Unit 1 Seminar Dr. Daudi K. Langat Adjunct Professor, Kaplan University Welcome to the first Seminar this semester! We will Welcome to the first Seminar this semester! We will begin at the top of the hour. Since this is an Audio begin at the top of the hour. Since this is an Audio Seminar, ensure the speakers in your Computer are set Seminar, ensure the speakers in your Computer are set to a comfortable sound level. You will be able to ask to a comfortable sound level. You will be able to ask me questions using the Text box. me questions using the Text box.
Transcript
Unit 1 SeminarDr. Daudi K. Langat
Adjunct Professor, Kaplan University
Welcome to the first Seminar this semester! We will begin Welcome to the first Seminar this semester! We will begin at the top of the hour. Since this is an Audio Seminar, at the top of the hour. Since this is an Audio Seminar,
ensure the speakers in your Computer are set to a ensure the speakers in your Computer are set to a comfortable sound level. You will be able to ask me comfortable sound level. You will be able to ask me
questions using the Text box. questions using the Text box.
Daudi K. Langat, Ph.D Adjunct Professor Email: [email protected] AIM: Kipngetich1 (evenings and Off. hrs) Yahoo IM: dlangat (10:00 am – 4:00 pm Central time in the weekdays) Office Hours:
Tuesday 10:00—11:59 PM ET
We will be discussing course objectives and protocol, so come with any questions you may have.
We will also discuss concepts from Chapter 11 – Blood, including blood composition and blood types.
HS130 01 Langat, Daudi Thursday 8 pm ET HS130-1HS130 03 Bryant, Kelly Sunday 9 pm ET HS130-3
We will discuss concepts from Chapter 11 – Blood, including blood composition and blood types.
Approximate values for the components of blood in a normal adult. Values will vary with age, sex, and nutritional status
Comparison of normal and sickle-shaped RBCs (color-enhanced scanning electron micrographs [SEMs]). A, Normal red blood cells, B, Shape of RBCs in sickle cell anemia.
Structure —disk-shaped, without nuclei Functions —transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Common disorders involving red blood cells:
Anemia —inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues; caused, for example, by:
Inadequate RBC numbers Deficiency of hemoglobin Pernicious anemia—deficiency of vitamin B12
Polycythemia —abnormally high RBC count
Hematocrit test —medical test in which a centrifuge is used to separate whole blood into formed elements and liquid fraction
Hematocrit tubes showing normal blood, anemia, and polycythemia. Note the buffy coat located between the packed RBCs and the plasma. A, A normal percentage of red blood cells (RBCs). B, Anemia (a low percentage of RBCs). C, Polycythemia (a high percentage of RBCs). D, Photograph shows a laboratory centrifuge used to “spin down” tubes of whole blood to separate the formed elements from the plasma. Note the six openings that permit multiple hematocrit tubes to be processed at the same time.
General function —defense WBC count and what it shows:
Differential WBC count reveals proportions of each type of WBC
Leukopenia —abnormally low WBC count Leukocytosis —abnormally high WBC count
Neutrophils and monocytes carry out phagocytosis Lymphocytes produce antibodies (B-lymphocytes) or directly
attack foreign cells (T-lymphocytes) Eosinophils protect against parasitic irritants that cause
allergies Basophils produce heparin, which inhibits clotting
Each light micrograph shows a different type of stained white blood cell surrounded by several smaller red blood cells.
Leukemia —cancer Elevated WBC count Cells do not function properly
Type identified by how quickly symptoms appear and cell type involved
Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting Blood clot formation
Clotting factors released at the injury site produce prothrombin activator
Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin triggers formation of fibrin, which traps RBCs to form a clot
A, The extremely complex clotting mechanism can be distilled into three basic steps: 1, release of clotting factors from both injured tissue cells and sticky platelets at the injury site (which form a temporary platelet plug); 2, series of chemical reactions that eventually result in the formation of thrombin; and 3, formation of fibrin and trapping of red blood cells to form a clot. B, Red and white blood cells (WBCs) entrapped in a fibrin (yellow) mesh during clot formation (WBCs are blue).
Factor F X
F IXaF IX
F XIaF XI
Surface ContactCollagenFXII activator
F XIIaF XII
Intrinsic Pathway
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
The Clotting CascadeThe Clotting Cascade
Factor F X
F VIIF VIIa
F III (Tissue Thromboplastin)
Tissue/Cell Defect
Extrinsic Pathway
Ca2+
Ca2+
ThrombinProthrombin I
Factor F Xa
Ca2+
Platelet Factor 3
CrosslinkedFibrin Meshwork
F XIIIa F XIII
F VF Va
F VIIIaF VIII
1. Name several substances found in blood plasma.
2. Explain the function of albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens.
3. What is the difference between serum and plasma?
4. What two types of connective tissue form blood cells? Where are they found and what do each of them form?
Describe the structure of a red blood cell. What advantage does this unique shape give the red blood cell that helps it perform its function?
Both aplastic anemia and pernicious
anemia are characterized by low red blood cell count. Explain the difference in their causes.
What is the buffy coat? Explain the function of neutrophils and
monocytes. Explain the function of lymphocytes. Explain the function of eosinophils and
basophils. Distinguish between leukopenia and
leukocytosis.
How is hemophilia transmitted? What blood clotting factors can be affected?
Explain the process of blood clot formation Explain how heparin inhibits blood clot
formation Differentiate between the process of blood
clot formation and the process of blood agglutination.
Differentiate between a thrombus and an embolus.
Explain how type A blood differs from type B blood and type O blood.
Explain the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis.
Why is the first Rh positive baby born to an Rh negative mother usually unaffected?
