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Honors Microbiology
Chapter 1 – Scope of Microbiology
• I. Why Study Microbiology?– Microbes have a major impact on human health,
environment, and help maintain the balance of nature.
– Microbes play an important role in many of our foods and medicines
– The study of microbes provides insight into life processes in all life forms
Microbe Types
• Prokaryotes – 2 Domains/Superkingdoms
• Bacteria– Some pathogens– Science of Bacteriology
• Archaea– Environmental
extremophiles– Novel biochemistry
Eukaryotic Microbes
• Algae (Protozoa/Plants)– Photosynthetic– Aquatic– Science of Phycology
• Fungi (Kingdom)– Decomposers– Single or multicellular– Science of Mycology
Viruses (Acellular)
• Simple structure– Capsid– Nucleic acid
• Obligate intracellular growth• Science of Virology
• Smaller relatives– Viroids– Prions
Eukaryotic Parasites
• Protozoa (Kingdom)– Single celled– May be pathogenic– Science of Protozoology
• Helminths (Worms)– Microscopic life stages– Diagnosed microscopically– Sccience of Parasitology
• Arthropods– Cause/transmit disease
– Microbes are easily studied because:• Have relatively simple structures• Can be grown in large numbers• Can reproduce quickly
II. Scope of Microbiology
• The microbes – include the bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses and protozoa
• Other organisms studied – helminths (worms) and arthropods
• Microbiologists study a variety of areas:– Particular organisms– Processes or functions– Health-related– applications
Anthrax Bacteria
Algae
Athlete’s foot fungus
Giardia lambia (protozoa)
Guinea worm infestation
Arthropods as disease vectors
III. Historical Roots
• Mosaic laws found in the Bible involve basic sanitation practices that are still used today in preventive medicine.
• Greeks:– Set forth ethical standards for the practice of
medicine
• Hippocrates associated symptoms with illnesses and realized that disease could be transmitted via clothing and other objects
Hippocrates
• Thucydides observed that people who survived plague would not get the disease again (immunology)
Thucydides
• Romans:– Varro proposed that tiny animals entered the
body and caused disease.
• Lucretius cited “seeds” of disease in his written works
Lucretius
• Jews practiced ancient laws of sanitation and alternative types of medical treatments which helped them survive the Bubonic Plague.
• Development of the microscope:– Anton van Leeuwenhoek – first to make and use
lenses to observe living microorganisms– Electron microscopes – developed in the 1930’s
and 1940’s
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First microscope
• Robert Hooke – first to build a compound microscope, and coined the term “cell”
Robert Hooke
Hooke’s microscope
• Electron microscopes – developed in the 1930’s and 1940’s
Electron Microscope
IV. Important scientists and their contributions to Microbiology
• Louis Pasteur:– Helped disprove the idea of spontaneous
generation– Developed the technique of pasteurization– Associated specific organisms with particular
diseases– Contributed to the development of vaccines
Louis Pasteur
• Robert Koch:– Identified the bacterium that causes anthrax, and
the bacterium that causes tuberculosis– Developed techniques for studying cells in vitro– Formulated a set of postulates to help establish
the Germ Theory of Disease– Conducted research on cholera, typhoid fever,
and sleeping sickness
Robert Koch
• Ignaz Semmelweis – worked to reduce childbed fever by establishing more sanitary practices in patient examinations
• Joseph Lister – ‘father of antiseptic surgery’, developed aseptic techniques, formulated carbolic acid (phenol)
Ignaz Semmelweis
Joseph Lister
• Edward Jenner – developed the vaccine for smallpox
• Elie Metchnikoff – discovered that certain cells in the body (“phagocytes”) could ingest microbes
Edward Jenner
• Martinus Beijerinck – first to characterize viruses
• Wendell Stanley – isolated RNA viruses• Hershey and Chase – isolated DNA viruses
Elie Metchnikoff
• Paul Ehrlich – suggested that chemicals might selectively kill invading microbes; considered the “father of chemotherapy”
• Alexander Fleming – discovered penicillin• Gerhard Domagk – developed sulfa drugs
Paul Ehrlich
Alexander Fleming
Gerhard Domagk
• Walter Reed – discovered the cause of yellow fever
• Selman Waksman – developed streptomycin and other antibiotics
Walter Reed
Selman Waksman