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Guidelines for writing
Laboratory Report
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Introduction
We will focus on some essential
techniques needed to write a good
laboratory report
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Sections of a Laboratory Report
Cover page
Abstract
Introduction (including the objective(s) of experiment)
Materials & Methods
Results & Discussion
Conclusion or Implication
Answers to questions provided in the laboratory
manual
References
Appendices
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Abstract
Start with motivation or justification (if space
allows)
State the objective, aim, or purpose
Summarize essential materials & method
Summarize important results
End with important conclusions & impact
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Abstract
Write abstract last
Make the abstract stand alone
No references
Limit use of abbreviations
Standard ones do not need definition
Dont use, if only 1 or 2 times
Be clear, specific, and concise (200-250 words) Used in abstracting journals (therefore, must
be informative)
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Abstract
Indicative or Informative?
Indicative : Indicates objectives of the research
and suggest results in general terms
Makes the reader want to read your paper because it
mightbe interesting
Informative: states objectives and support your
conclusion with data
Makes the reader want to read your paper because it is
interesting
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Introduction
Motivation and Justification
Objectives and Approach
General
Specific
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use past tense because the research activity has
already been completed
Examples
The aim of the this investigation was to determine..The purpose of this research to study.
The purpose of this study to provide.
The present study an attempt to provide
Objective(s)
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Materials and Method
To give some kind of overall description of
the experiment, providing the big picture
(without repeating the experimental
details)
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Materials and Methods
Include enough information, but not more
than necessary, so that
Research can be repeated
Others can evaluate validity of your research
Give a clear, complete description for
biological materials, analytical and statistical
procedures
Organize methods logically and accurately
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Content
What did you observe?
For each experiment/procedure
Briefly describe experiment
(without details of methodsection, a sentence or two)
Report (describe) main result(s)
- Supported by the selected data
(do not repeat table data)
- Representative data (mostcommon)
- Best case data best
example of ideal or
exception
Requirements, advise
Order multiple results
logically
From most to leastimportant
From simple to complex
Organ by organ, chemical
class by chemical class, etc
Results and Discussion section
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Briefly describe experiment
Examples:
The concentrations of reducing sugars in the par-fried
potato strips were measured to verify that the
concentrations were within the range commonlyfound in practice. Table 1 shows that .
The serving size and oil volume were measured to
obtain insight into the actual product/oil ratio used by
the restaurants. The weight of three servings (datanot shown) was added to obtain portion size. Table 4
shows that.
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Example 1 - Best case data
Table 1: Chemical composition of sweetpotato roots (% on dry weight basis)
Ash 2.11 0.0318
Crude Protein 4.51 0.249
Crude Fibre 2.29 0.0862
Crude Fat 0.814 0.0729
Carbohydrate 90.3 0.313
Moisture Content 65.3 0.971
Text :
Unedited
The chemical composition of
sweet potato roots was shown in
Table 1. Low protein, fat and
fibre levels were found in the
root. However, high
carbohydrates content make up
90 % of the dry weight of sweet
potato roots.
Edited
Table 1 shows that the
carbohydrate content in sweet
potato was the highest (90.3%),
followed by moisture content
(65.3%).
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Example 2 - Best case data
Table 1: Mean (standard deviation) acrylamideconcentration (gkg-1) in deep fried sweet potatochips
Palm
olein
Coconut
oil
Canola oil Soya
bean oil
1447(73)a 1724(62)b 1729(31)b 2019(60)c
How to describe the results?
Table 3 shows that there was a
significant difference in acrylamide
concentration between palm olein
and soya bean oil (p
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Some tips!
Few determinations give the results in text.
Avoid extra words: It is shown in Table 1 that X induced
Y Table 1 shows that X induced Y
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Tenses?
Past tense
use past tense forunpublished result (what the
author found)
In the present study, the the
setting of frying time
rangedfrom 150 to 165
seconds and it
correspondedwith the
actual frying time (150-165seconds).
Present tense to refer the
reader to your table/figure
(an explanatory aids, not the
research itself)
Figure 1 shows that the
mean of loge transformed
acrylamide concentration of
French fries differed (past
tense to refer to results)
among the three FSE types.
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How to write the Discussion
Content
This section explains the
implication of your results
It positions your results intothe context of the fields by
relating your results to
other work, both theoretical
and experimental
Requirements, advise
Step back and take a broad
look at your findings and
your study as a whole
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First, a review of the most important finding
(whether or not they support the hypothesis, and they agreewith the findings of other researchers)
Find the reference values from previous research (books,articles, journal) and compare them with the experimentalvalue (i.e., relating your results to other work; experimental)
Examples :
Table 1 shows that the carbohydrate content in sweet potatowas the highest (90.3%), followed by moisture content(65.3%). The results are in agreement with other studies whoreported carbohydrate content in sweet potato ...
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Next, provide justification (or speculation)
(why changes in WTC lead to changes in WTO)Give evidence to defend (or to explain) your
experimental value (i.e., relating your results to
other work; theoretical)Support you explanation of results with literature
(find the relevant literature to explain your results)
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Tenses?Past tense when the
explanation for the specific
findings is restricted to your
study
Another reason might be
that food handlers were
not yet familiar with frying
instructions, although they
practicedfrying in the
training session to createfamiliarity.
Present tense it refers to
general conditions
It is possible that short
frying time limits the
formation of acrylamide,
because frying ends
before
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Tenses?Present tense when
comparing your findings to
those of other researchers.
Our findings on the frying
practices are consistentwith other studies that
surveyed the actual frying
conditions.
The median reported in this
study is consistent with
Mills and co-authors (2009)
who found the median
Modal auxiliaries to emphasize
the speculative nature of thestatement.
It ispossiblethat
Another reason might bethat
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Finally, Limitation of the study that restrict the extent to
which the findings can be generalized
Tense? - As step 3
Example- We only measuredthe (initial) frying temperatures, but
not the temperature drop over the frying time (Pasttense)
- Home preparation mayproduce different results(modal auxiliaries)
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References
Endnote?