Homework #3 is due 4/11.Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.

CB 48.3

Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response.

CB 48.5

Neurons: cells specialized fortransmitting signals

Axon

Parts of a neuron

Signals

CB 48.7

In the brain neurons are shorter and highly interconnected

electrical electricalat synapse chemical

At the synapse the electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal

CB 48.16

Neurons are commonly connected to many other neurons, and the effect of the different incoming signals determines what the neuron will do.

Incoming signals move through neurons. Only signals above the threshold are transmitted along the neuron.

CB 48.19

The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals

Nervous System Signaling

Stimulus

Transduction Transmission

Response

Integration

Smells are detected by receptor neurons in our nose. Each receptor is sensitive to a different chemical

CB 49.15

Light is detected in the eye by receptors on the retina

CB 49.18

Some vision problems arise from misshapen eyeballs too long

too short

CB 49.19

CB 49.23

Light receptor neurons of the eye:Rods detect black and whiteCones detect colors…one type of cone for each color - red, blue, and green

CB 49.22

Inhibitoryneuro-transmitter

No light

Membrane depolarized

No Signal

CB 49.23

Polar Membrane

light

Noinhibitoryneuro-transmitter

Signal sent

CB 49.23

The optic nerves for each eye enter opposite sides of the brain

CB 49.24

CB 48.19

The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals

CB 48.27

Different regions of the cerebral cortex integrate different inputs/outputs

CB 48.29

Visualizing the specialization of brain regions

CB 48.28

Some body parts have more sensory input/motor control

CB 48.27

What effects how the brain is formed?

CB 48.27

Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes (2006)

American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

Exam score data for 1995-2001

Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

Autumn born females have lowest average scores

Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

Autumn and Spring born males have lowest average scores

Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

Variance of scores in males is much higher

Fig 1

Average female exam scores

One year of female exam scores:highest scores for students born in May

Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger, K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717

Pattern of birth season effects different in males and females

CB 48.27

What effects how the brain is formed?

Homework #3 is due 4/11.Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.