr 1 ? the Sankha ). C' Anville's map (!751)at Boc,lein Llbra,y, O>:ford also shows it but in ths north ofChittagong. Robert in his C:rte du Royaum de Siam, 17bl' in.oerts Dianga. Hermaon Moll's map in the Bodlein shows Diangain the same positaon practically as Robart does; Nicholas Vischer,in his map 'lndao Orientalis' shows Dianga in the south of Chi.rtagong. Finally. in the British Muoeum 'General Maps 52450/1830 s 116' by J R Burton Bennett, Deputy Post Master General,Bengal, we get Dianga shown on a separate mouth of the Karn6-

phuli, which proves that it v./as still known."2 The place is alsomentioned by Fr Guerreiro, Fr Manrique and other European writers.During the Mughal period tho place with its adjoining arca was

known as Pargana-e-Diang.

3 a p P, xtv (rgl7l, 148f.

2 Monrique, l, 82n

630 | A Hlrtoly ol Chlttagong

ll msdicval Ramu was chlefly an Atakaneso town, Diang rnay

bc called in the same 8en6o a Portugucw town. During the Ara-

kaneoe poriod it grew to be the principal Portuguese eettlemenl

in Bengal. The Portuguese called it 'Bengala' and 'Cidade dE

Dianga.' From this time the place began to be known ar Firingi

Bandar, or the port of the Firingis. lt became the chlel cento

ol the Portuguese piratical aclivities. The risc and fall of the

Portugu€se townshlp of Diang is closely related to the rise and

lall of the Poituguese power in this region. At pteaent few Chris-

tians live there. But thore is evidence that tho Christlan rcttlemontpcrsisted in that locality as late a. the early patt of the nineteenlh

"rntury.lCHAKARIA. lccording to the local Buddhist tradltion, the

place is associated with Chakra or mcra precieely Buddhist Dhar-

machakra and as such becarne a centre of Buddhist religion andculture during the medieval period. In rhr Rojomolo, the place lsmentioned as Chhakarua. De Barros mentions ,,the city of Cho-coria" a6 one of the "populatcd areas" along the coasl ol thekingdom ol Arakan and places it under tho iurisdiction of the'Ectado de Codavascam' 1tl'e kingdom ol Khuda Bakhsh Khan).Thc narrativeo of De Barroe give an indication thlt Chakaria wasone of tho polts in the klngdom of Khuda Bakhsh Khan.

The name ol the place in varioug folms has been inserted onscveral medieval maps. ln the marrs of Sir Thomas Roe and otPhllippi Chetwind, Cheria and Chaiia 6re respectively shown on thocoast ol Chittagong. ln the map of De Barros, Chacoria is conectlyloceted.ln his mep, Pierre Vander (1727 A D) inserts a place named

Chera where modern Chakaria standr, but he does not dot it. lnRsnnell's map tho name of tho place ie wtitten ae Chuckerya.

During the Alakanese rulo, Chakatia was made an adminir.trativc unit under ths name ol the 'kingdom of Chakarie'. lt walbounded by the 'kingdom of Chakrasala' to the noilh and the'kingdom ol Ramu' lo the south. lt war conquered by the Mughab ln

I'a I P, v! (1910), 21g.zzo

Hlstorical places t 631

1666 A D, but was abandoned soon after. tt was finally sub.jugated by the Mughars in the beginning of the ssvonrsenrh cenrury.

RAMU. The prosant sm ll township ol Rrmu noted for irsAiakanese architecture and scurpture is romantrcaily situat.d amidmountain Bceneiy" The presont sire roug\ly corresDoqds tolhe same in the medieval rrrriod. The name has been ins-arted in soms of the old maps ( oreservsd in the Dhaka Museum ).What is lnserted as 'Golfo cle Rama, (or the gulf of Ramu,t lnPierre Vander's mao ie ieaily tha Bak khali Biver on which thqtown stande Var den Brcuck's meo corrctlv locatss the city.'Asiae Descriptio Nova lmpsnsis' r1666 A D 'l insarts Rama rothe north of Arekan Other maos on whlch Ramu is mtrked asa place of imoortance arrl d' Anvilo's map, Paris, 17Bl; NicholasVischera's mao 'lndaq Orientalls; Bodlein Librarv mcps; and themtp by the Deputy Postmaster General of Bangal, 1852.

Various sourcos 6xpross different viawr regarding the orig!nof the na'.ne Ramu, Aecording to Buddhlst sources the nameRamu is the surviving trtco of ,Ramma,, ,gamyaka. o, Ramya-bhumi' meaning 'the land of picturesque scenery,,l by whichthc whole of ths area was oncs known in lhc past. Dr R BBarua want to indentify Remu with Ramma or Rammanadega otPali eciipturas. 2 According to the joint editoro of Manrique,sTravels, Rrmu ls a corrupt form of ,Raja myo, meaning the kin',otown. 3 The soktl songom Tontto refers to a prace Ramakshetraby namc as a conlro ol Sakrism. This place may be idenr.fiedwith modern Ramkot gituated amid tho picturesque grouping olhills on the left bank of thc Bak.khali Rivar. The presenr sitcof Ramkot contains heaos of ancient brlckbats and terracottaplaques which give indications of the antiquiry of the site. A

1 See suDro, p. I 62!nsBD,xvt (1971),2s63 Monrlque, 1.94n. The word myo msan, lown, lbtd., F. gln.4 Rojqmolo, l, 85

632 I A History ot Chittagong

Iarge number of brol<en pioces of scul,rtures and other relics lisscattered in and around the hillock on which a Buddhist 1s6,ple

of later tirnes slands. Theoe surviving tracss place R:mkct in tha

. ancient map of the country. ln tho madroval works such as rno

Rojomalo, Alomgirnomo arrd Bengali puthis Ramu is wriuen as Ranrbu,

. Medieval Ramu was perfoctly an Arakanese town. lt gained

sirategic and administfative impcrtance under the A.rakanese regime.

The position of the city on the high road between Chittagong and

Arakan proper fitted it to be the mosl strategic place not only

in the province of Chittagong but in thc kingdom of trakan as a

whole. The place was so important that the whols of the A'raka'

nese kingdom was calisd by Ralph Fitch (1583 9l A D) as th.'kingdom of Ramu and Reoon.l The town was known lo the Ara-

kaness as Panwa anrl the governor ol thei town was called as

Pomaja ( < Panwa sa, the eater or collector of Panwa) 2 Manriqus

describas Ramu as "the chief town in this district (Chittagong)

and the usual seat of the viceroy in-charge."3 Tracec of Araka-

nese burial place are observable n6ar the Bamkot templss.

The Alakanese culture was predominant in Bamu-Co.'s Bazar

area and a large number of Buddhist lemples, called kiyangs wore

erected during the Arakanese period and after. The architectural

style of these buildings are esscntlally Burmsn and most of the

statuos installed in these templee were cast in Burma.

1 Foster, Rolph Fltch, p. 26

2 Monrlque, l, 94n

3 wa. p. 276

Appendix 2. Medieual City ot Chittegong

The port town of Ghittagong, rhe commercial capital of Bang-Iadesh, like all orher cities ond towns on earth gains or loosesfortune with the change ol political circumstances. The origin ofthe city of Chittagong mems rooted in the ancient period. FromTaranath's account it is known rhat ,,Chatigrama was an importantcity of Bengal in that early period lrhe pala period).,,l Under rhelndepsndent sultanare of Bengal it was nor only the gre.t€st portof Bengal but one of the prrncipal seaporto of the subconrinent.Its importance in the trade and commsrce ol Bengrl during thst timecan be ascertained from the accounts of the Portuguese chroniclers.Dom Joao dc Leyffi. d portuguese siyilg6rvant (1b18 A D), men.tions Chittagong cs ,,a big and a populous city.,,2 ln the estima-tion of De Barros, ,,Chittagong is the most famous and wealthycity ol the kingdom ol Bengal, on account of its port, at whichmeets the traffic of all that eastern regi6p.,,3 Referrrng to ths por_tuguese authoritles, campos writes rhat ,'when the portuquose cameto Bengal, Chittagong was its chief port, and rhe main garewayto the royal capital Gaud.,.{ Under the Arakaneso rggims, ,,thscity of Chatigan," according to Fr Manrique. was . a place of thefirst importancc and the masrer key ro rhe wholo Magh Empire..,5some information about tho slzo and extenr of the town harre beenbtought to our knowledge by the foreign rravellers and nativehistorians. According to thc author of rhe Ain-l Akbori, Chittagongwas "a large city...and an excellent po,t.,,6 Caeear Fredericke 1l c6gA D) doacribos Chittagong as .,a groat herbour or port.,,7 A Chri-

6 iln, lr, rg77 Purchos, x, 1 35

634 I A Hlrtory ol Chlttagong

etian micsionary while visiting':'g6ittagong in 1598 A D relers toit as "the great harbour and town."l De Laet (1593-1649 A D)

praicer Chittegong cs "a fine town" ol Bengal Accolding to Lln'

echoten, it was "the chiefe towno of Bengala."2 Fr Feinao Guerreiro

(1602 A D) makes a rcmark that Chitlagong is "one ol the principal

eities and portc of Bengal...a very rich and busy city."3 A Dutch

factor whilc visiting Arakan rpeaks of Chittagong as the hoofstadt

or chiel town.4 Nasrullah Khan, a poet of tha Mughal period,

writer that the town was of great eize previous to his age's

According to tho Rlyoz us Solotln, "lslamabad, alias Chatgaon, ltom

tncicnl times has been a targe town."6 All these remarks and ob-

tervrtions ouggest that the town was of conslderable size and

lmportance during the Arakanese period. The townehip of Chitta-gong scems to possess great vitality. lt was ravaged and destro-yed by thc invaders and pirates for several times but each timeit emetged lrom the otate of destructjon with former grandeur. ltscommerclal importance, however, began to decline during theMughal period becaure of its insecurc position noar the Arakanese

frontici, its distance from rhe provincial capital, rapid rise ofCalcutta port and the decline of mercantilo activitios of the Euiopean

{rlderr.

The geographical posltion of the medieval township ol Chi.tttgong can be determined from some sixteenth lnd rovontecnth

centuries maps and charts, preserved in tho Dhaka grr6um and

elsewhere. The maps ol De Barros (1540 A D), Blaev, Vln den

Brouck (1660 A D) place Chatigan or Xatlgan on rhe northernbank of tho Karnaphuli almost at its mouth. ln GastalCi'r map

t a p P,2, xtv(1917), l4g2 or,H l. p 2043 Guerreiro, pp. 185, 2384 Moreland, From Akbor to5 q;oq'+11q rrI rlET

Sohltyo Pgrlshod ?otrlko,6 Riyoz, p. 41

Aurongzlb, p. 46n.

tEq cqrccqcl ctc. qlextra number, 1309 B $, p. 39

Medieval City ol Chitrcgong | 638

(1561 { D), Cattigrn (Chittagong) ie shown ro the cast of thoeastero branch of an unidentilied rlver. The lndia orientalis (lsg7A D) locues Catigan ( Chitragong ). De Laet ( tS93-t6C9 A D )correctly locates chittagong ,'230o north of tho Equator.,,l VanLinss6sl.r ! I598 A D) gtares the posirion of the town as follows:"FIom this river ( ? rhe Karnaphuli) €asrward lilty mileo lyerh rhotowno of chatigam."2 Needloss to say thar rhe informarion suppliedby our traveller abour the location of the town tacks confirma-tion' Rejecting the evidence ol tinschoten, rhe authore of rhe Hobson-

lobson writes that there is "no roason to supposo rhat Linschotonhad himsell been to Chitragong.',3 !n 1727 A D Alexander Hamil,ton correctlv places Chittagong ,,about fifty leaguas below Dacca.',4

To defend a srrategically and a commercially important placeliko chitragong, !n establishment of come kind of delensive workrwas felt necossary by the rulcre of thc country. The existenceof a fort in chirtagong datos brck ro rhe days of the tndependcnrSultanate of Bengal. According to tho Rojamalo, the pathan fonin Chittagong was oo strongly built that on one occacion thcinvading Tripura army lalled in c.ptuling lt svcn alter r Gon-linued geizure of tong eight monthc.6

Ihe Arakanese fort togelher with ito militaty onclosuiec wal"in strength", in lhe opinion ol Talirh, ,'llvals thc rampan of Alexan-der."6 Nothing remains of this masoive rtructurc becaurc of iroburning and pulling down by the invading Mughal amy in 1666A D. Ihe "large, wide and decp tank"7 on thc nonh .ido otrhe fort may be identified wirh modem Laldighi but rhe wido

1 D" Le.t, op. ctt,, p. 7a2 ot, H l, p. 2043 Ma.4 tua.5 See supro, p. 1946 Fothyo, p, l8t7 tou.

636 | A History of Chittagong

channel inside the fon has now been rcduced to a nartow waterpassage to carry olf liquid discharges and supellluous wat6r otthe nearby hills. The ruins of the foil cannot be recognised atpresent owing ro th6 drastic alterations that took place duringthe subsequent petiod.

The outer enclosure of the foil, according to Talish's naration,connecled atl the hills, high or low encircling the Laldighi tank.Talirh writes that, ' tho lower hills have been heaped over withearth, and raised to the level of the higher on"s."1 H" furtheretates : "All these hills have been scarped cylindrically, fortilied,and named tho fort (of Chatoaon)."2 tt appeats from the narra.tion ol Talrsh that the outer wall, which was probably bullt bypiling of earth, joined rhe modern Kotwali Hill, Badarpatti Hill,Jamal Khan Hill, Rangmahal Hilt, Paradise Hill, Tempest Hill.Fa ry Hrll aod olowly descended in rhe plains near the river bank.Modern Bandcl Road plobably aerved as a passage that connecredthe rivel baok with the main ontranco into the fort. The residenceol th€ Arakanese viceroy of Chittagong was siruated within theforl. The principal Buddhisr temple was situared on tho RangmatralHill lrom whcre a large image of Lord Buddha has recenrly beendug out.

The Mughal piovince of Chittagong was exposed to rhedanger of attacks by the Arakaneso artd European piratoi Todefend the port town from the anack of the enemy, the Mughalselthel erected a new fort near the otder Arakanesc fort or rebuiltrhe demolished Arakanese fort. The existence ol the Mughal forrin the town as late as thr time of the cession is conlirmed byrhe Earthquake Report in 1i62 A D.3 At present no tiaco of thetort is found except the name of Andarkilla ( < andar i qillah or in,torior Part of the fort).

1 tbtd., p. lBo2 tbrd.3 / r s B, xrt (t843), rg45

Medieval City ol Chltugong 1637

Many ol the place namor of the ptosent day town lncludingits cuburben aroas date back to thc Mughal period. The place

namos such as Jamal Khan, Ghat Farhad Beg, Rahmalganj, Fidai-

Khan Bag ouggost that tha placos weie either settlcd by or narned

alter soms Mughal olficers. These oponymous places not only

lurnish a rough idea of the town planning of the Mughal town;

ship of Chittagong but also indicate the extenl ol the town during

that period.

tt may be suggested that the Mughal township ol Ghittagong

(nijshahr) comprised roughly the mahallat now under the iurisdic'rion of Kotwali. Korwal 1lir. the lord of a kot or fort) wae rhe

chiel vigilance olficer in the Mughal urban administration; there-

fore, the area undcr the Kotwali must havg formed the substantial

portron of the Mughal city ol Chittagong

The traces of residential quatters ol the faujdal and othet

grandees for example diwans, bakhshls, naibs, deroghao and tho peo'

ple ol rank and lile cannot be satisfactorily located. Most probably,

their quarters were localed within the fort and its adioining area.

It was a practico al that timo that tho qanungog either lived

perronally in the town or stationed their agents ln lhe court of

rhe hujdar in connexion with the revenue Itansactions.l As Chirta'

gong was a strategrc lrontier town of the Mughal Empire, a largrnumber of soldiers had to be garrisoned in the town alea. Business

magnares 3no polly traders lived in the lown ln connexion withtheir commercial purposes. Sio the inhabltants of the town con'

sisted of heterogcneouc classes aod interestr.

The chief re:ldential areas in the town duling the Mugholperiod wore as followr: Pathantooly sugg€3ls the area inhabitad

by the Pathana, Mughalpura was named atter the residential area olsome Mughal olfrcers. The Portuguece and tho nativc Chrirtians

have since thc Arakanese period been living ncar the marginal

area of the river. fhe Fothyo-l-lbbrlya gives evidence of the exis-

tence of the Poltugugse sottlemonl in tho area complicing modern

I Hunter, op cit., p. 112

638 | A Hietory of Chittagong

Pdrharghata and Firingibazar Mahallas.t The place is still th6principal residential area of the native Christians. Holisahar is

Bengali corruption ol Persian haveli-i-sahar or disrrict headquarters.Hazaritola has bssn named after a hazari mrnsabdar whose resi-dential quarter was 6ituated there.

Medieval religious edilces throw light on the se ttled area

of rhe city at that time. Mosr of rhese buiidings are loundwithin a radius ol one and half miles from Andarkilla. The exis-tence of a large number of tne Mughal religious structures inChiwkbazar area tostifies to the lact fhat the area grew to beone of the most crowded residen'iel areas ol the city during thelate Mugnal period.

The prlncipal mosquer in the town during rhe Mughal period

wele Jarne Sangin mzsqJs, Oadam Mubara'< mosque, \Aiali Khan'smosque and Han,zr Khan's mosque. The E dgah or tne place ofolfering Eid prayer in the town was situatad at Agrabad, rho foun-dation of which is ascribed to Nawab Hasan Ouli Khan.2 The

chiet l-llndu ternples anC a Sikh Gurudwara are situated jn Chawl.-bazt,

Ths chief business contre of the ciry wai whar hao since his-torian Bacarro's time (l7th century) baen named Bandel,3 toca.led between thc fort and the river. Modern Bandel area has baenthe chiel seet of trade in the city since medierral period. lt maybe imagined that merchants of distant places anchored their ehipe

in the river alld galhored in this placa for purchase of and sale

of commodities. Native retailers erected stalls in thie place andexposcd their merchandise for sale'

Market places lor the daily necessaties can be recognlzedby the places surnamgd as grnj, bazar, hat ctc. The lollowlngmarket plac)s owo thsir origin to tlre Mughal period. Chawk-

1 See su1ro, g. 3352 Tortkh, p. 883 Bo"aro mantions

Chatigao, vlde,

the Bendal (9 Pe.eian bandar or mart) deH. /, p. 58

Medieval City of Chirtagong | 639

baz:r (principal market ol the town), Dewanbazar, Dewanhar(named after one or more dewans), Rahamatgani (either namedalter or establighed by Faujdar Rahamatul'ah Khan), Bakhshirhat(either named after or established by an anonymous bakhshi), Firin-

gibazar (Christian market), Agtriganj,l Kasimbazar,2 Nanakganl.3

The chief stroets ol the city were Dewan Bazar Chandanpurastr€et eonnecting Andarkilla and Chawkbrzrr and Bandel-Firingi Bazar

street connocting Andarkilla and the rivor bank.

Tho exisience of some ghats or naval stopping places on lheriver bank oates back te the Mughal period. Ghat Farhad Beg

commemorates the services ol Farhad Eeg as a faujdar ol Chi-

tlagong. This ghat in true sense of the lorm has now been extinct

cwing to tho shrinking back of lhe liver. The existence of Chaktaighat, situated near the confluence of thc Chaktai Khal and the

Karnaphuli dates back to tho Mughal period Saor Ghat lprincipalghat) gained importance with tho decadence of other rwo ghats

aso result of the change of river courEo. Patharghata has come

into exisrence since ths Mughal period.4

The city had aome dlghio or ressrvoirs ol still water. Some

o{ them wero of natutal formation, others were artificiarly fo'-rned by embanking ono or two sides. The excavalion of oorns

dighis especially thoee adjoining to medieval masjidr and olhcr

typas of religior.rs odifices owe to the pe rsons desirous of pet'

I fhe Eorthquoke Report' (l A S 8, Xll (1S43), 1045) rnentions thie

place.

2 S P ?, Extra Number, 1309 B S, p. 39, The place cannot be preci

sely located.

3 s.d"n Survey Map

4 Th" nams Pathatghata occurs in the 'Earthquake Report, 1762,'

(J AS B, Xll (1843), 1044) and in the Early Blitish Records.

i

i

II

t{t

IiI

.j(I

l

640 I A Hletory ol Chlttagong

forming chaiitable works. Such dighis as Laldighi,l Ashkrr Khan'sdighi, Kamaldaha (vulgarly callod Kaldah near Wali Khan'smarjid and Radhamadhab temple) etc. provided the city dwell-ere with watcr for drinking and bathing.

Two of the most notoworthy spots of the town were JahanNuma2 and Bag Moniiam. Thc formar spot has besn referred toin thc tongnamo of poet Narrullah Khan. ll saemr that this wasthe Mughal namc ol modern Fairy Hill. The poet states thrt a

cot wts erecred by lhe governor of Chitta3ong oil ths top olthe hill from where unobrtructed space of great cxtent could be

scen by bare eye. Bag Monirrm wa6 a garden or pleasurercsoit built by Dewan lVloniram adjacent to his residence. Thegentle flowing rlver, the rushing streemlets, the emarald groen

hills and man made gardens and reservoirs must have lent beautyand enchantment to this easternmost Mughal city.

1 Tnir Is probably tho British name of the celebrated Mughaldishi.2 cct T{rtortil "rr Bs1 ,so {r{RiI

tqtq'rqo u0src'rts,l ...

et tflts qa;"fr{ qpt ;rrTl QGi.d ;{rcqafl <tc ffi'c{ <{; [rrt I

qt S P P, Extia Number, 1309 B S, p. 39,

)

I

I

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ln the selected bibliograohy only those works which havebeen most helpful in wriring the book are listod. Orher sourcesare cited in the footnores.

Original Sources- Arabic and persian

Abul Fazl, Allami. Ain-i Akbori.3 vols. Vol. i, rrans. H Btrochmann.Calcutta: Bi'dliotheca lndica. 187? and 1877 Vols. 2 and 3trans. H S Jarrott, Calcutta 1891. Jarrett,s translarion of vols2 and 3 has been rovised and further annot^tecr by J N sarkar.Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society. 1g49 and 1948. R+o,intedby Oriental Books Reprinr Corporarion, New Delhi, l97g Thisvaluable book may rightly be called an encyclopaedia of medi_eval lndia.

Colendor of Perslqn Correspondence, 8 vols. Government of lndia

Hlstory of lndio os told by its own Historions, ed. H M Elliot andJ Dowson. 8 vols. London, 1867 1877. This wo'k is one ofthe most imporrant collection of source books translated fromArabic and Persian originals.

lbn Battuta, Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abu Allah al Lawatiat Tanji. Rohelo or frovels in Asio ond Afrtco tranr H A R

Gibb. London: The Broaclway Travellers, Rourlege I KeganPaul ttd, 1953. Ibn Battuta, the calebrated Moroccan lrave.ller entered rhe kint dom of Sonargaon thlough the port townof Sadkawan which is generally idenrilied with Ch,tragong Thetraveller has left an interesring account about the polirical

642 | A Htstory ol Chltragong

and economic condition ol the kingdom of Sonargaon, whichincluded Chittagong.

lslamabrdi, Maulvi Hamidullah Khan Bahadur. Ahodtth ol Khwontn

or Tarlkh.i-Chotgom. Calcuttae Mazharul Ajaeb, 197t. MvHamidultrah Khan, a scholar, poat and sincere invostigator wastho tirs? Chittagonian lo write a history of the disrricr. Although his work lacks methodical ireatment of historical deta.ils, it ia valuable for more than one reason. First, he faith-fullv collected the available traditions and hearsay evidencesrelating ro tho histo:y of Chittagong Secondly. he describesthe ruined sitcs, but lor which they would have been forgo-tten. Thirdly, the table which contains the names of theMughal faujdars and other officers with thoir periods of ser-vices is valuable for us in reconstructing the history ol Chi-ttagong under Mughal rule. Lastly, the book contains an 8cc-ount of some Muslim and Hindu arisrocraric fanilies ln short,the book supplies a Iot of informarion regarding rhe historyof lChittagong.

Kozirn, Muhammad. ,Qiomglrnomoh. This useful book records theMughal conquest of Chittagong in detail. When Fothyo-l-tbbriyo,

our chief source regerding the Mughal conquest of Chittagongabruotly atopo iust after the cepture of Chatgaon fort, Atom-

glrnomah appears as the principal source of infolmation aboutthe €vents that followed. The porrion necessary for us hasbeen translated by J i,l Sarkar in the (tudles in Aurangzib,s

Reign and A Salam in his edite d work on the Rlyoz-us.Solottn.

Khan, Saqi M'rstad. Moothlr-i-AlamEiil, ltan,s. J N Sarkar Calcutta :

Asiatic Society of Bengal, t 947

Nathan, Mirza. lShitab Khan). Bohorlston i-Ghoibi, 2 vols. trans.M I Borah. Gauhati : Government of Assam, 1936. !t is avery useful work regarding the political events in the firstquarter of the soventoenth cantury. lt records somg of thecontemporary events, lor example, the lnvasions ol the Mughalc

Bibliography ! 643

and the Arakanese in each other's teruitory. The faithfulaccount of the events undoubteoly deserve admiration,

Salim, Ghulam Husain. Rtyoz us Sqlotin, trans Maulvi Abdus Salam.Delhi : ldarah-i- ddabiyat.i-Delli, 197S. 't his original work con-tains the narrative of tho political events interrelared withsocial condition of medieval Bengal.

Talish, Shihabuddin Ahmad. Fathyo-i lhhriyo Supplemenrary texrin Bodlein Library, Oxford. The portion necessary for us hasbeen translated by J N Sarkar in the Studies in Aurangzio.s Reign.It is an extremely valuable book as a contemporary recordof the Mughal conquest of Chittagong. There were very few medi-eval lndian historians who had such keen insight and won-derful geographical knowledge of the countries about whichthey were writing. The book throws light on muslim conqu-est of Chitlagsng. Arakanese administration in Cnittagong andfinally, the Mughal conquest sf Chittagong. Besides, the booksheds light upcn the Portuguese aotivities and their manneroand rnorals in Arakan-Chittagong region.

rrcoties, Engogements ond sonods, vol. i, ed. Aitchison, lt containsthe agreement between Nawab Mir oesim and the East IndiaCompany by which Ghittagong was ceded to the latter.

Original Sources_ Bengali

Bonglo Frochin Puthir viboron, ed. Munshi Abdul Karim sahityaVisherad. Celcutta : Bangiya Sahitya Parishadr tt contains anumber of puthis written by the local poets.

Brindavan Dag. Choitonyo Bhogovoto, The book is of specialimportance with rospect to our own study as it throws lighton the biography of some vaisnava eaints of mediaval Chitta-gong, who played a very remarkable role in the Sri Chaitanya movement.

644 i A History of Chirtagong

Kasem, Etim. "Aora De Barros prasasti," Bongta Acodemy pouiko,

1365 B S. This oulogisric puthi, edited and annorared byAhmad Snar,f, prrmarrly deals wrrh a Portuguese tamily Iivingat Fatrkchhari u. z during the later part of tho eightoenthceniury lr also mentrons sorne Mughal administrative posts anda number of zamindar families belonging to the period.

Kaviraj. Krishnadas. Chgttonyo Choritomrito

Khan, Daular Wazir Bahram. Loili Mojnu, ed. Ahmad Sharit. Dacca:Bengali Academy, 1957

Khan, Muhammad. Moqtul Husoin. Fragments of this work are quo-ted in Banglo Prochtn Puthir Viboran, paft I and Bongiyo SohltyoParishot Potrrko addl. no, 1310 B S. The work contains twogenealogical tables, the one relating to poer's ancestor andthe otner relating to a lineage of pirs. These two genealogicaltables which refer to some historical persons have been dis.

. cussed by a hmad Sharif in th€ Soh,ryo potriko, 1369 B S,Abdul Karim in the Sohiryo Potriks, 1371 B 6, and SukumarSen in Bonglo Sohtyer ltihos.

Khondakar, Nasrullah. Shoriyot Nomo, ed. Abdui Karim, ,pandulipi,,

Bangia Sahitya Samiti, University of Chirtagong, part !x, 139tB S. The author. a native of Chittagong while urging rheMuslims to abide by the prescriptions and prohibitions, g!vesa vivrd description of the condrtion of the contemporary societyand addiction of his correligionists to non-lslamic practices.

The book ls of immense value regarding the study of the mid-eighteenth century social lrfe of the common people ol Chittagong'

Long, Reverend James. "Analysis of the Bengali poam Rajamalaor chroniclos of Tripura,' I A S B, vol, 19, 1BS0

Nandi, Srikar Mohobkoroto-Aswomedhoporvo, popularly called Chhuti

Khooi Mohobhorotd.eds. D C Sen and B B Kavyatirtha. Calcutta:Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 1312 B S. Fragments of it are

quotod by D C Sen in Eongobhosho O Sahityo and S Sen in Eangla

Bibliography I 645

Sahityer /tihas. This ftanslatory work, composed under the patro-

nage of Cl'rhtrti Khan, the Husain Shahi governor and thagrandson of Majlis-i ala Rasti Khan, gives reference to the

accomplishnrents of the patron.

Farameswar. Kavindra. Mahabharata, popularly called Paragsli y6.ha>harata, ed. Gaurinath Shastri, Dhubri, Assam. Fragments ofthis rrvo k can be read in Bangabhasha O Sahitya by D C

Sun and Benglo Suhityer ltihas by S sen. This earliest translationof ff,e lvlahabharata gives reference to the accomlishmenlsof Paragal Khan, a governor of northern Chirtagong.

Purba Bongo Gitika, ed. D C Sen. This famous collection ol East

Bengal baliac;s conrains two local posms namely Shu jaTanayar Bilap aod Part Banur Hanhala which give teferenceto tne sojourn of Piince Shuja in Chiilagong and his subsequentIand journey to Araksn. Alexander Dow, while referring to theauthenticity of these ballads, writes : "Piara Banu, thef avourite, the on11, wifo of Suja, was so famed for her witand beauty, that many songs in her praise are still sungin Eengzl," (iii, 33t)

Puthi Parichiti, ed. Ahmad sharif. Dacca: Dacca University, !959.It contains fragmentary portions of puthis, collected by MvAbdui Karim sahitya visharad. The book ie a srore of infor-mation regarding the sociar and crrrtural condition of thedistrict during the Iote medieval period.

-- Aoirr---- - -a::r--a,::.:- - -__----_-

-r,;;-;- ";i:;;,-m;"

:; ";;; ;ia'i," ..iii': oT,.?i.*r

z7/.za-)?.742-tzz'.z.zza-72./-z?.zzzrzzzaz?z-zr4

Sc( P.ajasra(a sr ths Trilsra Chssnit(t, \ahrrts i to i\i, Ed. K pSen. Agartaia: Government of Tripura, 1336-37 Tripura Era.Tlris book rhough deals chiefly with the dynastic history ofthe 'tripura kin2s is of immeasurablo help in reconstructingtho histury of the disrrict especially during the sixteenth cen-tury A D. On occasions, it becomes the primary cource of

Blbliography t 648

Sahityer /tihas. This translatory work, composed under the patro-nage of Cl'rhuti Khan, the Husain Shahi governor and rhagrandson crf Majlis-i rrla Rasti Khan, gives reference to theaccomplishnTentB of the patron.

Farameswar, Kavindra. [L4ahabharata, popularly cal]ed Parag2li ys-he>harata, ed. Gaurinarh Shastri, Dhubri, Assam. Fragments ofthio rrvo k can be read in Bangabhasha O Sahitya by D C

Sun and Bcnglo Suhityer ltihas by S sen. This earliest translationof ffe ldahabharata gives reference to the accomlishmenlsof Paragal Khan, a governor of northern Chittagong.

Purba Bongo Gitika, ed. D C Sen. This lamous collection of EastBengal baliacs conrains two local poams namely Shu jaTanayar Bilap and Part Banur Hanhala which give referenceto tne sojourn of Piince shuja in chittagong and his subsequentland journey to Araksn. Alexander Dow, while refening to theauthenticity of these ballads, writes: "piara Banu, thef avourite, the only wife of Suja, was so famed for her witand beauty, that many songs in her praise are stil sungin Bengal," (iii, 331)

Purhi parichiti, ed. Ahmad Sharif. Dacca: Dacca University, !9bg.It contains fragmentary portions of puthis, collected by MvAbdui Karim sahitya visharad. The book ie a srore of infor-mation regarding the social and crrltural condition of thodistrict c!uring the Iote medieval period.

sri chaitanyo chariter tJpadan, Biman Bihari [traju'ndar. calculta:calcurta University. 1959. The book gives reference to theIives and activities of some vaisnava sainrs of medievalChittagong and thus it has informative value.

Sri Rajamala or the Tripura Chronicle, Iaharas i to iii, ed. K pSen. Agartaia: Government of Tripura, 1336-37 Trlpura Era.This book rhough deals chiefly wirh the dynastic history ofthe 'tripura kin2s is of immeasurablo help in reconstructing:rhe histury of the disrrict especially during the oixteenth cen-tury A D. On ocoasions, it becomes the primary sourcs of

6co t R Hisrory oi chittagong

knowledgo of the contemporary history of rhe distract, Thebook throwe light on thc rivalry between the Tripura kings,tho Gaud sultans and the Arakaneso lings for holAing rhepossession of chittagong. rhe information contained in thebook is generally reliable.

Original Source-.portuguese, gpanish

Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Barbosa, vol. ii, trans. M L Dames.London: Hakluyt Sociery, 1gZ1

Bocarro, Antonio. Decada da Historia da lndta, Lisboa, lg76

Cortea, Gaspar. Lendas da lndta, Lisboa, 18bB

De Barros, Joao. Decade da Asia, Lisboa, 1771. De Barros(c. 1496-1570) is calted ,'the Livy ot portugal,'. His volu-minous history contains invaluable accounts ol evenrs in Chi-ttagong during Husaln Shahi and Afghan periode. Decadeiv conrains a chaprer especially devoted to rhe history of rhakingdom of Bengal during the sixtoenth century. He nevervisited lndia, but had speeial facilrties for his study as anolficial in the lndia Office at Lisbon, He might also havecollectod materials for his history from his son who had joinedthe Portuguese army in lndia and died in an ongagement. DeBarros served from 1525 to 1532 as a treasuror, from 1532to 1567 as a crown agent in the lndia House, Lisbon. lnthat cepacity hs must have collected much of the valuablematerial for his book. His personal remarka on the eventsmay somotimes seem biased but the events related ln his bookaro extremely valuable in reconstrucling tho contemporary his-tory of this part of the country. His account has been usedby Iater Portuguese historians. The map atfixed to Cep. iol Dec. iv, Liv. ix is a valuable source of inrormation regard-ing the narural and political divisions, location of places etc.The secondary sources such as Danvers' The pottuguese Inlndla, Campos's .History of the fortuguese in Bengal lost upon

Bibliography | 6+7

the accounts supplied by De Berros and other Portuguesehistorians.

De Castanheda, Farnao Lopez. Histo."ia do Descobrimento e Conquistoda lndra pelos Portugueses, Lisboa. This famous historicar workthrows ample light on the political condition of Chittagongunder the later Husain Shahi rulers. ,,The historian came tolndia in i1528. He is said to havo travelled all cver porruguese

lndia with the laudable desire of testing and correcling hishistory" (l A S B, v. 42 (1873), t95)

Da Couto, Da Asia. Lisboa, 1777

Guerreiro, Father Fernao. Tfie Relations. Fragmentary rians. C HPayne, Jahangir and the Jesuits London: George Rourlege glions, Lrd., 1930. The book illuminates rhe political eventsin the beginning of the seventeenth century.

Hosten, Father H. , Mjssionaiy Ietters and AIIied papers on Bengal,Arakan and Burma (lsgg-l609)", The cathoric Herard of tndia,calcutta, August. I g30

"A list of Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in Bengal and -Burma (1576-1742)", J A S B, Vtt, 1911

- - - - -."Jesuit Lstters from Bengal, Arakan arrd Burma l Egg-1660),,,B P P. XXX, 1925

Manrique, Fray Sebastian. The frayels of Fray Sebastian lllawique,2 vols., trans. C F Luard and H Hosten. L,ondon: Hakluyr,Socic,ty, 1926-27. This celebrated portuguese missionary tra-veller stayed in Chittagong from 1629 to l63l for rho purpose

of missionary activities. His irinerary sl-recls Iight profuselyuDon the political and social condition. This travel book,excellently edited by two reputed scholars may be calleda mine of information.

Souza, Falia e. History of the Portugurse congu€sts in .Asia, 3 vols.trans. Captain John Stephens. London: C Burome. 169/:95.A good source of information about tho Portuguese activitiesin Ch:ttagong.Arakan region in the sixteenih and seve nteenthcenturiee.

i

tI

648 I A Hlstory ot Chirtagong

Teixeira. Padro. Trovels of Podrc Teixeiro, London: Hakluyt society.MDCCCCil

Original Sources -European other than Portuguese,Spanish and English

Bernier, Francois. Trovels in the Mogul Empirc, 1656.1668 ed. Archibald Gonstable. New Delhi: S Chand I Co (pvr) Ltd. 1972.The book throws ample light on the political events duringthe middle part of the seventeenth century. lt also refers tothe aontemporary Portuguese Society in Arallan-Chitragongregion.

Doghregister (The\. lts full title is the Doghregister Gehouden in.o

Cgsreel Botovio or the Daily Register kept in the Casrle ofBatavia being the official records of ths Dutch East lndiaCompany. This compilation work contains a gre,qt rnass of paoerswhich profusely shed lrght on the Durch activiries in SouthEast Asia. The Daghregister, being a coi-ltemBorary factualaccount. is vary valuable source of inforrnation about theeconomic condition of rhe kingdom of Arakan to which Chi.ttagong was a subject province. As it is not possible for thepresent cuthor to go lhrough the original work. he has todeoend upon secondary sources such as artic]as published in

ditferent journals,

Ds Laet. John. Empire of the Greot M.agol, lrans. J S Hoyland

De Laval, Francois Pyrard. The Voyage of Froncois Pyrord of Lovol,

trans Albert Gray London :! Hakluyt Society, MDCCCLXXX-Vl l. Pyrard was a native of Franco. During his sojournin the Maldives. the Alsksn6se pirates plundered rhe groupof islands. They took the traveller to be a portuquese,

their enemy. Pyrard was brought caprive to Clrittagong, butwhen it was disclosed that ho was a Frgnchman he wasimmediately set free and given a warm reception The lraveller stayed in Chirtagong for abcut one month (1607,,,a

Bibliography I 649

monrh's sojourn!,). By rhis rime pyra,'d misrook Chittagonglor a subject province ol the kingdom of Bengal. Ihe con-fusion goes ro such an oxtent that he makes ,the king ofArakan,, a 'tributary, to thc lvlrrghal Emporor. This was thereason why celtain anomalies cropped up in his narrative.Nevertheless, his itinerary is a priceress source of informatronabout rhe potitical condirion, agrrculrural and industrial pro-ducts, overseas trade anr, porrugu"r" men and n orals.Fitch, Ralph, His travel book has boen translared inro English byJ H Ryley, London, 1g9g and Foster in Eorly Trovels tn indio,Monucci, Niccolao. Stotia do Mogor, truns \Ailliam lrvine. Lon-don : John Murray, l goe_1 g0g Mans6sl, s56 nored Vene_tian rraveller ataleC in tndia from l653 ro 1703. Vol. j

rh'ows Iight on rhe ,rrght of shah shuja and the portuguesesociety in Chittagong. Vol. ii gives the traveller,s own versionof the Mughal conquest of Cnittagong.

Periplus of the Erythraean sea lThe). rrans. wilfred H schoff.New York: Longmans, Green and Co. t9l2Tavernier, John Baptists. Travels in lndia. Calcurta: Bangabasi

Press, 1905

Van tinschoten, John Huyghen. The Voyage of John HuyghenVan Linschoten to the East lnAies. Vol. i ,r"n"- er.n-;ll andvol.ii trans. pieter Anton Tiele, 1gg4 Linschoren,s observa-tion on lhe contempotaty portugucsa sociery is nf immensevelue. Purchas,s fragmentary rranslation in his ptlgrims, vol.x roughly satisties our need.

Original Sources_English

A Bengal Atlos (17g3), sketched by Jamos Rennell, Calculra,1910. The volume of maps drawn by rhe frrst surveyor generalol lndia is much hetpful to us for the knowledge of rnellace-name8 and their geographieal position at the timc of tho rer-

6Ej0 I A Hlcrory ot Chitragone

mination of the Mughel ruls. Many of rhe placenamcs arectill bejng marked on the modern maps whlle others havelost their exisrence stnce thr..n.

Songlodesh District Records, Chittagong vol. i. t76O-t7g7,Dacca: Univelslly of Dacca, lgTg

Bengol District Records, Chittogong, vcl. i, 1760.1775. Calcurra,192?

Bengal Public Consultotions

Earty Trovets in tndio, 15g3-1619, ed, William Foster. Iondon:Humphrey Millord, Oxford Universiry precs. 1g21. Tha bookcontainr the travalling accounts of Ralptl Fitch, Vr,illiam Frnchhnd othore.

English Factories in lndio (The), ed. William Fortor, t6l8_t6h9,Oxford: Clarendon prees, 1906-1g27, 13 vob.

English Factories in tndio (The), 1670-1684 ed. Chartes Faw.cett, Oxford: Clarendon press, 1936_lg5S 4 vole.

Fifth Report from the Select Committre of the House of Commons on the Affairs of the Eost lndia Compony (1g12),3 vola., ed. W K Firminger. Calcutrr: R Canbrary g Co.,191i. The. reporr being a stand:rd authority on tand tenureste of great value regarding not only the ,evenue administrarionbut also the general administratioi of the district under Iaterlllughal iule. vol. r contains two lettere of vererst which throwlight on the revenueo of chitragong at the time of the cession.

Fourth Report from the Committee of Surrey oppointed to en- -quire into the stote of the East lndio Compa.ny, 171J

Francio, Phillp. Rtvenues of Bengot

Grant, JGmes. Aaolytis o.f the Finonces of Bengol published' a! appendix 4 in tho Filth Report. lt is a very valuable dc-

cumont concerning the revenue history of Chittagong. Theruthoi'o trcatment is precise and hie statements arc genrrally

lt

Bibliography | 65t

correct. These quarities make the trsatise a dependable sourceof information.

Hedgee, William. The Diary of Wittiom Hedges. ed. H yule, Lon-don,1887-lgg9

lndian Records Serres (The), Bengol l756-57, vot. i, ed. S C Hill.London: The Government of India l gO5

old maps preserved in the Dhaka Museum. otd maps are imporranreource of inlormation about the district,s geographical positionand the location of some now lorgotten places.

Orme, Robert. lndostan. Lucknow: pustak Kendra, ig74Purchas, Samuel. Purchos His ?ilgrips. Glasgow: James Macle_

hose and Sons. 1905

Vonaittart, Henry. A Narrative of the1760-1764, eds. A C Banerji anrt B

Tronsoctions in Eengal,K Ghosh. Calcutta: K p

Bagchi & Gompany, 1976

Wilson, H H. A Glossory of JudiciatMunehiram Monoharlat, l96g

end Revenue Terms. Delhi:

Original Sources-Asiatic oth€, than Arabic, persianand Bengali

chwong, Yuon (on), trans. Thomas watterr, 2 vols., London: RoyalAsiatic Sociery, I g04

Glass Palace Chronicle of the kings ol Burma (The), trane. pe Ma-ung Tin and C H Luce. London: Humohrey Milford, 1g13. Thechronicle supplements and corroboratea the evidences of theRodzawong or lho Arokopese Chronicle.

652 I A Hirtory ot Chtrtagong

l-tsing, l-tsing's Records of the Western World, eC. and trans.J Takakusu. Delhi: Munshiram Monoharlal, lg66Ma huan. 'Kingdom of Bengala, trans Georgo philrp, J R A S,18c5. Fragmentary Dortions of the accounts ol Ma huan andother Chiness travellers havs been translcted by p C Bagchiin rhe Visva Bhoroti Annols, vol i, l94SRndztwrng or tho Arakanese Chronicle. The book is indispensable. for thc trrs1p1, of the d,sr,cr. A , phayre,s translation in theJ A S B ivolumes citeo in ,ootnotes) and in lhe History ofBurma sorvos out purposS.

Sidi Ali Crelebi. Muhit. The book ie a m!ns of naurical information.The portion neceosary for us has boen translated by Von purg-stall in the / A s a, v (1816), 4ga-g7. This has further beenannorated by Abdul Karim in rho / A s g D, xvi, 233-24t.

Taranarh. Lama. History of Buddhism in lndia.trans. Lama Chimpaand Alaka Chartspsflhyaya, ed. Devi prasad Chattopadhyaya.Simla: lndian lnstitute of Advanced Srudy, lg7O. Taranath,ereal name was Kun-Snjins. He was born in 157d and com_pleted his history in 160g A D. The book has been franslatedinto a numbel of Eulopean language... Fragmenrary pa9s8ge9relating to the ancient hist.rry of Chittagong have been fans.Iated inro English by Ray S C Das Bahadur in rhe I A S A,1898. Tnis worth collection of material ie undoubtediy-a greafgift to ths readers. Fragmentary porrion of Germcn tr.rrl.tionhas been rendcred into English by N n Bay in sonskrit Budd-hism in Eurma. Though Taranath,s workr supply . to, otinformation about the political and religisut condittn oJ Cf,l_ttagong. lhey are not wholly correct and reliable. This is,pcrhaps, due to the remotenees of timo and region and tho oxclu_oive reliance on traditions. Therefore, his nairation shourd bejudged in rhe light ol olher sources such as inscriptionr, *orn,of the roreign traveuerc, the chronicres of the two neigh-bouring kingdoms, Arakan and Tripura. Thanks fo Taranathbecause he is thc firsr historian to bring ancient chittagongto limelighr.

I

I

.I

Bibliography | 653

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Alam, Mahbub. Chottagromer ltihas, 3 parts. Chittagong I JamanaPublishers, 1965.67

Banerji, Bakhal Das. Bangror rtthas, 2 vore. calcurta: Naba:bharat Publ'shere, 1971

Batta, Beni Madhab. Bouddha Poilnoy Poddhott

Bhattacharya, Ashutosh. Banglo Mongol kovyer ltthas. Galcutta : AMukherji, 1964 and 1979

chowdhury, Abdul Hoquo. chattogromer ltihos prosonga. chitrgong,1982

- - F - -. Chottogromer Somoj O Scnskriti, Chittagong, l9g0Chowdhury, Purna Chandra. Chattogramer ltlhas, lg2Ochowdhury, sukomal. Ban{odeshe Bouddhadharma o gangskriri. cal-

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Dasgupta, N N. Bangloy Bouddhadharma

Dasgupta, Tarak Chandra. Chottogrumer lttbri*o. Chirtaeong ISadharan Ptess, 1897

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Ghoeh, Satish Chandra. Chakmajott. Calculta I Bangiya SahityaParishat, 1316 B S

Haq, Enamul. Eange Sufi Probhoba. Calcutta r Mohain e Co,t 935

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Krrim, Abdul (sahitya vlshrrad). lslamebad. Dacor 1 Bangla Aca-dcrny, 1964

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-Mnr.l:on, B M. Politicol Cengres ond Cuttural Regions in EorlyBengol. Arizona: The Association for Asian Studies, 1970

Nadvi, Allama Sulaiman. The Arab Novigotion. Trans. S S ARahman. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1966

Nainar, S M H. Arob Geogrophers' Knowledge of Southern lndia.Madras: lVladras Univorsity, 1942

O'Malley, L S 8. Eastern Bengol and Assom District Gazeteers-Chittagong, 190A

Bibliggraphy | 657

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658 I A History ot Chlttagong

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Bibliography I 659

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Bengol Post ond Present, Calcutta

Bongla Academy Potriko, Dhrka

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lndlan Historlcal Quorterly, The, CalcuttaItihos Pat,iko, Qlill6nopn

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Jownal of the Royol Asiottc Societ,, of Dengol

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Prcvail, Calcutta

Proceedlngs of the Pakiston Historicol Conference, Karachi

Sohltyo, Galculta

Sohltyo Potrtko, Dhaka

Sclence onil Culture, Calcutta

Vlsva Bhorotl Annols, Vicva Bharati

t;IIrlj'i

:,1

+.r

,*fl-t,i

Hi

lfitoEx

Adam Shah (Av6g4nese governolof Ramu and Chakaria), 234,238

.Adinath. 5, 26, 92-94, t0l. 102,

561

.Agha Baqer or Aqa Baker (Mu-ghal faujdarr, 456

"Agha Nizam or Aqa Nizam f Mu-ghal faujda). 4A7, 441. 456

.$Uamanja (Arakane sa gtlvernotof Chlttcgon g),247, 25O,251,,278

,Alaung phyu, 73

.Al ldrtsi, 't7, 12$.1,22

Al Masudi, 58

,Alla Khan, Alpha Chan, 114,115. 220

.Alpha Husaini, ll4, 115, 6I2

Amnrannanikya (Tripura king),200, 2o7, 234, 238, 239, 27 6

Arnirza Khan, 170 174'176,1 79-1 83. 1 87n., 2A5, 2O7 -

209;217, 225, 226

Anaporan (Arakanese gdvernor

of Chittagon g), 241,246, 247,252'

Anawrahta, 69, 112

Anik Faranp, 247

Anwara (u. z.), 87, 118, 2lI,305. 459

Aqidat Khan, 455

Askar Khan, 454, A4O

Badar Shah, See Pir Badar

Baharistan-i-Ghaibi (alao Mir-za Nathan), 256, 258, 260,261, 2.63n., 27 0,282-284, 322,416. 6tO

Bak-khali Hiver, 4, 308

Bandar, 118, 6?8, 629

Bansktrali (u. 2.) 197, 210.432,595

Barbior (Father-t, 7, 335, 398,489, 519, 609

Baibosa ( Duarte de), 1 I 3, 348

Bardhamanapura, 43, 62-65

Barua. 20, 45. 505

Basharat Khan, 455

Ba-t6a phyu oi Kalima Shah(Arakanese king i, 150-15?,154. 166, 189

Bawan, giri Rauli (Arlkancseprlest), 509

[,

662 I A Fllstory ol Chittrgong

Bernier (Francois), 18, 285, 29O,

300, 303, 305, 321, 322,

325, 327, 328, 330, 331,

334, 342, 343, 353, 360,

361, 354, 366, 367, 388,

617

Bihu (year ending festival),

560, 561

Bijoymanikya ( TriPura king ),I34, 193, 1 89, 190, 194,

ts6-198, 298, 621

Boalkhali (u. z.) 211, 299

Bohmansiri. 294, 5Cg

Buzurg Umed Khan ' Mughalfaujdar), 369, 371-373, 375,378-384, 389, 390, 393, 449,452, 454

Caesar Frederick(o), 5, 197,198,229, 457, 6l l, 614, 61 9,

624, 626, 633

Carualho (Ponuguesa Comman-detl, 240-243, 253, 257, 313-315

Chailyagrama, 14

Ghakaria, 4, 51.81,176,217,218,234,238,27 5,27 6,280,42 t, 6 30

Chakma, 36, 45. 96,208,275.287, 396, 504,507, 509,513

Chakrasala. 51, 79, 81, 254,268, 276, 291 , 287,334, 34O,416.422, 424 488. 491,493, 522, 578n., 627, 628,ti30

Chrndilahgram, .11, 18, 104

Chandranath (Chandrasekhar)"

26, 81, SO, 92, 98, 100n.,

101, 273, 299, 485, 598,

625

Chandras, 65-69, 85, 86, 89,90, s9, 293

Ghatteswari, 102, 464,490, 551

Chaturgrama, 15, 49

Cfrnuri Khan, 164, 166, 171-

1,73. 20t,208, 209,569, 59o

Chishtiya, 460

City of Bengala (Cidade do Ben--

gala), 347'358

Gox's Bazar, 5, 76, 299

Damodara Deva, 13, 72, 73,.

b09, 623

Danujamarddana Deva (Raja Ga-n€sh), 16, i8, 140-t42, 621

Daud Khan Karrani (sultan), 198-200

De Barros lJoao), 3n., I 13,.

114, 121 ,125, 132, 1 33, 1 44

157 , 158, 162, 1 63, 1 75, t76,.

208, 215. 218, 329, 345. 351,353, 356.507, 611, 612, 626^630, 634

De Laval (Pyrard), 18, 24,113,244. 248, 217,287, 326 334-337, 342, 353, 482, 492,525, 527, 537, 557, 607.

608, 615-61r, 622. 623

Dcvamanikya (TriPura king),166, 168. 169, 1.73. 174"r83, 621

i!

Ll.

#H,i

,

Dhanyamanikya (Tripura king)102, 152, 157, 159, 166, 207,276,?98, 621,625

Diang r Deang, triangt, Deogaon,

Dovagram 3, 118,21O, 235;

240, 241, 244, 249, 255, 265,

2G7, 269, 273,274, 276, 288,3O1,'rA2,305, 307, 309, 310,

314-317, 319, 329, 333-335,

337, ?40,347, 353-358, 399,

416, 432,486, 518-520, 522,557, 574, 578n., 610, 628-630

Dilawar (rular of $zndwip),274,275, ?,62, 363

Dohazari, 4, 23, 201, 411, 429,432, 433, 449, 4.50

Fakhruddin Muberak Shah (sul.tan) 124, 126-130, 13S, 137,203,458, 459, 588, 609, 610

Farhad Khan, 4S4

Fate Khan (ruler of Sandwip',244,245,317

Fathebad, 19, 164

Fathya-i-ibbriya, see Shihabu-ddin Tolish

Fatikchhari (u.2.1, 2, 297, 298,336,421, 610

Fedie Husain Khan, 426,4O5,456

Feni River, 1,2, '11,29, 172, 173,257, 263,'J61,372, 373, 383,'i93, 410, 418, 431,442, 474,475, 578, 579

Firuz Shah (sultan), 169

Gaud (Gaur), 27,132, 147,149,

Index | 663

153, 158, 161-165, 170,177-179,182, 190, 191, 194, 198.199, 201, 203, 207 208, 210,219,22',t, 224, 225, 254,289,349-352, 415, 4,87, 611, 633

GhiVasuddrn Azam Shah (sul-ten) 16, 112, 138-140, 142,147, 149, 204, 211, 62't

Ghiyaeuddro Mahmud Snah rsul-tant, 156, 162,169, 17O,176-178, 180, 182, 187n ,219-223,227, 229, 332, 3J6, 590, 613

Gonzales lSebasriao), Z4O-249.251-253, 315, 317 _320, 340

Govindamanrkya lTrrpura krng).273, 299, 5SB

Guerreiro lFarherr 24.0.249, 277,280, 282, 285, 2e1, 313.315,333, 353, 634

Guru Nanak, 602Halda River, 4. 211

Harikela, 62-65, 69, 72, 7gHathazari 1u. z. 421, S8g, SgO

Husain Muhammad Khan 555,556Husain Shah lsuhan), 154-158,

160, 1 6 1. 1 63-167,17 1,172,174.175, 204, 207 , 209, 569

lbn Batruta. 16, 122, 126-129.129. 132,1?4,136 353 459,6r g

lbn Khu.oadbah, 17,58, 120.121

lbrahim Khan Fath.i-Jcng 1Mughal subah dat), 262-264,366

lslam Khan Mughal eubahdar),247, 248, 256. 272

r,

.lafar Khan,454

Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah

(suhan 16, 140-143, 145.-, 147-149, 204, 621

Jan Bakhsh KhaniChakma chisf;,397, 43r

Jesuits, 515-518

Jom lcultivation), 603, 604

Kadal Khan Ghazi, 1O2, 461-465,

475

Kantideva, 43, 61, 62

KarnaPhuli Ri'.'or, 2. :-1,11,17. 31,

36, 49, tZE, 176, 2o7 " 2\o,

211, 2*a5, ?8?, 283, 305. 3?7.

352, 354, 375 378,'3110, 38l,384, 4'0:r,, 44?, 482. 507, 547.6t1,628. 629,6:4.

Kavindra Paremeswat. 'l 1. 153.

164., 567-56e

Khuda Bakhsh Knrrn, 1Og, i6G,

170, 114 176, 179, 182, 183,

205 207-210,217, 2rB, 220,

225,627, 6sO

Kirata i-desa), 41 , 44,51

Kokr (-la,rd), 10, 50, 52, 53, 83,

84,87,95,104

Kynsa l(iiY*uttg, 2n , 3, 36

Lakirrrai, 436'4;8, 448

Mrgadheswan, 484, 4$0, 5;1.556. 563, 564

lVlagh.36, 38. 43, 45,276, 285,

, 286, 294-296, 504, 506, 507,' 510, 546 ,,- .

Mahamuni, S2, 8i,,.96, 9.7,56!

MahapinnYagyaw ('lrakanesagovernor ol Chittagong,, 239,240, 27s

Mahaaingh lnaib), 397, 4O7.438;45A,452, 456, 597, 626

Maha taing (T) sandaya (Araka-ncsa king), lll,289

Malrendra Dsva, 16, 140-'142,621

tulaheshkhali qu. z,) 5.421Mahi:awor (Mahi As:war1, 114,

'125, 401-4e5

Murnerak Khan, 191

f,Ianei( fi:i or n/I.ng",)-1)

Fdani R*rn, 455

192. 195

frai ?-lO,

Marrrique (Father. Sebaatian), O29, 97, 241n., 248, Z:DO, 254,25s, 262, 266 267, 269. 270,2.76-279, 2'81, 285-287, 292,307-310. 322-375,'i27-329,3'34, 337-340, 353, 416 484,509, 510, 514. ro18-520, 522,523, 530,r., 540. 541,543. 54.5,

, 556, 557.585,627-629.632,633

f{ianucci (tiicsiao) 285. 291,300. 303, 305, 323, 328. 334,342,343,353, -166, 367, 388

Matamuhuri River, 4, 36, 307

Mong l(hamaung or Hueain Shah

(Arakanese king), 260'254,.259, 245

Meng Phalaung or Sikandar Shah

(Arakanaee king), 233,234,237.239,275,280, 311

I\

1

I

Meng Radzagyi or Shlim Shah I

(Arakanesa king), 239, 241n.,248-250,278, 282312

Meng Tsa ni (Arakaneso kingr,271

Meng Tsau mwun (Arakaneseking), l4S. t48, 2g6,289

Men kha ri or Ali Khan (Araka_nese king) 147, 149, 150, 152

Mln Bin (Meng tsang) or $ultan(Arakanese klng), 193, 194,Igg-190, 193, 196, 233,2g3

Mir Afzal (Mughal faujdar\, 436Mir Hadi. 444, 456

Mir Saiai (u. z;1, 22, 2g4,ggg,476, 487, 590

Mirza Nathan, Soe Baharistan-i-ghaibi

Mrohaung, 17, 192Muhammad Khan Sur (Shamsu-

ddin Muhammad Shah Ghazi),11, 177, tt92-194, 1 96. 289

Muhammad yasin, 45S, 5ggMuhit, See Sidi Ali ChelebiMuzallar Khan, 4S5

Naf (Na8l) River, 1, 4, 29. 49.305n., 309

Narapadigyi, 271

Maeiruddin Mahmud Shah (sul.tan), l4g, [50

Natha, Nathiem, g2-gi, 101,5gg, 625

Nizampur, 21 1,260,2g4,41 6, 421.

lndex | 665

Noabad, 427, 429, 436, 43g,441, 447

Eogazil, t7 O, 1 7 4,17 B -180, t g2.187,189, 225, 226

Nurullah Khan, 449, 455Nusiat Shah (sultan), 156, I63,

164,167.169, 45g, 4gg. 5ggPanchalaish (u. z.), 464Pandir Vihar,92,l 03,I OS-lO7,6Ot;

Parasal Khan, 154,1 SS.iSg.t64,166, t 71-173, 204, 208, 2og,567-569

Patenga, 2SE, 269, 30IPati k era. Pateikkaya,T O,7 2,7 g,7 g

Patiya, 78, 79, 97, 2O1, 211,296, 421. 591.

Phora (Arakanese deity), 96, 97Pir Brdar or Badai Shah, 13, t5,

17. 283,289, 303. 46I,463-469,48?.510, 565, 588

Pomaja (Arakenese governoi ofRamu), 266, Z7g

Poito Grande, 19, 333,397,g45,356, 6 12, 613, 622

Pundarik Vidyanidhi, 499-500,502, 627

Oalandariya, 460

Oaeim Khan (Mughal eubahdar),286-259, 26t, 294,360

Outubdla (u. z.l, 5, 1gg, 4ZtBahanratullah Khan (faujdar),

413, 495

,.a.

666 I A Histoiy ot Chirtagong

Rahma, Rahrni, Ruhmi, 15, 16,57,59,76.77,111, 122

Rajbansis, 503, 504

Ralph Fitch, 239, 294.299,278,338, 341, 353, 632

Ramu lRam^), 4.16, 49,76,77,81, 150. 188, 190, 192,207,233 235. 239, 2a9, 266, 269,27 2, 275, 276. 278, 279. 283,287.305, 308. 389, 390,421.513 630.632

Ramyabhurni, Ramma. Bamyaka,7, 10

Rangunia (u. z.), 296, 396, 421,430,431,546

Rashid Khan, 454

Rasti Khan (Majlis i-AIa), tst-155, t58, !64, 171,173,176,204, 207 209, 589

Rauzan !u.2.1,211, 299, 421.464, 4gg

Reza Khan, 409, 456

Ruknuddin Barbak Shah (sultan)

151, 207, 589

Sabak Khyoung, 4n., 36

Sadkawan, 18, 726-128, 131,132,134-136,619

Sahela, 533, 577 583Samandar, 17,1 9 58,1 11,120-123

Sandwip, 5, 47, 48,121,122,198,212,229, 240-247, 251-253,274, 276. 311-320, 362, 363,3e8,393, 4rJ7, 517,606, 618,

624. 626Sankha River,4, 36, 305, 390,

410,418,43 1, 442,449, 45 1, 46 g

Sarbuland Khan 449, 455

Satkania (u. z.), 2,201,296,297,3A5,421, 473, 628

Shrh Bayezid Bostami, 471, 473482, 588

Shah Ghaiibullah, 473.475

Sl'rah Madar, 471

Shah Mohsen Auliya, 469. 565,

589

Shah Pir or Shah Pari, 473

Shah Shuja ,273, 291,300-306,310, 331, 360. 480, 573,577

Shaiota Khan, 274, 324.360-369381, 386, 387, 391,393, 400-402 592, 610

Shamsuddin llyas Shah (sultan)126, 129,130, 137. 139

$hatijam, 15, 16,18,1 12,117,133

Shattari, 460, 473,474

Sheikh Farid, 470, 471

Sher Jabbar Khan(Chakma chief)396, 397n., 431

Sher Khan tShah), 156 17C,171177 - 180 184,187,223,225 -227

Sheimast Khan (Chakma fchief ),396, 430, 431

Shihabuddin Talish, also Fathyai - i bbr iya, 1 1, 12, 7 5,126,127,

132n., 135, 262, 264, 277,

I

I

rf

f

l,

I

27 8, 280, 282-284, 303. 322.s24, 328, 330, 331, 335.359-391,415n., 450, 459 465. 506,51C, 512, 565, 588, 609, 617,

621,628,635,636

Sidi Ali Chelebi also Muhit,9,15, 18, 112,232. 6',19

Sikandar Shah (sultan) 138, 139

Sinabadi (Arakaneoe governor ofC h itta gon g ),240,241,246,266n.

Sitakunda, 2,22, 45,50,51, 100,

10 1 n., 2O9,258n.,284,299,485,487, 553, 56 1,597.599,625,626

Srikar Nandi, 11, 164, 57O

Sulaiman Karrani (sultan) 197,202, 595

Taranath (Lama), 7,10,52 -56, 66,71,82-85, 87, 90,91o., 93,94,99,109,123, 143, 144, 504,508, 633

Teknaf (u. 2.) 1, 421

Thado Mintar (Arakanese king),271, 272

Thiri Thudhamma or Solim Shahll (Arakanese king), 265,270,271,295,391,573

lndex | 667

Thuratan, 67, 74, 124, 146, 147

Tilopa ltilayoei) 91, 103, 105

Tsanda Thudhamma or ChandraSudharma (Arakanesc king),271, 272,292

Tsa ti Kiang, 16-18, 613

Tsel ta gaung, 17, 67

Tsu la taing TsandayalArakanese

king), 17, 67, 68

Udayamanikya (Tripura king), 198,

200

Ukhiya (u. z.),421

Van Li nechoten, 24, 232,326,337,341,513,514, 634, 635

Vansittrrt, 407, 4Og

Vcrelst, 4O7, 4O9, 418, 431, 444,

445, 447, 617, 623

Wali Beg Khan, 440, 455, 456,595

Yakub Khan, 455

Yom (shifting cultivation\, 36,37

Yusuf Shah (sultan), 151,152,590

Zulqadr Khan (faujdar), 396,

430, 456, 611

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BENCAL

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ARAK2oD

Date post:	09-May-2015
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History of chittagong

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