Human Security Bilal

8/8/2019 Human Security Bilal

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Belal M.M Shobaki

G0916111

International

Relation

Human Security


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The Traditional SecurityThe Traditional Security

In the past, the security concept was limited

to traditional issues including keeping the

national security from any risks that may

threaten the state unity geographically,

and its political stability. The security

was connected to owning and managing

power to repel any possible risks, or toreinforce the national security.


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For a long time, the security concept was used to indicate

the security of the state borders against external

aggression, or protecting the national interests in the

foreign politics. And by the end of the cold war, this

concept has become irrelevant for most people, who

consider the insecurity a result from the daily-life

problems, more than being a result from fear of global

problems. for many people, security becomes a symbol of

protection fromh

unger, diseases, unemployment, crimes,social conflict, political repression, and environmental

risks.

ContCont


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There are two essential

components of the security:

Freedom from fear,(traditional).

Freedom from the need, and fear


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The traditional securityThe traditional security-- FreedomFreedom

from fearfrom fear

The traditional concept of security islinked to the state. The notion ofsecurity has traditionally entailed the

protection of the state: its boundaries,

its people, and its institutions

The Human Security Initiative, Available at:

http://www.humansecurityinitiative.org/


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But what is observed in each shift stage in theinternational situation, is that the security concept

is changing and expanding to include other

aspects, which indicates the emergence of new

types of risks that threaten the countries nationalinterests. Arnold Welfers defines the security

concept as the absence of any threat towards

acquired values, it means the absence of fear of

being prejudice to any of these values. Based onwhat is above, we can say that the security concept

extends to include other aspects rather than the

military ones. It includes the economic, cultural

and environmental interests.

But what is observed in each shift stage in theinternational situation, is that the security concept

is changing and expanding to include other

aspects, which indicates the emergence of new

types of risks that threaten the countries nationalinterests. Arnold Welfers defines the security

concept as the absence of any threat towards

acquired values, it means the absence of fear of

being prejudice to any of these values. Based onwhat is above, we can say that the security concept

extends to include other aspects rather than the

military ones. It includes the economic, cultural

and environmental interests.

ContCont


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The Improvement Of the securityThe Improvement Of the security

conceptconcept

The expansion in the security concept appears

clearly in studies criticism, which connect thesecurity concept to wars. John Galtung finds

that security must have a positive

significance; he says that it should beconnected to positive or stable peace rather

than wars.

Zaqaq, Adel, Reformulating the Security Concept, Available at:http://www.geocities.com/adelzeggagh/recon1.html

The expansion in the security concept appears

clearly in studies criticism, which connect thesecurity concept to wars. John Galtung finds

that security must have a positive

significance; he says that it should beconnected to positive or stable peace rather

than wars.

Zaqaq, Adel, Reformulating the Security Concept, Available at:http://www.geocities.com/adelzeggagh/recon1.html


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ContContThe expansion in the security concept remained limited to the

qualitative aspect in terms of security multiple aspects, such

as the economic, water, and environmental security. Then thisconcept expands horizontally to exceed the security

traditional concept that is related to the national state and

interests. With the improvement of the international relations

and the emergence of non-state actors, the security becomes a

concept which the countries cant achieve withoutinternational cooperation, especially after the emergence of

human security such as environmental security.

The expansion in the security concept remained limited to the

qualitative aspect in terms of security multiple aspects, such

as the economic, water, and environmental security. Then thisconcept expands horizontally to exceed the security

traditional concept that is related to the national state and

interests. With the improvement of the international relations

and the emergence of non-state actors, the security becomes a

concept which the countries cant achieve withoutinternational cooperation, especially after the emergence of

human security such as environmental security.


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Security, horizontally and verticallySecurity, horizontally and vertically

The security concept expands vertically in terms of

the aspects it includes, and horizontally in terms of

the space it occupies. It expands from the national tothe regional and then to the international security to

finally the global and human security. Based on this,

the change in the agenda of the international

relations is something expected; it becomes clearerthat the focus of the international community is on

new security issues like the environment issues,

population explosion, immigration, refugees, and

terrorism.

The security concept expands vertically in terms of

the aspects it includes, and horizontally in terms of

the space it occupies. It expands from the national tothe regional and then to the international security to

finally the global and human security. Based on this,

the change in the agenda of the international

relations is something expected; it becomes clearerthat the focus of the international community is on

new security issues like the environment issues,

population explosion, immigration, refugees, and

terrorism.


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N

ew labels of securityN

ew labels of security Human security.

Global security.

comprehensive security.

Mutual security.

Security Partnership.

Samouhi Fawq eladah, A Dictionary of Diplomacy and International Affairs, (Beirut

Lebanon library,1996), 389,

Zaqaq, Adel.

Samouhi fawq eladah, 274

Human security.

Global security.

comprehensive security.

Mutual security.

Security Partnership.

Samouhi Fawq eladah, A Dictionary of Diplomacy and International Affairs, (Beirut

Lebanon library,1996), 389,

Zaqaq, Adel.

Samouhi fawq eladah, 274


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Globalization and humanGlobalization and human

securitysecurity

Globalization has a role in the emergence of

the human security concept, due to openingborders between countries to facilitate moving

trade, and creating the global economy. The

international economy studies show that theeconomic globalization may create unstable

economic systems.Arafa, Khadija,shifts in the concept of security, human first, 2003, Available at:

www.islamonline.net/arabic/ mafaheem/2003/09/article01.shtml

Globalization has a role in the emergence of

the human security concept, due to openingborders between countries to facilitate moving

trade, and creating the global economy. The

international economy studies show that theeconomic globalization may create unstable

economic systems.Arafa, Khadija,shifts in the concept of security, human first, 2003, Available at:

www.islamonline.net/arabic/ mafaheem/2003/09/article01.shtml


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Human SecurityHuman Security

Human security as a concept evolved out of a1994 United Nations Development Programme

Human Development Reportby Dr. Mahbub ul Haq.

The report defined it as a universal concern, based

on an interdependent reality, people-centred and

focussing on early prevention, rather than later

intervention. It covers seven key areas of security:

economic, food, health, environmental, personal,

community and political security.

Dennis Altman and Gerhard Hoffstaedter, What is human security,( Australia: La Trobe University),

Available at: www.latrobe.edu.au/humansecurity/assets/downloads/what-is.pdf

UNDP Human Development report 1994


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ContCont

Human security can be a bridge between national concernsand international and globalised problems. The nation states

remain key players in delivering human security, assisted and

critiqued by civil society and non-governmental agencies.As Winslow and Erikson (2004) argue, human security offers

a means of getting back to basics in studying identity

networks and their functions. This opens new and

interdisciplinary avenues of enquiry in how peoples

relational security can be conceptualised. This will, in time,have policy impact, especially in light of changes in the

delivery of development aid and assistance.Dennis Altman and Gerhard Hoffstaedter, What is human security,( Australia: La Trobe

University),Available at: www.latrobe.edu.au/humansecurity/assets/downloads/what-is.pdf


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Human security focuses on the protection of

individuals, rather than defending the physical and

political integrity of states from external military

threats the traditional goal of national security.

Ideally, national security and human securityshould be mutually reinforcing, but in the last 100

years far more people have died as a direct or

indirect consequence of the actions of their own

governments or rebel forces in civil wars thanhave been killed by invading foreign armies.

Acting in the name of national security,

governments can pose profound threats to human

security.

Alkire, Sabina,A Conceptual Framework forHuman Security, (U.K: Centrefor Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE, 2003)

ContCont


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Comprehens

ive and

global

Based on

prevention

Integral

Involve

d in

human

lifestyle

Human security features

UNDP Human Development report 1994


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Every day, 2 million tons of human waste are disposed of in water

courses.

In developing countries, 70 percent of industrial wastes are dumped

untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply.

Contribution of the food sector to the production of organic water

pollutants:

- High income countries: 40 percent

- Low-income countries: 54 percent

Projected increases in fertilizer use for food production and in

wastewater effluents over the next three decades suggest therewill be a 10-20 per cent global increase in river nitrogen flows

to coastal ecosystems.Between 1991 and 2000 over 665,000 people died in 2,557 natural disasters

of which 90 percent were water-related events.World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) , Available at:

http://www.unwater.org/statistics_pollu.html

Water securityWater security


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Ibid.


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Water securityWater security

Figures of the specialized research centers indicate that water

is available on the global level; this raises questions about the

challenges that face the global water security. But these

questions fade when we know that water is rare in manyregions, meaning that the water global distribution is not

equal which is a part of water challenges.

The quantity of water on earth is only 1360 million cubic

kilometers.The fresh water is 37 million cubic kilometers.

Rivers and glaciers are 75%.

7 million cubic kilometer are groundwater.

Ashram, Mahmoud, Water economies in the world, (Lebanon: Arab unity center,2001) 28.

Figures of the specialized research centers indicate that water

is available on the global level; this raises questions about the

challenges that face the global water security. But these

questions fade when we know that water is rare in manyregions, meaning that the water global distribution is not

equal which is a part of water challenges.

The quantity of water on earth is only 1360 million cubic

kilometers.The fresh water is 37 million cubic kilometers.

Rivers and glaciers are 75%.

7 million cubic kilometer are groundwater.

Ashram, Mahmoud, Water economies in the world, (Lebanon: Arab unity center,2001) 28.


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The most important challenges of waterThe most important challenges of water

securitysecurity

High water costs:

The water high cost as a result of the high cost

of extracting, desalinating or distributingwater, constitute a heavy burden. What makes

these high costs a global issue is that the

countries which suffer from high cost of water

are not distributed on different places; they all

are within the same region. Moreover, they

often rely on common resources of water

which makes conflicts something possible.

High water costs:

The water high cost as a result of the high cost

of extracting, desalinating or distributingwater, constitute a heavy burden. What makes

these high costs a global issue is that the

countries which suffer from high cost of water

are not distributed on different places; they all

are within the same region. Moreover, they

often rely on common resources of water

which makes conflicts something possible.


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The most important challenges ofThe most important challenges of

water securitywater security

The challenges of water supply management:

Water supply management includes: the search for new waterresources on both local and international levels. Water supply

management requires developing world irrigation investment,

and encouraging international donors (like: the World Bank)

to increase the water investment projects loans, such as

dams, the infrastructure for water distribution, developing theuse of groundwater in the farms, making maximum use of

surface water, and desalinating water.

Ibid, 39.

Ibid, 40-53

The challenges of water supply management:

Water supply management includes: the search for new waterresources on both local and international levels. Water supply

management requires developing world irrigation investment,

and encouraging international donors (like: the World Bank)

to increase the water investment projects loans, such as

dams, the infrastructure for water distribution, developing theuse of groundwater in the farms, making maximum use of

surface water, and desalinating water.

Ibid, 39.

Ibid, 40-53


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Challenges of water demand management:

Water demand management includes new policies

aim at using water effectively in a way reduces thewasted water amount. What makes this part (water

demand management) important is the high rate of

water loss, which is distributed on surface

evaporation, plants transpiration and pollution ofsurface water and groundwater.

Ibid, 54.

Challenges of water demand management:

Water demand management includes new policies

aim at using water effectively in a way reduces thewasted water amount. What makes this part (water

demand management) important is the high rate of

water loss, which is distributed on surface

evaporation, plants transpiration and pollution ofsurface water and groundwater.

Ibid, 54.


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Water problem extends to include other global

issues. For instance, any country may sufferfrom water scarcity but the reason may be the

water pollution by human activities which are

carried out in many countries of the world,

and their impact extends to other countries.

Water problem extends to include other global

issues. For instance, any country may sufferfrom water scarcity but the reason may be the

water pollution by human activities which are

carried out in many countries of the world,

and their impact extends to other countries.


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Water scarcity in some regions means a threat

to the food security of many countries which

rely on each others. So, this problem cant be

considered local, and due to the complex

overlap in the countries relations, it becomes

impossible to separate the countriesproblems. This requires establishing

institutions to face such problems

internationally.

Water scarcity in some regions means a threat

to the food security of many countries which

rely on each others. So, this problem cant be

considered local, and due to the complex

overlap in the countries relations, it becomes

impossible to separate the countriesproblems. This requires establishing

institutions to face such problems

internationally.


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GLOBALHUNGER

925 million people do not have enough to eat - more than the populations

of USA, Canada and the European Union;(Source:FAO news release, 14 September 2010)

98 percent of the world's hungry live in developing countries;

(Source:FAO news release, 2010)

Asia and the Pacific region is home to over half the worlds population and

nearly two thirds of the worlds hungry people;(Source:FAO news release, 2010)

Women make up a little over half of the world's population, but they

account for over 60 percent of the worlds hungry.

(Source: Strengthening efforts to eradicate hunger..., ECOSOC, 2007)

65 percent of the world's hungry live in only seven countries: India,China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan

and Ethiopia.

(Source:FAO news release, 2010)

World Food Programme, Hunger, 2010, Available at: http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats


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Food SecurityFood Security

Food security is considered one of the most

important issues in the world. International

organizations show an increase interest in this issue,such as; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

which concerns with the development studies in this

aspect. In addition to the international committees

like Committee on World Food Security (CFS),which concerns with hunger issues and poverty.

Committee on World Food Security, 29th meeting, Rome, 12th -16th May 2003, Available at:

http://www1.fao.org/ar-cp/unfao/bodies/cfs/cfs29/CFS2003-a.htm

Mansour, Mamdouh, The policies of International Alliance, (Cairo: Madbouly, 1997) 68

Food security is considered one of the most

important issues in the world. International

organizations show an increase interest in this issue,such as; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

which concerns with the development studies in this

aspect. In addition to the international committees

like Committee on World Food Security (CFS),which concerns with hunger issues and poverty.

Committee on World Food Security, 29th meeting, Rome, 12th -16th May 2003, Available at:

http://www1.fao.org/ar-cp/unfao/bodies/cfs/cfs29/CFS2003-a.htm

Mansour, Mamdouh, The policies of International Alliance, (Cairo: Madbouly, 1997) 68


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Reinforcing the regional and international commitment to face

hunger.

Creating a discussion forum on the alternatives solutions to

reduce hunger.

Encouraging countries to take mutual measures between

governments and international organizations.

Ibid.

Increasing the countries participation and contribution in

this activity.

The goals of the international

cooperation against hunger


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Environmental SecurityEnvironmental Security

This regional and international concern in the environment

problems appeared through strategic studies under the term

the environment security. This concept deals with two main

points:

First: the environmental factors which lead to conflicts.Second: the global environmental degradation and its impact

on the communities luxury and the economical development.

The studies discuss the assumption that the increasing

pressure on supporting life systems on earth, and theexcessive consumption of the renewal natural resources,

threaten human health and luxury.Abdulhadi, Nawel, Environmental Security, Available at:Environmental Security, Available at:

www.policemc.gov.bh/reports/2008/...9.../633589849991698529.doc

Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons", Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (December 13,

1968),

This regional and international concern in the environment

problems appeared through strategic studies under the term

the environment security. This concept deals with two main

points:

First: the environmental factors which lead to conflicts.Second: the global environmental degradation and its impact

on the communities luxury and the economical development.

The studies discuss the assumption that the increasing

pressure on supporting life systems on earth, and theexcessive consumption of the renewal natural resources,

threaten human health and luxury.Abdulhadi, Nawel, Environmental Security, Available at:Environmental Security, Available at:

www.policemc.gov.bh/reports/2008/...9.../633589849991698529.doc

Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons", Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (December 13,

1968),


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Security from TerrorismSecurity from Terrorism

Traditional in terms of fearing, and nonTraditional in terms of fearing, and non-- traditional intraditional interms of the new players (terms of the new players (non state actors)non state actors)

Despite the fact that terrorism is not the most

dangerous security issues on the international level,it captures the attention of the international

community. The international fusions took many

procedures to face what is called terrorism. This

may because terrorism issue is connected to politicalinterests.

Despite the fact that terrorism is not the most

dangerous security issues on the international level,it captures the attention of the international

community. The international fusions took many

procedures to face what is called terrorism. This

may because terrorism issue is connected to politicalinterests.


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Security from TerrorismSecurity from Terrorism

Also, it should be noted that targeting great powers in the

world by terrorism, is the main reason of being the most

important issue in the international agenda. Many countries

form its policy according to its relation with superpowers; in

this case, the U.S.A leads the international campaign against

terrorism based on its interests and political view. This means

that most countries support America to protect their interestswith it.Mustafa, Nadia, The attacks on U.S and the world future, 2001, Available at:

http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/politics/2001/09/article14.shtml

Robert Hutchindz, the world in 2020, How does the CIA see it?, 2005, Available at:www.islamonline.net/Arabic/ politics/2005/02/article08.shtml

Also, it should be noted that targeting great powers in the

world by terrorism, is the main reason of being the most

important issue in the international agenda. Many countries

form its policy according to its relation with superpowers; in

this case, the U.S.A leads the international campaign against

terrorism based on its interests and political view. This means

that most countries support America to protect their interestswith it.Mustafa, Nadia, The attacks on U.S and the world future, 2001, Available at:

http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/politics/2001/09/article14.shtml

Robert Hutchindz, the world in 2020, How does the CIA see it?, 2005, Available at:www.islamonline.net/Arabic/ politics/2005/02/article08.shtml


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Human Security Bilal

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