Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 1 of 14

Human Biology 175 Lecture Notes: Cells

Section 1 Introduction

A) __________________________

1) All organisms are composed of at least one cell.

a) Unicellular example: __________________________

b) Multicellular example(s): _______________________

2) All cells are similar in their chemical composition.

a) Atoms: __________________________

b) Molecules:

(1) __________________________

(2) __________________________

(3) __________________________

(4) __________________________

c) Cellular structures:

(1) __________________________

(2) __________________________

(3) __________________________

3) All cells are similar in their metabolic activities.

a) __________________________

b) __________________________

c) __________________________

4) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

a) __________________________

(1) Replace worn out/dead cells

(2) Grow-increase cell number b

b) __________________________

1) Sexual reproduction—formation of sex cells (egg and sperm)

5) The cells of any multicellular organism is a result of the activities of its interdependent cells.

a) Human body is composed of 50-100 trillion cells

b) These cells can be categorized into >200 different types of tissues

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 2 of 14

Section 2 Plasma Membranes

A) _________________________________ describes the composition and function(s) of cellular membranes

1) General functions of ALL plasma membranes

a) __________________________ separate

b) __________________________ allow for specific substances to pass from one side to the other

(1) semipermeable/selectively permeable/differentially permeable

c) Provide a workbench for __________________________

2) Composition (molecules that make up animal plasma membranes)

a) __________________________ ‘grout’ provide structure that holds it together

b) __________________________ ‘tiles’/’mosaic’ each protein carries out its own specific function for

the membrane

c) __________________________ maintains membrane fluidity

d) __________________________ attached to surface—used as recognition/identifying markers and

receptors

B) __________________________ structure/grout

1) Consistency of olive oil

2) __________________________‘water-loving’

a) Water soluble substances

b) Chemically interact with water

c) Phosphate group (ion)

3) __________________________‘water-fearing’

a) Insoluble in water

b) Move away from water

c) Fatty acid tails

C) __________________________ formed when phospholipids are mixed with water

1) 2 layers of phospholipids

2) __________________________ heads interact with water

a) Cytoplasm

b) Extracellular fluid (outside)

3) __________________________ tails sandwiched between

D) __________________________ carry out the functions of a plasma membrane

1) __________________________

a) Pores

b) Porins

c) Channels

d) Pumps

2) __________________________ provide a

‘workbench’ for chemical reactions

3) __________________________ interact with

chemical messengers to turn on/off various

cellular activities

4) __________________________

a) holds cell shape/position

b) organelles in specific position

5) __________________________

a) Identifies a cell (glycoproteins)

b) Example: ABO blood group

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 3 of 14

Section 3 Diffusion and Osmosis

A) __________________________ the movement of a substance from an

area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

1) __________________________ energy/heat

2) Continues until evenly distributed throughout—reached

__________________________

3) Molecules that cross plasma membranes by diffusion:

a) __________________________ or lipid soluble

b) Examples:

(1) __________________________

(2) __________________________

B) __________________________ the movement of water across a

semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to

an area of low water concentration.

1) __________________________ term used to describe the concentration of a solute in one solution as

compared to another solution.

a) __________________________ substance that gets dissolved

b) __________________________ substance that does the dissolving

c) __________________________ ‘solution’ INSIDE the cell

d) __________________________ solution OUTSIDE the cell

2) __________________________ solution

a) Solution that has a higher solute concentration

than another solution

b) Extracellular solute concentration > cytoplasm

solute concentration

c) Highest concentration of water is ______________

d) Water crosses plasma membrane by ____________

e) Water will ____________

f) Cell shape: ____________

3) __________________________ solution

a) Solution that has a lower solute concentration

than another solution

b) Extracellular solute concentration < cytoplasm

solute concentration

c) Highest concentration of water is ______

d) Water crosses plasma membrane by ____________

e) Water will ____________

f) Cell shape: ____________

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 4 of 14

4) __________________________ solution

a) Solution that has the same solute concentration

than another solution

b) Extracellular solute concentration = cytoplasm

solute concentration

c) c) Highest concentration of water is________

d) Water crosses plasma membrane by _________

e) Water will ____________

f) Cell shape: ____________

Section 4 Other Membrane Transport Mechanisms

A) ______________________________

1) _______________________________Shape determines the specific

solute’s ability to pass through

2) Solute follows the concentration gradient

a) Moves from __________________________ concentration

3) __________________________ required

4) Examples:

a) __________________________

b) __________________________

c) __________________________

B)__________________________

1) ________________________________________ shape determines

the specific solute that can pass

2) Solute is transported __________________________ its

concentration gradient.

a) From __________________________ concentration

3) __________________________ is required

4) Ex: __________________________

C) ______________________________________ (opposites)

1) Move large volumes of substances in/out of cell

2) __________________________ (membrane bound sacs)

3) __________________________ moves substances OUT of cell

4) __________________________ moves substances INTO cell

a) Also called __________________________

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 5 of 14

Section 5 Organelles

A) Review:

1) _____________________________________ (usually) a membrane bound sac within the cytoplasm

that isolates or compartmentalizes a specific set of chemical reactions.

B) _____________________________________ Cyto = cell, Plasm jelly-like

1) Includes everything inside of the cell membrane except the nucleus.

a) _____________________________________ (liquid portion)

b) _____________________________________

c) _____________________________________

2) _____________________________________ Composition

a) _____________________________________

b) Monomers: _____________________________________

c) Macromolecules: ____________

d) Energy: _____________________________________

3) Organelles: metabollic machinery

4) ___________________________________ areas where chemical substances are stored in some cells

a) _____________________________________

b) _____________________________________

c) _____________________________________

d) _____________________________________

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 6 of 14

C) _____________________________________

1) (Usually) largest organelle of the human cell

2) Structure:

a) _____________________________________

b) _____________________________________

c) _____________________________________

d) _____________________________________

3) Function

a) _____________________________________

b) _____________________________________

c) _____________________________________

4) Nuclear Membrane (nuclear envelope)

a) Structure:

(1) _____________________________________

(2) Proteins: _____________________________________

b) Function: _____________________________________

5) _____________________________________ (Nondividing cell)

a) Structure:

(1) _____________________________________

(2) Proteins

b) Function: _____________________________________

6) _____________________________________

a) Structure:

(1) _____________________________________

(2) _____________________________________

(3) Proteins

b) Function: _____________________________________

D) _____________________________________

1) Structure:

a) _____________________________________

b) _____________________________________

2) Location:

a) _____________________________________

b) _____________________________________

3) Function: _____________________________________

E) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

1) _____________________________________

a) Structure:

(1) _____________________________________

(2) _____________________________________

b) Function: _____________________________________

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 7 of 14

2) _____________________________________

a) Structure:

(1) _____________________________________

(2) _____________________________________

b) Function:

(1) _____________________________________

(2) _____________________________________

(3) _____________________________________

(4) _____________________________________

F) _____________________________________

1) Structure: flattened sac of _____________________________________

2) Function: _____________________________________

Example: proteins/lipids/mucous/enzymes

G) _____________________________________

1) Structure: membrane bound sac filled with _____________________________________

2) Function: _____________________________________ molecules within the cell

H) _____________________________________

1) Structure: membrane bound sac filled with _____________________________________

2) Function: _____________________________________ break down worn out/unusable cellular

structures and foreign substances

3) Example: WBCs (phagocytes)

I) Cytoskeleton

1) Structure: elaborate ______________________________ network (forms internal framework)

2) Function:

a) _____________________________________

b) _____________________________________

3) _____________________________________

4) Centrioles

a) structure: _____________________________________ (Microtubules)

b) function: formed during cell division--_____________________________________

5) _____________________________________ sweep substances across a cell surface

6) _____________________________________ fingerlike extensions of cell membrane that increase

surface area

7) _____________________________________ propel sperm

J) Cell diversity

1) shape

2) Size

3) Surface extensions

4) Organelles

5) Storage

6) Movements

7) Conductivity

8) Reproduction

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 8 of 14

Section 6 Cell Cycle

A) Cell cycle: all of the stages a cell will pass through from its formation until it divides.

1) ________________________

2) 2 Major periods:

a) ________________________

b) ________________________

B) Interphase:

1) 90% of a cell’s life cycle

2) Normal cellular activities

a) __________________________________________________________

b) __________________________________________________________

c) Protein Synthesis

d) __________________________________________________________

C) Cell Division:

1) ________________________ type of nuclear division resulting in genetically identical

________________________ Cells or ________________________

2) ________________________division of the _________________________

D) Mitosis:

1) ___________________________

1) Disassemble ________________________

2) ________________________disappear

3) Package chromatin into ________________________

4) assemble________________ and ___________________

2) ___________________________

a) ________________________ have migrated to opposite poles

b) _________________________aligned at the cells equator

c) _________________________ attached to centrioles and chromosomes

3) ____________________________

a) _________________________being pulled by the __________________________to opposite poles

4) _____________________________

a) REassemble ________________________

b) __________________________________REappear

c) UNpackage chromsomes into _________________________________

d) DISassemble __________________________and ___________________________

5) Cytokinesis: division of the __________________________

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 9 of 14

Section 7 DNA Structure

A) Watson & Crick’s Structure of DNA

1) Structure had to explain:

a) ______________________________

b) ______________________________

2) _________________________________

3) Each strand is a polymer, a chain of __________________________

4) Nucleotides are held together by ____________________________bonds

a) ________________________________

b) ‘sides’ of the DNA ladder

5) Two strands are held together by _______________________ bonds

a) ‘rungs’ (steps) of the DNA ladder

6) Two strands are __________________

a) Base-Pairing Rules: Purine ::: Pyrimidine

b) _________________(double ring): ______________

c) _________________ (single ring): _______________

d) complementary

(1) _____________________________

(2) _____________________________

B) ________________________________ the DNA in a NONdividing cell—unpackaged/uncondensed

1) Access the N bases (instructions)

1) Protein synthesis

2) DNA replication

2) ______________________________of the Cell cycle

C) ____________________________ the Condensed/packaged DNA in a dividing cell

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 10 of 14

Section 8 DNA Replication

A) DNA replication is _____________________________

B) Text Description:

DNA replication is a process whereby the parent DNA molecule is used as a template to synthesize two

daughter DNA molecules.

At the end of DNA replication, each DNA (daughter) molecules are composed of one original (parental)

strand and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.

C) Diagram of DNA Replication

1) ______________________________

a) Enzyme

b) Changes the shape of DNA molecule _____________________________

2) Fee _____________________________ diffuse between strands

a) Follow base pairing rules

b) Form _____________________________

3) _____________________________

a) Enzyme—makes a polymer of DNA (strand)

b) Catalyzes/makes the _________________________________ on the new strand

c) _____________________________base pairing rules

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 11 of 14

Section 9 Protein Synthesis

A) Central Dogma of Protein Synthesis

1) ___________________________ segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

2) Polypeptide: chain of ___________________________

B) 3 types of RNA

1) _______________ ‘message’ RNA Carry genetic code/instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

2) _______________ ‘transfer’ RNA Brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome to make the polypeptide

3) _______________ ‘ribosomal’ RNAOrganelle that builds the polypeptide

C) TRANSCRIPTION

1) location: ___________________

2) __________________________: a segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

a) One strand

b) Code is the sequence of N bases

3) Gene Structure:

a) __________________________ sequence of N bases that RNA polymerase recognizes to

initiate/start transcription

b) __________________________ sequence of N bases that identifies the amino acid sequence of the

polypeptide/protein

c) __________________________ sequence of N bases that RNA polymerase recognizes as the end of

transcription.

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 12 of 14

4) Events of Transcription:

a) Location: ______________________

b) ______________________________

(1) Enzyme

(2) Recognizes promotor and binds (interacts) with the promotor

(3) Accesses the gene on one ONE strand

(4) Creates sugar phosphate backbone on mRNA molecule

(5) Stops when it gets to the terminator

c) ______________________________

(1) Diffuse between DNA strands

(2) H bond to N bases of DNA

(3) Follow base pairing rules

(a) (DNA) G______________________________(RNA)

(b) (DNA) C______________________________(RNA

(c) (DNA) T______________________________(RNA)

(d) (DNA) A______________________________(RNA)

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 13 of 14

61

First Position

Second Position

Third PositionU C A G

U

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine U

phenylalanine serine tyrosine cysteine C

leucine serine stop stop A

leucine serine stop tryptophan G

C

leucine proline histidine arginine U

leucine proline histidine arginine C

leucine proline glutamine arginine A

leucine proline glutamine arginine G

A

isoleucine threonine asparagine serine U

isoleucine threonine asparagine serine C

isoleucine threonine lysine arginine A

(start)

methionine threonine lysine arginine G

G

valine alanine aspartate glycine U

valine alanine aspartate glycine C

valine alanine glutamate glycine A

valine alanine glutamate glycine G

D) Translation

1) Location: _______________

2) _______________________ chain of amino acids

3) Codon Table: used to determine the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

a) ________________triplet of nucleotides that code for a single amino acid

(1) Each N base assigned a position—1st

, 2nd

, 3rd

(2) Find each N base on the table and the overlap identifies the amino acid that is

determined by the codon.

A U G C A A U G C A A C U G A

Lecture Notes: Cells, Page 14 of 14

4) (rRNA) ______________: organelle that positions the mRNA and tRNA’s in order to build the

polypeptide in the _______________________________________________________.

a) ‘slides’ down the mRNA reading ___________________________

b) Helps to make __________________________________between the amino acids

5) tRNA: bring a specific amino acid to the ribosome-mRNA complex

a) __________________________

b) ___________________________ triplet of RNA nucleotides

that complements the codon—used to identify WHICH amino

acid to add next to the polypeptide

A U G C A A U G C A A C U G A 6) Codon Table is __________________________

a) Original DNA code: __________________________

(1) mRNA: __________________________

(2) Resulting amino acid: __________________________

b) Original DNA code is changed : __________________________

(1) Change in the DNA sequence of a gene

(2) Mutated DNA __________________________

(a) mRNA: __________________________

(b) Resulting amino acid: __________________________

(c) __________________________

(3) Mutated DNA __________________________

(a) mRNA: __________________________

(b) Resulting amino acid: __________________________

(c) __________________________

(d) Ultimate source of diversity