Homo floresiensis Pierolapithecus catalaunicus
Great-great-grandfather ape. A new fossil (reconstruction, above, and face, inset) may be closely related to the earliest great apes.
Endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago
A new species of genus homo?
The study of human evolution is a work in progress ….
Fig. 19-9b
Lemurs, lorises,and pottos
Tarsiers
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans
0Millions of years ago
102030405060
Ancestral primate
An
thro
po
ids
Mo
nkeys
Ho
min
oid
s (apes
)The human family tree
Fig. 19-11
Australopithecusanamensis
Australopithecusafarensis
Australopithecusafricanus
Paranthropusboisei
Paranthropusrobustus
Homoergaster
?
Homosapiens
Homoneanderthalensis
Homoerectus
Homohabilis
Kenyanthropusplatyops
Ardipithecusramidus
Sahelanthropustchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Mil
lio
ns
of
ye
ars
ag
o
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.5
5.5
5.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
6.5
The human fossil record
Homo floresiensis in the context of the evolution and dispersal of the genus Homo
Brown, P., T. Sutikna, et al. (2004). "A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia." Nature 431(7012): 1055-1061.
Fig. 19-14
Approximate rangeof Neanderthals
35,000 years ago30,000–35,000 years ago30,000 years ago
Key
Europe
Africa
Neander Valley
Original discovery
Atlantic Ocean
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Neanderthals and the colonization of Europe
Fig. 19-15
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Australia
Asia
Europe
Africa
100,000 BP
40,000 BP
50–60,000 BP
>40,000 BP(50–60,000?)
15–35,000 BP
Modern humans (H. sapiens) and the colonization of the world
Genetic markers on the Y chromosome
Markers used on Y chromosome are ‘Short tandem repeats’ or STRs, which are usually located between genes and have no known physiological effect. (Marker region is amplified by PCR)
‘CA’ repeated 8x
Fig. 12-14a
STR site 1
Crime scene DNA
STR site 2
Suspect’s DNA
Number of short tandemrepeats match
Number of short tandemrepeats do not match
My genetic journey
The Y chromosome
M168: My Earliest Ancestor 50,000 years ago
M89: Moving Through the Middle East 45,000 years ago
M9: The Eurasian Clan Spreads Wide and Far 40,000 years ago
M45: The Journey Through Central Asia 35,000 years ago
M207: Leaving Central Asia 30,000 years ago
M173: Colonizing Europe The First Modern Europeans 30,000 years ago
M343: Direct Descendants of Cro-Magnon 30,000 years ago
Genetic markers on the mitochondrial chromosome (mtDNA)
Hyper Variable Region-1 non-coding sequence of 440 nucleotides contains single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs)