HSPA Science ReviewHSPA Science Review

Biology and PhysicsBiology and Physics

BiologyBiology

Match the molecule to the function:

1. DNA, RNA A. High energy compounds, not

water soluble

2. Fats (lipids) B. Contains and transfers genetic

information

3. Carbohydrates C. Energy carrier in cell

4. Proteins D. C, H, & O compounds used as

energy source

1. ATP E. Builds all cell structures

BiologyBiology

Solutions

1. DNA, RNA A. High energy compounds, not

water soluble

2. Fats (lipids) B. Contains and transfers genetic

information

3. Carbohydrates C. Energy carrier in cell

4. Proteins D. C, H, & O compounds used as

energy source

1. ATP E. Builds all cell structures

BiologyBiology

A photon (little packet of light energy) excites an electron in chlorophyll because chlorophyll has the ability to directly absorb light energy in a usable form. This is part of the light reaction. A green plant then uses that energy to split water molecules, combine carbon dioxide molecules into 3-carbon molecules, and two of these combine to build a molecule of glucose, C6H12O6. This occurs during the dark (does not need light) reaction of photosynthesis.

The light energy is now chemical energy in the bonds of glucose and is the reason that plants are the producers or energy suppliers at the bottom of the food chain.

BiologyBiologyA squirrel in the woods of Pennsylvania has a litter of

offspring. 4 of the offspring are reddish-brown in fur color. A mutation caused the other 4 offspring to have white fur.

Which of the offspring will have the best chance of surviving to reproduce? Explain.

BiologyBiologyA squirrel in the woods of Pennsylvania has a litter of

offspring. 4 of the offspring are reddish-brown in fur color. A mutation caused the other 4 offspring to have white fur.

Which of the offspring will have the best chance of surviving to reproduce? Explain.

Solution:

The white offspring will have difficulty hiding due to the light color of their fur. As a result they with have a very difficult time reaching maturity to reproduce. The reddish-brown ones will blend in and have a much greater chance of reproducing.

BiologyBiologyWhich of the following are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A. Cytosine

B. Guanine

C. Uracil

D. Alanine

E. Thymine

F. Adenine

G. Phenylalanine

BiologyBiologyThe nitrogenous bases of DNA are:

A. Cytosine

B. Guanine

E. Thymine

F. Adenine

BiologyBiologyThe genetic code in DNA is contained in:

A. Single bases

B. Base pairs

C. Hydrogen bonds

D. Triplet codes

BiologyBiologySolution:

The genetic code in DNA is contained in:

D. Triplet codes

BiologyBiologySolution:

The genetic code in DNA is contained in:

D. Triplet codes

Each sequence of three bases (ACG, TCA, AGA, etc.) codes for one of the twenty amino acids, which are the alphabet of proteins. Proteins build cell structure and enzymes.

BiologyBiologyHow are mRNA and tRNA involved in getting the

genetic code from DNA into a functional protein at the ribosome?

BiologyBiologyHow are mRNA and tRNA involved in getting the

genetic code from DNA into a functional protein at the ribosome?

Solution:

The mRNA is formed when the DNA (double stranded) unzips in the nucleus. The triplet code is transferred to the mRNA. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome. A tRNA (which has a triplet code) picks up an amino acid and brings it to the ribosome. If the tRNA triplet is complementary to the mRNA triplet (ex: CCC to GGG) the ribosome keeps the amino acid and starts to build the protein. This continues until the protein or polypeptide is built from the mRNA.

BiologyBiologyRNA has one different base than DNA. The base,

uracil or U, replaces which base in DNA?

A. Adenine

B. Thymine

C. Guanine

D. Cytosine

BiologyBiologyRNA has one different base than DNA. The base,

uracil or U, replaces which base in DNA?

B. Thymine

Example:

DNA CGA ATT GCG

mRNA GCU UAA CGC

tRNA CGA AUU GCG

BiologyBiologyMistakes or mutations can happen in the genetic

code. If one base changes, it can change the amino acid and the resulting protein. The change can be beneficial or it can be detrimental to the organism. Beneficial ones may make the organism survive better. Detrimental ones may make the organism less hardy.

AUU codes for isoleucine in mRNA. If the last U mutates to an A, AUA codes for asparagine, which could change the entire protein.

GeneticsGeneticsTall (T) dominates short (t). A homozygous tall

(TT) plant is crossed with a short plant (tt). What per cent of the offspring are short?

GeneticsGeneticsTall (T) dominates short (t). A homozygous tall

(TT) plant is crossed with a short plant (tt). What per cent of the offspring are short?

Solution: 0% short

TT x tt

T T

t Tt Tt

t Tt Tt

All offspring are Tt or tall. Therefore no short.

GeneticsGeneticsTall (T) dominates short (t). Two heterozygous talls

(Tt) are crossed. What per cent of the offspring are short?

GeneticsGeneticsTall (T) dominates short (t). Two heterozygous talls

(Tt) are crossed. What per cent of the offspring are short?

Solution: 25% short

Tt x Tt

T t

T TT Tt

t Tt tt

3 of 4 offspring are Tt or TT or tall. Therefore 1/4 or 25% are short.

GeneticsGeneticsStraight (S) co-dominates with curly (C). SC is

wavy. Two wavys (SC) are crossed.. What per cent of the offspring are wavy?

GeneticsGeneticsStraight (S) co-dominates with curly (C). SC is

wavy. Two wavys (SC) are crossed. What per cent of the offspring are wavy?

Solution: 50% wavy

SC x SC

S C

S SS SC

C SC CC

Since wavy is SC, Therefore 1/2 or 50% are wavy. 1/4 or 25% are straight (SS) and 1/4 or 25% are curly (CC).

GeneticsGeneticsMales are XY and females are XX. Show why that

there should be 50 % males and 50 % females from births.

GeneticsGeneticsMales are XY and females are XX. Show why that

there should be 50 % males and 50 % females from births.

Solution: 50% male, 50% female

XY x XX

X Y

X XX XY

X XX XY

In a large population, 1/2 the population will be males and 1/2 will be females as shown by the Punnet square.

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

Or

Force = Mass x Acceleration

(Newtons) Kg meters/sec2

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

What is the force of a 10 Kg object moving at 2 m/sec2?

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

What is the force of a 10 Kg object moving at 2 m/sec2?

Solution

? F Newtons = 10 Kg x 2 m/sec2

Or 20 N

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

What acceleration will a 15 Kg object have if a force of 30 Newtons on it?

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

What acceleration will a 15 Kg object have if a force of 30 Newtons on it?

Solution

30 Newtons = 15 Kg x ? m/sec2

Or 2 m/sec2

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

What mass will have an accelaration of 5 m/sec2 if a force of 30 Newtons is on it?

PhysicsPhysics

F = m x a

What mass will have an accelaration of 5 m/sec2 if a force of 30 Newtons is on it?

Solution

30 Newtons = ? Kg x 5 m/sec2

Or 6 Kg

PhysicsPhysics

If you push against the wall with a force of 5 N, what force does the wall push back with?

PhysicsPhysics

If you push against the wall with a force of 5 N, what force does the wall push back with?

Solution:

Newton’s 3rd Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The wall pushes back with a force of 5 N!

PhysicsPhysics

Gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two objects.

PhysicsPhysics

Gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two objects.

Gravity is proportional to the masses of the objects!

The larger the masses, the greater the gravitational attraction.

PhysicsPhysics

Gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two objects.

Gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects.

If the distance doubles between two objects, the gravitational attraction DECREASES by 4!

PhysicsPhysics

Moving electric charges produces magnetic forces.

And conversely

Moving magnets produces electric forces.

(What a generatordoes!)

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation

Waves of energy moving through space at the speed of light.

Electromagnetic radiations differ in wavelength and frequency.

Higher frequency had shorter wavelength.

Lower frequency has longer wavelength.

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation

Arrange the 7 main electromagnetic radiations from longest to shortest wavelengths.

Visible Light

Microwaves

Gamma Rays

Radio waves

Infrared rays

Ultraviolet rays

X rays

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation

Arrange the 7 main electromagnetic radiations from longest to shortest wavelengths.

Visible Light Longest Radio waves

Microwaves Microwaves

Gamma Rays Infrared

Radio waves Visible Light

Infrared Light Ultraviolet Light

Ultraviolet Light X Rays

X rays Shortest Gamma Rays

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation

Visible Light is made up of the spectrum of colors:

ROY G BIVRed, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, & Violet

700 nm 400 nm