Display and Exhibit

724 - History & Theory of Interior Illumination

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José Albuquerque Fonseca

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Period until 1900.

Niagara Falls Illumination in 1860 had 200 colored and white calcium, volcanic and turpedo lights called Bengal Lights, the kind used by ships at sea. In 1895 Daniel McFarlan Moore invents a lamp using nitrogen or carbon dioxide, he began making electric signs using these luminous tubes bent into the form of letters or shapes.

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Jan 1879 - First Electrical Illumination took place in Niagara Falls and had the effect of 32,000 candles.

July 1879, 16 open arc lamps, projecting 2,000 candlepolwer each.

In 1892, the original own-er of the ‘Maid of the Mist’. Frank LeBland placed a 4,000 candlepower light on the Canadian Maid of the Mist dock. It lite up the American Falls. Colored Gelatin Plates were placed in front of the lights providing a variety of colors.

1907 - American & Bridal Veil Falls by Electric Light, Design by W. D´Arcy Ryan. (Photograph: George Curtis).

Illuminations shone in 1879 at the Blackpool Illuminations annual Lights Festival, in Lancashire, England and consisted of just eight arc lamps which bathed the Promenade.

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May 1892 - The first electric sign erected in New York, on the site of the present Flatiron Building, was the well-known Manhattan Beach sign on the uptown wall of the old Cumber-land Hotel at 23rd St. and Broadway. H.J. Heinz while watching the electric light message, formed a grand idea. The following day he communicated with O. J. Gude, and not long afterward another electrical sign dominated the same spot. A huge green pickle flashed on and off, and some of the 57 varieties were featured in electric lights.

1893 - Nikola Tesla uses cordless low pressure gas discharge lamps, powered by a high frequency eletric field, to light his labora- tory. He displays gas discharge lamps at the World Columbian Exposition. The Exposition sparkled with the illumination of thousands of electric lights. The World’s Fair also featured electrified moving sidewalks, launches, and elevated trains. The Westinghouse Company won the bid with its alternat-ing current and the working scaled system allowed the public a view of a polyphase power which could be transmitted over long distances.

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1893 - Moore patented Electrical Light Display for signage.

1895 - Vitascope was an early film projector demonstrated by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. They had made modifications to Jen-kins patented "Phantoscope", which cast images via film & electric light onto a wall or screen. April 23, 1896 the first public exhi-bition of the Vitascope in the Koster and Bial’s Music Hall an important vaudeville theatre located at Broad-way and Thirty-Fourth Street.

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In 1895 Daniel McFarlan Moore inventes the luminous tube. A main attraction at the Electrical Exhibition of 1898 was the "Moore Chapel," a small chapel mock-up illuminat-ed by Moore’s tubes, at Madison Square Garden. Over the door, a Moore Tube sign welcomed visitors to the "Moore Vacuum Tube Chapel". (Electrical Engineer, May 12, 1898)

1897 - Tennessee Centennial Expo-sition. It celebrated the 100th anni-versary of Tennessee’s entry into the union in 1796, although it was a year late . Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of pub-lic events.

1898 - Illuminated murals in stained glass by the Rambush Decorating Studios.

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The Trans-Mississippi and International Ex-position was a world's fair held in Omaha, Ne-braska from June 1 to November 1 of 1898. Its goal was to showcase the development of the entire West, stretch-ing from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Coast.

Night view of the Grand Court. Photograph by Frank Rinehart, 1898.

January 2, 1898 - Scientific American Supplement - Frantz Dussaud, a Swiss physicist called his projection system a “téléoscope.” It used an electric arc light source for a large, bright picture.

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During the period from 1900 to 1920

Broadway was “flanked with a double row of this new type of electrical advertising”. The roots of fluorescent technology reach back to the Peter Cooper Hewitt’s mercury-based lamps, introduced in 1901.Lee De Forest invented the Audion vacuum tube in 1906, creating the entire basis of long-distance audio and TV communications. The Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics.

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In the first decade of the 1900s, years before developing the compact Home Projecting Kinetoscope, Edison marketed an essentially theatrical 35 mm Projecting Kinetoscope for domestic use.

1902 - Edward Raymond Turn-er. First film in the world with natural color National Me-dia Museum, Bradford, UK.

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1901 Pan-American Ex-position, Buffalo, NY. Exhibits: Electric Tower (the fair’s center piece) designed by John Galen Howard and the Electric-ity Building designed by Green & Wicks.

The “Clicquot Club Ginger Ale - World’s Largest Seller,” spectacular on the Put-nam Building was another O. J. Gude Company installation. Nineteen thou-sand lamps and twenty-nine flashers helped the Eskimo boys and their sled get over the frozen snow.

By their sinuous nature, neon tubes lend themselves to script. Moore tube signs used script in the early 1900s; Claude's first neon sign in the U.S. re-produced Packard's script logotype.

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1904 - The year that turned Longacre Square into the place known as Times Square, Oscar J. Gude installed a so-phisticated advertisement for Trimble. The sign was placed on the north side of 47th Street, between Broadway and 7th Avenue, making it the first in a long line of electronic advertisements to be placed at this key intersection.The Trimble name could be seen from al-most a mile away down certain corridors.

1905 - The “Petticoat Girl” sign made its debut, featuring “the illusion of flut-tering skirts produced by a series of very rapid flashes of bulb form the bot-tom of the skirt and the petticoat, while the rain was switched on and off every twenty seconds.”

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1908 Coney Island. Luna Park Lagoon with 750 and 1000 Watt Mazda Lamps

The city of New York banned the new year´s fireworks so that Alfred Ochs, publisher of the New York Times and host of the Times Square party had to come up with anoth-er highlight to get the attention of the masses and so in the year 1907 to 1908, a huge lighted ball lowered a flagpole

B e h r e n s became the indust r ia l d e s i g n e r specializing in German electricity.Poster for the bulbs AEG, 1910

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Neon signs are made using electri-fied, luminous tube lights that contain rarefied neon or other gases. They are the most com-mon use for neon lighting, which was first demon-strated 1910 by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.

September 25, 1909, an entire fleet of in-ternational warships in the Hudson Riv-er was illuminated.This display of lights and naval power was so impressive that it was reenacted upon the people’s request.

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The popular success of the "Petticoat Girl" electric bulb sign prompted successors whichsimilarly incorporated primitive iterations of animation during the 1910's. The CorticelliSpool Silk sign featured a frolicsome kitten playing with a spool of silk snatched from thepumping needle of a sewing machine and the brief tagline "Too Strong to Break".

Luminograph, patented in 1913, projected film onto photocells, which controlled relays, which controlled light bulbs. The later Epok substituted tubes for the relays.An American version shown in Times Square even let live dancers to perform in front of the photo-cells. By 1937, the Wondersign added color.

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1915 - The Panama-Pacif-ic International Exposition (PPIE) in San Francisco. Lighting was designed by Walter D’Arcy Ryan, includ-ing the Scintillator search-light display.The centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which was illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical search-lights at night. This fair set the pattern for the lighting of future fairs.

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1917 - "Wrigley's Spearmint" sign, erected on Broadway between 43rd and 44th Streets. installed by O. J. Gude. The Wrigley's sign,embodied several archetypal characteristics of electric bulb sign spec-taculars of the period, such as a national company branding through the use of iconic text (and not a graphical logo), repetitive animation of mun-dane tasks and an adherence to incongruous Beaux-Art iconography.

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1917 - Davis & Shaw Furniture Co. had the first electric outdoor advertising sign in Colorado.

Davis & Shaw Furniture Company’s electric ad-vertising sign on the Pioneer Building at Lar-imer and Fifteenth Street in Denver. The sign was built in 1917 almost as tall as the Pioneer Building and remained in place until 1925, when it was blown down in a windstorm.

Coca-Cola sign as a landmarks in Times Square since 1920.As early as 1923 Coca-Cola brought a new dimension to its billboard by adding neon lighting.

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Period from 1920 to 1940

In1919 Thomas Wilfred built his first Clavilux, a mechanical invention that allowed the creation and perfor-mance of Lumia, which was Wilfred’s term for Light Art. In 1924 More inventes the vacuum bulbs used in telephotography and in 1925 im-proved it for use in television.

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Before neon signs began to proliferate in New York during the 1920s, another type of electric sign pre-dominated throughout the city. These were the "panel reflector" signs. The concept behind them was simple: they were comprised only of a painted signboard, il-luminated by incandescent bulbs housed in a hooded fixture mounted to the top of the sign.

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1925 - Niagara Falls Il-luminated Winter Scene. Niagara Falls Illumina-tion Board first installation was a Twenty-four carbon searchlights each 26 inches in diameter, emitting a total of 1,320,000,000 candle-power.

Hollywood represented a city, but also an industry, a lifestyle and an aspiration. Was officially crowned when the “Holly-woodland” sign was erected in 1923.

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1925 - Paris International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts

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In 1930 there were at least five dif-ferent theatrical-television systems demonstrated — in actual theaters. The first was on January 16 at the RKO-Proctor 58th St. Theater in New York. It was an RCA system that produced a ten-foot-wide image. In April Ulises Sanabria conducted his first demo in Chicago. On May 22 General Electric in Schenectady, New York (left). On July 28, John Logie Baird presented his version in London. In July 30, RCA showed a different system in Schenectady.

1931- Radio pioneer Lee de Forest filed a patent for a means of etching video images onto motion-picture film. By 1933, a different version evolved into the Fernseh “intermediate film” system.

L'Exposition Coloniale de 1931 à Paris

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Historically, Columbus Circle may have been second only to Times Square in the number of big off-premise roof signs The General Motors sign seen in a Sam-uel Gottscho photo, February 11, 1932.

With Callo-way’s band a young Dizzy Gillespie would run into a saxo-phonist named Charlie Parker. Result: the thing that would overtake swing — bebop.Calloway became so popular that he would one day replace Ellington as the Cotton Club’s regular act.

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1933 - YESCO erected the first neon sign in Las Vegas for the Boulder Club. Young Electric Sign Company (YESCO) is a manufacturer of electric signs based in Salt Lake City. The company was founded by Thomas Young in 1920.

C4 IX Citroen, 1931

This print depicts two NYC art deco land-marks, the GE Building and the Chrysler Build-ing, the George Washington Bridge, which also has deco elements. These three iconic piec-es of architecture were completed in 1930 and 1931, and this print dates from 1933.

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"The great roof signs of the Harlem YMCA date to the building's opening on New Year's Day 1933, making them among the oldest functioning neon signs in New York today. Determined not to lose business to movie houses and other amusement venues, YMCAs across the United States almost invariably hung large illuminated signs high on their facades by twentieth century."

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The Capitol The-ater is a 700-seat theater in Burling-ton, Iowa. Opened in 1937, with the first showing being Mark Twain's clas-sic "The Prince and the Pauper".

D e s i g n L e t t e r i n g : The Hanbook to Lighting Fixture Suc-cess, 1932.Posters for the Chicago World´s fair 1933

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Steven Heller and Louis Fili's recent book, Scripts: Elegant Lettering from Design's Golden Age provides some insight on the evolution of classic script letterforms. "In commercial contexts, a script would never be used for, say, a railway sign or other official posting," they write, "but it was common and appropriate for virtually any other type of signage . . . which demanded an ad hoc or handwritten appearance."

Specimen sheet for Gillies Gothic Bold, from American Type Founders, 1934, reproduced in Heller & Fili's.

"Neon Script," first published in Signs of the Times maga-zine, July 1933, from Alf Beck-er's 100 Alpha-bets.

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Indoors, video projection had em-braced a broad range of technolo-gies. In electronic television, there were ultra-high-brightness cathode-ray tubes. Direct-view (non-projection) systems improved to the point where this actual screen photo could be shot of a Telefunken matrix (shown at left) in 1935. Color projection was shown by 1938

1935 - Brussels Interna-tional Exposition. Le Cor-busier designed part of the French exhibit and the Belgian modernist architect Victor Bourgeois designed the Grand Palace.

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1937 - The cathedral of light was a main aesthetic feature of the Nuremberg Rallies that consisted of 130 searchlights, at intervals of 12 metres (40 feet), aimed skyward to create a se-ries of vertical bars surrounding the audience. The effect was a brilliant one, both from within the design and on the outside. British Ambassador Sir Nevile Henderson said that it “was both solemn and beautiful... like being in a cathedral of ice.”

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1939 - New York World’s Fair. “The World of Tomorrow.” The Fair includ-ed color photography, nylon, air con-ditioning, fluorescent lamps, the View-Master, and Smell-O-Vision. The fair was also the occasion for the 1st World Science Fiction Convention.

USSR Pavilion at New York World’s Fair. Exhibition in the USSR Pavilion included the life-size copy of the interior of Mayakovskaya station of the Moscow Metro. Designer of the station, Alexey Dushkin, was awarded Grand Prize of the 1939 New York World’s Fair.

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During the period from 1940 to 1960

In 1941, Schnetzler made a mercury-thallium lamp having an efficiency of 70 lm/W. In 1942, A.H. McKeag from GEC (England) made a giant leap dis-covering calcium and strontium-acti-vated halophosphates. Lamps using this formulation were introduced in 1946. In 1958 Philips marketed an integral lamp, included the discharge tube within an evacuated bulb.

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1940 - Lisbon World’s Fair. The Fair in order to celebrate both Foundation of the Portuguese State (1140) and the Restoration of Independence (1640), constituted the largest of its kind held in the country until Expo 98.Included thematic pavilions connected with the history, economic activities, culture, science, regions and territories. It also included a pavillion of Brasil, the only foreign country invited. It´s Chief Architect was Cottinelli Telmo.

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1946 - Mars Signal Light Co. Chicago magazine ad print.

1948 - Armstrong Asphalt Tile Ads - Future Styles.

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1951 - Vegas Vic is the unofficial, yet most widely used name for the Las Vegas, neon sign that resembles a cowboy that was erected on the exterior of The Pioneer Club. The sign designed by Pat Denner was a departure in graphic design from typeface based neon signs, to a friendly and welcoming human form.

1952 - Astro Boy was a Japanese manga car-toon adapted into the first, most popular ani-mated Japanese televi-sion series called anime.

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1954 - GM Parade of Progress Show. The tent was illuminated on the outside with colored flood lights and on the inside light-ed with multi-colored fluorescent tubes.

1955 - Ad from Ameri-can Bicyclist for Delta lights and Carlisle tires.

1954 - Lytescape outdoor lighting.

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In some cases, as at Long Island City's landmark Pepsi-Cola spectacular, the sign faithfully reproduces a logotype designed previously by others. But in most examples, the lettering is the original work of sign painters in a neon shop's layout department.

Some New York signs that play the con-trast between script and block letters. (T.Rinaldi)

Very often, sign makers played the con-trast between an elegant script and block letters. This practice seems to have peaked in the 1950s. Typically, the signs use script for the owner's name, as though the sign was a personalized invitation. "Be-fore the advent of modern logo design, scripts gave the illusion that the business name was a signature," write Heller and Fili: "They made the impersonal person-al."

Smith’s Bar & Grill, 701 8th Avenue, Man-hattan - DaNite Neon Sign Co., 1954.

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1958 - Tokyo Tower. The tower is used to broadcast signals for Japanese me-dia outlets and has an observatory.

1958 - The Atomium in Brussels World's Fair. It forms the shape of a unit cell of an iron crystal.

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One of the most recognized classics is the McDonald’s single-arch “Speedy” sign, a prime example of which is in Green Bay, WI at 1587 Shawano Avenue. It is a parabolic sign of the type used from July, 1958 to August, 1959.

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During the period from 1960 to 1980

William Louden and Kurt Schmidt (GE) makes the first practicable high-pressure sodium lamps in 1964. Philips made a leap forward in 1965 with the introduction of the tin oxide semiconductor mirror, and later the better tin-doped indium oxide film. This led in 1983 to a lamp reaching the symbolic barrier of 200 lm/W the highest efficacy reached yet.

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Lettering of the 60s & 70s is a celebration of beau-tiful and stylistically diverse hand-drawn lettering before the advent of Letraset and the computer. Cus-tom lettering gave designers’ imaginations full rein to develop individu-alistic solutions un-constrained by typo-graphic practicalities.

Saul Bass graphic de-signer and filmmak-er, known for his de-sign of film posters.

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1962 - Space Needle at Century 21 Exposition Seattle World’s Fair.

Paul Thiry was the fair’s chief architect Seattle-born Minoru Yamasaki de-signed the The World of Science, the U.S. Science Exhibit with NASA mod-els and mockups of various satellites, and the Project Mercury capsule that had carried Alan Shepard into space. Victor Steinbrueck and John Gra-ham, Jr. designed the Space Needle.

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1964 - New York World’s Fair “ P e a c e t h r o u g h U n d e r -s t a n d i n g ”

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1965 - A large-screen video outlet appeared in the Houston Astrodome, an electronic score-board (created by Fair-Play) with central video-matrix screen. In 1972, Stewart-Warner in-stalled the first (black-&-white, light-bulb-based) instant-re-play video scoreboard at Arrow-head Stadium in Kansas City.

The famed Stardust sign became a symbol of Las Vegas. In 1967 the old circular sign was replaced by a new $500,000 roadside sign. The new sign's form was blurred by a scatter of star shapes, a shower of stardust. At night, incorporating neon and incandes-cent bulbs in the animation sequence, light fell from the stars, sprinkling from the top of the 188-foot (57 m) tall sign down over the Stardust name.In 1991, the Stardust sign's Googie letter-ing was replaced with a subdued Futura typeface.

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1967 - The Pittsburgh Out-door Advertising Corporation installed the Westinghouse sign using 3,000 feet (910 m) of neon tubing filled with an argon gas, giving the display its characteristic blue color. What distinguished the West-inghouse sign was the com-mon perception that there were practically an infinite number of sequences in which the sign’s elements could be lit, and that no sequence was ever repeated. In reality, the cycle of display patterns would repeat every six minutes, employing a sub-set of 120 lighting combinations created by Westinghouse designers. To heighten interest in the sign, lighting patterns would be changed from time to time by selecting different sequences from the 120 available displays.

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Expo ‘67 - Montreal

Richard Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome became one of the symbols of Expo 67. It would later house the Biosphère, an ecowatch centre. The structure glows in the sunlight due to acrylic skin and is lit up at night.

The USSR pavilion is one of the most popular sites. Atomic en-ergy holds a place of honour with its various peaceful appli-cations. The conquest of space and a replica of the Vostok satel-lite occupies an important place.

The Canada pavilion is the larg-est at the Expo. The central structure is an inverted pyra-mid, called Katimavik, “meeting place” in Inuktitut A stylized tree with 1,500 fall-coloured leaves, photographs of Canadians.

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1971 - Telkom Jo'burg Tower 269 m (883 ft). South Africa’s government run and the coun-try’s largest telecommunications company.

1969 - The Fernsehturm is a television tower in the city centre of Berlin, Germany. It is as a symbol of Berlin, which it remains today, as it is easily visible throughout the central and sub-urban districts of Berlin. With its height of 368 meters, it is the tallest structure in Germany.

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1974 - Dramalux, and Lumiere projector downlighting Lytes-pots at the San Francis-co Museum of Art. The downlighting appeal to the taste for modern style. With contempo-rary interiors featuring track lighting as an icon of modern design.

1973 - four high-brightness color Eidophor pro-jectors provided video viewing on the “Telescreen” at the indoor Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland.Eidophor’s basic technology was the use of electrostatic charges to deform an oil surface. Eidophor was eighty times brighter than CRT.Telescreen was “theatre television” where tele-vision images would be broadcast onto screens.

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Okinawa ‘75 World’s Fair.To commemorate the American handover of Okinawa to Japan in 1972. The theme of the exposition was the oceans, and focused on oceanographic technologies, marine life, and oceanic cultures. The motto was “The sea we would like to see”

Mitsui Children's Water PavilionUSA Pavilion WOS Group Pavilion

Aquapolis - The centerpiece of Expo 75, was a floating city designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake. It was envisioned as a concept of how humans could live harmoniously on the ocean, and a prototype for marine communities.

Expo from Aquapolis

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1976 - Interior lighting design image of Louisiana Superdome GTE Sylvania.

1977 - Studio 54 Light DJ view.

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During the period from 1980 to 2000

1980 - Entertainment Lighting Con-sole product developed for use at Dis-ney’s EPCOT. 1981 Kliegl Command. 1992 ETC introduces the Source Four ERS Sensor dimmer. 1994 Horizon Controls introduces software to allow any Win3.1 computer to control light-ing. 1998 Rosco/ET Eclipse dedicated control surface for Horizon Controls.

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1980 - The first installation of what Mitsubishi called Diamond Vision was at Dodger Stadium in It was followed by Astrovision (Panasonic), Starvi-sion (EEV), Super Color Vision (Toshiba), Jumbo-Tron (Sony), and a system from Omega’s sports timing group, all with variations on the tube idea.

1982 - Disney World´s Epcot Center sign completed.

1981 - Astro Wars, portable video game toy was made with Vacuum Fluorescent Display (invented in Japan in 1967). VFD emits a bright light with high contrast and support display elements of various colours.

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1982 - World’s Fair Knoxville, Tennessee. Electric En-ergy Exhibit, The Sunsphere (266 ft.) had multi sensory displays called sunscopes.

1984 - Brown Boveri Research, Switzer-land invented the structure for passive- matrix LCD. This technology is not backlit, active matrix is, and produces less contrast. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. This is the prototype with 540x270 pixels.

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1988 - Expo 88 World’s Fair, Brisbane, Australia. Sound sensitive fountains outside the West German Pavilion. High Definition TV received its premiere at the Japan Pavilion and text-based Internet at the Swiss Pavilion.

1984 - Caesar´s Palace sign is the first of a new generation of four color, computerized electron-ic message centers.

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The 1991 Times Square sign was on dis-play for 13 years. It featured a $3 mil-lion display with the world’s largest Coca-Cola bottle and was the only Times Square billboard with a daytime and even-ing performance, as 12,000 neon and incandescent lights powered up to add to the night time show.

1993 - Nichia Chemical intro-duced an outdoor-brightness blue LED developed by Shu-ji Nakamura. For “pioneer-ing development of emissive technology for large outdoor video screens,” both Mit-subishi and Nakamura re-ceived Emmy awards this year.

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1994 - Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower, Shangai, China. The tower is brightly lit in different LED se-quences at night.

Kobe Luminarie is a light festival held in Kobe, Ja-pan, every December since 1995. The installa-tion itself is produced by Valerio Festi and Hiroka-zu Imaoka. Lights are kept up for about two weeks and turned on for a few

hours each evening. Each light is individually hand-painted.

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1998 - The biggest advertiser - in terms of neon acreage - the Nasdaq market. A $15 million, multimedia kaleidoscope of stock tickers, video screens and colorful billboards that festo on the cylindrical tower of the building on Broadway be-tween 42nd and 43rd Streets. The sign was roughly the size of three basketball courts.

Expo ’98 Lisbon - Its mot-to “The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future” was in-tended as an appeal to the world to protect the sea. The accompanying World Maritime Summit brought scientific evidence and led to the creation of the European Maritime Agency.The main feature was a show called AquaMatrix, video and light projec-tion, pyrotechnics, fire and an acrobat walk-ing a wheel over a cable.

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Period from 2000 to 2012.

With high brightness resolution LEDs, the billboard has been transformed into the high-tech electronic display. Changing a sign mes-sage, it’s a click with a mouse, rather than sending out a crew to pull down and replace a billboard message. High Efficiency Plasma (HEP) technology is a new and unique genre of electrodeless, RF driven lighting invented by Ceravision.

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2000 - Interior view of Sony Center atrium, Berlin, by Helmut Jahn, during artificial sun-set sequence. Lighting design Yann Kersalé

2000 - Kinetic Light Installa-tion artist Paul Tzanetopoulos. SEGD Honor Award. This dy-namic landmark gateway into LAX airport includes 32-feet-high letterforms, a ring of fifteen 120-feet-tall pylons forming a bold gateway into the airport.

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2003 - Olafur Eliassons The Weather Project at Tate Modern, London.

2004 - D-Tower, Doetinchem, The Netherlands by Lars Spuybroek, NOX, indicating love as the dominant mood of citizens.

2004 - The new Times Square Coca-Cola digital sign includs GPS to manage the controls. Trillions of colors, a 30-ton display uses more than 2.6 million LEDs. 32 sculpted LED screens enable the sign to have a 60” vertical and a unique 140º horizontal viewing angle.

2002 - Olym-pic rings Salt Lake City Winter Games, spanned 600’ on a near-by hillside. They were only on dur-ing the Olympics.

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2005 - Guinness World Records has named A Sympho-ny of Lights, the world's largest permanent light and sound show.It is a synchronised building exterior decorative light and laser multimedia dis-play, featuring 44 buildings on both sides of the Victoria Harbour of Hong Kong accompanied by music. The technology was developed by Australian firm Laser-vision and cost 44 million HK dollars and is held every night for ten minutes.

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July 2006 - Coney Island Parachute Jump was unveiled in Recipient of New York Construc-tion Magazine’s “Award of Merit”, the New York Landmarks Conservancy’s “Lucy G. Moses Pres-ervation Award” and the highest lighting design industry award, The Lumen. The revisualization of the landmark 277-foot structure, widely con-sidered Brooklyn’s answer to the “Eiffel Tower”.

2008 - TRIPLE BRIDGE GATEWAYPKSB Architects with Leni Schwendinger Light Projects. Manhattan’s Port Authority Bus Terminal. It is the biggest bus sta-tion in the United States and the busiest in the world by traffic volume.Reflective panels emit a carpet of light onto the roadbed creating a luminous urban “room”.

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2008 - Hauptwache Luminale, Frankfurt.

2009 - Eden Park developed a microplasma panel. UV is used to excite phosphor to generate visible light. The electrodes are external to the microplasma cavities where the UV is gen-erated, working life will be 50,000 hours.The panels contain no mercury, it pro-vides over 30 lumens/watt, projected to rise to 100 lumens/watt in the near future.

2009 - The GP2X Wiz game con-sole uses an AMOLED (active-matrix organic light - emitting diode) display technology.

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2010 - Better City, Better Life, the theme of Expo Shanghai China. Dream Cube: Society for Environmental Graphic Design Honor Award. 2010 World Expo Shanghai Corporate Pavilion

2009 - Harrah’s Resort Media Façade. Design Team: Mike Hansen (digital media producer) George Robbins (art director), Zach Horn (motion graphics). Color Kinetics (LEDs), C-nario (control system software),

Buildings as video screens

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2011 - Nomada produce, design and operate the Sharjah Light Fes-tival (UAE). This team of artists and technicians discover new new vi-sions when it comes to create an event. Light, image, video, sound and mapping are the techniques.

2011 - Burton Inc. Japan rolls out True 3D laser plasma display.

Building mapping video projection

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The German company DISTEC developed the first so-lar-driven backlit scroller for outdoor advertising. The solar unit uses premium quality monocrystalline pan-els manufactured by Schott®. The solar unit tracks the course of the sun by a two-axis tracking system in an angle of horizontally up to 270°, and verti-cally up to 85° and generates approximately 40% more power than conventional, static solar cells. As additional benefit, the tracking reduces the panel space needed to provide the requisite energy.

Canada’s first LED video billboard network (four connected screens) created by Lightvision. The pos-sibility of a citywide or regional display-advertising network.

Signs in the highway illuminat-ed at night may not exceed a maximum luminance level of seven hundred fifty (750) cd/m² or Nits, regardless of the method of illumination.

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2011 - "Solar Equation" is a large-scale art installation of a faithful simulation of the Sun, 100 million times smaller than the real thing. Commissioned by the Light in Winter Festival in Melbourne, the piece features the world’s largest spherical balloon, which is tethered over Federation Square and animated using five projectors. The solar anima-tion on the balloon is generated by live mathe-matical equations that simulate the turbulence, flares and sunspots that can be seen on the surface of the Sun. This produces a constant-ly changing display that never repeats itself.

Dior building, 57th St., Manhattan. Rosco LED LitePads provide the look of smooth highlight-to-shadow transitions in decorative sheets.

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2012 - London Olympics. The Cauldron. Thomas Heatherwick and Studio one built a 204 petals in 30’ stems olympic flame.

2011 - Pan Arab Games produc-tion of the world’s largest video screen to date. 55000 individual video pixels sync with 44000 feet of LED net spread across a stadium.

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2012 - Expo Chicago, Navy Pier Contemporary and Modern Art Exhibit. Studio Gang’s Architec-tural design.

2012 - Richard Osborne light i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

2012 - Laser S c u l p t u r e D e u t s c h e N a t i o n a l Bibliothek.

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2012 - Daniel Buren and 1024 Architecture. Each year, Monumenta invites an internation-ally renowned artist to conceive a site-specific installation for the great nave of the Grand Pal-ais in Paris. A vast atrium space with 13,500 square me-ters. Buren decided to go for something not on a “monumental” scale but rather on a “hu-manistic” scale. * He filled the space with hundreds of colored glass disks, creating surreal colored forest that he called Excentrique(s).

Display and Exhibit

Miami Tower, an iconic sym-bol of the city, has reinvent-ed the city skyline with a new state-of-the-art exteri-or LED lighting system. This will save the build-ing owner nearly $260,000 annually and reduce light-ing related energy by 92%.

Eurovision Song Contest 2012 - Baku Crystal Hall in Azerbaijan.Lighting designer Jerry Appelt. The largest music tele-vision program in the world. Live broadcasts, live view-ing and internet viewers.MA Lighting consoles - all lighting,triggered via Timecode 1,400 moving lights (2,891 lightingfixtures) with 39,860 parameters.