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Howard Hughes Jr.
Born Howard Robard Hughes, Jr.
December 24, 1905
Humble, Texas, US
Died April 5, 1976 (aged 70)
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Restingplace
Glenwood Cemetery, Houston, Texas
Residence Houston, Texas
Nationality United States
Education Thacher School
Alma
mater
California Institute of Technology
Rice University (dropped out in
1924)[1]
Occupation entrepreneur, aerospace engineer, filmdirector
Years
active
1926–1976
Home town Houston, Texas
Net worth USD $1.5 billion at the time of his
death (approximately 1/1190th of US
GNP)[2]
Howard HughesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Howard R obard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905[3] –
April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, investor,
aviator, aer ospace engineer, film mak er and philanthropist.
He was one of the wealthiest people in the world. As a
maverick film producer, Hughes gained prominence in
Hollywood from the late 1920s, making big-budget and often
controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels
(1930), Scarface (1932) and The Outlaw (1943). Hughes
was one of the most influential aviators in history: he set
multiple world air speed records, built the Hughes H-1 Racer
and H-4 "Hercules" (better known to history as the "Spruce
Goose" aircraft), and acquired and expanded Trans World
Airlines, which later merged with American Airlines. Hughes
is also remembered for his eccentric behavior and reclusive
lifestyle in later life, caused in part by a worsening obsessive– compulsive disorder and chronic pain. His legacy is
maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Contents
1 Early years
2 Movies directed
3 Personal life4 Aviation
4.1 Hughes D-2 and XF-11
4.2 Near-fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43
4.3 Near-fatal crash of the XF-11
4.4 H-4 Hercules
4.5 Hughes Aircraft
4.6 Airlines
5 RKO
6 Howard Hughes Medical Institute7 Nixon scandal
8 Glomar Explorer
9 Anxiety Disorder and physical decline
10 Las Vegas baron and recluse
10.1 Memoir hoax
11 Death
12 Estate
13 Awards
14 Popular culture
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Board
member of
Hughes Aircraft,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Spouse(s) Ella Rice (m. 1925–1929)
Terry Moore (m. 1949–1976) (alleged
Jean Peters (m. 1957–1971)
Signature
Aviation career
Known for Hughes Aircraft; Films.
Famous
flights
Transcontinental airspeed record from
Los Angeles to New York City (1937)
round the world airspeed record
(1938)
Awards Harmon Trophy (1936 and 1938)
Collier Trophy (1938)
Octave Chanute Award (1940)Congressional Gold Medal (1939)
Hughes circa 1910-1915
14.1 Audio
14.2 Film
14.3 Games
14.4 Literature
15 See also
16 References
16.1 Notes
16.2 Citations16.3 Bibliography
17 Additional resources
18 External links
Early years
Hughes' birthplace is recorded as either Humble or Houston,
Texas. The date is also uncertain, though Hughes claimed his birthday was Christmas Eve. A 1941 affidavit birth certificate
of Hughes signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and
Estelle Boughton Sharp states he was born on December 24, 1905, in
Harris County, Texas.[N 1] However, his baptismal record of October 7,
1906, in the parish register of St. John's Episcopal Church, in Keokuk,
Iowa, has his birth listed as September 24, 1905, without reference to
the place of birth.[N 2]
His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor,
second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England)[4][5] and Howard R. Hughes, Sr. from Missouri of English
descent,[6] who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary
drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R.
Hughes Sr. made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the
invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, and founded the
Hughes Tool Company in 1909.
Showing great aptitude in engineering at an early age, Hughes built
Houston's first radio transmitter when he was 11 years old.[7] At 12,
Hughes was photographed in the local newspaper, identified as being the first boy in Houston to have a "motorized bicycle, which he had built himself from parts taken from his father's steam engine.[8] He was an indifferent student
with a liking for mathematics, flying, and things mechanical, taking his first flying lesson at 14 and later auditing mat
and aeronautical engineering courses at Caltech.[7][8]
Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. In January 1924, Howard Hughe
Sr. died of a heart attack. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the creation of a medical research
laboratory in his will that he signed in 1925, at age 19. Because Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since
Allene's death, Hughes inherited 75 percent of the family fortune.[9] On his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an
emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his legacy.[10]
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Hughes was an excellent and enthusiastic golfer from a young age, often scoring near par figures, and held a
handicap of three during his twenties. He played frequently with top players, including Gene Sarazen.[11] Hughes
rarely played competitively, and gradually gave up his interest in the sport.
Hughes dropped out of Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Ric
daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson Botts of Houston, Texas. They moved to Los Angeles, where he
hoped to make a name for himself making movies.
Movies directed
His first two films, Everybody's Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the
latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a comedy picture.
The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for Academy Awards.
Hughes spent US$3.8 million to make the flying film Hell's Angels (1930). It earned nearly $8 million, about doub
the production and advertising costs. Hell's Angels received one Academy Award nomination, Best
Cinematography.
He produced another hit, Scarface (1932), a production delayed by censors' concern over its violence.
The Outlaw (1943), completed in 1941, which featured Jane Russell, also received considerable attention from
industry censors, this time owing to Russell's revealing costumes. Hughes designed a special bra for his leading lad
although Russell decided against wearing the bra.
Personal life
Hughes' wife returned to Houston in 1929 and filed for divorce. Hughes dated many famous women, including BillDove, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de Havilland, Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers and Gene Tierney. He
also proposed to Joan Fontaine several times, according to her autobiography No Bed of Roses. Bessie Love wa
a mistress during his first marriage. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of Hell's Angels, but Noah
Dietrich wrote many years later that the relationship was strictly professional, as Hughes apparently personally
disliked Harlow. In his 1971 book, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich said that Hughes genuinely like
and respected Jane Russell but never sought romantic involvement with her. According to Russell's autobiography
however, Hughes once tried to bed her after a party. Russell (who was married at the time) refused him and
Hughes promised it would never happen again. The two maintained a professional and private friendship for many
ears. Hughes remained good friends with Tierney who, after his failed attempts to seduce her, was quoted as
saying "I don't think Howard could love anything that did not have a motor in it." Later, when Tierney's daughter Daria was born deaf and blind and with a severe learning disability, because of Tierney's being exposed to rubella
during her pregnancy, Hughes saw to it that Daria received the best medical care and paid all expenses. [12]
On July 11, 1936, Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car, at the corner of 3r
Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles.[13] Although Hughes was certified as sober at the hospital to which he was
taken after the accident, an attending doctor made a note that Hughes had been drinking. A witness to the acciden
told police that Hughes was driving erratically and too fast, and that Meyer had been standing in the safety zone of
streetcar stop. Hughes was booked on suspicion of negligent homicide and held overnight in jail until his attorney,
Neil McCarthy, obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his release pending a coroner's inquest.[14][15] By the time o
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1938 flight around the world
the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly infront of Hughes's car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident,
corroborates this version. On July 16, 1936, Hughes was held blameless by a coroner's jury at the inquest into
Meyer's death.[16] Hughes told reporters outside the inquiry, "I was driving slowly and a man stepped out of thedarkness in front of me."
On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress Jean Peters. The couple met in the 1940s, before Peters became a
film actress.[17] They had a highly publicized romance in 1947 and there was talk of marriage, but she said she
could not combine it with her career.[18] It was later claimed that Peters was "the only woman [Hughes] ever
loved",[19] and he reportedly had his security officers follow her everywhere even when they were not in a
relationship. This was confirmed by actor Max Showalter, who became a close friend of Peters during shooting of
Niagara (1953).[20] Showalter told in an interview that because he frequently met with Peters, Hughes' men
threatened to ruin his career if he did not leave her alone. [20]
Aviation
Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in
Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye
Stephens. He set many world records and commissioned the
construction of custom aircraft to be built for himself while heading
Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale. Operating from there, the most
technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1
Racer. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the
landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course
near Santa Ana, California (Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929
and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). A
ear and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer
fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His
average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h).[21]
The H-1 Racer featured a number of design innovations: it had retractable landing gear (as Boeing Monomail had
five years before) and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is
thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as the Mitsubishi Zero, the Focke
Wulf Fw 190 and the F8F Bearcat;[22] although that has never been reliably confirmed. The H-1 Racer was
donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.
On July 10, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours (3 days, 19hours), beating the previous record by more than four hours; Hughes returned home ahead of photographs of his
flight. Taking off from New York City, Hughes continued to Paris, Moscow, Omsk, Yakutsk, Fairbanks,
Minneapolis, and continued to New York City. For this flight he flew a Lockheed Super Electra (a twin-engine
transport with a four-man crew) fitted with the latest radio and navigational equipment. Hughes wanted the flight to
be a triumph of American aviation technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. While he
had previously been relatively obscure despite his wealth, being better known for dating Katharine Hepburn, New
York City now gave Hughes a ticker-tape parade in the Canyon of Heroes.[23] In 1938, the William P. Hobby
Airport in Houston, Texas, known at the time as Houston Municipal Airport, was renamed Howard Hughes
Airport, but the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after a living person.
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He also had a role in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049
Constellation.[24]
Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy
1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940, and a special Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 "in recognition of the
achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country
throughout the world." According to his obituary in The New York Times, Hughes never bothered to come to
Washington to pick up the Congressional Gold Medal. It was eventually mailed to him by President Harry S.
Truman.
Hughes D-2 and XF-11
Main article: Hughes D-2
The Hughes D-2 was conceived as a private venture in 1939 as a bomber with five crew members, powered by
42-cylinder Wright R-2160 Tornado engines. In the end it appeared as two-seat fighter-reconnaissance aircraft
designated the D-2A, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-49 engines. The aircraft was constructed using
the Duramold process. The prototype was brought to Harper's Dry Lake California in great secrecy in 1943 and
first flew on June 20 of that year.[25] Acting on a recommendation of the president's son, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt
who had become friends with Hughes, in September 1943 the USAAF ordered 100 of a reconnaissance
development of the D-2, known as the F-11. Hughes then attempted to get the military to pay for the developmen
of the D-2. In November 1944, the hangar containing the D-2A was reportedly hit by lightning and the aircraft wa
destroyed. The D-2 design was abandoned, but led to the extremely controversial Hughes XF-11. The XF-11 wa
a large all-metal, two-seat reconnaissance aircraft, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-4360-31 engines, each
driving a set of contra-rotating propellers. Only the two prototypes were completed.
Near-fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43
In the spring of 1943 Hughes spent nearly a month in Las Vegas, test flying his Sikorsky S-43 amphibian aircraft,
practicing touch-and-go landings on Lake Mead in preparation for flying the H-4 Hercules. The weather condition
at the lake during the day were ideal and he enjoyed Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew the
Sikorsky from California carrying two CAA aviation inspectors, two of his employees and actress Ava Gardner.
Hughes dropped Gardner off in Las Vegas and proceeded to Lake Mead to conduct qualifying tests in the S-43.
The test flight did not go well. The Sikorsky crashed, killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes employee
Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe gash on the top of his head when he hit the upper control panel and had to
be rescued by one of the others on board.[26] Hughes paid divers $100,000 to raise the aircraft and later spent
more than $500,000 restoring the aircraft.[27]
Near-fatal crash of the XF-11
Main article: Hughes XF-11
Hughes was involved in a near-fatal aircraft accident on July 7, 1946, while performing the first flight of the
prototype U.S. Army Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, the XF-11, near Hughes airfield at Culver City, Californi
An oil leak caused one of the contra-rotating propellers to reverse pitch, causing the aircraft to yaw sharply and
lose altitude rapidly. Hughes tried to save the craft by landing it at the Los Angeles Country Club golf course, but
ust seconds before reaching the course, the XF-11 started to drop dramatically and crashed in the Beverly Hills
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1946 newsreel
The Hughes H-4 Hercules with
Howard Hughes at the controls
neighborhood surrounding the country club.[28]
When the XF-11 finally came to a halt after destroying three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the
aircraft and a nearby home at 808 North Whittier Drive, owned by Lt Col. Charles E. Meyer. [29] Hughes manage
to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued by Oil City, Pennsylvania
native and Marine Master Sgt. William L. Durkin, who happened to be in
the area visiting friends.[30] Hughes sustained significant injuries in the
crash, including a crushed collar bone, multiple cracked ribs,[31]
crushedchest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the
chest cavity, and numerous third-degree burns. An oft-told story said that
Hughes sent a check to the Marine weekly for the remainder of his life as
a sign of gratitude. However, Durkin's daughter denied that he took any
money for the rescue.[32]
Despite his physical injuries, Hughes was proud that his mind was still
working. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the
bed's design. He called in plant engineers to design a "tailor-made" bed,
equipped with hot and cold running water, built in six sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push- button adjustments.[33] The hospital bed was designed by Hughes specifically to alleviate the pain caused by
moving with severe burn injuries. Despite the fact that he never had the chance to use the bed that he designed,
Hughes's bed served as a prototype for the modern hospital bed in common usage today. [34] Hughes's recovery
was considered by his doctors to be almost miraculous. Hughes, however, believed that neither miracle nor moder
medicine contributed to his recovery. Instead he vigorously believed that the natural life-giving properties of fresh
squeezed orange juice (Hughes would drink only orange juice that had been squeezed before his eyes) were
responsible for his rapid recovery.[34]
Many attribute his long-term addiction to opiates to his use of codeine [35] as a painkiller during his convalescence.
However, Hughes did not suffer from addiction but untreated IP (Intractable Pain) and pseudoaddiction (a drug-seeking behavior that simulates true addiction in patients whose pain is not being properly treated).[35] The
trademark mustache he wore afterward was used to hide a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident. [36]
H-4 Hercules
Main article: Hughes H-4 Hercules
The War Production Board (not the military) originally contracted with
Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying
boat for use during World War II to transport troops and equipmentacross the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that
were vulnerable to German U-boats. The project was opposed by the
military services, thinking it would siphon resources from higher priority
programs, but was advocated by Hughes's powerful allies in Washington,
D.C. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes
elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not
completed until after the end of World War II.
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The S-43 Sikorsky in Brazoria County
Airport in Texas
Brazoria County Airport Texas: The
S-43 Sikorsky prototype
Hughes Aircraft Company logo until
1985.
The Hercules was the world's largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made
from wood,[37] and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), had the longest
wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan is about 30 ft (9 m)
shorter). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever
built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225.)
The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet (21m)
above the water, with Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947.
The Hercules was nicknamed the "Spruce Goose" by critics, but was
actually made largely from birch (not from spruce), rather than of
aluminum, because the contract required the aircraft to be built of "non-
strategic materials." It was built in Hughes's Westchester, California
facility. In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the
Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the H-4
development had been so troubled, and why the aforementioned F-11
had resulted in only two prototypes after $22 million spent. General
Elliott Roosevelt and numerous other USAAF officers were also called
to testify in hearings that transfixed the nation during August and again in November 1947. In hotly disputed testimony over TWA's route awards
and malfeasance in the defence acquisition process, Hughes turned the
tables on his main interlocutor, Maine Senator Owen Brewster, and the
hearings were widely interpreted as a Hughes victory. After display at the
Long Beach, California harbor, the Hercules was moved to McMinnville,
Oregon, where it is now part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum.[38]
Hughes Aircraft
Main article: Hughes Aircraft
Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was
originally founded by Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to build the H-1
racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major defense contractor. The Hughe
Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Hughes for
production.
In 1948, Hughes created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group. The Hughes Space and
Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their owndivisions and ultimately became the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard
Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard
Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for US$5.2 billion. In 1997, General
Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A
combination of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research Laboratories.
Airlines
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In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye (http://jack-frye.blogspot.com), president of TWA, Hughes quietly purchased
majority share of TWA stock for nearly US$7 million and took control of the airline. Upon assuming ownership,
Hughes was prohibited by federal law from building his own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better
than TWA's fleet of Boeing 307 Stratoliners, Hughes and Frye approached Boeing's competitor, Lockheed.
Hughes had a good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record flight around
the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to Hughes and Frye's request that the new aircraft be built in secrecy. The
result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production
line.
In 1956, Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of US$400 million. Although Hughes
was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors demanded that Hughes relinquish control of TWA in return fo
providing the money. In 1960, Hughes was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the compan
and battled to regain control.
Before Hughes' removal, the TWA jet financing issue precipitated the end of Hughes' relationship with Noah
Dietrich. Dietrich claimed Hughes developed a plan by which Hughes Tool Company profits were to be inflated in
order to sell the company for a windfall that would pay the bills for the 880s. Dietrich agreed to go to Texas to
implement the plan on the condition that Hughes agreed to a capital gains arrangement he had long promised
Dietrich. When Hughes balked, Dietrich resigned immediately. "Noah," Dietrich quoted Hughes as replying, "Icannot exist without you!" Dietrich stood firm and eventually had to sue to retrieve personal possessions from his
office after Hughes ordered it locked.
In 1966, Hughes was forced by a U.S. federal court to sell his shares in TWA because of concerns over conflict o
interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit
of US$547 million. During the 1970s, Hughes went back into the airline business, buying the airline Air West and
renaming it Hughes Airwest.
RKO
Main article: RKO Pictures
In 1948, Hughes gained control of RKO, a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring 25 percent of the
outstanding stock from Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. Within weeks of taking control, he dismissed three-
quarters of the work force and production was shut down for six months in 1949 while he undertook the
investigation of the politics of all remaining studio employees. Completed pictures would be sent back for re-
shooting if he felt his star (especially female) was not properly presented, or if a film's anti-communist politics were
not sufficiently clear. In 1952, an abortive sale to a Chicago-based group with no experience in the industry
disrupted studio operations even further.
Hughes sold the RKO theaters in 1953 as settlement of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust
case. With the sale of the profitable theaters, the shaky status of the film studio became increasingly apparent. A
steady stream of lawsuits from RKO's minority shareholders, charging him with financial misconduct a corporate
mismanagement, became an increasing nuisance, especially because Hughes wanted to focus on his aircraft-
manufacturing and TWA holdings during the Korean War years. Eager to be rid of the distraction, Hughes offered
to buy out all other stockholders.
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By the end of 1954, at a cost of nearly US$24 million, he had gained near total control of RKO, becoming the
closest thing to a sole owner of a Hollywood studio seen in three decades. Six months later, Hughes sold the studi
to the General Tire and Rubber Company for US$25 million. Hughes retained the rights to pictures he had
personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughe
this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in motion pictures; though he had all but destroyed a major
Hollywood studio, his reputation as a financial wizard emerged unscathed. He reportedly walked away from RKO
having made US$6.5 million in personal profit.[39]
General Tire was interested mainly in exploiting the value of the RKO library for television programming, though itmade some attempts to continue producing films. After a year and a half of mixed success, General Tire shut dow
film production at RKO for good at the end of January 1957. The studio lots in Hollywood and Culver City were
sold to Desilu Productions later that year for US$6.15 million.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Main article: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
In 1953, Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Miami, Florida, and currently located in ChevyChase, Maryland, formed with the express goal of basic biomedical research, including trying to understand, in
Hughes' words, the "genesis of life itself." Hughes' first will, which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated tha
a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name.[40] When a major battle with
the IRS loomed ahead, Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning
the aerospace and defense contractor into a for-profit entity of a fully tax-exempt charity. Hughes' internist, Dr.
Verne Mason, who treated Hughes after his 1946 aircraft crash, was chairman of the institute's medical advisory
committee.[41] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to
General Motors for US$5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically.
The deal was the topic of a protracted legal battle between Hughes and the Internal Revenue Service, whichHughes ultimately won. After his death in 1976, many thought that the balance of Hughes' estate would go to the
institute, although it was ultimately divided among his cousins and other heirs, given the lack of a will to the contrar
The HHMI was the 4th largest private organization as of 2007[42] and the largest devoted to biological and medic
research, with an endowment of US$16.3 billion as of June 2007.
Nixon scandal
Shortly before the 1960 Presidential election, Richard Nixon was harmed by revelations of a US$205,000 loan
from Hughes to Nixon's brother Donald. It has long been speculated that Nixon's drive to learn what the
Democrats were planning in 1972 was based in part on his belief that the Democrats knew about a later bribe thathis friend Bebe Rebozo had received from Hughes after Nixon took office.
In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential
election. One of Donald's sources was John H. Meier,[43] a former business adviser of Hughes who had also
worked with Democratic National Chairman Larry O'Brien.
Meier, in collaboration with former Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey and others, wanted to
feed misinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the
election because Larry O’Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon’s illicit dealings with Howard
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Hughes that had never been released;[44][45] O’Brien didn’t actually have any such information, but Meier wanted Nixon to think he did. Donald told his brother that O’Brien was in possession of damaging Hughes information tha
could destroy his campaign.[46] Terry Lenzner, who was the chief investigator for the Senate Watergate Committespeculates that it was Nixon's desire to know what O'Brien knew about Nixon's dealings with Hughes that may
have partially motivated the Watergate break-in.[47]
Glomar Explorer
Main article: USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193)
In 1972, Hughes was approached by the CIA to help secretly recover Soviet submarine K-129 which had sunk
near Hawaii four years earlier. Thus, the special-purpose salvage vessel Glomar Explorer was born. Hughes'
involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, having to do with civilian marine research at extreme
depths and the mining of undersea manganese nodules. In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to
raise the Soviet vessel.[48]
However, during the recovery a mechanical failure in the ship's grapple caused half of the submarine to break off
and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including itscode book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered
along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed
ceremony. The operation, known as Project Azorian (but incorrectly referred to by the press as Project Jennifer),
became public in February 1975 because burglars had obtained secret documents from Hughes' headquarters in
June 1974.[49] Though he lent his name to the operation, Hughes and his companies had no actual involvement in
the project.
Anxiety Disorder and physical decline
As early as the 1930s, Hughes displayed signs of mental illness, primarily obsessive-compulsive disorder. Close
friends reported that he was obsessed with the size of peas, one of his favorite foods, and used a special fork to
sort them by size.
While directing The Outlaw, Hughes became fixated on a minor flaw in one of Jane Russell's blouses, claiming tha
the fabric bunched up along a seam and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He was reportedly so
upset by the matter that he wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem. Richard
Fleischer, who directed His Kind of Woman with Hughes as executive producer, wrote at length in his
autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with the tycoon. In his book, Just Tell Me When to Cry, Fleischer
explained that Hughes was fixated on trivial details and was alternately indecisive and obstinate. He also revealedthat Hughes's unpredictable mood swings made him wonder if the film would ever be completed.
In 1947, after his near-fatal aircraft crash in 1946, Hughes told his aides that he wanted to screen some movies at
film studio near his home. Hughes stayed in the studio's darkened screening room for more than four months, neve
leaving. He subsisted exclusively on chocolate bars, chicken, and milk, and relieved himself in the empty bottles an
containers. He was surrounded by dozens of Kleenex boxes, which he continuously stacked and re-arranged. He
wrote detailed memos to his aides on yellow legal pads giving them explicit instructions not to look at him, to
respond when spoken to, but otherwise not speak to him. Throughout this period, Hughes sat fixated in his chair,
often naked, continuously watching movies. When he finally emerged in the spring of 1948, his hygiene was terribl
as he had not bathed or cut his hair and nails for weeks (although this may have been due to allodynia—pain upon
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Hughes equipped this 1954 Chrysler
New Yorker with an aircraft-grade ai
filtration system which took up the
entire trunk
being touched[35]). The Screening Room was located at Sunset Boulevard and Doheny Drive in Los Angeles; itwas owned by Martin Nosseck and was called the "Martin Nosseck Projection Theatre"—Martin Nosseck was
the full-time projectionist for Hughes during that time.
After the screening room incident, Hughes moved into a bungalow at the Beverly Hills Hotel. He also rented out
several other rooms for his aides, his wife, and his numerous girlfriends. His erratic behavior continued, however, a
he would sit naked in his bedroom with a pink hotel napkin placed over his genitals, watching movies. Like the
tissue boxes instead of shoes, he likely sat around naked because the touch of clothing (and shoes) would trigger a
extremely painful condition called allodynia. He likely watched movies constantly to distract him from his pain. To
this day distraction, including watching TV and movies, is a common survival tactic among intractable pain patients
especially those who do not receive adequate treatment.[35] In one year, he spent an estimated $11 million at the
hotel.
In a bout of obsession with his home state, Hughes began purchasing all restaurant chains and four star hotels that
had been founded within the borders of Texas. This included, if for only a short period, many unknown franchises
currently out of business. Ownership of the restaurants was placed in the hands of the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and all licenses were resold shortly after.
Another time, he became obsessed with the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra and had it running on a continuous loop his home. According to his aides, he watched it 150 times.[50]
Hughes insisted on using tissues to pick up objects, so that he could insulate himself from germs. He would also
notice dust, stains or other imperfections on people's clothes and demand that they take care of them.
Once one of the most visible men in America, Hughes ultimately vanished from public view, although the tabloids
continued to follow rumors of his behavior and whereabouts. He was reported to be terminally ill, mentally unstabl
or even dead.
As a result of numerous aircraft crashes, Hughes spent much of his later life in pain, eventually becoming physicallydependent (not the same as addiction) on codeine, which he injected intramuscularly.[35] Hughes had his hair cut
and nails trimmed only once a year, likely due to the pain caused by the RSD/CRPS, which was caused by the
plane crashes[35]. He may have been in such severe chronic pain from his extensive injuries, so much so that even
the act of tooth brushing was painful, so he avoided it.[35]
Las Vegas baron and recluse
The wealthy and aging Howard Hughes, accompanied by his entourage
of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking
up residence in the top floor penthouse. During the last ten years of his
life, from 1966 to 1976, Hughes lived in hotels in Beverly Hills, Boston,
Las Vegas, Nassau, Freeport, Vancouver,[51] London, Managua,
Acapulco, and others.
On November 24, 1966 (Thanksgiving Day),[52] Hughes arrived in Las
Vegas by railroad car and moved into the Desert Inn. Because he
refused to leave the hotel, and to avoid further conflicts with the owners,
Hughes bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's eighth floor
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Howard Hughes' gravestone
Hughes Family Gravesite at
Glenwood Cemetery
Memoir hoax
In 1972, author Clifford Irving created a media sensation when he claimed to have co-written an authorized
autobiography of Hughes. Hughes was such a reclusive figure that he did not immediately publicly refute Irving's
statement, leading many people to believe Irving's book was a genuine autobiography. Before the book's
publication, however, Hughes finally denounced Irving in a teleconference and the entire project was eventually
exposed as a hoax. Irving was later convicted of fraud and spent 17 months in prison. In 1974, the Orson Welles
film F for Fake included a section dealing with the entire Hughes biography hoax. In 1977, The Hoax by CliffordIrving was published in Great Britain; it is the story of these events. The 2007 film The Hoax, starring Richard
Gere, is based on these events.[59]
eath
Hughes was reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 pm on
board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf and piloted by Jeff Abrams, en
route from his penthouse at the Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel in
Mexico to the Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas. Alternatively, other
accounts indicate that he died in the flight from Freeport, Grand Bahamato Houston.[60] His reclusive activities (and possibly his drug use) made
him practically unrecognizable; his hair, beard, fingernails and toenails
were long (possibly caused by allodynia making him averse to touch[35]),
his tall 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) frame now weighed barely 90 lb (41 kg), and
the FBI had to resort to fingerprints to identify the body. [61] Howard
Hughes' alias, John T. Conover, was used upon the arrival of his body at
a morgue in Houston on the day of his death. There, his body was
received by Dr. Jack Titus.[62]
A subsequent autopsy noted kidney failure as the cause of death. Hughes
was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. He
suffered from malnutrition. While his kidneys were damaged, his other
internal organs, including his brain, were deemed perfectly healthy.[35] X-
rays revealed five broken-off hypodermic needles in the flesh of his
arms.[35] To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes used glass syringes
with metal needles that easily became detached.[35] Phenacetin, a
nonopioid acetaminophen prodrug that was used for chronic pain, may
have been the cause of his kidney failure.[35]
Hughes is buried in the Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, Texas, next to his parents.[63]
Estate
Approximately three weeks after Hughes' death, a handwritten will was found on the desk of an official of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City. The so-called "Mormon Will" gave US$1.56 billion
to various charitable organizations (including US$625 million to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute); nearly
US$470 million to the upper management in Hughes' companies and to his aides; US$156 million to first cousin
William Lummis; and US$156 million split equally between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters.
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A further US$156 million was endowed to a gas-station owner named Melvin Dummar. Dummar told reporters
that late one evening in December 1967, he found a disheveled and dirty man lying along U.S. Highway 95, 150
miles (240 km) north of Las Vegas. The man asked for a ride to Las Vegas. Dropping him off at the Sands Hotel,
Dummar said the man told him he was Hughes. Dummar then claimed that days after Hughes' death, a "mysterious
man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine
and unsure of what to do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In a trial lasting seven months, the
Mormon Will was eventually rejected by the Nevada court in June 1978 as a forgery. The court declared that
Hughes had died intestate.
Hughes' US$2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis who serve
as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dummar was largely discounted by the public as a phony an
an opportunist. Jonathan Demme's film Melvin and Howard (starring Jason Robards and Paul Le Mat), was base
on Dummar's tale.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which
sold it to General Motors in 1985 for US$5.2 billion. Suits brought by the states of California and Texas claiming
they were owed inheritance tax were both rejected by the court. In 1984, Hughes' estate paid an undisclosed
amount to Terry Moore, who claimed to have been secretly married to Hughes on a yacht in international waters o
Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Although Moore never produced proof of a marriage, her book, The Beautyand the Billionaire, became a bestseller.
Awards
Congressional Gold Medal (presented August 7, 1939).
Popular culture
Howard Hughes has now emerged as one of the 20th century's most iconic business and aviation figures spawninga wide range of cultural references.
Audio
"Russian Heart" by The Church, from their 1990 album Gold Afternoon Fix.
"Howard Hughes" by Rasputina, from their 1996 album Thanks for the Ether .
"Howard" by Bayside, from their 2008 album Shudder .
"Howard Hughes" by Ride, from their 1992 album Going Blank Again
"Castle on The Hill" by Ride, from their 1996 album Tarantula.[64]
"Howard Hughes" by [Lead Belly].
"Nancy From Now On" by [Father John Misty]from his album Fear Fun.
"Me and Howard Hughes" by The Boomtown Rats, from their 1978 album, "A Tonic for the Troops".
Film
(Chronological)
Willard Whyte, a billionaire from the 1971 James Bond film, Diamonds Are Forever , is based on Howard
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Hughes. Hughes, a friend of producer Albert Broccoli, allowed his hotel and casino to be used in the filming
The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977), directed by William A. Graham. Tommy Lee Jones stars as
Howard Hughes.
Melvin and Howard (1980), directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jason Robards (a distant cousin) a
Howard Hughes and Paul Le Mat as Melvin Dummar. The film won Academy Awards for Best Original
Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress (Mary Steenburgen). The film focuses on Melvin Dummar's claim
of meeting Hughes in the Nevada desert and subsequent estate battles over his inclusion in Hughes's will.
Critic Pauline Kael called the film "an almost flawless act of sympathetic imagination."[65]
Portrayed by Dean Stockwell in Tucker (1988).
Hughes was portrayed by Terry O'Quinn in Disney's The Rocketeer (1991), substituting for the "mystery
inventor" (Doc Savage) in the original comic book version.
"Howard Hughes Documentary", broadcast in 1992 as an episode of the Time Machine documentary
series, was introduced by Peter Graves, later released by A&E Home Video.[66]
Before The Aviator (2004), there were several attempts to create a biopic based on the life of Hughes. Fo
years, director-actor Warren Beatty wanted to play Hughes and direct a big-screen film of the mogul. It wa
to be released alongside Beatty's film Reds, but owing to the lack of the right script, the project was
abandoned. In the 1990s, producers with Touchstone Pictures wanted to do it with John Malkovich,
Edward Norton, or Johnny Depp as Hughes, but because of climbing costs that venture was abandoned.
Castle Rock Entertainment also tried to develop a biopic called Mr. Hughes with Jim Carrey starring and
with Christopher Nolan directing and re-writing a script originated by David Koepp and Brian De Palma.
When The Aviator began production, the idea was scrapped, and Nolan went on to direct Batman Begin
Some of the details of Hughes as an adult were confirmed in A. Scott Berg's memoir of Katharine Hepburn
Kate Remembered .
The Aviator (2004), directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes. Nominated
for 11 Academy Awards, and winning five, the acclaimed film focuses primarily on Hughes' achievements in
aviation and in the movies and on the increasing handicaps imposed on him by his obsessive–compulsive
behavior, and ends shortly after the successful flight of the Hercules in 1947. Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator documentary was broadcast in 2004, and went on to win the Grand
Festival Award for Best Documentary at the 2004 Berkeley Video & Film Festival.[67]
The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story was broadcast in 2006 on the Biography Channel. It
was later released to home media as a DVD with a copy of the full length film The Outlaw starring Jane
Russell.[68]
Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as a plot-related prequel to Iron Man 2 (2010), in which
Howard Stark (played by Dominic Cooper), father of Tony Stark (Iron Man), showed his inventions of
future technology, clearly picturing Hughes' persona and enthusiasm.
Games
Andrew Ryan, partially based on Hughes, is a fictional character in the 2007 video game, BioShock . He w
a industrialist business magnate in the Post-WW2 1940s, and seeking to avoid governments, religions and
other 'parasitic' influences, ordered the secret construction of an underwater city, Rapture. 15+ Years later,
when Ryan's vision for an Objectivist utopia in Rapture falls into dystopia, he hides himself away and uses
armies of mutated humans, "Splicers", to defend himself and fight against those trying to take over his City,
including the player-character Jack within the first game.[69]
In L.A. Noire, Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the opening introductio
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of the game.[70]
The 2010 RPG Fallout: New Vegas features a character by the name of Robert House, who is heavily
based on Hughes. House is a brilliant but reclusive billionaire, and several in game references can be found
their similarities.
Literature
Howard Hughes appears as a character in Death and Honor (Putnam, 2008), W.E.B. Griffin's fictional
account of the clandestine espionage activities of agents of the United States Office of Strategic Services (th
"OSS") during World War II. In the novel, Hughes is portrayed as an unofficial intelligence community
insider.
Howard Hughes also appears as a character in James Ellroy's L.A. Quartet and Underworld USA Trilogy
In the latter saga, Hughes is described as reclusive, eccentric and mentally disturbed. He plans to take over
the mafia's casinos in Las Vegas to establish a "germ-free environment" for his residence.
Stan Lee has repeatedly stated he created the Marvel Comics character Iron Man's civilian persona, TonyStark, drawing inspiration from Howard Hughes' colorful lifestyle and personality. Additionally, the first nam
of Stark's father is Howard.[71]
See also
References
Notes
1. ^ No time of birth is listed. Record nr. 234358, of December 29, 1941, filed January 5, 1942, Bureau of Vital
Statistics of Texas Department of Health.
2. ^ The handwriting of the baptismal record is a rather trembling one. The clerk was an aged person and there is a
good chance that, supposedly, being hard of hearing they misheard "December 24" as "September 24" instead. Th
is speculative.
Citations
1. ^ Simkin, John. "Howard Hughes". (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKhughesH.htm) Spartacus
Educational . Retrieved: June 9, 2013.
2. ^ Klepper and Gunther 1996, p. xiii.
3. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 21–22.
4. ^ Tombo do Guarda-Mór Guarda-Mór-Edição de Publicações Multimédia, Lda Lisboa, 2000.
5. ^ "Howard Robard Hughes Jr." (http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=303839) Geneall.net , December 24,
1905. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
6. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 15.
7. ^ a b "Howard Hughes."
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(http://web.archive.org/web/20090210062837/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553204/Howard_Hughes
tml) MSN Encarta online, October 21, 2009. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
8. ^ a b "Howard Hughes." (http://www.century-of-
flight.net/Aviation%20history/pathfinders/Howard%20Hughes.htm) U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003.
Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
9. ^ "Howard Hughes." (http://history1900s.about.com/od/peoplewhomadeanimpact/p/howardhughes.htm)
about.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
10. ^ "Golf's Bizarre Billionaire." (http://www.golfonline.com/golfonline/features/features/article/0,17742,1013633-
2,00.html) golfonline.com. Retrieved: September 4, 2007.11. ^ Barkow 1986, p. 13.
12. ^ Tierney and Herskowitz 1978, p. 97.
13. ^ "Howard Hughes' auto kills man in Hollywood."
(http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/483044492.html?
dids=483044492:483044492&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+12%2C+1936&author=&pu
b=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES'+AUTO+KILLS+MAN+IN+HOLLYWOOD&pqatl=google)
Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
14. ^ "Sportsman Arrested After Traffic Death." (http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402103021.html?
dids=402103021:402103021&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13%2C+1936&author=&pub
=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Sportsman+Arrested+After+Traffic+Death&pqatl=google) Los Angeles Times, July
13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.15. ^ "Howard Hughes facing hearing in auto death."
(http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/460156432.html?
dids=460156432:460156432&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+13%2C+1936&author=&pu
b=Chicago+Tribune&desc=HOWARD+HUGHES+FACING+HEARING+IN+AUTO+DEATH&pqatl=google)
Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
16. ^ "Millionaire Flyer and Society Girl testify at Inquest."
(http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/402113781.html?
dids=402113781:402113781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+16%2C+1936&author=&pub
=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Millionaire+Flyer+and+Society+Girl+Testify+at+Inquest&pqatl=google) Los Angele
Times, July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
17. ^ The Delta Democrat-Times (Greenville, Mississippi), September 29, 1946, p.4.18. ^ "Interview with Louella Parsons." Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa), October 12, 1947, p. 19.
19. ^ Anderson, Jack with Les Whitten. "Hughes and Jean Peters." The Gadsden Times, April 13, 1976, p. 4.
20. ^ a b Weaver 2004, p. 9.
21. ^ Onkst, David H. "Howard R. Hughes, Jr. – The Record Setter."
(http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Hughes/EX28.htm) U.S.
Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
22. ^ "Aviator Howard Hughes H-1 Racer History." (http://www.wrightools.com/hughes/h1_history.htm)
wrightools.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
23. ^ "A Rich Young Texan with a Poet's Face Gets Hero's Welcome on World Flight"
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=n08EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=Q9tkmm_XWR&pg=PA9#v=onepage&f=true). Life. 1938-07-25. pp. 9–1114. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
24. ^ Rumerman, Judy. "Hughes Aircraft." (http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Hughes/Aero44.htm)
centennialofflight.gov , 2003. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.
25. ^ Aircraft Ha to Hy (http://aerofiles.com/_h.html) Retrieved 31 July 2011.
26. ^ Hughes Las Vegas (http://www.aviatorhowardhughes.com/hughes-lasvegas.htm) Retrieved 31 July 2011.
27. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996
28. ^ "Crash of the XF-11." (http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/XF-11_crash_site.htm) check-six.com.
Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
29. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 140.
30. ^ "William Durkin, Howard Hughes crash rescuer, dies." (http://www.sunjournal.com/node/127134) Nation
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SunJournal , May 1, 2006. Retrieved: July 4, 2013.
31. ^ "Howard Hughes: XF-11." (http://theaviatorhh.com/xf-11.htm) UNLV Libraries' Howard Hughes Collection.
Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
32. ^ "William Durkin; rescued Howard Hughes in crash." (http://articles.boston.com/2006-05-
02/news/29238487_1_wreckage-crash-plane) Boston.com, May 2, 2006. Retrieved: January 17, 2012.
33. ^ "Hughes Designs Hospital Bed." Associated Press wire article, August 14, 1946.
34. ^ a b Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 143.
35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tennant, F. (2007). Howard Hughes and pseudoaddiction. (http://pain-
topics.org/pdf/HowardHughesPseudoaddict.pdf) Practical Pain Management 7:6 12.36. ^ Schwartz, Bill, dir. Howard Hughes – The Real Aviator (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Shout! Factory, 2004.
37. ^ "Largest Plane in the World." (http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/design/q0188.shtml) Aerospaceweb.org
Retrieved: March 18, 2009.
38. ^ "Spruce Goose." (http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/the-museum/aircraft-exhibits/the-spruce-goose/) Evergree
Aviation Museum. Retrieved: December 14, 2011.
39. ^ Lasky 1989, p. 229.
40. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 34.
41. ^ "Dr. Verne Mason. Miami Physician. Howard Hughes aide dies. Also treated Pershing." The New York Times,
November 17, 1965.
42. ^ "2007 Annual Report". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved: March 13, 2010.
43. ^ "Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force."(http://www.archives.gov/research/investigations/watergate/index.html) archives.gov. Retrieved: February 25,
2012.
44. ^ "Campaign Contributions Task Force #804 - Hughes/Rebozo Investigation."
(http://www.archives.gov/research/investigations/watergate/hughes-investigation.html) archives.gov. Retrieved:
February 25, 2012.
45. ^ "Hughes Nixon and the C.I.A." Playboy Magazine, September 1976.
46. ^ Bellett 1995, pp. 32, 36, 160.
47. ^ Stahl, Lesley. "Watergate: 'Aviator' Connection?, Lesley Stahl Talks To Watergate Investigator About Motive Fo
Break-In." (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/24/60minutes/main676414.shtml) CBS News. Retrieved:
January 5, 2008.
48. ^ Burleson 1997, p. 33.49. ^ Burleson 1997, pp. 157–158.
50. ^ Doviak, Scott Von. "Howard Hughes: His Women and His Movies (2000)."
(http://www.culturevulture.net/Television/HowardHughes.htm)culturevulture.net , 2000. Retrieved: April 11, 200
51. ^ "News." (http://www.vancourier.com/issues04/123204/news/123204nn1.html) Vancourier.com. Retrieved:
March 17, 2009.
52. ^ a b Levitan, Corey. "Top 10 Scandals: Gritty City." (http://www.lvrj.com/living/16160347.html) Las Vegas
Review-Journal . Retrieved: March 3, 2008.
53. ^ Thomas 1987, p. 41.
54. ^ "The Keepers of the King." (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918528,00.html) Time.
Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
55. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "Howard Hughes and the atomic bomb in middle of Nevada."
(http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-hometown-nuke28-2009jun28,0,1389110.story) latimes,
June 28, 2009. Retrieved: July 25, 2009.
56. ^ Carlson, Michael. "Obituary: Robert Maheu: FBI agent and CIA fixer who became Howard Hughes's bagman."
The Guardian, August 20, 2008, p. 33.
57. ^ Mallin, Jay. The Great Managua Earthquake
(http://www.ineter.gob.ni/geofisica/sis/managua72/mallin/great04.htm)
58. ^ "Howard Hughes: A Chronology." (http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/hughes1.html)
Channel 4. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
59. ^ Irving 1999 pp. 3–309.
60. ^ Lisheron, Mark. "Obituary for Lex Dale Owens, owner of Air Ambulance, Inc."
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(http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/01/03/0103owensobit.html) Statesman.com, January
3, 2009. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
61. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 16–18.
62. ^ "Howard Hughes Revealed". (http://www.hulu.com/watch/71033/inside-howard-hughes-revealed#s-p1-so-i0)
hulu.com, via National Geographic Channel, Inside (series), Season 7, episode 2. Retrieved: September 24, 2009.
63. ^ "Howard Hughes" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=521). Academy Award-winning
producer and director, aviator and businessman. Find a Grave. Jan 01, 2001. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011.
64. ^ "Ride: Castle on the Hi;l." (http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858841315/) Song Meanings
Retrieved: June 30, 2013.65. ^ Shannon, Jeff. "Melvin and Howard (1980) – Movie Preview." (http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/movies.php?
id=952) RopeofSilicon, 2008. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.
66. ^ "Howard Hughes Documentary." (http://www.amazon.com/Howard-Hughes-Documentary-Peter-
Graves/dp/B000FCU06M) Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.
67. ^ "Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator." (http://www.amazon.com/Howard-Hughes-Real-Aviator-
R/dp/B00064AF64) Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.
68. ^ "The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story."
(http://www.visionfilms.net/catalog/documentaries/biographies/american_aviator.php) Vision Films. Retrieved:
August 22, 2011.
69. ^ "Exclusive: Ken Levine on the making of Bioshock" (http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2007/08/20/exclusive-
ken-levine-on-the-making-of-bioshock/). Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 20 March 2013.70. ^ "New L.A. Noire Screens from the "Nichsolson Electroplating" Arson Case."
(http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/16711/new-la-noire-screens-from-the-nicholson-electroplating-
arson-cas.html) Rockstargames.com, June 9, 2011. Retrieved: January 5, 2012.
71. ^ "Mask of the Iron Man". Game Informer (177): 81. January 2008.
Bibliography
Barkow, Al. Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf . Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford
Books, 1986. ISBN 1-58080-043-2.
Barton, Charles. Howard Hughes and his Flying Boat . Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1982. Republished in 1998Vienna, VA: Charles Barton, Inc. ISBN 0-9663175-0-5.
Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. Empire: The Lif e, Legend and Madness of Howard Hughes. New York:
W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-393-07513-3, republished in 2004 as Howard Hughes: His Life and
Madness.
Bellett, Gerald. Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard
Hughes. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1995. ISBN 0-921842-42-2.
Brown, Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske. Howard Hughes: The Untold Story. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.
ISBN 0-525-93785-4.
Burleson, Clyde W. The Jennifer Project . College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-
89096-764-4.
Dietrich, Noah and Bob Thomas. Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes. New York: Fawcett Publications, 1972.
ISBN 00449025651.
Drosnin, Michael. Citizen Hughes: In his Own Words, How Howard Hughes Tried to Buy America. Portland,
Oregon: Broadway Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7679-1934-3.
Hack, Richard. Hughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters: The Definitive Biography of the First America
Billionaire. Beverly Hills, California: New Millennium Press, 2002. ISBN 1-893224-64-3.
Higham, Charles. Howard Hughes: The Secret Lif e, 1993.
Irving, Clifford. The Hoax. New York: E. Reads Ltd., 1999. ISBN 978-0-7592-3868-8.
Klepper, Michael and Michael Gunther. The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of
the Richest Americans, Past and Present. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0-
8065-1800-8
Marrett, George J. Howard Hughes: Aviator . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-
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510-4.
Kistler, Ron. I Caught Flies for Howard Hughes. Chicago: Playboy Press , 1976. ISBN 0-87223-447-9.
Lasky, Betty. RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All, 2d ed . Santa Monica, California: Roundtable, 1989.
ISBN 0-915677-41-5.
Maheu, Robert and Richard Hack. Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by
his Closest Adviser . New York: Harper Collins, 1992. ISBN 0-06-016505-7.
Moore, Terry. The Beauty and the Billionaire. New York: Pocket Books, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50080-5.
Moore, Terry and Jerry Rivers. The Passions of Howard Hughes. Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1996.
ISBN 1-881649-88-1.
Phelan, James. Howard Hughes: The Hidden Years. New York, Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-41042-4.
Real, Jack. The Asylum of Howard Hughes. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2003. ISBN 1-4134-0875-3.
Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01469-4.
Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait . New York: Peter Wyden, 1979. lSBN 0-883261-52-9.
Weaver, Tom. Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Flashbacks: Conversations with 24 Actors, Writers, Producers
and Directors from the Golden Age. New York: McFarland & Company, 2004. ISBN 0-7864-2070-7.
Additional resources
Photograph collections related to Hughes: Houston Public Library; University of Nevada, Las Vegas;
Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum; Charles Barton, Inc.
External links
Howard Hughes (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm400652/) at the Internet Movie Database
AZORIAN The Raising of the K-129 / 2009 – 2 Part TV Documentary / Michael White Films Vienna
(http://www.projectjennifer.at/)
Welcome Home Howard: Collection of photographs kept by UNLV (http://digital.library.unlv.edu/hughes/)
Howard Hughes' Sikorsky at Brazoria County Airport, Texas (See Archives, July, 2009)
(http://www.airportjournals.com/)Hughes legacy lives on in litigation – Houston Business Journal
(http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/1997/12/22/story4.html/)
1924 passport photo ; Howard Hughes
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/puzzlemaster/5417689932/in/photostream/)
"Plane Spans U.S. at Four Miles Per Minute" Popular Mechanics, April 1936
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=lNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA514&dq=Popular+Science+1936+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&h
=en&ei=YQxKTqCgIeSDsgK6xpzSCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC
oQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Science%201936%20plane%20%22Popular%20Mechanics%2&f=true) main photo of aircraft used in first coast to coast record breaking flight, small photo if of the
original H-1.
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