http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1

Jeffrey G. ReitzUniversity of Toronto

Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism StudiesMunk Centre for International Studies

www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies

June 11, 2009

1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET)

Armchair DiscussionCanada School of Public Service

Metropolis Project

Table of Contents

Assessing Multiculturalism as a Behavioral Theory J.G. Reitz

Ethnic Group Ties, Inter-Group Threat, and Ethnic Self-IdentityK.K. Dion and M.B. Phan

Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and Well-BeingK.L. Dion, K.K. Dion, and R. Banerjee

Inequalities and Patterns of Social Attachments in Quebec and the Rest of CanadaM.B. Phan and R. Breton

Racial Inequality and Social IntegrationJ.G. Reitz and R. Banerjee

Behavioural Precepts of Multiculturalism: Empirical Validity and Policy Implications J.G. Reitz

Selected Findings for Discussion Today

• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities

• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities

• Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists

• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee, "Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy Issues in Canada." In Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, edited by Keith Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007. Pp. 489-545.

RACISM IN CANADA

Darker the skin, less you fit in

COLIN MCCONNELL/TORONTO STAR Vanessa Kirunda and her son Sean, who live in Mississauga, have been stung by racism. "And it's not just white European people," she says. (May 10, 2009)

(217) LESLEY CIARULA TAYLOR IMMIGRATION REPORTER

Vanessa Kirunda is the last person you'd expect to be looked down on.Poised, articulate, educated and confident, Kirunda, a black woman, can dissect and analyze why Canadians treat her differently.But all bets were off when schoolmates called her 10-year-old son Sean a n-----. Three times. Three different children. "I anticipated this would happen, but it breaks my heart. Something is wrong when children say these things. On top of everything, I'm not going to have my child degraded," said the Mississauga resident. The "everything" she refers to includes being sent to an Adult Learning Centre when she arrived, even though English is her first language, and getting passed over for a college spot in favour of a white friend. "I've never understood people who believe they are superior. It's based on idiotic ideologies. And it's not just white European people."Kirunda and her son, Canadian citizens who emigrated from Kenya

Selected Findings for Discussion Today

• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities

• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities

• Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists

• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

Immigration nations:percent foreign-born, 2005

0

5

10

15

20

25

Source: United Nations, International Migration 2006

Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N = 41,666

Indicators of Social Integration• Life satisfaction

• Ties to Canadian society– ‘Canadian’ identity

– Citizenship

– Sense of belonging in Canada

– Trust in people

• Civic participation– Volunteer activities

– Voting

Ethno-cultural Groups• Ethnic Ancestry

• Visible Minority Status

Inequality• Household Income• Experience of discrimination

(self-reported)• Feelings of discomfort• Fear of attack

Aspects of Diversity• Ethnic attachments (importance

of ancestry, customs, belonging)

• Religion, religious commitment

Generation/Time• Period of Immigration

• Generation, Age

Ethno-racial Diversity in the EDS

Ancestry (not visible minorities)

• Anglo

• French

• North and Western European

• Russian and East European

• Jewish

• Arab and West Asian

• Latin American

• Greek

• Italian

• Portuguese

• Other European

• Canadian

Visible minorities• Chinese

• South Asian

• Black

• Filipino

• Latin American

• Southeast Asian

• Arab and West Asian

• Korean

• Japanese

• Visible minorities, other

• Multiple visible minorities

Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N = 41,666

Indicators of Social Integration• Life satisfaction

• Ties to Canadian society– ‘Canadian’ identity

– Citizenship

– Sense of belonging in Canada

– Trust in people

• Civic participation– Volunteer activities

– Voting

Ethno-cultural Groups• Ethnic Ancestry

• Visible Minority Status

Inequality• Household Income• Experience of discrimination

(self-reported )• Feelings of discomfort• Fear of attack

Aspects of Diversity• Ethnic group (attachments,

importance, belonging)

• Religion, religious commitment

Generation/Time• Period of Immigration

• Generation, Age

Regression coefficients foreffect of ethnic attachmentson social integration, by immigrant cohort and generation, and controllingfor age and (for immigrants)length of time in Canada

What is the effect of ethnic attachments on social integration?

Income Inequality Less

• Perceptions of discrimination and vulnerability More

Inequality trends across time and generations

Reports of discrimination:visible minority status more than religion

Perceived Discrimination by Visible Minority and Religious Category

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Jew

ish

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Bud

dhis

t

Hin

du

Sik

h

Oth

Rel

igio

n

Whi

tes

VM

Whites Visible minorities Total

Per

cen

t

Perceived Vulnerability by Visible Minority and Religious Category

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Jew

ish

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Bud

dhis

t

Hin

du

Sik

h

Oth

Rel

igio

n

Whi

tes

VM

Whites Visible minorities Total

Per

cen

tag

e

Reports of vulnerability:visible minority status more than religion

Canadian Identity

Canadian Identity by Visible Minority and Religious Category

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Jew

ish

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Bud

dhis

t

Hin

du

Sik

h

Oth

Rel

igio

n

Whi

te

VM

Whites Visible Minorities Total

Canadian citizenship

Canadian Citizenship by Visible Minority and Religious Category

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Jew

ish

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

lim

Bud

dhis

t

Hin

du

Sik

h

Oth

Rel

igio

n

Whi

te

VM

Whites Visible Minorities Total

Religiosity

Percent 'Very Religious' in each Religion by Visible Minority

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

No

Re

l

Ca

tho

lic

Pro

test

an

t

Oth

Mu

slim

Jew

ish

No

Re

l

Ca

tho

lic

Pro

test

an

t

Oth

er

Mu

slim

Bu

dd

his

t

Hin

du

Sik

h

Wh

ite VM

Whites Visible Minorities Total

Pe

rce

nt

Perceived Discrimination by Visible Minority and Relgious Category for Quebec compared to the Rest of Canada

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Mus

lim

Jew

ish

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Mus

lim

Bud

dhis

t

Hin

du

Sik

h

Whi

te

VM

Whites Visible Minorities Total

QUEBEC

Rest of Canada

Reports of Discrimination:Quebec v. Rest of Canada

Reports of Vulnerability:Quebec v. Rest of Canada

Perceived Vulnerability by Visible Minority and Religious Categories for Quebec compared to the

Rest of Canada

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Chr

istia

n

Mus

limJe

wis

h

No

Rel

Cat

holic

Pro

test

ant

Oth

Mus

lim

Bud

dhis

t

Hin

duS

ikh

Whi

tes

VM

Whites Visible Minorities Total

QUEBEC

Rest of Canada

Conclusions

• Maintaining ethnic attachments over time is associated with– enhanced qualify of life

– but greater isolation from the mainstream

• Racial minorities experience inequality and discrimination, which reinforces their ethnic attachment and slows integration– Race is more important than religious affiliation as a factor in the

social integration of visible minorities

Policy Considerations

• Equality is a key to integration; need to address racial inequality

• Ethnic community development to support integration

• Integration requires efforts beyond support for diversity

• Evaluation of impact of multiculturalism policy

http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1

Jeffrey G. ReitzUniversity of Toronto

Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism StudiesMunk Centre for International Studies

www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies

June 11, 2009

1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET)

Armchair DiscussionCanada School of Public Service

Metropolis Project