Homo floresiensis Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

Great-great-grandfather ape. A new fossil (reconstruction, above, and face, inset) may be closely related to the earliest great apes.

Endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago

A new species of genus homo?

The study of human evolution is a work in progress ….

Fig. 19-9b

Lemurs, lorises,and pottos

Tarsiers

New World monkeys

Old World monkeys

Gibbons

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzees

Humans

0Millions of years ago

102030405060

Ancestral primate

An

thro

po

ids

Mo

nkeys

Ho

min

oid

s (apes

)The human family tree

Fig. 19-11

Australopithecusanamensis

Australopithecusafarensis

Australopithecusafricanus

Paranthropusboisei

Paranthropusrobustus

Homoergaster

?

Homosapiens

Homoneanderthalensis

Homoerectus

Homohabilis

Kenyanthropusplatyops

Ardipithecusramidus

Sahelanthropustchadensis

Orrorin tugenensis

Mil

lio

ns

of

ye

ars

ag

o

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.5

5.5

5.0

4.0

6.0

7.0

6.5

The human fossil record

Homo floresiensis in the context of the evolution and dispersal of the genus Homo

Brown, P., T. Sutikna, et al. (2004). "A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia." Nature 431(7012): 1055-1061.

Fig. 19-14

Approximate rangeof Neanderthals

35,000 years ago30,000–35,000 years ago30,000 years ago

Key

Europe

Africa

Neander Valley

Original discovery

Atlantic Ocean

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Neanderthals and the colonization of Europe

Fig. 19-15

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

Australia

Asia

Europe

Africa

100,000 BP

40,000 BP

50–60,000 BP

>40,000 BP(50–60,000?)

15–35,000 BP

Modern humans (H. sapiens) and the colonization of the world

Ancestry testing using DNA

Genetic markers on the Y chromosome

Markers used on Y chromosome are ‘Short tandem repeats’ or STRs, which are usually located between genes and have no known physiological effect. (Marker region is amplified by PCR)

‘CA’ repeated 8x

Fig. 12-14a

STR site 1

Crime scene DNA

STR site 2

Suspect’s DNA

Number of short tandemrepeats match

Number of short tandemrepeats do not match

Fig. 12-14b

Crime sceneDNA

Suspect’sDNA

Number indicated the repeats within marker region differs among different ancestry lines

My genetic journey as seen by the Y chromosome

My genetic journey

The Y chromosome

M168: My Earliest Ancestor 50,000 years ago

M89: Moving Through the Middle East 45,000 years ago

M9: The Eurasian Clan Spreads Wide and Far 40,000 years ago

M45: The Journey Through Central Asia 35,000 years ago

M207: Leaving Central Asia 30,000 years ago

M173: Colonizing Europe The First Modern Europeans 30,000 years ago

M343: Direct Descendants of Cro-Magnon 30,000 years ago

Genetic markers on the mitochondrial chromosome (mtDNA)

Hyper Variable Region-1 non-coding sequence of 440 nucleotides contains single nucleotide polymorphisms

(SNPs)

R

Cambridge reference sequence

Ancestry tree using mitochondrial DNA

Y chromosome mt DNA

Overlapping my father’s and mother’s ancestry migration trail

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/lectures/index.html

Technology driven niche expansion