History of Hindusim.

8/14/2019 History of Hindusim.

1/16

History of HinduismFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,search

Part ofa seriesonHinduism

History DeitiesDenominations

Mythology

Beliefs and practices

Philosophy DharmaArtha KamaMoksha

KarmaSamsaraYoga Bhakti Maya

PujaTemple

Scriptures

Vedas UpanishadsRamayanaMahabharataBhagavad GitaPuranas

Dharmastra others

Related topics

Hinduism by countryGurus and saints

Reforms CriticismCalendarHindu lawAyurveda Jyotisha

Festivals GlossaryPersecution

This box:viewtalkeditHinduism is a term for a wide variety of related religious traditions native toIndia.[1]

Historically, it encompasses the development ofReligion in India since the Iron Agetraditions,which in turn hark back toprehistoric religions such as that of the Bronze Age Indus ValleyCivilization followed by the Vedic religion.

Hindu philosophy had six branches, evolving from about the 2nd century BCE to the 6th centuryCE, viz. Samkhya, Yoga,Nyaya, Vaisheshika,Mimamsa, and Vedanta. Monotheistic religions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(illusion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(illusion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_scripturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81strahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_terms_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_terms_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hinduism&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Om.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(illusion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_scripturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81strahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saintshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_terms_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hinduism&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta


2/16

like Shaivism and Vaishnavism developed during this same period through the Bhaktimovement.

Classical Pauranic Hinduism is established in the Middle Ages, as was Adi Shankara'sAdvaitaVedanta which reconciled the Vaishna and Shaiva sects, and gave rise to Smartism, whileinitiating the decline of the non-Vedantic schools of philosophy.

Hinduism under the Islamic Rulers saw the increasing prominence of the Bhakti movement,which remains influential today. The colonial periodsaw the emergence of various Hindu reformmovementspartly inspired by western culture, such as spiritism (Theosophy). ThePartition ofIndia in 1947 was along religious lines, with the Republic of India emerging with a Hindumajority.

During the 20th century, due to the Indian diaspora, Hindu minorities have formed in allcontinents, with the largest communities in absolute numbers in the United Statesand the UnitedKingdom. In the Republic of India, Hindu nationalism has emerged as a strong political forcesince the 1980s, the HindutvaBharatiya Janata Partyforming theGovernment of Indiafrom1999 to 2004, and its first state government in southern India in 2006.

Contents[hide]

1 Prehistory

2 Vedic period

2.1 Rigvedic religion

2.2 Brahmanism

2.3 Vedism today

3 Ancient India

3.1 Mauryan and Sangam period 3.2 Gupta and Pallava period

3.3 Expansion in South-East Asia

4 Middle Ages

4.1 Bhakti movement

4.2 Advaita Vedanta

4.3 Pauranic Hinduism

4.4 Hindu secular scholarship and the Islamic Middle East

4.5 Muslim conquests 4.6 Mughal India

5 Early Modern period

5.1 Maratha Empire

5.2 Early colonialism

6 British Raj
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauranic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_empires_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diasporahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://tmp/sve5.tmp/javascript:toggleToc()http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauranic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_empires_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diasporahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://tmp/sve5.tmp/javascript:toggleToc()


3/16

6.1 Hindu revivalism

6.2 Reception in the West

7 Contemporary Hinduism

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

[edit] PrehistoryEvidence ofprehistoric religionin India is found in the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization,showing the certain elements of Hinduism such asbaths(assumed to serve a ritual purpose) andphallic symbols, compared to the Shiva lingam[2] [3] . There were also foundSwastika signs.

Many male and female figurines, the female figurines popularly dubbed "Mother Goddesses"

have been found in the Indus Valley, although some have expressed doubt as to the divinecharacter of these female figures.[4]

A seal discovered during excavation of the Mohenjo-daro archaeological site in theIndus Valleyhas drawn attention as a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure.[5]This"Pashupati" (Lord of Animals, Sanskritpaupati)[6][7] seal shows a seated figure, possiblyithyphallic, surrounded by animals.[8][9][10] Some observers describe the figure as sitting in atraditional cross-legged yoga pose with its hands resting on its knees. The discoverer of the seal,Sir John Marshall, and others have claimed that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, and havedescribed the figure as having three faces, seated in a "yoga posture" with the knees out and feetjoined.

[edit] Vedic periodMain articles: Vedism, Vedic period, and Vedic SanskritFurther information:Iron Age India

Vedism was the sacrificial religion of the early Indo-European-speaking peoples, who enteredIndia from about 1500 BC from the Iranian plateau, via theHindukush, and mixed up with thelocal populations.[11]

The earliest literature of Hinduism is made up of the fourVedas: theRig-Veda,Sama-Veda,Yajur-Veda and the Atharva-Veda. Of these, the Rig-Veda is the oldest surviving work. Thesetexts were composed between ca. 1500 and 800 BC, and were transmitted by oral tradition aloneuntil the advent of the Pallava and Guptaperiod and by a combination of written and oraltradition since then.

[edit] Rigvedic religion
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_lingamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_lingamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjodarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindukushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindukushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindukushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajur-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_lingamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjodarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashupatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindukushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajur-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva-Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=3


4/16

The geographical horizon of the Rigveda (given with river names, together with the extent of theSwat andCemetery H) extends from the Hindu Kush and the Punjab region to the upperGangetic plain.

The earliest text of the Vedas is theRigveda, a collection of poetic hymns used in the sacrificialrites ofVedic priesthood. Many Rigvedic hymns concern the fire ritual (Agnihotra) andespecially the offering ofSoma to the gods (Somayajna). Soma is both an intoxicant and a goditself, as is the sacrificial fire,Agni. The royal horse sacrifice (Ashvamedha) is a central rite inthe Yajurveda.

The gods in the Rig-Veda are mostly personified concepts, who fall into two categories: thedevas- who were gods of nature - such as the weather deityIndra(who is also the King of thegods), Agni ("fire"), Usha ("dawn"),Surya ("sun") and Apas ("waters") on the one hand, and onthe other hand the asuras- gods of moral concepts - such as Mitra ("contract"), Aryaman(guardian of guest, friendship and marriage), Bhaga ("share") orVaruna, the supreme Asura (orAditya). While Rigvedic deva is variously applied to most gods, including many of the Asuras,the Devas are characterized as Younger Gods while Asuras are the Older Gods (prve dev). Inlater Vedic texts, the Asuras become demons.

The Rigveda has 10 Mandalas ('books'). There is significant variation in the language and stylebetween the family books (RV books 2-7),book 8, the "Soma Mandala" (RV 9), and the morerecent books 1 and10. The older books share many aspects of common Indo-Iranian religion,and is an important source for the reconstruction of earliercommon Indo-European traditions.Especially RV 8 has striking similarity to the Avesta,[12]containing allusions to Afghan Flora andFauna[13], e.g. to camels (ra- = Avestanutra). Many of the central religious terms in VedicSanskrit have cognates in the religious vocabulary of other Indo-European languages (deva:Latin deus; hotar: Germanicgod; asura: Germanic ansuz;yajna: Greekhagios; brahman: NorseBragi or perhaps Latinflamen etc.). Especially notable is the fact, that in theAvesta Asura(Ahura) is known as good and Deva (Daeva) as evil entity, quite the opposite of the RigVeda.

[edit] BrahmanismFurther information:Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Shrauta Sutra
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_H_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_H_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangetic_plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangetic_plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_priesthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihotrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somayajnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_sacrificehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryamanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(word)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(word)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrauta_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigvedic_geography.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigvedic_geography.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_rivershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_H_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangetic_plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_priesthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihotrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somayajnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_sacrificehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvamedhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryamanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_(word)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrauta_Sutra


5/16

Map of early Iron Age Vedic Indiaafter Witzel (1989). Location hypotheses for Vedicshakhasare shown in green.

In Iron Age India, during a period roughly spanning the 10th to 6th centuries BC, theMahajanapadas arise from the earlier petty kingdoms of the various Rigvedic tribes, and thefailing remnants of the Late Harappan culture. In this period the mantra portions of the Vedasare largely completed, and a flowering industry ofVedic priesthood organized in numerousschools (shakha) develops exegetical literature, viz. the Brahmanas. These schools also editedthe Vedic mantra portions into fixed recensions, that were to be preserved purely byoraltradition over the following two millennia.

This period of dominance of priestly Brahmanic Hinduism declines with the appearance ofmystical traditions (the oldest Upanishads,BAU, ChUand JUB besides the ShatapathaBrahmana) attacking the rigidritualismavailable only to the elite, in favour of spiritual insightthrough asceticismand meditation. The rise ofBuddhismat this time, according to traditionoriginating with Gautama Buddha, a 6th century BC Hindu prince, renouncing his status forenlightenment, is exemplary of this tendency. Politically, the Mahajanapadas declined, in thewest falling to the invasion ofDarius the Great, and from the east absorbed into the MagadhaEmpire which as theMaurya Empire would encompass almost the whole subcontinent by thetime ofAshoka.

[edit] Vedism today

Vedism as the religious tradition of Hinduism of a priestly elite was marginalized by othertraditions such as Jainism and Buddhism in the later Iron Age, but in the Middle Ages would riseto renewed prestige with the Mimamsa school, which as well as all otherastika traditions ofHinduism, considered them authorless (apaurusheyatva) and eternal. A last surviving elementsofVedic Hinduism or Vedism israuta tradition, following many major elements of Vedic

religion and is prominent in Southern India, with communities in Tamil Nadu,Kerala,Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh, but also in some pockets ofUttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and otherstates; the best known of these groups are theNambudiriof Kerala, whose traditions werenotably documented by Frits Staal.[14][15][16]

[edit] Ancient India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Harappanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_priesthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_priesthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(spiritual)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astika_and_Nastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaurusheyatvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arautahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arautahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambudirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambudirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Staalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Vedic_India.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Vedic_India.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Harappanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_priesthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(spiritual)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astika_and_Nastikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaurusheyatvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arautahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambudirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Staalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=6


6/16

Hinduism in the narrow sense (to the exclusion of Vedism and Iron Age Brahmanism) is the newreligious mainstream arising with thedecline of Buddhism in India and from about the 4thcentury AD.

[edit] Mauryan and Sangam period

See also: Hinduism and Buddhism, Vedanga, Dharmastra,Yoga Sutras,Nyya Stras, andBrahma SutrasFurther information:Sangam literature

The Mauryan period saw an early flowering ofclassical SanskritSutra and Shastraliterature andthe scholarly exposition of the "circum-Vedic" fields of theVedanga. However, during this timeBuddhism was patronized by Ashoka, who ruled large parts of India, and Buddhism was also themainstream religion until the Gupta empire period.

The Sangam literature (300 BC - 300 AD) is a mostly secular body of classical literature in theTamil language. Nonetheless there are some works, significantly Pattupathu and Paripaatal,wherein the personal devotion to god was written in form of devotional poems.Vishnu,ShivaandMurugan were mentioned gods. These works are therefore the earliest evidences of

monotheistic Bhakti traditions, preceding the largebhakti movement, which will given greatattention in later times.

[edit] Gupta and Pallava period

Main articles: Pallava and Gupta EmpireFurther information:Hindu philosophy, Mimamsa, and Samkhya

The Pallavas (4th to 9th centuries) were alongside the Guptas patronizers of Sanskrit. Thepallava reign saw the first Sankrit inscriptions in a script calledGrantha. Early Pallavas haddifferent connections to South-East Asian countries. The Pallavas used Dravidian architecture tobuild some very important Hindu temples and academies in Mamallapuram,Kanchipuram andother places, which saw famous poets like Kalidasa.

The Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries) saw a flowering of scholarship, the emergence of theclassical schools ofHindu philosophy, and of classical Sanskrit literature in general on topicsranging from medicine, veterinary science, mathematics, to astrology and astronomy andastrophysics. The famous Aryabhataand Varahamihira belong to this age. The Gupta establisheda strong central government which also allowed a degree of local control. Gupta society wasordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. This included a strict caste system, or class system.The peace and prosperity created under Gupta leadership enabled the pursuit of scientific andartistic endeavors.

The practice of dedicating temples to different deities came into vogue followed by fine artistictemple architectureand sculpture (see Vastu Shastra).

[edit] Expansion in South-East Asia

Further information:Hinduism in Southeast Asia, Indianized kingdom, and Sanskritisation

Expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia.

From about the 1st century, India started to strongly influence Southeast Asian countries. Traderoutes linked India with southern Burma, central and southernSiam, lowerCambodia andsouthernVietnam and numerous urbanized coastal settlements were established there.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81strahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamallapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamallapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchipuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastu_Shastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianized_kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cultural_expansion_of_Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81strahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamallapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchipuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahamihirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastu_Shastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianized_kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam


7/16


8/16

Hatha yoga, Bhakti yoga) gave Hinduism its classical form as described by the 18th to 19thcentury pioneers ofIndology.

[edit] Bhakti movement

Main article: Bhakti movementSee also: Tulsidas, Kabir, Mirabai, andChaitanya

The Bhakti movement was a Hindureligious movement in which the main spiritual practice wasthefostering of loving devotion to God, calledbhakti. It was a monotheistic movement generallydevoted to worship ofShiva,Vishnu orShakti.

The first documented bhakti movement was founded by Karaikkal-ammaiyar. She wrote poemsin Tamil about her love forShiva and probably lived around the 6th centuryCE.1,2,3 The twelveAlvars who were Vaishnavite devotees and the sixty-threeNayanars who were Shaivite devoteesnurtured the incipient bhakti movement in Tamil Nadu. They constitute South India's 75Apostles of Bhakti.

During the 12th century CE in Karnataka, the Bhakti movement took the form of the Virashaivamovement. It was inspired by Basavanna, a Hindu reformer who created the sect ofLingayats or

Shivabhaktas. During this time, a unique and native form ofKannada literature-poetry calledVachanas was born.

[edit] Advaita Vedanta

Main articles: Advaita VedantaandAdi Shankara

The introduction ofAdvaita Vedantaby Adi Shankara unified the theistic sects into a commonframework ofShanmata system. Shankara stressed the importance of the Vedas, introducing theconcept ofapaurusheyatva, and his efforts helped Hinduism regain strength and popularity. Heis the main figure in the tradition ofAdvaita Vedanta. He is the founder of theDashanamiSampradaya ofHindumonasticismand Shanmata tradition of worship. He travelled all overIndia (Kerala to KashmirandNepal) three times over and was a major cause in the revival and

integration of Sanatana Dharma. Shankara's reform essentially eclipsed all earlier schools ofHindu philosophy and became the nucleus of the medieval traditions, including Smartism andSant Mat lineages,[17] that lead up to the current religion.

Adi Shankara, along with Madhva and Ramanuja, were instrumental in the revival of Hinduism.In their writings and debates, they provided polemics against the non-Vedantic schools ofSankhya,Vaisheshika etc. Thus, they paved the way forVedanta to be the dominant and mostwidely followed tradition among the schools of Hindu philosophy.

[edit] Pauranic Hinduism

Further information:Puranas

Brahmanic Hinduism evolves out of Vedism during Iron Age India, and in turn contributes to the

development ofVedanticand eventually classical Pauranic Hinduism. The transformation ofBrahmanism into Pauranic Hinduism in post-Gupta India was due to a process ofacculturation.The Puranas helped establish a religious mainstream among the pre-literate tribal societiesundergoing acculturation. The tenets of Brahmanic Hinduism and of the Dharmashastrasunderwent a radical transformation at the hands of the Purana composers, resulting in the rise ofa mainstream "Hinduism" that overshadowed all earlier traditions.[18]

[edit] Hindu secular scholarship and the Islamic Middle East
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsidashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikkal-ammaiyarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India's_75_Apostles_of_Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India's_75_Apostles_of_Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virashaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachanashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanmatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaurusheyatvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanmatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauranic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmashastrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsidashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikkal-ammaiyarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India's_75_Apostles_of_Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India's_75_Apostles_of_Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virashaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachanashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanmatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaurusheyatvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanmatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauranic_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmashastrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=14


9/16

Hindu and also Buddhist religious and secular learning had first reached the Middle East in anorganised manner in the sixth century, when the greatSassanid EmperorKhosrau I(531579)deputed the famous Borzuya the physicianas his envoy, to invite Indian and Chinese scholars tothe Academy of Gundishapur, then the greatest centre of learning in his vast Afro-Asian empire.Contributions on ancient Greek and Roman learning were already being made in the Academy,mainly by the Jewish andNestorian scholars, who were escaping the harsh persecution by theByzantine Empire's Christian orthodoxy. With the help of these 'visiting professors' from theEast, translations in Pahlavi, the imperial language, were made of Indian and Chinese texts onastronomy, astrology, mathematics, medicine including herbal materia medica and religion.Burzoe himself had translated the now world famous Sanskrit book of fables namedPanchatantra,in which animals interact in complex ways to convey teachings to princes in policy.His Pahlavi version was translated into Arabic by Ibn al-Mafuqqa under the title ofKalila andDimna orThe Fables of Bidpai and became one of the greatest prose classics of the Arabs.

During the enlightened Abbasid Caliphacy, Baghdad had replaced Gundishapuras the mostimportant centre of learning in the then vast Islamic Empire, wherein the traditions as well asscholars of the latter flourished. Hindu scholars were invited to the conferences on sciences andmathematics held in Baghdad, in which they contributes the latest 'Updates' in their fields. Indiancontributions in secular disciplines thus reached the Arabs, had significant impact on them, andthrough them on the West. Decimal system of numbers, use ofzero as one thenumerals and theshapes of numerals in modern languages are a testimony to these contributions.

[edit] Muslim conquests

Further information:Muslim conquest of South Asia

Muslim rulers began to extend their rule across Hindu-Buddhist populated lands in the 8thcentury CE and the Abrahamic religion ofIslam began to spread across the Indian-subcontinentover several centuries. Most converts were fromHinduism orBuddhism, the two dominant localreligions. While all traditions of popular Hinduism continued - including the worship of popularreincarnations of the primordial Shakti - Bhakti tradition attained new prominence; Bhakti poetry

of lasting greatness was composed in northern India under the rule of Muslim emperors. Thehumble mystic saint Kabir, who established his own order, composed devotional verses in theBhakti spirit, but in common-man's Hindi dialect and transcendenting Hindu-Muslim theocraticdivide. Tulsidas, Mira Bai and Surdas composed immortal Hindu devotional poetry in Hindi-dialects in the Mughal period - it is reminiscent of the earlier Kannada and Tamil Bhakti poetryof South India.

[edit] Mughal India

Further information:Mughal period

After the conquest of Persia by theMongol Empire, a regional Turko-Persio-Mongol dynastyformed. Just as eastern Mongol dynasties inter-married with locals and adopted the local religion

ofBuddhism and theChinese culture, this group adopted the local religion ofIslam and thePersian culture; their descendants ruled in India asMughals.

The official State religion of the Mughal Empire wasIslam, with the preference to thejurisprudenceof the HanafiMadhab (Mazhab). However, throughout its history, subjects hadcomplete freedom to practice any religion of their choice, though Non-Muslim able-bodied adultmales with income were obliged to pay the Jizya (poll-tax to be spent by the State only onprotection of non-Muslims), which signified their status as Dhimmis (responsibility of the State,in regard to safety of life and property).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Gundishapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_medicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalila_and_Dimnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalila_and_Dimnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundishapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsidashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Baihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surdashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh'habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh'habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Gundishapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_medicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalila_and_Dimnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalila_and_Dimnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundishapurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsidashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Baihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surdashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh'habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmis


10/16

Akbar the Great, Mughal emperorHumayun's son and heir from his Sindhi queen HameedaBanu Begum, had a broad vision of Indian and Islamic traditions. One of EmperorAkbar's mostunusual ideas regarding religion was Din-i-Ilahi(Faith of God), which was an eclectic mix ofIslam, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Jainismand Christianity. It was proclaimed the state religionuntil his death. These actions however met with stiff opposition from the Muslim clergy,especially the Sufi Shaykh Alf Sani Ahmad Sirhindi. Akbar's abolition of poll-tax on non-Muslims, acceptance of ideas from other religious philosophies, toleration of public worship byall religions and his interest in other faiths showed an attitude of considerable religious tolerance,which, in the minds of his orthodox Muslim opponents, were tantamount to apostasy.

Akbar's son, EmperorJahangir, half Rajput, was also a religious moderate, his mother beingHindu. The influence of his two Hindu queens (the Maharani Maanbai and Maharani Jagat) keptreligious moderation as a center-piece of state policy which was extended under his son,EmperorShah Jahan, who was by blood 75% Rajput and less than 25% Moghul.

Religious orthodoxy would only play an important role during the reign of Shah Jahan's son andsuccessor, Aurangzeb, a devout Sunni Muslim. Aurangzeb was comparatively less tolerant ofother faiths than his predecessors had been, and his reign saw an increase in the number and

importance of Islamic institutions and scholars. He led many military campaigns against theremaining non-Muslim powers of the Indian subcontinent - the Sikh states of the Punjab, the lastindependent Hindu Rajputsand the Maratharebels - as also against the Shia Muslim kingdomsof the Deccan. He also virtually stamped out, from his empire, open proselytisation of Hindusand Muslims by foreign Christian Missionaries, who remained successfully active, however, inthe adjoining regions: the present day Kerala,Tamilnaduand Goa.

Orissa (known as Kalinga and Utkala in ancient period) remained a powerful Hindu kingdomunder different monarchs till 17 century. The Muslim positions in BengalandDeccan wereseriously threatened by Gajapati Kings of Orissa.

[edit] Early Modern period

The fall ofVijayanagar Empire to Muslim rulers had marked the end of Hindu imperialassertions in the Deccan. But, taking advantage of an over-stretched Mughal Empire, Hinduismonce again rose to political prestige, under the Maratha Empire, from 1707 to 1761.

[edit] Maratha Empire

Further information:Maratha Empire

The last Hinduempire ofIndia- The Maratha Empirein1760.

The Hindu Marathas long had lived in the Desh region aroundSatara, in the western portion ofthe Deccan plateau, where the plateau meets the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats mountains.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din-i-Ilahihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din-i-Ilahihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnaduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnaduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1760http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1760http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marathas.GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marathas.GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din-i-Ilahihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnaduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1760http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats


11/16

They had resisted incursions into the region by theMuslimMughalrulers of northern India.Under their ambitious leaderShivaji, the Maratha freed themselves from the Muslim sultans ofBijapurto the southeast and, becoming much more aggressive, began to frequently raid Mughalterritory, eventually sacking the wealthy Mughal port ofSurat in 1664. After substantialterritorial gains, Shivaji was proclaimed 'Chatrapati' (Emperor) in 1674; the Marathas had spreadand conquered much of central India by Shivaji's death in 1680. Subsequently, under the ableleadership ofBrahminprime ministers (Peshwas), who often led as generals also, MarathaEmpire reached its zenith. Pune, the seat of Peshwas, flowered as a centre of Hindu learning andtraditions. In 1761, the empire broke into smaller Maratha kingdoms that survived till they wereeventually subdued by the British East India Company.

[edit] Early colonialism

Further information:Christianity in India andGoa Inquisition

Portuguese missionaries had reached theMalabar Coast in the late 15th century, made contactwith the St Thomas Christians in Kerala and sought to introduce the Latin Rite among them.Since the priests for St Thomas Christians were served by the Eastern Christian Churches, theywere following Eastern Christian practices at that time. Throughout this period, foreign

missionaries also made many new converts to Christianity. This led to the formation of the LatinCatholics in Kerala.

The Goa Inquisition was the office of the ChristianInquisition acting in the Indian city ofGoaand the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. St. Francis Xavier, in a 1545 letter toJohn III,requested for an Inquisitionto be installed in Goa. It was installed eight years after the death ofFrancis Xavier in 1552. Established in 1560 and operating until1774, this highly controversialinstitution was aimed primarily at Hindus and wayward new converts.

In the century from 1760 to 1860, India was once more divided into numerous petty and unstablekingdoms: theSikh Confederacy; the "lesser Mughals" followingBahadur Shah I; the Kingdomof Mysore; Hyderabad State; the Durrani Empire; and the territories held by theBritish EastIndia Company. The entire subcontinent fell underBritish rule(partly indirectly, via Princelystates) following the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

[edit] British Raj

[edit] Hindu revivalism

Main article: Hindu revivalismFurther information:Bengal Renaissance, Brahmo Samaj,Arya Samaj, and Ramakrishna Math

1909 Prevailing Religions, Map of British Indian Empire, 1909, showing the prevailingmajority religions of the population for different districts.

During the 19th century, Hinduism developed a large number ofnew religious movements,partly inspired by the European Romanticism,nationalism,scientific racismandesotericism(Theosophy) popular at the time (while conversely and contemporaneously, India had a similareffect on European culture with Orientalism, "Hindoo style" architecture, reception ofBuddhismin the West and similar).

These reform movements are summarized underHindu revivalism and continue into the present.

Sahajanand Swami establishes the Swaminarayan Sampraday sect around 1800.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baji_Rao_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_liturgical_riteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1552http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1552http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1560http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Confederacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Confederacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_revivalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoo_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_revivalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahajanand_Swamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baji_Rao_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Maratha_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_liturgical_riteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1552http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1560http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Confederacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_revivalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoo_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_revivalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahajanand_Swamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampraday


12/16


13/16

Hinduism-inspired elements in Theosophywere also inherited by the spin-off movements ofAriosophy and Anthroposophy and ultimately contributed to the renewedNew Age boom of the1960s to 1980s, the termNew Age itself deriving from Blavatsky's 1888The Secret Doctrine.

[edit] Contemporary Hinduism

Main articles: Contemporary Hindu movements, Hindu denominations,Contemporary Sant Matmovements,List of Hindu organisations, and Hinduism by country

As of 2007, of an estimated 944 million Hindus, 98.5% live in South Asia. Of the remaining1.5% or 14 million, 6 million live in Southeast Asia (mostly Indonesia), 2 million in Europe, 1.8million inNorth America, 1.2 million in Southern Africa.

Modern Hinduism is the reflection of continuity and progressive changes that occurred in varioustraditions and institutions of Hinduism during the 19th and 20th centuries. Its main divisions areinto Vaishnavism(largely influenced by Bhakti), Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism (AdvaitaVedanta).

Besides these traditional denominations, movements ofHindu revivalism look to founders suchas Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda (Arya Samaj), Rabindranath Tagore,RamanaMaharshi,Aurobindo,Shriram Sharma Acharya,Swami Sivananda,Swami Rama Tirtha,Narayana Guru, Paramhansa Yogananda,Shrii Shrii Anandamurti,Pandurang Shastri Athavale(Swadhyay Movement) and others.

Influential in spreading Hinduism to a western audience were A.C. Bhaktivedanta SwamiPrabhupada (Hare Krishna movement),Sri Aurobindo,Meher Baba,Jiddu Krishnamurti,Osho,Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Transcendental Meditation),Sathya Sai Baba,Mother Meera, amongothers.

The Hindutvamovement advocating Hindu nationalism originated in the 1920s and has remaineda strong political force in India. The major party of the religious right, Bharatiya Janata Party,since its foundation in 1980 has won several elections, and after a defeat in 2004 remains the

leading force of opposition against the current Congress Partygovernment.The resurgence ofHinduism in Indonesia is occurring in all parts of the country. In the earlyseventies, the Toraja people ofSulawesiwere the first to be identified under the umbrella of'Hinduism', followed by the Karo Batak of Sumatra in 1977 and the Ngaju Dayak of Kalimantanin 1980.

The growth of Hinduism has been driven also by the famous Javanese prophesies ofSabdapalonandJayabaya. Many recent converts to Hinduism had been members of the families ofSukarno'sPNI, and now support Megawati Sukarnoputri. This return to the 'religion ofMajapahit'(Hinduism) is a matter of nationalist pride.

The new Hindu communities in Javatend to be concentrated around recently built temples (pura)or around archaeological temple sites (candi) which are being reclaimed as places of Hindu

worship. An important new Hindu temple in eastern Java is Pura Mandaragiri Sumeru Agung,located on the slope ofMt. Semeru, Java's highest mountain. Mass conversions have alsooccurred in the region around Pura Agung Blambangan, another new temple, built on a site withminor archaeological remnants attributed to the kingdom ofBlambangan, the last Hindu polityon Java, and Pura Loka Moksa Jayabaya (in the village of Menang near Kediri).

[edit] See also History of India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Hindu_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_centurieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_revivalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Dayanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriram_Sharma_Acharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriram_Sharma_Acharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Sivanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramhansa_Yoganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramhansa_Yoganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrii_Shrii_Anandamurtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrii_Shrii_Anandamurtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadhyay_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Krishna_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Meerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Meerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabdapalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabdapalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_communities_in_Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_communities_in_Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blambanganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Hindu_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_centurieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_revivalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Dayanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramana_Maharshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriram_Sharma_Acharyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Sivanandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirthahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramhansa_Yoganandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrii_Shrii_Anandamurtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadhyay_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Krishna_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Babahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Meerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabdapalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_communities_in_Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blambanganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hinduism&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India


14/16

History of Yoga

History of Shaivism

Indian religions

Religion in India

[edit] References1. ^ Brodd, Jefferey (2003). World Religions. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press.ISBN978-

0-88489-725-5.

2. ^ (Basham 1967)

3. ^ "Hindu History".http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml.

4. ^ Clark, Sharri R. The social lives of figurines: recontextualizing the third millenniumBC terracotta figurines from Harappa, Pakistan. Harvard PhD 2007

5. ^ Flood (1996), pp. 28-29.

6. ^ Marshall, Sir John, Mohenjo Daro and the Indus Civilization, London 19317. ^ For translation ofpaupati as "Lord of Animals" see: Michaels, p. 312.

8. ^ For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in: Flood (1996), p. 29.

9. ^ Singh, S.P.,Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro, Puratattva 19: 19-26.1989

10.^ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark.Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi:Oxford University Press, 1998.

11.^ Encyclopedia Britannicaonline edition s.v. "Vedic religion".

12.^ Indo-Iranian Studies: I by J.C. Tavadia, Vishva Bharati, Santiniketan, 1950

13.^ (RV 8.5; 8.46; 8.56)14.^ Staal, J. F. 1961.Nambudiri Veda Recitations Gravenhage.

15.^ Staal, J. F. 1983.Agni: The Vedic ritual of the fire altar. 2 vols. Berkeley.

16.^ Staal, Frits (1988). Universals: studies in Indian logic and linguistics. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-76999-2.

17.^ Ron Geaves (March 2002).From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a Lineage

Date post:	30-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	palavsagar
View:	221 times
Download:	0 times

History of Hindusim.

Documents