HONORS USH C. 1EUROPEAN COLONIZATION

THE NEW WORLD

FIRST AMERICANS

• 30,000-15,000 people from Siberia migrated across Beringia (land bridge) during the last Ice Age to Alaska.

• These people created diverse societies

from Alaska to Argentina. All different

due to their environment.

-Hunters/gatherers

-Farming

-City-builders

Notable Indian civilizations:

-Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca

-Iroquois

Communal land ownership, polytheistic, matrilineal.

EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES AND INVASION• I. 1000 AD Vikings led by Leif Ericson—Vinland

(Newfoundland)– Skrellings– Sagas

• II. Backdrop for European Discovery– 1000 AD Continental Europe “Middle Ages” Feudalism– Crusades—opened up a new way of life– Renaissance– Commercial Revolution– “middlemen”—Venice, Constantinople, Arab merchants– Age of Discovery

• III. Portuguese Exploration– United, at peace, perfect location– Prince Henry the Navigator “Sagres Navigation School”– Africa; 1488-Dias, 1497 da Gama, 1500 Cabral

• IV. Christopher Columbus– Theory, the Voyages, results– 1493 Inter Caeteras , 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas– Amerigo Vespucci—1501 “New World”

CONQUEST AND CATASTROPHE• “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPANISH EMPIRE• Famous Conquistadores and Missionaries

– Balboa 1513– de Leon 1513– Cortes,1519 – Magellan’s voyage 1519-1522– Pizarro 1523– De Soto 1539– Coronado 1540– Mendoza 1556

Spanish Empire “The Golden Age of Spain” 1519-1588CREATED A NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY BASED ON GOLD AND SILVER

• ENCOMIENDAS, HACIENDAS

– IMPACT OF PROTESTANT REFORMATION 1521

OTHER COLONIZATION ATTEMPTS

• FRANCE– 1523 GIOVANNI DE VERRAZZANO 1535 JACQUES CARTIER 1608 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN QUEBEC -- FUR TRAPPING COURIER DE BOIS 1659 LOUIS JOLIET, JACQUES MARQUETTE 1680 ROBERT LASALLEMERCANTILISM: (Jean Baptiste Colbert)

FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADEGOLD= POWERCOLONIES AT EVERY LATITUDECOLONIES EXIST TO ASSIST THE “MOTHER COUNTRY”

HOLLAND AND SWEDEN-- 1609 HENRY (HEINRICH) HUDSON

• THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE• GOODS ORIGINATING IN THE NEW WORLD GOING TO

THE OLD• GOODS COMING FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW

Food CropsAnimalsMedicines

GrainsLivestockFruitVegetablesInsectsDiseaseSlavery

THE BRITISH

• 1. ENGLISH EXPLORATION– John Cabot--1496

• 2. COLONIAL INTEREST: ENGLAND CHALLENGES SPAIN (MOTIVES) QE I.

• 3. WAR WITH SPAIN– Spanish Armada 1588

• 4. TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA– Monarchy--Mercantilism– Merchants—joint-stock companies “East India

Tea Company” 1600, Virginia Co. of London 1606– Commoners--Enclosure Movement 1500s to

1700s• 5. ENGLISH COLONIES: (proprietary, charter,

royal)– 1606 Virginia Company of London— proprietary

charter from King James I– Dec. 25, 1606, 120 settlers left England on 3

ships.

1st BRITISH SETTLEMENT: JAMESTOWN (Virginia)

• 1607—Joint-Stock Co. the Virginia Co.• 1609 New Charter:

– Governor to rule Jamestown from Jamestown –Lord De La Warr

– Sold more shares in London Company– Company Servants

• 1609-1611—”Starving Time”– Thomas Dale 1611

• Tobacco—John Rolfe• 1618 Head-right System and Representative Govt.

– Head right– Indentured servants– Plantation System– House of Burgesses– Introduction of African Slavery– Massacre of 1622– Charter revoked 1624—Royal Colony

THE PILGRIMS (Massachusetts)• “SEPARATISTS”

– JAMESTOWN AS COMPANY SERVANTS

• 1620– MAYFLOWER– MASSACHUSETTS NOT VIRGINIA

• MAYFLOWER COMPACT

• THANKSGIVING DAY

THE PURITANS (Massachusetts)

• 1. Puritans were religious reformers interested in “purifying” the Church of England of Catholic ritual.

• 2. Generally upper class who by the late 1620s they had become a powerful voice in Parliament.

• 3. In 1629 they forced the King Charles I to sign the English Petition of Right.– The King continued to persecute them.

• 1628 Massachusetts Bay Co. created. – Granted a self-governing charter. – Create a society that the rest of the world will look up

“ the city on the hill”.--Boston• 1630 Boston founded. Government organization:

– Commonwealth: theocracy led by John Winthrop.– Legislature= General Court, made up of 100

stockholders (freeman)

Covenant of Grace-• When man was created God promised that man would never die but Adam

broke God’s covenant—all men deserve damnation.• But if “saved” by God’s grace then a chosen elect would be saved.Covenant of Works-• If you lived life according to Moral Codes then that would be an outward sign

to all that you were a “chosen elect”.“National Covenant”— The destiny of a nation was based on the actions of the people.

God’s “grace” ensured their survival. (Blue Laws)

• Based on this Massachusetts society was devoted to the common welfare for the good of all.--Commonwealth

• NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY• Hard work (Protestant work ethic)• Fear of God—schools “de luder Satan” Harvard, Yale Triangular Trade—Lumber, grain, shipbuilding, fishing– Sugar Cane Intolerant and suspicious of dissent and difference—Salem Witch Trials. 1692

• OTHER “NE” COLONIES:• CONNECTICUT • 1. Rev. Thomas Hooker 1636 Hartford• 2. Fundamental Orders

• RHODE ISLAND• 1. Roger Williams 1636 Providence• 2. Anne Hutchinson 1638

Portsmouth• 3. 1644 chartered by King—self-

governing• NEW HAMPSHIRE• 1. Rev. John Wheelwright 1638

• MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES: (NJ. , PA., DEL., NY)

• NEW JERSEY (Restoration Colony)• 1. 1665--Duke of York granted estate to• John Berkeley and George Carteret.• 2. To sell the land they promised:• - religious freedom• - elected assembly• - political freedom and• - cheap land

• 3. By 1680, Berkeley and Carteret had

sold his to Quakers. 4. 1702 Chartered as New Jersey

• QUAKER RELIGION GEORGE FOX 1600s• BELIEFS:

• PENNSYLVANIA (Restoration Colony) 1. 1681 King Charles II-charter-to William

Penn — Quaker.

2. “Experiment in Holy Christian Living” 3. Freedom of religion for all Christians 4. Self-government; unicameral

assembly. 5. First settlement—Philadelphia “

6. Advertised the colony throughout Northern

Europe. Attracted many Germans.--Amish

7. Economy—shipping, wood products, farming

• DELAWARE• 1. 1704 broke from Pa.• 2. Not Quaker.• 3. Raised tobacco.

NEW YORK (Restoration Colony) 1. Dutch War: “The Nutmeg War” 2. 1664, Eng. Sent 4 warships to New Amsterdam

3. Granted to the Duke of York (King James II) 4. Dutch influences today

• MARYLAND• 1. Proprietary Colony

• 2. George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

• 3. Refuge for Catholics• 4. By 1640 elected assembly

created.• 5. 1644—Toleration Act passed. • 6. Until 1670s relied on

indentured servants and African slaves.

• SOUTHERN COLONIES: (Va., Md., NC, SC, Ga)

(SOUTH, NORTH) CAROLINA (Restoration Colony) 1. 1663 Proprietary Charter to the 8 Lord’s Proprietors. George Carteret, Anthony Ashley-Cooper,

John Colleton, William Berkeley, John Berkeley, George Monck, Edward Hyde,

William, Earl of Craven

2. Sea to Sea grant.3. Fundamental ConstitutionsJohn Locke, James Harrington. 4. 1670 Charles Towne5. Economy—trade with West

Indies, rice, tobacco, deerskins, relied heavily on African slavery to work the rice fields.

6. 1719 rebellion in NC 7. 1729 NC-SC split-- Royal

Colony

• GEORGIA• 1. James Oglethorpe—trustee for a

colony of debtors. 1733 subsidized by the King.

• 2. Serve as a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

• 3. First settlement—Savannah• 4. Settlers—50 acres, tools and

supplies.• 5. Mulberry trees (silk) and olive trees.• 6. Alcohol, lawyers and slavery

forbidden.• 7. 1752 Royal Colony

OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY COLONIES:

• I. RESTORATION COLONIES

• TYPES OF CHARTERS: I. Royal– Colony controlled by the Monarch.

• II. Proprietary– Colony granted to a businessman or businessmen.

• III. Charter (self-governing)– Colony granted to the people.

AFTER THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642-1649 Interregnum Period 1649-1659, Oliver Cromwell ruled.THE KING WAS “RESTORED” RESTORATION 1660 1. King Charles II put on the throne. 2. Payment for that debt— coloniesTHE RESTORATION COLONIES WERE:SC, NC, NY, NJ, Pa, De.

TYPES OF COLONIES CONTINUED:

• BY GEOGRAPHY:• New England: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New

Hampshire

• Middle Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland

• Southern: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA

1. Slavery in the colonies:

Present in all 13 colonies by 17402 types: Gang System (Va. Northward)

Task System (Deep South)

2. Women

Property of their fathers, older brothers or husbands

2nd class citizens.

Few legal rights. Treated more of an equal in America.

3. French and English Wars.

Causes:

Results: King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War

4. The Enlightenment

5. Navigation Acts

NAVIGATION ACTS SUMMARY

• These laws were enacted to keep Dutch goods out of the colonies

• Wheat, fish, corn not enumerated—could be sold anywhere as long as the other laws were followed.

• All cash crops were enumerated: indigo, sugar cane, rice, naval stores, tobacco, cotton, etc.—had to be sold to English merchants.

• English manufacturers could only purchase enumerated goods from English colonies.

• Manufacturing was illegal in the colonies—iron forges, textile mills, clothiers, rum, etc.

• England produced the finished product—colonies supplied the raw materials—all benefitted and no gold was leaving the Br. Empire.