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Missions History of Missions
Dr. Robert PattonMissionary to Suriname,
South America
Isaac McCoy
Started in Ft Wayne, Indiana Successful in Southern Michigan
but feared encroachment of whites He arranged through the
government for land for the Indians west of Missouri
Pottawatomies moved to Kansas forceably
Isaac McCoy
Agreed with Georgia to remove the Cherokee Indians. Other missionaries disapproved; some put to hard labor, others dragged off in chains
A great injustice done to the Indians; 20% died in the trail of tears. They were forceably moved in winter without shoes/moccasins or adequate clothing
Isaac McCoy
Trail of tears
Trail of tears
Trail of tears
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman
Both felt called to missions to the Indians. Marcus was trained as a doctor. They met, discussed marriage, and were married after a partial trip to Oregon by Marcus. Narcissa became pregnant on the trip.
They traveled with Henry and Eliza Spaulding. Henry was a minister, but difficult, and Narcissa had refused marriage to him before meeting Marcus Whitman
Marcus Whitman
Settled at Waiilatpu Asked for reinforcements & 3
families came, but much tension and fighting, with no clear leadership. Other families were recalled
Their only daughter drown age 2 – wandered off. Narcissa had many times of depression
The mission grew materially
They sold to other immigrants The Cayuse Indians resented the
prosperity of Whitman, who led a group of 1000 settlers from the East to Oregon
Narcissa took care of 7 Sager orphans Marcus helped in a plague which killed
50% of the Cayuse Indians, but they suspected he was poisoning them and being a failed shaman
Marcus Whitman
The Cayuse attacked the compound of 72, killing 14 including Marcus and his wife. The rest were held 5 weeks in captivity.
Five Indians were captured & hanged
Cayuse Indians kill Whitman
Spalding had success with the Nez Pierce Indians
The Spauldings moved to Idaho as the first settlers there, and he preached
Many were saved He did translation work as well,
started a school and later one for Indians.
After his death, two ladies took over, trained Indians, and they evangelized
Spaulding house and church
Stephen and Mary Riggs
Stephen and Mary Riggs worked for 40 years in the Dakotas with the Sioux Indians. The initial times were filled with fighting and bloodshed
The real breakthrough came when there was an uprising against the whites when they did not receive their normal funds and killed a few whites.
Stephen and Mary Riggs
Several hundred Sioux were captured and sentenced to death. Most were pardoned by nearly 40 hung. The others were convicted of their sinful lifestyle and many asked for salvation. Riggs and another missionary worked in their midst, and a small revival took place with many saved.
Sioux Indians
Bishop John Horden, CMS missionary to Hudson Bay
Arrived with his wife, started teaching and preaching. Learned Cree, and then several other Indian languages, Eskimo and Norwegian
Eventually consecrated as bishop of a huge territory 1500 miles or so. Traveled and preached;
Translated the Bible into Cree
Bishop John Horden & Fort Churchhill – arctic tundra
Difficulties in Indian work
There was a tendency to equate “civilizing” and converting the Indians - so that their own culture was not respected.
Sometimes there was an attitude of superiority among the missionaries
There was a contest over the land which the Indians considered sacred
Difficulties in Indian work
Work with the Indians was less than successful for several reasons:
There was a lot of mercenary reasons that the Indians were “evangelized” and sometimes forcibly removed from their homes. The Cherokee Indians were the worst abused in the trail of tears as shown previously
The 19th century – the great century of Missions
Hinduism, Buddhism, & Islam were quiescent
Roman Catholicism had problems from rationalism & the French Revolution
Protestantism was growing rapidly, especially in the USA
Britain became a dominant power, with France, Holland, and Germany & Italy
19th century
After bloody revolutions, the world was more at peace. Europe started to grow and multiple nations colonized
Western nations and industrialization led to their world power status
Religion was no longer under the state
Revivals occurred
Roman Catholicism and Orthodox
Orthodox church began to move again and free from the Turks
Roman Catholicism gradually became unified after destruction by Napolean
France became more dominant in missions
The 19th century – the great century of Missions
It was no longer the state, but the individual who must propagate the faith
The voluntary missions societies grew tremendously – both denominational and independent
The 19th century – the great century of Missions
It was no longer the state, but the individual who must propagate the faith
The voluntary missions societies grew tremendously – both denominational and independent
Colonialism
There was some tie with colonialism & imperialism –both advantage and disadvantage
Colonialists often opposed missionaries, and missionaries were scandalized by the lives of many colonists
Missions brought
Democracy Schools Hospitals Universities But a sense of superiority of the
white man and his culture
Location of missions
Mostly initially along the coast; later went to the interior
Much opposition from the trading companies, who viewed missions as interfering with their profits
1-3% of population converted in China and India, etc.
Preparation for effective missions Jonathan Edwards had a big impact -
both by writing and preaching with revival, and also by the diary of David Brainerd. He also was a missionary to the Indians for 8 years. His son also learned Mohican
Great theologian and revivalist with most famous sermon in USA – Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Died of smallpox vaccination as president of Yale University
Jonathan Edwards
Phillip Doddridge
20th child, always in poor health Became a nonconformist pastor and
hymnwriter Greatly influenced by the writings of
Richard Baxter of a previous century. Baxter had been jailed as well – wanting to have missionary movement
Phillip Doddridge
Phillip Dodderidge was influencial in England, influencing Wilberforce, who eliminated slavery, and Whitefield, the great evangelist.
He proposed a mission society, but it was 64 years before they did anything except organize prayer meetings
Doddridge chapel
Phillip Doddridge
The first awakening in America
Theodorus Frelinghuysen, Reformed pastor influenced by Dutch Pietists saw many converted. He linked with Gilbert Tennent, later founder of Princeton University, for the First Great Awakening.
Later fires stirred by George Whitefield’s preaching with thousands saved
Theodorus Frelinghuysen & Gilbert Tennent
George Whitefield
Preparation for effective missions John and Charles Wesley were
influenced by many of the above men They received assurance of salvation
from Moravians on shipboard to America Wesley had great success in spiritual
revival in America
John Wesley
Preparation for effective missions - Thomas Coke Thomas Coke, only 5 ft. 1 in and heavy,
was closely alligned with John Wesley and considered his successor.
Wesleyans put Thomas Coke as bishop, who sent 43 missionaries to the new world.
He made 16 trips to the United States, four to the caribbean, but also to Africa (Sierra Leone) and pushed missions.
He died on a trip with six missionaries to Ceylon
Thomas Coke - Bishop
Preparation for effective missions Andrew Fuller was liberated from
extreme Calvinism, writing to confront sinners with the gospel. Carey was liberated from the same. Finally in 1792, after publishing Carey’s booklet, they formed a mission society, with about 12 following over the next 25 years.
Fuller became the secretary and preached widely. Opposed by many Baptists, and especially by the Presbyterians
Andrew Fuller
William Carey – father of modern missions (1761-1834) Born 1761 the son of a weaver Apprenticed as a shoemaker because
allergies prevented his being a gardener Converted as a teen through a coworker Married the daughter of his master,
Dorothy, who was 5 years his senior
William Carey – father of modern missions (1761-1834) Became a pastor and gradually realized
the church’s responsibility to the heathen despite the influence of Reformed theology
He wrote the classic 87 page book concerning missions
Preached a classic sermon: Expect great things from God; attempt great things for God. A Baptist missionary society was then begun
William Carey and Serempore College
William Carey – father of modern missions (1761-1834) He offered to accompany Dr. John
Thomas who was appointed – had been to India before.
His wife as well as his family were strongly opposed. She was pregnant with their fourth child, and refused to go.
His original plan to go with Thomas and his family, along with his 8 month son, was stopped because Thomas must settle debts before leaving
William Carey – father of modern missions (1761-1834) Dorothy changed her mind, and went
with the new baby and her sister Kitty arriving in India in 1793
They moved because of pressure from the East India company to a swampy area, later helped by Mr Short from the company
Carey moved 300 miles north, and was the foreman of an indigo plant
William Carey
After the death of their 5 year old son, his wife went crazy and accused him of adultery and tried to kill him
He was depressed, but started a church and translation, but no convert for 7 years at Malda
He then moved to Serempore, under Danish control, where he was for 34 years
William Carey
Marshman and Ward were there, plus Marshman’s wife – and they worked well as a team
He translated the entire Bible in 3 languages though some needed much reworking, and the New Testament in 23 other languages Carey revised the Bengali 8 times, and it has still been replaced. Marshman translated the Bible into Chinese – though not idiomatic
William Carey
Set up a large printing operation, and eventually Serempore College for training nationals
He became Professor of Oriental Languages at Fort William College, which help with income and influence with the British
William Carey
He neglected his family; fortunately others helped them
Dorothy died age 51 Six months later he married Lady
Charlotte Rumhor, a Dane, whom he saw converted and baptized earlier despite opposition. The marriage was happy for 13 years and she mothered his boys
William Carey
Charlotte helped translation work. After her death, he married Grace
Hughes at age 62 (she was 45) – again a happy marriage
When younger missionaries came, there was a split and the younger missionaries set up another station a few miles away.
William Carey
The new missionaries had support of the Baptist Mission society, who insisted in running the mission from a distance
Eventually Serempore severed relationships, but had to recind when finances became a problem
London began to run missions in areas they did not know with missionaries they had never met
William Carey – father of modern missions (1761-1834)
He had started training nationals He also opposed suttee, but
basically tried to leave the Indian culture intact
He wanted an indigenous church with indigenous culture.
He was also an expert botanist He lived modestly and supported
other missionaries
William Carey
Four of his own sons became missionaries
Two of his co-workers, Ward and Marshman, were also recognized as great missionaries as well
Principles of Carey’s mission work
Widespread preaching the gospel at every opportunity
Distribution of the Bible in the languages of the people
Establishment of a church as soon as possible
Study background and thought of the native people
Training for indigenous ministry
Anglican work
As the British took over India during the time of William Carey, and replaced the power of the East India Company, they sent a number of effective bishops to organize the work in England, including Middleton, Heber, and Wilson
Anglican work in South India
The Mar Thomas churches that were under the pope wanted neither the pope nor the Portuguese. There was an attempt to bring in a Syrian bishop which lasted briefly. Then the Anglicans came, but there was rejection of the missionaries, and then a second group and second split. Finally the Mar Thoma church was established.
South India
Rhenius organized the church around schools with a teacher-catechist as the center. This was successful
Some prominent Indians also developed the church, and invited missionary Ringeltaube who baptized about 1000 converts
First American missionary
George Lisle - black man going to Jamaica; freed slave who started 2 churches in America
Attempts made to put him back into slavery, so he went with his wife and 4 children to Jamaica
He was successful as an evangelist and a church planter there. Got some support from England
Missions mentors
Jonathan Edwards had moved away from Calvinism through the influence of Samuel Hopkins and Joseph Bellamy
Jonathan Edwards influenced Edward D. Griffen, top Yale graduate. Samuel Mills was converted under his preaching and influenced by his missionary sermon “The Kingdom of Christ”
Samuel Mills
Mills distributed the sermon at Williams College, and this stimulated the famous haystack meeting.
Started a group of “brethren” with idea of starting a missions group
Mills was instrumental in starting the American Bible Society
The “haystack prayer meeting”
In 1802, five men from Williams College met for prayer for a lost world. During a rainstorm, they sought shelter under a haystack. They committed themselves to become missionaries
Adoniram Judson later joined them, and then became the first USA missionary
Monument at Williams College for haystack meeting
Griffin starts a new seminary – Andover
Mills and his group connected to Andover
Griffin suggested they start a mission group among Congregationalists
Mills later stayed in the USA, goes to the frontier, noted the lack of Bibles, and asked Griffin to start a Bible society
Later Timothy Dwight, grandson of Edwards, saw revival as Yale’s president
Adoniram Judson Brilliant, graduated valedictorian
from Brown University at age 19. However, he was influenced by
deist Jacob Eames and went to New York to be a playwright.
He had no success, and stopped at an inn when he heard the terrible groans of James Eames, who he heard die.
Adoniram Judson His father and others started
Andover seminary, and he attended as a special student and got saved.
He vowed to be a missionary after hearing a British minister
He went to get support under the London Missionary Society, but they did not want to fund an American missionary
Adoniram Judson He returned when he heard that
the American board had received a sizeable inheritance
He married Ann Nancy Hasseltine, who was truly called to missions
13 days later they headed for India, and en route made an extensive study of baptism. They were baptized by William Ward in Serempore
Adoniram Judson
Adoniram Judson Luther Rice came to the same conclusion.
Both resigned their board. Luther Rice went back to raise support through formaton of a Baptist board.
The congregationalists were upset, but the Baptists started a board and supported them
Adoniram Judson They were opposed by the East India
Company, and finally went to Burma, Adoniram’s original choice where he was met by Felix Carey, who had started a translation; Ann miscarried on the trip
Felix Carey and his wife soon left Burma Adoniram and his wife spent up to 12
hours a day studying Burmese. Ann learned the spoken language quickly, but her husband struggled with the written language.
Adoniram Judson
Initial life in Burma very difficult The Burmese had Theravada
Buddhism, the most difficult, and the king was despotic
The war with Britain made things difficult, as did the weather and no European colony
Adoniram Judson
He built a zayat as a place to speak to individuals
After 7 years of work, he baptized his first convert
Zayat (right); initial convert
Adoniram Judson
Health was bad, and Judson went by ship to recover health and get reinforcements from Chittagong, but the ship never arrived, finally returning 8 months later.
Opposed by the viceroy and initially by the emperor in Ava
Adoniram Judson
When the British attacked Burma, they imprisoned Judson and Dr. Price, another missionary, as spies, placed them in the death prison and tortured them
Ann visited repeatedly and pled for their lives – finally released after 18 months
Judson in prison
Adoniram Judson
Judson was in intermediary between the British and Burmese. Before he could return to his wife, she died, and shortly thereafter, the baby Maria also died
He became very depressed, built a hut, dug a grave, and sat contemplating it
Adoniram Judson After 2 years, he recovered and started
evangelizing with much greater results. He then translated the Bible over 14 years – two years initially with much revision work. His translation is still used as accurate today!
Age 46 he married Sarah Boardman, age 30 whose husband died 3 years earlier. She gave birth to 8 children in 10 years - died after last one en route to the USA
Judson’s Burmese Bible
Adoniram Judson While in the states, he married Emily
Chubbock, a young secular writer. He proposed that she write a book on Sarah Boardman Judson.
He proposed a month later, and six months later they were married.
They were in Burma only 3 years. They had one child. Adoniram died after 3 years while on a sea voyage for his health, and Emily died 3 years later age 36.
His ministry was carried on for generations,
Emily Judson
George and Sarah Boardman
George was moved by the death of a missionary working with Judson and decided to go to Burma.
His future wife wrote a poem about the same man. He met her, and they married
They arrived in Burma just after the British-Burma war completed
George and Sarah Boardman
Pioneer work among the Karen people.
George Boardman’s health deteriorated but he saw many saved
He finally died of tuberculosis
George Boardman – baptisms as he watches dying of Tbc
George and Sarah Boardman
George died after 5 years. His wife stayed on starting a girl’s school, caring for a 2 year old, and three years later married Adoniram Judson.
Her son was sent to the USA and became a pastor
Sarah Boardman
After marriage, she had many children to care for
She was also excellent in language and helped in translation work, hymns and other materials
She lived to be 46, and gave birth to 8 children in 10 years
She died en route to the USA
Ko Tha Byu
Their worker, Ko Tha Byu, a former murderer, was effective with a people’s movement which eventually led to 10,000 members
He had been a murderer of at least 30 people. After training and baptism, he was a faithful pastor until his death, having seen over 1000 saved
Henry Martyn Henry Martyn came to India as a
chaplain for the East India Company. He was a brilliant student at Cambridge, with top honors in mathematics.
He translated the New Testament into Hindustani, Persian & Arabic.
With poor health, he went to Persia, but then continued in poor health and died en route to England at age 32.
Martyn’s translations
Martyn was brilliant but also very well educated in languages. His Urdu translation is still a basis today
He made an excellent translation into Persian, and good progress on Arabic
Henry Martyn
Alexander Duff
Schools were large, but had only 33 professions – however, they made a major impact as missionaries and ministers
He left 4 children behind, and had little time for them when home in Scotland
Hailed as missionary statesman for his controversial innovation
Alexander Duff
Duff succeeded in pushing English education in India, but did not result in many conversions. It may have stimulated reformed Hinduism
He was brilliant and a scholar, but did not reckon with the Hindu culture and the need of reaching the heart as well as the head
Alexander Duff
Started Scottish Church college Instrumental in beginning Calcutta
University Leader in the Free Church movement Did help in many other countries in later
years A number of other missionaries imitated
the methods of Duff
Indian Mutiny
Other groups – Lutherans, Basil Mission came to India
1857 – mutiny against western culture, and 38 missionaries were killed
Alexander Duff and the Scottish Church College