BODO

Age: 600 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis

Features• massive, aprox• broad face• thick, prominent

supraorbital torus• nasal bones,

mandibular fossa, & frontal sim to H. sap

• sagital keel

Site: Bodo d'Ar, EthiopiaAssociated w/ Acheulean lithics & faunal assemblageCut-marks on cranium indicate post-mortem de-fleshing Found: Asfaw in 1976

Bibliography: Conroy, G. et al (1978) Newly discovered fossil hominid skull from the Afar depression, Ethiopia, Nature

Mauer 1

Age: 500 - 400 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis, holotype

Features• no mental eminence• mental symphisis slopes down

and back from the teeth• broad ramus• taurodontism• very large• large molars, small for H.

erectus

Site: Mauer sand pits, Germany Found: J. Rosch in 1907

Bibliography: Schoetensack, O. (1908) Der Unterkeifer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg

Atapuerca 5 – Miguelón

Age: 500 – 300 kyr

Species: H. heidelbergensis

Features• projecting mid-face• double-arched

supraorbital torus• inflated zygomatics• retromolar space• broad, bukly face• aprox 1125cc• nuchal torus well-

developed• worn front teeth• lacks canine fossa• maximum cranial breadth at base• mastoid process is promeminent and projecting• lacks occipital bun or suprainiac fossasmallest cc of any Atap specimen; largest canine & nasal cavity

Site: Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain

Found: J. Arsuaga in 1992-1993

Bibliography: Arsuaga, J. et al (1993) Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site

Arago XX1 - “Tautavel Man”

Age: 400 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis

Features• aprox 1166cc• prominent supraorbital torus• deep sulcus behind

supraorbital torus• long, flattened frontal• postorbital constriction• angular torus of parietal

bones

resembles smaller version of Arago w/ more H. erectus affinities

Site: Caune de l'Arago, Tautavel, France Found: de Lumley, 1971

Bibliography: de Lumley, H. et al (1971) Decouverte de restes humains antendeandertaliens dates du debut de Riss a la Caune de l'Arago

Petralona 1

Age: 400 – 300 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis

Features• double-arched

supraoribital torus• broad nasal opening• no mid-face projection• palate very wide• thick occiptal bone• prominent transverse

torus• aprox 1220cc

very “transitional” in form: Nean/primitivefound hanging in a stalagmite 23cm above ground

Site: Katsika Hill, Greece Found: Malktosis in 1960

Bibliography: Kokkoros, P. (1960) Decouverte d'un crane d'homme paleolithique dan penninsule Chalcidique, Anthropologique

Broken Hill 1

Age: 300 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis

Features• aprox 1300 cc• low, sloping forehead• long cranium• evidence of disease and

wounding: cavities in teeth, abscesses in jaw, partially healed ¼in wound above ear (sharp instrument or carnivore)

Site: Kabwe, Zambia Found: Zwigelaar

Bibliography: Woodward, A. (1921) A new cave man from Rhodesia, South Africa, Nature

SteinheimAge: 250 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis

Features• aprox 1100cc• suprainiac fossa• marked supraorbital torus• canine fossa• large frontal sinus• straight, expanded parietal

bones• small 3rd molars• mastoid process lacks crests• likely female as less robust

than other specimens• facial traits and basicranial

flexion sim to H. sap• diff pattern of Nean affinities

(back of skull dissimilar from Petralona 1)

Site: Steinheim, Germany Found: Sigrist in1933

Bibliography: Berckhemer, F. (1933) Ein Menschen-Schadel aus den diluvialen Schottern von Steinheim

Krapina C

Age: 130 kyr

Species: Homo heidelbergensis

Features• teeth show enlarged

pulp chamber & fused roots

• projecting midface• retromolar space• occipital bur• broad but lightly built

facial architecture

Site: Krapina, Croatia Found: Gorjanovic-Kramberger in 1905

Bibliography: Gorjanovic-Kramberger, K. (1906) Der diluviale Mensch von Krapina in Kroatien