humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi · kardinalurad Secvales qveynis...

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saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis

Sromebi III

gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~

Tbilisi 2015

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SromebSi ibeWdeba samecniero gamokvlevebi, romelic miZRvnilia

istoriis, eTnologiis, filologiis, Targmanmcodneobisა da samarTlis

aqtualuri problemebisadmi.

redaqtorebi: profesori sergo vardosaniZe profesori vaxtang guruli tomi gamosacemad moamzada istoriis doqtorma levan jiqiam

© gamomcemloba `qarTuli universiteti~ © avtorTa jgufi ISSN 2346-7657 @@

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St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Works of Faculty of Humanities and Law

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Publishing House `Georgian University~ Tbilisi 2015

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The Collection contains scientific researches dedicated to the issues of History, Ethnology, Philology, Translation Studies and Jurisprudence.

Editors: Prof.Sergo Vardosanidze

Prof.Vakhtang Guruli

The Collection was prepared for publication by Doctor of History Levan Jikia

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i s t o r i a

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sergo vardosaniZe, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX

saukunis saqarTvelo qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi aris iseTi wlebi, romelTac

kardinalurad Secvales qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovreba.

erT-erTi aseTia 1453 weli, rodesac mravalwliani brZola saqarTvelos samxreTis

sazRvrebTan kulturul-sarwmunoebrivad axlobel bizantiasa da osmaleTs Soris am

ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT dasrulda; 1490 weli, rodesac feodaluri saqarTvelo

daiSala da es aqti kanonizirebul iqna daqucmacebuli feodaluri erTeulebis sazavo

xelSekrulebiT, maTac erTmaneTs Soris sasazRvro punqtebic ki daadgines. am

movlenebis paralelurad qarTuli eklesiac, romlis erovnuli koncefcia X

saukunidan eyrdnoboda giorgi merCulis cnobil debulebas _ `qarTlad friadi queyana

aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli

aResrulebis~, daqucmacda. mcxeTas gamoeyo jer dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia, Semdeg

samcxe-javaxeTisa.

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi irani da osmaleTi aramarto politikur brZolas

awarmoebdnen qarTvelobasTan, aramed cdilobdnen ideologiuri sayrdenic gamoecalaT

maTTvis, romlis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSic qarTvelobis asimilacia advili

gaxdeboda. ers rom fizikuri arseboba SeenarCunebiana, erTi nawili

marTlmadideblobis droSiT CrdiloeTisaken icqireboda, meore, kaTolikobas iRebda

da xsnas evropidan eloda, mesame, raki sxva gamosavals ver xedavda, sulTan muhamed II-

is 1461 wlis brZanebas emorCileboda, romlis safuZvelzec somxur-monofizitur

sarwmunoebas iRebda, meoTxe ki mahmadiandeboda.

oTx gansxvavebul sarwmunoebriv-ideologiur burusSi gaxveuli qarTvelobis

xvedri mZime iyo. XVI-XIX saukuneebSi amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa ilia

alxaziSvilis cnoba, romelmac 1897 wels javaxeTSi imogzaura. àleqsi sanaZe, Cveni

maspinZeli, iqamde saintereso kaci aRmoCnda, rom ar SemiZlia mkiTxvelsac ar gavacno.

es aleqsi somexia da misi Zma mose qarTveli. papaCveni qarTveli iyo _ agvixsna aleqsim

_ da Zalian miRebuli kacic yofila osmalebis aq batonobis dros... mamaCveni somxad

mounaTlavT, magram papaCvens erTi SviliSvilis qarTvelad darCena ganuzraxavs, ase

gavxdiT Cveni Zma mose qarTveli da Cven somxebi~.1

Seqmnil situaciaSi saWiro iyo Zala, romelic oTx sarwmunoebriv

ideologiurad gayofil qarTvelobas fexze daayenebda da erovnul grZnobas

gauRviZebda. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi samcxe-javaxeTis mowinave qarTvelobam _ ioane

gvaramaZem, petre xarisWiraSvilma, alfons xiTariSvilma, dominke muRaSaSvilma,

1 ilia alxaziSvili. javaxuri legendebi. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 43.

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romelTa moRvaweoba scildeba wminda religiur-Teologiur sferos da exmianeboda

erovnul-demokratiuli moZraobis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebis: ilia WavWavaZis, akaki

wereTlis, niko nikolaZis, iakob gogebaSvilis ideologias.

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi mefis ruseTis mTavrobam Tavis teritoriaze

evropeli kaTolike misionerebis moRvaweoba akrZala da gakaTolikebuli qarTveli

mosaxleobis movla somex kaTolikeebs daavala, vinaidan mTavroba evropeli

kaTolikebis agentebis rolSi movlinebas kargad xedavda. mefis mTavrobis es

gadawyvetileba erTi SexedviT wminda religiur-dogmatur sakiTxebs exeboda, magram

sinamdvileSi misi sisruleSi moyvana samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvelebis gadagvarebas xels

Seuwyobda da rom es ar momxdariyo, 1860-ian wlebSi zemodasaxelebulma moRvaweebma

konstantinopolSi jer qarTuli kaTolikuri eklesia da Semdeg qarTuli skola

daarses. am skolaSi swavleba dedaenaze mimdinareobda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

saqarTveloSi Seqmnil rTul pirobebs, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis brZolas mSobliuri enis uflebebisaTvis, maSin naTeli gaxdeba raoden

didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo konstantinopolis qarTuli skolis gaxsna.

cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvawe da istorikosi zaqaria WiWinaZe saintereso

informacias gvawvdis aRniSnuli skolis Sesaxeb: àswavlidnen saqarTvelos istorias,

qarTuls Zvelsa da axals, mwignobrobis istorias~. 2 cxadia, iq sasuliero sagnebic

iswavleboda, magram marto amiT ar ifarglebodnen. skolis damaarsebeli petre

xarisWiraSvili, roca samSoblodan moSorebiT aseT did wamowyebas Caudga saTaveSi,

werda: `Cven gvqonda natvra saqarTvelosadmi samsaxuris, yovelnairad mZime Sroma da

warmoebis msxverpli Tavzed aviReT, raTa miscemoda saqarTvelos sazogadoebas

Semweoba da warmateba swavlaSi da misis momaval axal Taobasac saSualeba

mecnierebaSi da sxvani~. 3 vinc am skolas daamTavrebda, saSualeba eqneboda swavla

ganegrZo italiasa da safrangeTis saswavleblebSi, vinaidan skolaSi garda qarTulisa,

didi adgili eTmoboda frangulis, italiuris, Turqulisa da somxuri enebis

swavlebas. am skolis kursdamTavrebulebi mainc evropulad aRzrdilni iyvnen da

cdilobdnen evropis kulturul samyarosTan kavSiri ar gaewyvitaT.

am skolaSi moRvawe alioz baTmaniSvili 1903 wels axalcixeSi ioane gvaramaZes

werda, rom `skolis moswavleebs aqvT `qilila da damana~, CaxruxaZe, `vefxistyaosani~,

mose janaSvilis `saqarTvelos istoria~, vaxuSti batoniSvilis àRwera samefosa

saqarTvelosa~ _ da moiTxoven qarTul literaturas, leqsikonebs, rac imdroindel

saqarTveloSi gamodioda.

konstantinopolis qarTuli skoladamTavrebuli araerTi qarTveli moRvawea XIX

saukunis II naxevarSi samcxe-javaxeTSi, romlebic arwmunebdnen kaTolikur da somxur

tipikonze gadasul TanamoZmeebs, rom sjuli, sarwmunoeba sxva aris da erovneba _ sxva.

amas hqonda udidesi erovnuli mniSvneloba. garda amisa, maT mWidro kavSir-urTierToba

hqondaT mowinave qarTvel inteligenciasTan, grZnobdnen saqarTvelos yvela saWiroebas

da moqmedebdnen ara rogorc `romis monebi da mxolod sakuTari piradis interesebis

mimdevarni~, 4 aramed rogorc qarTveli patriotebi. aRniSnul skolaSi, sadac swavleba

ori-sami weli mimdinareobda, yvela piroba iyo axalgazrdobis gonebrivi horizontis

gafarToebisaTvis. marto mixeil TamaraSvilis da mixeil TarxniSvilis saxelebic

kmara amis warmosaCenad. amitom SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom imdroindeli qarTuli

2 zaqaria WiWinaZe. abati petre xarisWiraSvili. Tbilisi, 1895, gv. 55. 3 zaqaria WiWinaZe. abati petre xarisWiraSvili. Tbilisi, 1895, gv. 73. 4 gazeTi `kvali~, 1995, #25 (immas fsevdonimiT werili stambolidan).

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sazogadoeba imedis TvaliT Sescqeroda skolis moRoniereba-winsvlas da gana marto

qarTuli sazogadoeba?

am mxriv franguli gazeT ìndepedant belgieSi~ 1878 wels werda: àm SesaniSnavs

monasterTan gamarTulia ori skola: erTi savaJo da meore saqalo, romlebSiac

maswavleblebi qarTulad aswavlian yvela sagans. es skolebi am TxuTmeti wlis winad

arian dafuZnebuli. amJamad skolaSi asoc (120) Sagirdamdin iTvleba. isini yvela

qarTvelebia (Tumca somxebi da berZnebic urevian, romelnic agreTve qarTulad

swavloben), am patara kongregacias didZali fuli aqvs da misi mizani aris erovnuli

grZnobis aRZvra osmalos qarTvelebSi~. 5 aRniSnuli korespondencia mcire uzustobiT

dabeWda zaqaria WiWinaZem wignSi àbati petre xarisWiraSvili~, sadac 120 moswavlis

nacvlad dasaxelebulia 160 (ix.: WiWinaZe, gv. 74-77). igive uzustoba gaepara profesor

SoTa lomsaZes, Tumca pativcemuli mkvlevari eWvs gamoTqvams am cifrze.6

rogorc vxedavT, frangulma gazeTmac sworad gaigo am skolis amocanebi,

romelTa Soris unda gamovyoT erovnuli grZnobis gaRvivebis mcdeloba osmalos

qarTvelebSi. petre xarisWiraSvili da misi jgufi TavianTi moRvaweobisas

sarwmunoebriv-dogmatiuri mosazrebebiT ki ar xelmZRvanelobdnen, aramed erovnuli

interesebidan gamomdinare. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom am skolis moswavleebi

ZiriTadad stambolis bazarze tyved gayiduli qarTveli bavSvebi da mesxeTidan

sarekomendacio werilebiT wasuli axalgazrdoba iyo. skolis damaarsebeli petre

xarisWiraSvili fiqrobda, rom: `saswavlebel damTavrebuls SeuZlia Seasrulos

rogorc sasuliero, agreTve samoqalaqo samsaxuri, igi gansakuTrebuli gulisxmierebiT

ekideboda saswavlebelSi qarTveli mahmadianebis mizidvas. roca amgvari patriotebiT

daifareboda TurqeTis saqarTvelo, maSin dadgeboda realuri pirobebi saqarTvelos

sruli gaerTianebisa~.7

petre xarisWiraSvili XIX saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelos realur

pirobebs iTvaliswinebda, roca aRniSnavda, rom àucilebelia ymawvilobam swavla

daiwyos deda enazed, romelic sakmaod esmis gonebas. amis Semdeg mas sul male

gaexsneba goneba da is advilad da xalisiT Seiswavlis samecniero disciplinebs.

amrigad, momzadebuli ymawvili odes gardava rusul klasSi gina gimnaziaSi... rusulis

gramatikas da sxva mecnierebis sagnebs srul advilad da cota xanSi wmindad

Seiswavlis~. 8 mtkiceba ar unda, rom am sityvebis avtori iakob gogebaSvilis

pedagogiuri principebis damcveli iyo. skolis damfuZnebelni `gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas aqcevdnen imas, Tu skolaSi vin kiTxulobda gakveTils, anu rogorc maSin

ambobdnen: `vin aZlevda darigebasa. maswavlebelni gansakuTrebiT momzadebulni unda

yofiliyvnen, rom SesZlebodaT moswavleTa rigiani gawvrTna~.9

amrigad, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaucxoebuli qarTveloba, Tavis fuZeze

aramkvidrad rom grZnobda Tavs samcxe-javaxeTis Tu TurqeTis saqarTveloSi,

samoRvaweod amoZravda. isini farTo propagandas eweodnen aWaris saqarTvelosTan

dabrunebis Taobaze. erovnul problemebs eZRvneboda ivane gvaramaZis, mixeil

TamaraSvilisa da sxvaTa mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba, romelic maT friad rTul

pirobebSi uxdebodaT. sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili ivane gvaramaZe amasTan

dakavSirebiT kidevac werda: ùcxo tomelni Semogvesivnen oTxive kuTxiT, Cvens

5 gazeTi `droeba~, 1879, #65, gv. 2. 6 SoTa lomsaZe. gvian Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 79.

7 SoTa lomsaZe. gvian Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 78-79. 8 citirebulia il. maisuraZis werilidan ùsaxelo wignebi~._ Jurnali `mnaTobi~, 1957, #6. 9 SoTa lomsaZe. gvian Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 81.

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mamapapaTa siZvelis naSTebs Tvalsa da xelSua gviZarcvaven~. konstantinopolis

qarTuli skolis mesveurTa mier Semzadebuli rom ar yofiliyo samcxe-javaxeTis

qarTveloba, maT isev gadagvarebis safrTxe emuqrebodaT.

ruseTis koloniuri politikis pirobebSi qarTuli wignebis gamocemis saqme

Wirda. am mxrivac petre xarisWiraSvilis jgufma axali erovnuli saqme wamoiwyo,

daiwyo ucxo enebze arsebuli da originaluri saskolo wignebis qarTulad Targmna.

alioz baTmaniSvili konstantinopolidan ivane gvaramaZes werda: `Cemi mxriv rac

xelnaweri gvqonda, Sevagrove da mokled aRvwere, daniSnuli maqvs 36-mde mozrdili

saxis wignebi, oci wigni uTargmnia ivane mamulaSvils~.10

erTi iyo wignebis Targmna, xolo meore _ misi adresatamde mitana, arc am mxriv

SeurcxveniaT Tavi iq moRvawe qarTvelebs, 1878 wlis 24 agvistos gazeTi `droeba~

werda: èrTma stambolidan gadmogvca Cven axali ambavi: petre xarisWiraSvils,

romelsac venetikaSi hqonda qarTuli stamba, axla konstantinopolSi gadmoutania da

mokle xanSi oTxi-xuTi wigni daubeWdavs. 11 ai, ra winasityvaoba daurTes `mokle

qarTuli enis gramatikas~ avtorebma: `didi xnis aqeT mwuxare guliT vedavT, rom ar

ipoebodnen qarTul enazed dastambuli sasargeblo da gamosadegi wignebi da amiT

yoveliTurT moklebuli iyo swavlis saSualebebisagan mTeli saqarTvelos

sazogadoebis friad udidesi nawili, romelmac qarTuli enis meti sxva ena ar icis~.12

gadis ori weli da ukve gazeTi `droeba~ aqveynebs gancxadebas:

`konstantinopolSi da monTobanSi gamocemuli saxelmZRvaneloebi da sasargeblo

wignebi miRebul iqnan da iyidebian Semdeg adgilebSi: TbilisSi, quTaisSi, gorSi,

axalcixeSi~. 13 saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebi imasac acxadebdnen, rom Svilebis aRzrda

erT-erTi urTulesi ram aris. Tu mSobeli TviTon ar aris saTanadod momzadebuli, mas

gauWirdeba Svilis aRzrda. rac mTavaria, saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebi XIX saukunis II

naxevris saqarTvelos socialur-politikur mdgomareobas iTvaliswinebdnen. maT

miaCniaT, rom am saxelmZRvaneloebze dabali socialuri wris warmomadgenlebi unda

aRzrdiliyvnen: `saqarTvelos skolebis yrmaTa sazogadod cota dro aqvT swavlisa,

radgan mSoblebTan zogTa siglaxakis gamo sWirT Semweoba maTi TavianT SromaSi da

amisaTvis friad didxans ver dastoveben Svilebs swavlaSi. amisTvis saWiro iyo

Semoklebuli wignebi~.14

konstantinopolsa da monTobanSi gamocemuli qarTuli wignebis CamonaTvals

aqveynebs gazeTi `droeba~ 1890 wels, ai, isinic:

1. winamZRvari zecisa.

2. gza cxovrebisa.

3. sibrZne kacobrivi, romelic aswavlis kacsa Wkuis rigianad moxmarebasa.

4. brZeni kaci.

5. mokle qarTuli gramatika.

6. mokle geografia fizikuri, samoqalaqo da istoriuli, Tanve damatebiT Zveli

droebis geografiisa.

7. yvavilebis kona (rCeuli leqsebi).

8. ezopes igavni.

9. mokle qarTul-franguli gramatika.

10 axalcixis muzeumis fondi 1, rg. 2664. misi pirebi mogvawoda doc. maisuraZem, risTvisac madlobas movaxsenebT. 11 gazeTi `droeba~, 1878, #124, 24 agvisto. 12 mokle qarTuli gramatika. 1877 monTobani. 13 gazeTi `droeba~, 1880, #149. 14 mokle qarTuli gramatika. 1877, gv. 4.

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10. msoflio istoria.

wignis gamomcemelT iqaur qarTvelebSi rom gaeZlierebinaT erovnuli grZnoba,

dabeWdes Tamar mefis suraTebi. am wignebis Seswavla maTi gamomcemlebis

samSoblosadmi fanatikur siyvarulze da Tavdadebaze migviTiTebs, miT umetes, rom maT,

rogorc gazeTi `droeba~ aRniSnavs, rigiani qaRaldic ar hqoniaT, arc ekonomikurad

yofilan momZlavrebulni, rac mTavaria, am saxelmZRvaneloebis gamomcemlebi

SesaniSnavad erkvevian pedagogikaSi, icaven moswavleTa asakobriv Taviseburebebs,

faqtebs akonkreteben da ise sTavazoben sazogadoebas TavianT saxelmZRvaneloebs.

`mokle filosofia gind sibrZnis moyvareoba maRal swavlaSi Semsvlel ymawvil

kacTaTvis~ pirveli qarTuli filosofiuri saxelmZRvaneloa, sadac TanamimdevrobiTaa

ganxiluli filosofiis sagani, fsiqologia, logika, bunebiTi RvTismetyveleba.

qarTuli ritorikuli skolis warmatebebi uZvelesi droidanve iyo cnobili

aietiTa da fartaZiT dawyebuli da solomon lioniZiT damTavrebuli, magram saWiro

saxelmZRvaneloebi aRar SemorCa, rac gauTvaliswinebiaT konstantinopolel qarTvel

gamomcemlebs da SeudgeniaT `mokle ritorika gana bevr-metyveleba sasargeblod

axalgazrda ymawvil kacTa~. Tanac aRniSnuli wignis gamocemis saWiroeba rom

gaemarTlebinaT, aseTi winaTqma waumZRvarebiaT _ `dRemdi ar yofila rigiani xelad

saxmari mWermetyvelebis wigni Cvens dedaenazeda, da arc aravis miuqcevia jerovani

yuradReba amasa zeda, raTa sazogadoebas miscemoda raime saSualeba swavlis

gaadvilebisa~. 15 saintereso is aris, rom avtorma oratoruli xelovnebis nimuSebic

daurTo Teoriul saxelmZRvanelos, rac qarTuli literaturis nimuSebidan

gamoukrebia, saxelmZRvaneloTa avtorebi, romelTa vinaobac zustad ar viciT, mcire

xelsayrel SesaZleblobasac ar uSveben xelidan erovnuli literaturisa da istoriis

propagandisaTvis. magaliTad, igive avtori acxadebs, rom kargi mWermetyveli ver

gaxdeba kaci, Tu ar icis qarTuli gramatika, istoria, filosofia.

konstantinopolSi gamocemuli saxelmZRvaneloebi friad saWiro iyo mTeli

saqarTvelosaTvis, magram isini ise swrafad ver gavrceldnen, rogorc mis avtorebs

surdaT, amis mizezi unda veZeboT enasa da stilSi. marTalia, maT kargad icodnen

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi mimdinare mZafri brZolebi `mamaTa da SvilTa~ Soris axali

saliteraturo qarTuli enisaTvis, iziarebdnen da moswondaT Svilebis pozicia (amis

sabuTad ivane gvaramaZisadmi petre xarisWiraSvilis miwerili werilic kmara _ àm

wignis Targmnis uwin mogvwere, rom unda davstamboT eseni sufTa qarTulze da

`droeba~ gazeTis enaze meTqi~) 16, magram praqtikulad maT axal saliteraturo qarTul

enaze wera uWirdaT da mkiTxvelic ver axerxebda wakiTxulis Sinaarsis mTlianad

aRqmas.

XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoeba madlierebis grZnobiT aRvsili adevnebda

Tvalyurs samSoblos gareT moRvawe patriotebis saqmianobas. maT Sesaxeb drodadro

korespondenciebic ibeWdeboda presaSi, romelic acnobda mkiTxvelebs samSoblosaTvis

Tavdadebul mamuliSvilebs _ ivane mamulaSvils, ivane gvaramaZes, ioseb waldaZes,

andria winamZRvriSvils, alfons xiTariSvils, stefane giorgiZes, domnike muRaSaSvils

da konstantinopolis qarTul kulturul wamowyebaTa sulis Camdgmels _ petre

xarisWiraSvils.

zaqaria WiWinaZe werda: `petre xarisWiraSvilma Tavisi cxovreba ise wynarad da

saidumlod gaatara, rom qarTvelebi, arcTu misi cxovrebis cnobebs, aramed TviT mis

saxelsac ar icnobdnen~. am kulturul wamowyebaTa organizatori, cxadia, wynarad da

15 mokle ritorika. konstantinopoli, 1879, gv. 1. 16 axalcixis muzeumis fondi 1, sabuTi 2204.

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saidumlod ver icxovrebda. faqtebi sxvas gveubneba, magaliTad, mas rom mSobliuri

qarTulisaTvis kanonieri uflebebi mieniWebina, TviT romis papTan misvlac ki dasWirda.

samwuxarod dRes konstantinopolSi aRarc qarTuli stambaa da aRarc skola.

mravalricxovani qarTveloba TandaTan iviwyebs istoriul fesvebs, Tavis enas da deda

samSoblos...

Sergo Vardosanidze

Georgian School in Constantinople and XIX century Georgia

Summary

After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, Georgia was found bordering two emerging Islamic states Iran and Ottoman Empire. In the 60s and 90s of the XV century the disintegration of feudal state of united Georgia was underway, which was followed by the intensification of separatist trends in the Church of Georgia. Whereas until XVI century Georgian nation was identified with the Orthodox Church, in XVI-XIX centuries Catholics, Monophysites and Muslims of Georgian origin were found together with Orthodox Georgians in Georgia. Catholic Georgians tried to preserve national spirit, as they were persecuted by the authorities of Russian Empire. Therefore they launched educational activities in Constantinople, where the catholic priest Petre Kharischirashvili founded a school for young Georgian Catholics and later - a Georgian printing house where numerous books were published.

The Georgian school and the printing house established in Constantinople greatly contributed to advancement of intellectual life of Georgia at the end of the XIX century and at the beginning of the XX century.

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vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

ra moipova da ra daTmo saqarTvelom

1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT? pirvelma msoflio omma (1914-1918 ww.) ruseTis imperia didi gansacdelis winaSe

daayena. qveyanaSi ukiduresad gamwvavda politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri

krizisi. ruseTis armiis warumateblobebi omis sxvadasxva frontze kidev ufro Zabavda

viTarebas. saimperatoro karma Seqmnili krizisidan gamosavali ver ipova. 1916 wlis

bolos ukve cxadi gaxda, rom Tu xelisufleba oms ar Sewyvetda da socialuri

daZabulobis ganmuxtvis gzas ver ipovida, revolucia gardauvali iqneboda. movlenebis

epicentrSi imperiis dedaqalaqi peterburgi imyofeboda. dedaqalaqSi dawyebuli

mRelvareba 1917 wlis 23 Tebervals masobriv gamosvlebSi gadaizarda. revoluciis

kulminacias warmoadgenda 1917 wlis 27 Tebervlidan 3 martamde ganviTarebuli

movlenebi, rac imperiis xelisuflebis damxobiT dasrulda. 1917 wlis 2 marts ruseTis

imperatorma nikoloz II-m xeli moawera manifests taxtidan gadadgomis Sesaxeb.

saxelmwifo Zalaufleba xelSi aiRo ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam (Tavmjdomare

giorgi lvovi). ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1917 wlis 3 marti

_ 25 oqtomberi) garkveulwilad Serbilda velikoderJavuli erovnuli politika, Tumca

mTavrobas yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriis SenarCunebaze uari ar uTqvams.

samagierod, ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi cxovreba aRar surdaT erT dros

dapyrobil Tu `nebayoflobiT SeerTebul~ ararus erebs. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT

gaZlierda 1917 wlis 24-25 oqtombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis

Semdeg. ruseTSi aRorZinda velikoderJavuli erovnuli politika. imTaviTve cxadi iyo,

rom Tu konkretuli samxedro-politikuri viTareba ar aiZulebda, sabWoTa ruseTi

yofili ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi mcxovreb erebs Tavisuflebas ar mianiWebda.

sabednierod, pirveli msoflio omis bolo wels sabWoTa ruseTSi Seqmnilma umZimesma

Sidapolitikurma krizisma da garTulebulma saerTaSoriso viTarebam sabWoTa ruseTi

aiZula ecno erT dros ruseTis mier dapyrobili erebis saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukidebloba. movlenebi Zalze swrafad ganviTarda. saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukidebloba gamoacxades: fineTma (1917 wlis 6 dekemberi), ukrainam (1918 wlis 9

ianvari), litvam (1918 wlis 16 Tebervali), estoneTma (1918 wlis 24 Tebervali),

belorusiam (1918 wlis 25 marti), saqarTvelom (1918 wlis 26 maisi), azerbaijanma (1918

wlis 28 maisi), somxeTma (1918 wlis 28 maisi), poloneTma (1918 wlis 11 noemberi), latviam

(1918 wlis 18 noemberi). rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena iyo im saerTo procesis Semadgeneli nawili, romelsac

dasabami mieca ruseTis 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg da ufro

13

intensiurad ganviTarda 1917 wlis 24-25 oqtombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo

gadatrialebis Semdeg.

arc ruseTis droebiT mTavrobas da arc sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas ar surda

ecno yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebi. axladSobili saxelmwifoebis aRiareba sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobis mier

gadadgmul iZulebiT nabijs warmoadgenda. 1917 wlis 24-25 oqtombris

kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg, rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTSi

Sidapolitikuri krizisi sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda. pirveli msoflio omi

mZvinvarebda da aCanagebda ekonomikas, kidev ufro Zabavda socialur viTarebas. 1918

wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi germaniis imperiasa da mis mokavSireebTan (avstria-

ungreTTan, osmaleTTan, bulgareTTan) dadebulma separatiulma zavma, marTalia,

germaniis mier ruseTis teritoriis (maT Soris qalaq petrogradis) okupaciis safrTxe

moxsna, magram Sidapolitikuri krizisi odnavac ver Seasusta. piriqiT, 1917 wlis

miwurulidan da 1918 wlis damdegidan ruseTSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo. safuZveli

eyreboda `TeTr moZraobas~, romelmac kulminacias 1918-1920 wlebSi miaRwia. ruseTSi

dawyebuli samoqalaqo omi, romelsac 1918 wlis mart-aprilidan Tan daerTo antantis

(inglisis, safrangeTis) da iaponiis intervencia, sasikvdilo safrTxiT emuqreboda

sabWoTa xelisuflebas. aseT umZimes samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi sabWoTa ruseTi

iZulebuli gaxda ecno damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi: 1917 wlis 18 dekembers fineTi,

1918 wlis 12 ivniss ukraina, 1920 wlis 2 Tebervals estoneTi, 1920 wlis 7 maiss

saqarTvelo, 1920 wlis 12 ivliss litva, 1920 wlis 11 agvistos latvia.

ruseTis sabWoTa federaciulma socialisturma respublikam saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublika de-iure cno 1920 wlis 7 maisis saqarTvelo-ruseTis moskovis

xelSekrulebiT. 1 samwuxarod, es xelSekruleba qarTul istoriografiaSi saTanado

obieqturobiT ar aris Sefasebuli. mavani da mavani xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis ganqiqebis mizniT iyenebs. am SemTxvevaSi

mTlianad ugulebelyofilia 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis is muxlebi, romlebic

udaod saqarTvelos xelisuflebis, qarTuli diplomatiis warmatebad unda miviCnioT.

yuradReba maxvildeba xelSekrulebis mxolod im muxlebze, romelic namdvilad

laxavda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis suverenitets. sanam sakiTxis

ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, gvinda garkveviT aRvniSnoT: sabWoTa ruseTi saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikasTan ar dadebda iseT xelSekrulebas, romlis yvela muxli

mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis iqneboda misaRebi da sasargeblo. moskovis xelSekrulebis

dadebisas moxda is, rac yovelTvis xdeba ara marto did da patara qveyanas, aramed or

did saxelmwifos Soris xelSekrulebis dadebisas. xelSemkvrelma mxareebma raRac

unda daTmon. 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis dadebisas orive mxarem miiRo is, rac

surda da amis sanacvlod, daTmo is, risi daTmobac ar undoda.

Cven winamdebare statiaSi SevexebiT ramdenime konkretul sakiTxs. am sakiTxTagan

pirvelia is, Tu ra miiRo saqarTvelom, anu ra iyo is mTavari, risTvisac saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublika sabWoTa ruseTTan xelSekrulebis dadebas dasTanxmda.

1920 wlis 7 maisis saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekrulebis pirveli muxli asea

Camoyalibebuli:

1 guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 111-121; vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba._ gazeTi `qarTuli universiteti~, 2004, #12, 5-11 maisi, gv. 3-4, 7; Вахтанг Гурули. Грузино-русский договор (7 мая 1920 года)._ газета `Свободная Грузия”, 2004, №74, 6 мая, стр. 5; vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis moskovis xelSekruleba (1920 wlis 7 maisi)._ `qarTuli diplomatia”. weliwdeuli. Tbilisi, 2013, #16, gv. 139-159.

14

`Исходя из провозглашенного Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Руспубликой права всех народов на свободное самоопределение вплоть до полного отделения от Государства, в состав которого они входят, Россия безоговороно признает независимость и самостоятельность Грузинского Государства и отказывается добровольно от всяких суверенных прав, кои принадлежали России в отношении к Грузинскому народу и земле~.2

1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis pirveli muxli Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo

saqarTvelosaTvis. parizis konferenciaze (gaixsna 1919 wlis 18 ianvars) saqarTvelos

demokratiulma respublikam de-iure aRiarebas ver miaRwia. 1920 wlis ianvarSi

saqarTvelom mxolod de-faqto aRiareba miiRo. parizis konferenciaze saqarTvelos

delegacias pirdapir ganucxades, rom de-iure aRiareba manam ar moxdeboda, sanam

ruseTi de-iure ar cnobda saqarTvelos. parizis konferenciis pozicias iziarebda

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebic. amrigad, sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan de-iure aRiareba

aucilebeli piroba iyo saerTaSoriso asparezze saqarTvelos de-iure aRiarebisaTvis.

unda SevniSnoT, rom saqarTvelos, estoneTis, litvisa da latviis

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRiareba erTi da imave formuliT moxda.

1920 wlis 7 Tebervals qalaq tartuSi ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur

respublikasa da estoneTis demokratiul respublikas Soris dadebuli samSvidobo

xelSekrulebis meore muxli gvauwyebs:

`Исходя из провозглашенного Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республикой права всех народов на свободное самоопределение вплоть до полного отделения от государства, в состав которого они входят, Россия признает безоговорочно независимость и самостоятельность Эстонского Государства и отказывается добровольно и на вечные времена от всяких суверенных прав, кои принадлежали России в отношении к Эстонскому народу и земле в силу существовавшего государственно-правового порядка, а равно на основании международных договоров, которые в указанном здесь смысле теряют силу на будущие времена.

Из прежней принадлежности к России для Эстонского народа и земли не возникает никаких обязательств в отношении к России~.3

1920 wlis 12 ivliss moskovSi xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas ruseTis

sabWoTa federaciul socialistur respublikasa da litvis respublikas Soris.

sabWoTa ruseTis mier litvis damoukideblobis cnobis formula daaxloebiT igive iyo,

rac saqarTvelosa da estoneTis SemTxvevaSi. xelSekrulebis pirvel muxlSi

vkiTxulobT:

`Исходя из провозглашенного Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республикой права всех народов на свободное самоопределение вплоть до полного отделения их от государства, в состав которого они входят, Россия безоговорочно признает самостоятельность и независимость Литовского Государства со всеми вытекающими из такого признания юридическими последствиями и по доброй воле и на вечные времена отказывается от всех суверенных прав России над литовским народом и его территорией. Факт бывшей зависимости Литвы от России не налагает на литовский народ и его территорию никаких обязательств в отношении к России~.4

1920 wlis 12 agvistos ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur respublikasa

da latvias Soris qalaq rigaSi daido samSvidobo xelSekruleba. sabWoTa ruseTis

mier latviis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis cnobis formula am SemTxvevaSic

igive iyo. xelSekrulebis meore muxli ase iyo Camoyalibebuli:

2 guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 111. 3 http://www.skylaser.ee/buh_help/obzory/Tartu%20rahuleping%20Eesti%20ja%20Venemaa.htm. 4 http://www.worldlii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/int/other/treaties/LNTSer/1920/2.html?query=Lithuania#disp2.

http://www.skylaser.ee/buh_help/obzory/Tartu%20rahuleping%20Eesti%20ja%20Venemaa.htm

http://www.worldlii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/int/other/treaties/LNTSer/1920/2.html?query=Lithuania#disp2

15

`Исходя из провозглашенного Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республикой права всех народов на свободное самоопределение вплоть до полного отделения от государства, в состав которого они входят, и ввиду определенно выраженной воли латвийского народа к самостоятельному государственному существованию, Россия признает безоговорочно независимость, самостоятельность и суверенность Латвийского Государства и отказывается добровольно и на вечные времена от всяких суверенных прав, кои принадлежали России в отношении к латвийскому народу и земле в силу существовавшего государственно-правового порядка, а равно на основании международных договоров, которые в указанном здесь смысле теряют силу на будущие времена. Из прежней принадлежности к России для латвийского народа и земли не возникает никаких обязательств в отношении к России~.

Tu sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos, estoneTis, litvisa da latviis

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis cnobis formulas davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom

cnobis safuZvlad aRiarebulia erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba srul saxelmwifoebriv

gamoyofamde. erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba Setanili iyo ruseTis social-

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis pirvel programaSi, romelic 1903 wels iqna miRebuli.

erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ucvlelad iqna gadatanili ruseTis komunisturi partiis

(bolSevikebis) meore programaSi, romelic 1919 wels miiRes. saxelmwifoebriv doneze

erTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba srul saxelmwifoebriv gamoyofamde daakanona `ruseTis

xalxTa uflebebis deklaraciam”, romelic 1917 wlis 2 noembers erovnebaTa saqmis

saxalxo komisris ioseb stalinisa da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris

vladimer leninis xelmoweriT gamoqveynda.5 deklaraciaSi vkiTxulobT:

`1) Равенство и суверенноcть народов России. 2) Право народов России на свободное самоопределение, вплоть до отделения и образования самостоятельного государства. 3) Отмена всех и всяких национальных и национально-религиозных привилегий и ограничений. 4) Свободное развитие национальных меньшинств и этнографических групп, населяющих территорию России~. cxadia, erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis dacva sulac ar yofila sabWoTa ruseTis

mier saqarTvelos, estoneTis, litvisa da latviis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

de-iure cnobis mizezi. umZimes mdgomareobaSi myofi sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis iZulebiT aRiarebas Tavis keTil nebad acxadebda. es

sicrue imTaviTve yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo. 1918 wlis 3 marts, rogorc aRvniSneT, sabWoTa

ruseTma separatiuli zavi dado germaniis imperiasa da mis mokavSireebTan (avstria-

ungreTTan, osmaleTTan, bulgareTTan). brest-litovskis zavma mniSvnelovnad Sekveca is

teritoriebi, romelTac sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba sxva SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobda. zavis

ZaliT, ruseTis armias dauyovnebliv unda daetovebina osmaleTis teritoria

(aRmosavleT anatolia), aseve san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebiTa (1878 w.) da berlinis

kongresis (1878 w.) gadawyvetilebebiT miRebuli yarsisa da baTumis olqebis (artaanis,

yarsisa da baTumis okrugebis) teritoria, anu aWara da tao-klarjeTis mniSvnelovani

nawili. zavis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa ruseTs dauyovnebliv unda gamoeyvana jarebi da

wiTeli gvardia poloneTidan, fineTidan, ukrainidan, baltiispireTidan da Crdilo-

dasavleT belorusiidan. brest-litovskis zavis mixedviT, ruseTis dasavleT sazRvari

unda gasuliyo mdinare narvaze, Cudis, fskovisa da liubanis tbebsa da mdinare

5 Декреты Советской власти. Т. I. Москва, 1957, стр. 39-41.

16

dasavleT dvinaze. aseTi kabaluri pirobebi ruseTisaTvis udidesi dartyma iyo.6 brest-

litovskis zavma, amave dros, stimuli misca saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

SenarCunebisaTvis mebrZol poloneTs, fineTs, estoneTs, litvas, latvias.

damoukideblobis cnobis sanacvlod sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelo, estoneTi,

litva da latvia aiZula daTmobaze wasuliyvnen. ase aRmoCnda am qveynebTan dadebul

xelSekrulebebSi iseTi muxlebi, romlebic aSkarad zRudavda maT saxelmwifoebriv

suverenitets.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis im muxlTagan, romlebic

cxadad laxavda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis suverenitets, gansakuTrebiT

mZime iyo aTi punqtiT warmodgenili mexuTe muxli. movitanT am muxls mTlianad:

,,Признавая справедливым домогательство России о недопущении отныне на территории Грузии никаких военных операций, пребывания военных сил и прочих действий, могущих создать на территории Грузии условия, угрожающие ее неезависимости или могущих превратить территорию Грузии в базу для операций, направленных против Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республики или союзных с ней государств, и установленного в ней государственного правопорядка Грузии обязуется:

1. Немедленно разоружить и интернировать в концентрационных лагерях находящиеся на территории Грузии к моменту подписания настоящего договора, буде таковые окажутся, или имеющие впредь перейти в ее пределы военные и военноморские части, команды и группы, претендующие на роль правительства России или части ее, или на роль правительства союзных с Россией государств, а равно представительства и должностные лица, организации и группы, имеющие своей целью низвержение Правительства России или союзных с ней государств.

2. Немедленно разоружить и интернировать все находящиеся в портах Грузии суда, входящие в состав военноморских сил, организаций и групп, упомянутых в пункте I настоящей статьи, а равно на том или ином основании состоявщих в распоряжении этих организаций и групп и находящиеся в портах Грузии. К экипажу этих судов полностью применяется постановление пункта I настоящей статьи.

3. Передать России безвозмездно и не требуя за то никакого вознаграждения все без исключения военное и военноморское имущество, ценности и денежные суммы, находящиеся во владении, пользовании или распоряжении организаций и групп, упомянутых в пункте I настоящей статьи и согласно пунктов 1 и 2 той-же статьи ныне поступающие в рапоряжение Грузии.

Под военным и военноморским имуществом в смысле настоящего пункта подразумевается: суда и прочие плавучие средства и все вообще предметы артиллерийского, интендантского (не исключая пищевого и вещевого довольствия), инженерного и авиационного снабжения.

4. Передать России после их разоружения части, организации и группы и экипажи судов, упомянутые в пункте I настоящей статьи Россия обещается сохранить жизнь всем передаваемым ей в силу настоящей статьи лицам.

5. Принять меры к удалению с территории Грузии в тех пределах ее, кой определены статьей IV-й настоящего договора, всякого рода войск и военных отрядов, не входящих в состав правительственных войск Грузии.

6. Принять меры к недопущению впредь пребывания на территории Грузии войск и военных отрядов, перечисленных в предшествующем пункте 5 настоящей статьи.

7. Воспретить лицам принадлежащим к частям, организациям и группам, перечисленным в пунктах 1 и 5 настоящей статьи, поскольку эти лица не являются по своей национальности грузинами, вступать под каким-либо видом, в том числе и в качестве добровольцев в правительственные войска Грузии.

8. Не допускать впредь образования и пребывания на ее территории в тех пределах, кои установлены статьей IV настоящего договора всякого рода организаций и групп, претендующих на роль правительства России или части ее, или на роль правительства союзного с Россией государства, а равно представительств и

6 http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/191_dok/19180303brest.php.

http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/191_dok/19180303brest.php

17

должностных лиц, организаций и групп, имеющих своей целью низвержение правительства России или союзных с нею государств; Грузия равным образом обязуется не допускать перевозку указанными организациями, группами, представительствами и должностными лицами через территорию Грузии всего того, что может быть использовано для нападения на Россию, или на союзные с ней государства, а также воспретить пребывание в своих портах и водах судов и прочих пловучих средств подобных организаций, за исключением установленных международным правом в отношении судов, терпящих бедствие и пр. случаев.

9. В случае если бы со стороны организаций, групп, представительств и должностных лиц перечисленных в предшествующем пункте 8 настоящей статьи были сделаны попытки нарушения изложенного в означенном пункте 8 воспрещения, с лицами и имущество имеющими быть задержанными правительством Грузии в силу принимаемого им на себя на основании пункта 8 настоящей статьи обязательства, будет поступлено соответственно обусловленному в пунктах 3 и 4 настоящей статьи.

10. Меры, обусловленные в пункте 5 настоящей статьи, должны быть начаты исполнением немедленно после подписания договора. Грузия обязуется закончить их в кратчайший срок, не останавливаясь перед применением вооруженной силы.“7

analogiur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda estoneTi. saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7

maisis xelSekrulebis mexuTe muxlis msgavsad, estoneTis suverenitets zRudavda

estoneT-ruseTis 1920 wlis 2 Tebervlis xelSekrulebis meSvide muxli:

`Обе договаривающиеся стороны обязуются:

1. Воспретить пребывание на своей территории каких либо войск, кроме войск правительственных или войск дружественных государств, с которыми одной из договаривающихся сторон заключена военная конвенция, но которые не находятся в фактическом состоянии войны с другой из договаривающихся сторон, а равно запретить в пределах своей территории вербовку и мобилизацию личного состава в ряды армий таковых государств, а также организаций и групп, ставящих своей целью вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной.

2. Разоружить не бывшие подчиненными правительствам договаривающихся сторон до 1 октября 1919 года сухопутные части и морские силы, находящиеся на их территориях, нейтрализовать и иммобилизовать на время по 1 января 1922 года все военное и морское имущество, материалы артиллерийские и интендантские (кроме продовольственных и вещевых), инженерные, воздухоплавательные, т.е. орудия, пулеметы, винтовки, холодное оружие, огнестрельные припасы, аэропланы, броневики, танки, броневые поезда и прочее военное имущество означенных сухопутных частей и морских сил, за исключением военного имущества и технических средств, принадлежащих договаривающимся сторонам или другим государствам и данных в пользование означенным частям и силам, причем военное имущество и материалы, принадлежащие другим государствам, должны быть вывезены в 6-месячный со дня ратификации настоящего мирного договора срок. Разоружение поименованных сухопутных и морских сил, а также иммобилизация и нейтрализация упомянутых выше военных складов, всего военного имущества и технических средств неправительственных войск должны быть закончены: первые 35% всего количества сухопутных и морских сил и имущества, подлежащего иммобилизации и нейтрализации, в 7-дневный со дня ратификации мирного договора срок, а затем в каждую последующую неделю по 35% всего указанного количества.

3. Воспретить солдатам и командному составу неправительственных войск, подлежащих разоружению на основании предшествующего (2) пункта, вступать под каким либо видом, в том числе и в качестве добровольцев, в правительственные войска договаривающихся сторон за исключением:

а) лиц эстонской национальности, проживавших вне пределов Эстонии, но оптирующих в ее пользу;

7 guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 113-115.

18

б) лиц не эстонской национальности, проживавших на территории Эстонии до 1 мая 1919 года, не оптирующих в пользу России;

в) лиц не эстонской национальности, не оптирующих в пользу России и служивших в правительственных войсках Эстонии до 22 ноября 1919 года.

Перечисленные в подпунктах а, б, в категории лиц имеют право вступления в правительственные войска Эстонии.

4. а) Воспретить государствам, находящимся в фактическом состоянии войны с другой стороной, и организациям и группам, ставящим своей целью вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной, перевозку через свои порта и по своей территории всего того, что может быть использовано для нападения на другую договаривающуюся сторону, а именно: принадлежащих таковым государствам, организациям и группам вооруженных сил, военного имущества, военно-технических средств и материалов артиллерийских, интендантских, инженерных и воздухоплавательных.

б) За исключением случаев, предусмотренных международным правом, воспретить пропуск и плавание в своих территориальных водах каких либо военных судов, канонерок, миноносцев и т.д., принадлежащих или организациям и группам, ставящим своей целью вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной, или же государствам, находящимся с другой договаривающейся стороной в состоянии войны, и имеющих своей целью нападение на другую договаривающуюся сторону, буде таковые цели становятся известными той из договаривающихся сторон, к территории которой относятся эти территориальные воды и порта.

5. Не допускать образования и пребывания на своей территории каких бы то ни было организаций и групп, претендующих на роль правительства всей территории другой договаривающейся стороны или части ее, а равно представительств и должностных лиц, организаций и групп, имеющих своей целью низвержение правительства другой договаривающейся стороны.

6.Одновременно с ратификацией мирного договора Правительства договаривающихся сторон обязуются взаимно представить данные о состоянии неправительственных: войск, военных складов (подвижных и неподвижных), военного и технического имущества, находившегося на их территории к моменту заключения договора о приостановке военных действий, т.е. к 31 декабрю 1919 года.

7.Для наблюдения за выполнением соответствующих военных гарантий учреждается смешанная комиссия, состав, права и обязанности которой определяются согласно инструкции, в приложении к сей статье приведенной.

Приложение: Инструкция для смешанной комиссии, учреждаемой на основании пункта 7-го ст. 7.“8

saqarTvelosa da estoneTis msgavsad litvis suvereniteti SeizRuda litva-

ruseTis 1920 wlis 12 ivlisis xelSekrulebiT. amaze am xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxlic

metyvelebs:

`Обе договаривающиеся стороны обязуются: 1. Не допускать на своей территории образования и пребывания правительств, организаций или групп,

ставящих своей целью вооруженную борьбу против другой договари-{31}вающейся стороны. Равным образом не допускать в пределах своей территории вербовку и мобилизацию личного состава в ряды армий таковых правительств, организаций или групп и пребывания их представительств или должностных лиц.

2. Воспретить тем государствам, которые находятся фактически в состоянии войны с другой из договаривающихся сторон, а также организациям или группам, которые ставят своею целью вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной, ввозить в свои порты и провозить через свою территорию все

8 http://www.skylaser.ee/buh_help/obzory/Tartu%20rahuleping%20Eesti%20ja%20Venemaa.htm.

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то, что может быть использовано против другой договаривающейся стороны, как-то: вооруженные силы, военное имущество, военно-технические средства и материалы артиллерийские, интендантские, инженерные и воздухоплавательные~.9

saqarTvelos, estoneTisa da litvis msgavsad latviis suvereniteti SezRuda

latvia-ruseTis 1920 wlis 11 agvistos xelSekrulebam. am xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxli

gvauwyebs:

`Обе договаривающиеся стороны обязуются: 1. Воспретить пребывание на своей территории каких-либо войск, за исключением

правительственных или войск дружественных государств, с которыми одной из договаривающихся сторон заключена военная конвенция, но которые не находятся в фактическом состоянии войны с другой из договаривающихся сторон, а равно воспретить в пределах своей территории вербовку и мобилизацию личного состава в ряды армий государств, организаций и групп, ставящих своей целью

вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной. Примечание: Существующие ныне в Российский армии наименования отдельных войсковых

частей, входящих в состав «Латышской Стрелковой Дивизии», признаются обеими сторонами только имеющими историческое значение. Эти части не имеют и не будут иметь преобладающего национального латышского состава и, несмотря на свои наименования, не могут иметь отношения ни к латышскому народу, ни к Латвийскому государству.

Поэтому сохранение за ними их исторических наименований не будет рассматриваться Латвией как нарушение сего пункта.

Обе стороны не будут создавать для своих войсковых частей новых наименований, производимых от географических или национальных наименований другой стороны.

2) Не допускать образования и пребывания на своей территории каких бы то ни было организаций и групп, претендующих на роль правительства всей территории другой договаривающейся стороны или части ее, а равно представительств и должностных лиц организаций и групп, имеющих своей целью низвержение правительства другой договаривающейся стороны.

3) Воспретить государствам, находящимся в фактическом состоянии войны с другой стороной, и организациям и группам, ставящим своей целью вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной, перевозку через свои порты и по своей территории всего того, что может быть использовано для нападения на другую договаривающуюся сторону, а именно: принадлежащих таковым государствам, организациям и группам вооруженных сил, военного имущества, военно-технических средств и материалов артиллерийских, интендантских, инженерных и воздухоплавательных.

4) За исключением случаев, предусмотренных международным правом, воспретить пропуск и плавание в своих территориальных водах каких-либо военных судов, канонерок, миноносцев и т. д., принадлежащих или организациям и группам, ставящим своей целью вооруженную борьбу с другой договаривающейся стороной, или же государствам, находящимся с другой договаривающейся стороной в состоянии войны и имеющих своей целью нападение на другую договаривающуюся сторону, буде таковые цели становятся известными той из договаривающихся сторон, к территории которой относятся эти территориальные воды и порты~.

amrigad, sabWoTa ruseTma saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis de-iure aRiarebis

sanacvlod mniSvnelovnad SezRuda saqarTvelos, estoneTis, litvisa da latviis,

rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis, uflebebi.

9 http://www.worldlii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/int/other/treaties/LNTSer/1920/2.html?query=Lithuania#disp2.

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bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: rogor unda aecilebina Tavidan saxelmwifoebrivi

suverenitetis SezRudva ruseTisa da osmaleTis gavlenis sferoSi myof saqarTvelos

maSin, roca es ver SeZles, estoneTma, litvam da latviam, romelTa bediT aSkarad iyo

dainteresebuli dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi (antanta)? saqarTvelos dasavleT

evropis saxelmwifoebisagan arasdros miuRia iseTi Zlieri samxedro da politikuri

mxardaWera, rogorsac TiTqmis mudmivad Rebulobdnen estoneTi, litva da latvia.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebaSi mexuTe muxlis garda

kidev iyo muxlebi, romlebic wamgebiani iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. xelSekrulebis mesame

muxlis pirveli punqti adgenda saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT, CrdiloeT da samxreT-

aRmosavleT sazRvars. Seqmnil viTarebaSi sazRvris amgvarad dadgena qarTuli

diplomatiis warmatebad unda miviCnioT, radgan saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda

afxazeTi (soxumis okrugi 1904 wlis sazRvrebSi) da zaqaTalis okrugi (saingilo). imave

mesame muxlis meore da mesame punqtebi Zalze araxelsayrel pirobebSi ayenebda

saqarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris omi

daiwyeboda. mesame muxlis meore da mesame punqtebi gvauwyeben:

`2. Все перевалы на означенной пограничной линии до первого января тысяча девятьсот двадцать второго года признаются нейтральными. Они не могут быть занимаемы войскми ни одной из обоих договаривающихся сторон и не могут быть ни одной из них укрепляемы.

3. На Дарьяльском перевале указанная в пункте 2 настоящей статьи нейтрализация бедут распространена на протяжении перевала от Бальты до Коби, на Мамисонском перевале от Зарамага до Они, а на всех прочих перевалах на пятиверстное в обе стороны от пункта прохождения границы расстояния~.10

rogorc vxedavT, daucveli rCeboda saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvari. sazRvris

zonaSi saqarTvelos saforTifikacio nagebobebis mSeneblobis ufleba ar hqonda,

sazRvarze ver ganalagebda jarebs.

1920 wlis 14 oqtombers qalaq tartuSi xelmowerili iqna sabWoTa ruseT-fineTis

samSvidobo xelSekruleba. am xelSekrulebis muxlebi saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7

maisis xelSekrulebis mesame muxlTan SedarebiT gacilebiT mZime iyo. ruseT-fineTis

xelSekrulebis meeqvse muxlSi vkiTxulobT:

`1. Финляндия обязуется не содержать в водах своего побережья Северного Ледовитого океана военных и прочих вооруженных судов, за исключением вооруженных судов размером меньше ста тонн, каковые Финляндия имеет право содержать без ограничения, а также содержать не более пятнадцати военных и прочих вооруженных судов, тоннаж которых не должен превышать четырехсот тонн для каждого.

Финляндия также обязуется не содержать в означенных водах подводных лодок и вооруженных воздушных судов.

2. Равным образом Финляндия обязуется не устраивать на этом побережье военных портов, баз для военного флота и военных ремонтных мастерских объемом больше, чем потребно для упомянутых в предыдущем пункте судов и их вооружения~.11

sabWoTa ruseTma fineTs es ar akmara. xelSekrulebis mecamete, meToTxmete da

meTxuTmete muxlebma kidev ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo fineTi. mecamete muxli

gvauwyebda:

`Финляндия нейтрализует в военном отношении следующие принадлежащие ей острова Финского залива: Сомерс, Нерва, Сескар, Пенисаари, Лавенсаари, Большой и Малый Тютерсы и Родшер. Эта военная нейтрализация означает, что на данных островах не возводятся и не устраиваются укрепления, батареи, военно-наблюдательные посты, радиостанции сильнее полкиловатта, военные порты и военно-морские 10 guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 112. 11 http://heninen.net/sopimus/1920.htm.

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базы, склады военного имущества и военных припасов, а также не содержатся войска в большем числе, чем потребно для поддержания порядка.

На островах Сомерс и Нерва Финляндия, однако, имеет право содержать военно-наблюдательные посты~.12

fineTisaTvis TiTqos naklebad mZime, magram qveynis samxedro usafrTxoebisaTvis

Zalze saSiSi iyo xelSekrulebis meToTxmete muxli. movitanT am muxls:

`Финляндия приступит немедленно по вступлении в силу мирного договора к мерам для военной нейтрализации острова Гогланда под международной гарантией. Эта нейтрализация означает, что на означенном острове не возводятся и не устраиваются укрепления, батареи, радиостанции сильнее одного киловатта, военные порты и военно-морские базы, склады военного имущества и военных припасов, а также не содержатся войска в большем числе, чем потребно для поддержания порядка.

Россия обязуется содействовать получению вышеупомянутой международной гарантии~.13 fineTis samxedro usafrTxoebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi iyo xelSekrulebis

meTxuTmete muxli:

`Финляндия обязуется в течение трех месяцев, считая со дня вступления в силу мирного договора, удалить с фортов Ино и Пуумала орудийные замки, прицельные приспособления, приспособления наводки и боевые запасы и в течение одного года, считая со дня вступления в силу мирного договора, разрушить эти форты.

Финляндия также обязуется не строить на побережье между Стирсуденом и Инониеми на расстоянии двадцати километров от берега башенных установок, а также батарей с сектором обстрела, простирающимся за границы финляндских территориальных вод, и на побережье между Инониеми и устьем реки Сестры на расстоянии двадцати километров от батареи, дальность которых допускает стрельбу за границы финляндских территориальных вод~.14

SeiZleba zedmetic ki iyos imisi aRniSvna, rom ruseTTan mosalodnel omSi

fineTis sazRvrebisa da sxva strategiuli punqtebis daucveloba CrdiloeT evropis da,

saerTod evropis qveynebis, daucvelobas niSnavda. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa ruseTma

fineTi mainc aiZula misTvis saziano daTmobaze wasuliyo.

amrigad, saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis moskovis xelSekrulebis is

muxlebi, romlebic saqarTvelos suverenitets zRudavda, ar SeiZleba saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebisa da qarTuli diplomatiis

araprofesionalizmiT, windauxedaobiTa da daudevrobiT aixsnas. 1920 wlis 7 maisis

xelSekrulebaSi saqarTvelos suverenitetis Semlaxveli muxlebis Setana ganapiroba

1920 wlis gazafxulisaTvis Seqmnilma konkretul-istoriulma viTarebam, im viTarebam,

romlis Secvla saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo.

12 http://heninen.net/sopimus/1920.htm. 13 http://heninen.net/sopimus/1920.htm. 14 http://heninen.net/sopimus/1920.htm.




22

Vakhtang Guruli

Was erwarb und verlor Georgien mit dem Vertrag vom 7. Mai 1920

Resümee

Am 26. Mai 1918 gab Georgien die Wiederherstellung seiner staatlichen Souveränität kund. Zur gleichen Zeit erklärten sich auch andere, von Russland einst annektierte Nationen und Länder für unabhängig: Finnland (6.12.1917), die Ukraine (9.01.1918), Litauen (16.02.1918), Estland (24.02.1918), Belarus (25.03.1918), Georgien (25.05. 1918), Aserbaidschan (28.05. 1918), Armenien (28.05.1918), Polen (11.11.1918), Lettland (18.11 1918). Die Regierung vom sowjetischen Russland wollte die Uanbhängigkeit der Länder nicht anerkennen. Im Moskauer Friedensvertrag vom 7. Mai 1920, der zwischen Russland und Georgien abgeschlossen wurde, wurde Georgiens Unabhängigkeit de jure anerkannt. In georgischer Historiografie herrscht die Meinung vor, dass zwar Russland Georgiens Unabhänggkeit anerkannt hatte, aber Georgien dafür ungerechtfertigte Kompomisse eingehen musste, was allerdings nicht ganz stimmt. Ungerechtfertigte Kompromisse gingen Estland, Litauen und Lettland ein. Obwohl sie europäische Staaten waren, konnten sie Russland nicht dazu bringen, die Forderungen zurückzunehmen, die die Souveränität dieser drei Länder verletzten. Es ist also nicht zu verwundern, dass Georgien ohne aktive militärisch-politische Unterstützung von der Seite Europas einiges für die Anerkennung der Unabhängigkeit Georgiens aufopfern musste.

23

rozeta gujejiani, istoriis doqtori, profesori

istoriis reprezentacia _ yansav yifiani –

legenda Tu sinamdvile?

`yansav yifiano, yansav yifiano,

uberebelo da ukvdavo,

uberebelo da ukvdavo...

ikribebian solel-lenjerelebi,

mestiel-setelebi,

mulax-muJali,

wvirmi-ifari,

kala-uSguli...

kargi vaJebi, baxSi omoben,

mxarze gaedvaT namcas Tofebi,

Txelpirianebi...

cudi vaJebi xevSi eyarnen,

mxrebze gaedvaT muxis ketebi...

yansav yifiano, yansav yifiano,

uberebelo da ukvdavo,

uberebelo da ukvdavo~1.

qarTuli eTnomusikaluri memkvidreobis erT-erTi Sedevri simRera//ferxuli

„yansav yifiani“ farTodaa gavrcelebuli svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi da mas

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs folklorul ansamblTa repertuarSic.

yansav yifianTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs kiTxva – iyo is realuri pirovneba Tu

mxolod legenda-gadmocemaTa personaJs warmoadgens?

qarTvelTa yofaSi istoriis reprezentaciis faqtori TvalsaCinoa da dResac

moqmedi. socialuri (koleqtiuri, istoriuli) maxsovrobis faqtebiT ganpirobebeulia

tradiciuli msoflxedvis araerTi aspeqti.

cnobilia, koleqtiuri maxsovrobis, rogorc individualuri maxsovrobis

Camomyalibebeli meqanizmis, Sesaxeb pirveli saubrobs moris halbvaqsi (M. Halbwachs) da terminSi igi moiazrebs ama Tu im socialuri jgufisTvis mSobliurad miCneul,

sayovelTaod gaziarebul saerTo maxsovrobas.

eTnografiuli kvleviT mopovebuli istoriuli siuJetebi, cxadia, dacilebulia

konkretul istoriul garemosa da dros, magram es bunebrivia, radganac koleqtiur

maxsovrobas axasiaTebs konkretuli da individualuri maxasiaTeblebis dakargva da

ignorireba. socialur maxsovrobaSi rCeba mxolod mTavari da arsobrivad

mniSvnelovani faqtebi, xolo droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba am faqtebis miTosuri elferiT

1 svanuri poezia. I. simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam, m. gujejianma._ masalebi qarTvelur enaTa SeswavlisaTvis. II. Tbilisi, 1939.

24

Semosva2. miTosuri saxeebiT Seburvili saistorio siuJetebi gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi

yofis ganuyofel, orgnul nawilad.

qarTul sinamdvileSi mravali istoriuli faqti da siuJeti aris gadasuli

xalxur (istoriul) maxsovrobaSi, maTgan gansakuTrebiT masStaburi da sxvadasxva

lokaluri detalebiT aRWurvilia wmida Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi da

siuJetebi3, asevea, didgoris `Zlevai sakvirvelis~ motivebi da sxv.

samecniero sazogadoebaSi interesi istoriuli maxsovrobis, rogorc sakvlevi

Tematikis, mimarT (Memory Studies) dRiTi dRe aqtualizirdeba4. miT ufro mniSvnelovania

am saxis kvlevebi saqarTvelosTvis, sadac naratiul wyaroTa umetesoba sxvadasxva

obieqtur garemoebaTa gamo (omianoba, dampyrobelTa mier samefo kancelariebisa da

biblioTekebis ganadgureba) droTa viTarebaSi daikarga.

qarTuli eTnologiuri skola, tradiciulad, gamoiyenebs zepir wyaroebs

istoriis rekonstruirebisaTvis da konkretuli Tematika mravali saintereso daskvnis

gamotanis saSualebas iZleva. istoriul maxsovrobaSi arsebuli da periodulad

aRdgenadi yansav yifianis miTologizebuli saxeba amgvari kvlevisTvis sayuradRebo

eTnografiuli artefaqtia.

yifianTa sagvareulos fuZe svaneTia da maTi tradiciuli gansaxlebis kvali

Semonaxulia rogorc zemo, aseve qvemo svaneTSi. yifianTa gansaxlebis arealis Sesaxeb

mogviTxrobs ramdenime werilobiTi Zegli da mravali gadmocema. mniSvnelovania, rom

zepiri saistorio wyaroebi am SemTxvevaSi materialuri kulturis ZeglebiTac

myardeba da dRemde nangrevebis saxiT SemorCenilia yifianTa, maT Soris, uSualod

yansavis saxelTan dakavSirebuli, samosaxloebi, eklesiebi, cixeebi, sasaflaoebi,

freskebi.

materialuri artefaqtebi, zepiri istoriebi da interpretaciebi utyuari wyaroa

yansav yifianis, rogorc realurad arsebuli moRvawis cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis.

marTalia, dRes savneTSi yifianebi ukve aRar saxloben, magram saxeli `yansavi~

jer kidev XX saukunis miwurulamde farTod iyo gavrcelebuli svaneTis orive

mxareSi.

cnobilia, svaneTSi Seqmnil qarTul narativebs saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis

dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebT faseulia saeklesio krebaTa

angariSebi, e.w. `svaneTis sulTa pirveli da meore matianeebi~, agreTve, qtitorTa

warwerebi, saero xasiaTis `dawerilebi~, samarTlebrivi xasiaTis aqtebi da sxv.5

werilobiT ZeglebSi, romlebic ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba,

ixseniebian yifianTa sagvareulos Semdegi warmomadgenlebi: abzagan, bera, estate, koCa,

merab, muxier, papu, saTuT, taibuR, janbulad, xamiCa, xosro, elene...6

erT wyaroSi dasturdeba gvaris gansxvavebuli forma: yofiliani gvancai.7

2m. xidaSeli. rituali da simbolo arqaul kulturaSi. Tbilisi, 2005; m. xidaSeli. saqarTvelos Zveli kulturis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2010; Гуревич А. Я. Категории средневековой культуры. Москва, 1972; Элиаде М. Космос и история. Москва, 1987; Ле Гофф Ж. Цивилизация средневекового Запада. Москва, 1992. 3r. gujejiani. Tamar mefis xateba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos tradiciul yofaSi._ krebuli `qarTul-Turquli kulturuli paralelebi I”. Tbilisi, 2009. gv. 16-28. 4 Нора П. Проблематика мест памяти; Франция-память / П. Нора, М. Озуф, Ж. де Пюимеж, М. Винок. СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та, 1999, стр. 17-50; http://ec-dejavu.ru/m-2/Memory-Nora.html; Йейтс Ф. Искусство памяти, Фонд поддержки науки и образования «Университетская книга», СПб, 1997; Арнаутова Ю. Е., МЕМОRIА: «ТОТАЛЬНЫЙ СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ФЕНОМЕН»И ОБЪЕКТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Образы прошлого и коллективная идентичность в Европе до начала Нового времени. Москва, 2003, стр. 19-37; Рикёр П. Память, история, забвение. Москва, 2004, стр. 136-143. 5 pavle ingoroyva. svaneTis saistorio Zeglebi. nakveTi meore. Tbilisi, 1941. 6 pavle ingoroyva. svaneTis saistorio Zeglebi. nakveTi meore. Tbilisi, 1941. 7 pavle ingoroyva. svaneTis sasitorio Zeglebi. nakveTi meore. Tbilisi, 1941.

http://ec-dejavu.ru/m-2/Memory-Nora.html

25

`Ribianis~ formiT Seogvenaxa zogierTi yifianis vinaoba CixareSis Temis sofel

dabiSSi mdebare oqondabiSis eklesiis freskaze, sadac gamosaxulia RibianTa

sagvareulos ramdenime wevri: kvelja, marex, nanbalad, merab, taibux, bawia8.

eTnografiuli masaliT, oqondabiSis eklesia yifianTa sagvareulo saydari

yofila. ezoSi Semonaxulia yifianTa saflavebi; eklesiasTan axlos mdebare ferdobze

miuTiTeben yifianTa namosaxlarebs.

gadmocemiT, yifianebi qvemo svaneTSi saxlobdnen Coluris Temis nasoflar

iediySi, laSxeTis Temis sofel SgedSi, CixareSis Temis sofel dabiSSi, agreTve,

yifianebs ekuTvnodaT uReltexilTan axlos gaSenebuli sofeli decili (amJamad

nasoflari, dRevandeli lentexis raioni).

zemo svaneTSi yifianebi flobdnen wvirmis, xolo maTi erTi Sto saxlobda

sofel acSi.

yifianTa Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemaTa eqvsi variacia gamoqveynebulia „svanuri

enis qrestomaTiaSi“. 9 masala Cawerilia balszemouri da Coluruli kiloebiT.

mniSvnelovani wyaroa `svanuri poezia~,10 sadac gamoqveynebulia ramdenime leqsi, balada

da saferxulo teqsti, romlebSic yifianTa sagvareulos Sesaxeb saintereso

informaciaa daculi.

svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi yifianebi ixseniebian termin „varg“-iT. simon

janaSias dakvirvebiT, `laSxeTSi varg da bals qvemoT vArg ixmareba Tavadis

mniSvnelobiT... bals zemoT vArg ixmareba rogorc am mniSvnelobiT, ise saerTod

aznauris mniSvnelobiT~.11

istoriuli maxsovrobis faqtebis kvlevam gamoavlina svaneTis yifianTa yvelaze

cnobili warmomadgenlis yansav yifianis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali legenda da

gadmocema Cvens droSic, aseve mis saxelTan da samoRvaweo asparezTan dakavSirebuli

materialuri kulturis Zeglebi.

2010-2011 wlebis eTnografiuli eqspediciebis dros Cavwere yansav yifianis

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli 24 gadmocema.

eqspediciebis mTavar monapovrad samecniero kuTxiT, vTvli yansav yifianis

saxelTan da mflobelobasTan dakavSirebuli materialuri artefaqtebis

identifikacias qvemo svaneTSi, lentexis raionSi. rasakvirvelia, adgilze mosaxleobam

icoda, rom esa Tu is namosaxlari da eklesia yansav yifianisa iyo, magram informacias

ar flobdnen samecniero wreebi. gasakviria, magram es umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi

fiqsirebuli ar iyo ZeglTa dacvis reestrSic. gansakuTrebiT masStaburi Zeglebi

mdebareobs nasoflar iediysa da nasoflar decilSi.

yansav yifiani, savaraudod meCvidmete saukunis meore naxevris moRvawea, Tumca am

mxriv gadamwyveti sityva unda Tqvas momavlma kompleqsurma kvlevam, romelic

mecnierulad Seiswavlis materialuri kulturis Zeglebsac.

yansav yifianis rezidencia _ iediyi _ Coluris TemSi mdebareobs. is ramdenime

kilometriTaa dacilebuli sofel mams. sofeli mami mravalmxriv saintereso

dasaxlebaa. aq Semonaxulia Sua saukuneebis sacxovrebeli da TavdacviTi kompleqsis

8 eqvTime TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi._ qarTuli emigrantuli literatura. dabruneba. mravaltomeli. t. 2. g. SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 137-138. 9 svanuri enis qrestomaTia. teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem, m. qaldanma da z. WumburiZem. a. SaniZisa da m. qaldanis redaqciiT. Tsu. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi. 21. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 61-62. 10 svanuri poezia. I. simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam, m. gujejianma._ masalebi qarTvelur enaTa SeswavlisaTvis. II. Tbilisi, 1939. 11 simon janaSia. saqarTvelos istoriis uZvelesi qronologiidan enobrivi masalebis mixedviT. Sromebi. t. III. Tbilisi, 1959, gv. 135.

26

nangrevebi, romlis bolo mflobelad adgilobrivi mosaxleoba asaxelebs òTars~.

dakargulia òTaris~ gvari. oTariseuli kompleqsi Sedgeba koSkisa da saxlisagan,

SeiniSneba farTo galavnis naSTebic.

koSki da soflis ganapiras arsebuli eklesia aRwerili aqvs eqvTime TayaiSvils.

`sofeli mami patara sofelia. am sofelSi lamazi oTxkuTxedi koSkia (#17413); soflis

bolos kldesTan, didi xeebis Crdils qveS, patar qvis eklesia aris wmidis giorgisa.

daxurulia yavriT; Sesavali aqvs dasavleTiT. dasavleTis kedelze qvidan

gamoqandakebuli cxvris Tavia. kari xisa lamazia. kankeli axali xisa. trapezi

miSenebulia kedelze sakurTxevlisa~.12

dReisaTvis am eklesiis garSemo sasaflaoa. Zveli samarxis pirebi gamovlinda

eklesiisaken mimaval gzaze, gzis mowesrigebis dros 2011 wels da mosaxleobam

saswrafod miayara maT miwa.

gadmocemiT, mamis wmida giorgis eklesiis qvebi gadmotanilia iediyidan, romlis

wmida giorgis saydari Semoseul saviarebs13 daungreviaT.

nasoflari iediyi, gadmocemiT, yansav yifianis rezidenciad iTvleba. amJamad es

teritoria, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis damsaxurebiT, xis RobiTaa Semoraguli da

daculi. nasaxlari vrcel mindorSi mdebareobs. igi yoveli mxridan tyiTaa

SemosazRvruli. SemorCenilia ramdenime mcire da mozrdili zomis nagebobis nangrevi,

romelTaganac erTi naeklesiaria. eklesias mosaxleoba „anRlab“-s uwodebs, anu igi

amaRlebis saxelobisaa. zedapiruli daTvalierebis dros gamovlinda ori CuqurTmiani

qva.

am teritoriaze Colurelebi ikribebian amaRlebis dResaswaulze. „iediySi

amaRlebas (anRlab) vloculobT. adre mTeli svaneTi, cageri, amaRlebas aq modiodnen,

12 TeTri jori grovdebodao. axla qvemo svanebi mivdivarT. saklavi migvyavs. es eklesia

yansav yifianis miwaze dgas, amaRlebis eklesia yansav yifianis karis eklesiaa. iq

sasaxlis nangrevebic aris. aqaurobis mxedarTmTavari yansav yifiani yofila. is mefesac

exmareboda, mefe maSin susti yofila da yansavisTvis uTqvams, saviarebis, lekebisa da

TaTrebisgan Sen unda daicva qveyanao. icavda kidec. bolos iq mokvda, sazRvris iqiT.

mteri gareka da ukan gzaSi Tovlma mouswro, iq aris misi saflavi, kavkasionis qedze“.

namosaxlarze, garda eklesiisa Semonaxulia sasaxlis nangrevi da kidev oTxi

nagebobis kvali da vrcel teritoriaze gafantuli saflavis qvebi.

yansav yifianis gaSenebulad iTvleba sofeli decili. decilis dasaxlebis

Seqmna osebis Semosevas ukavSirdeba: gadmocemiT, „yansavi qalaqSiao, osebs gaugiaT da

didi jariT gadmosulan, 214 cxeniT yofilan. wmida giorgis eklesia daungreviaT. wmida

giorgis yansavisTvis dauZaxia, sad xar, qveyanas mieSveleo. gamofrinda yansavis raSi.

gamoekida mters, decilSi daswevia osebs. yvela dauxocavs, mxolod eqvsi kacisTvis

SeunarCunebia sicocxle da oseTSi gaugzavnia _ SeuTvlia, Tu kidev gamoilaSqrebT,

erT kacsac ar gamovuSveb cocxalso. decilSi sul sisxliani yofila miwa. didi omi

Seqmnila. decilis `baxre liSial~ gviqvia am adgilisaTvis. nadavlic ukan wamouRiaT.

yansavs ufiqria, modi, decilsac davasaxlebo da iq sofeli dausaxlebia. didi sofeli

gamxdara decili. decilSi axla tyea. latfari rom iwyeba, iq lamarias eklesia dgas.

12 eqvTime TayaiSvili. arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi._ qarTuli emigrantuli literatura. dabruneba. mravaltomeli. t. 2. g. SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 114. 13 saviarebi, sav svanuri metyvelebiT gulisxmobs istoriuli savirebis miwa-wyals da xalxs, romelTa teritoriazec mogviano xanaSi ikveTeba balyarelebisa da yaraCaelebis dasaxlebebi. saliteraturo qarTulze, xSirad, `sav~ gadmotanilia òseTis” aRsaniSnavad. qvemo svaneTis tradiculi yofas axsovs CerqezTa da yabardoelTa Tavdasxmebic.

27

isic yansavs auSenebia, am xalxma xom unda ilocoso. xeoba axla sul namosaxlarebiT

aris mofenili. naqalaqarisxela adgilia“.

sxva gadmocemiT, „yansav yifianis jarma, rom mTa gadalaxa, iq TiTo qva yvelam

dado, gadmosvlisas, vinc davbrundebiT, aviRebT TiTo qvaso. cotaniRa gadarCenilan, iq

didi qvis gora darCa _ koSkiviT. axlac aris. `laWTunar~ hqvia im adgils“. `laWTunar~

svanurad `sawyevl~ adgils niSnavs.

yansav yifians brZola uwevda aramxolod gareSe mtrebTan, aramed moRalate

qarTvel feodalebTanac, romelTac ucxo jari SemohyavdaT saqarTvelos asaoxreblad.

am mxriv sainteresoa gadmocema yansav yifianisa da saqarTvelos moRalate wereTlis

Sesaxeb. mefis moRalate wereTlis mefes erTguli svanebis aoxreba gadauwyvetia da

lekebs dakavSirebia. lekebsac moswonebiaT es azri da svaneTs Sesevian. yansav yifians

taqtikuri xerxis gamouyenebiT mteri daumarcxebia: èrT dros mouyvania wereTels

laSxeTSi lekebis jari laSxeTis amosawyvetad. zemo laSxeTSi mravali amouwyvetia

mters. yansavi misula wereTelTan da uTqvams: xalxs nu amomiwyvet da rasac inebeb,

saCuqrad mogiZRvnio, xval ki sadils mogarTmev Sen da Sen jarso. wereTels gaxarebia.

meore dRes yansavs pur-marili soflisagan moSorebul mindorSi gauSlia. wereTels

saCuqrad Tofiswamali mouTxovia, Sen kargi Tofiswamlis damzadeba icio. finTixsac

dagimatebo, daTanxmebia yansavi. mteri Sedgomia nadims. yansavs qarTvelTa jari

moSorebiT Causafrebia da maTTvis uTqvams, roca ki wiTel Rvinos moviTxov, icodeT,

rom es brZolis niSani iqnebao, im wuTSi daiwyeT srolao. Sua sadilobis dros

yansavs wiTeli Rvino mouTxovia da qarTvelebs Tofebis srola autexavT, mteri alyaSi

mouqceviaT. zog leks gaqceva mouswria, magram maT yansavis molaSqre mdevari misweviaT

da Sgedis mTebSi amouwyvetiaT. ambis wamRebic ki ar dautovebiaT. amis Semdeg lekebi

veRar bedavdnen laSxeTSi SemoWras. verc wereTlebma gabedes SurisZieba. yansavi Zlier

kargi kaci yofila, yvelas sjabnida, yvelas imorCilebda. zogierTma leqsic icis

yansav yifianze, ukvdav-uberebels uwodeben~.14

yansav yifianis Sesaxeb legendebSi saomar iaraRad kaJiani Tofebi ixsenieba,

magaliTad, am gadmocemaSic: „lemzagorTan mosulan TaTrebi, yansav yifiani im dros

quTaisSi yofila, gaugia TaTrebis gadmosvla da gamouWenebia raSi. darevia TaTrebs da

erTic ar gauSvia cocxali, TaTrebsac kaJiani Tofebi hqoniaT, Cvenc. axlac

vloculobT iq lemzirebiT~.15

yansav yifianis saxeli ukavSirdeba kulturul-sameurneo aRmSeneblobasac. mis

dros gamouyvaniaT grZeli sarwyavi arxi, romelic daaxloebiT 30 kilometrze yofila

gadaWimuli da masSi Cadebuli yofila Tixis milebi.

yansav yifianis saxeli miTologizebulia. is legendis nawilia da istoriuli

maxsovrobis metad saintereso elements warmoadgens. „yansav yifians qariviT swrafi

raSi hyavda, is raSi wyals ar svamda, mxolod mJave wyals iyo miCveuli.“ „aRdgomas,

gamTeniisas erTs daviZaxeb: yansav yifiano, yansav yifiano, uberebelo da ukvdavo,

uberebelo da ukvdavo... _ man gadaarCina svaneTi saviarebisgan, me rom dRes qristiani

var da qarTveli mqvia, sul yansav yifianis amagia“.

gadmocemiT, yansav yifiani mterTan brZolas Seewira.

yifianTa sagvareulos cnobili vaJkacebis sagmiro istoriaa aRwerili kalas

TemSi Caweril leqsSi _ yifianaS maxeRvaJare (yifianT axalgazrdebo):

14 svanuri enis qrestomaTia. teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem, m. qaldanma da z. WumburiZem. a. SaniZisa da m. qaldanis redaqciiT. Tsu. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi. 21. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 247-248. 15 lemzir _ sefiskveris pagnizebuli saxeoba svaneTSi.

28

`yifianT axalgazrdebo,

kviras (iyo) Tqveni kreba,

saxevoSi Tqveni kreba.

mze ganaTebT, mTvare,

yvela msgavsi RmerTebisa (Tavadebisa);

feri gedvaT oqrosi,

Tqveni mzera samoTxe(a).

dagiwyiaT svla wasvla,

riyis zemoT midixarT,

kargs yifians warmogiTqvams:

òÁ dasaqcevo axlandelo mgzavrobav!

marcxena mxari memowmeba,

memowmeba cud (rames).

erTi ukan moixeda,

cremlebi gadmoscvivda msxvil-msxvili.

òÁ dasaqcevo, rogor mezareba

mocileba Cemi kargi colisa,

cixe-qalaq saxl-koSkisa,

wyvil-wyvili Cemi ganZebisa!~

dabiSs zemoT movsulvarT,

qoCuli yaflans exveva.

_ Se qoCul, rasa Svrebi?

_ mocileba mezareba yifianebisa.

jaraSduyva, xumrob.

`ratom ar gveqneba sicil-xumroba,

amaRamis sadgomi me meguleboda

xvasgaraSis gamoqvabulebSi,

vaxSami droze gveqnes!~

karg yifians daeZina.

SuaRamis dros

jaraSduyvam gareT gaixeda:

`dari da avdari ra iqneba~.

`Cven sabraloni, Cven sacodavni!

Semogvrtymian samkecad

es urjulo savebi.

salams TofebiT gvaZleven!~

yifians sikvdili ver gaugia,

jaraSduyva gadamxtarxar:

ò warmarTo qoCul Cemo,

aba, rogor vivargebT,

savebi gvlaSqraven~~

zeviT kldeze jaraSduyva,

qveviT xevSi savebi,

brZola Cveni sjobda.

qristes dalocvlili jaraSduyva!

dasakidi misi yirimuli

swraf swrafad scemda.

rva-cxra mouklavs,

29

iqiT qoCuls gasZaxis:

`yifiani sisxlauRebeli ar dagvrCes!~

qoCuli dekaSi (SqerSi) imaleba,

Camomxtar jaraSduyva,

miuCoqda karg yifians:

ò, sixarulo, kargo yifiano,

Sen usisxlari ar damrCenixar,

risi dardi geqneba?

Sen aq ar dagtoveb,

sulis rigs kargs gizam,

colsa da Svils oxrad ar dagiyri,

adgil-mamuls (`ca-miwas~) ar mogikleb!~

es leqsi Cawerilia dekanoz besarion niJaraZis mier ifarSi, qavza xorguanis

TqmiT 1881 wlis seqtemberSi. 16 vfiqrob, SesaZlebelia am leqsiseuli `kargi yifiani~-s

gaigiveba yansav yifianTan.

istoriul maxsovrobiT, yansavis daRupvis Semdeg yifianTa Sto TandaTan

dasustebula.

yifianTa feodaluri saxlis gandevna qvemo svaneTidan, istoriuli maxsovrobiT,

ukavSirdeba dadians, romelsac miznad hqonda dasaxuli caniswylis (cxeniswylis)

xeobis svaneTis dapyroba, magram ufrTxoda yifianTa sagvareulos. gadmocemiT, dadians

mouqrTamavs gigo gelovani, romlis meSveobiTac TandaTan amowyvetilan yifianebi da

maTi nawili, romelic ukve veRar ewinaaRmdegeboda dadianis Semotevas, ayrila Tavisi

mamulidan da sacxovreblad gadasula raWaSi.17

Sgedis yifianebi amowyvetilan uSgulelebTan Setakebis dros.18

Semonaxulia saintereso gadmocemebi zemo svaneTis yifianTa Sesaxebac: wvirmis

mflobel yifianebis glexs mestieli jafariZeebis glexi Semokvdomia. gamarTula

sasamarTlo da yifianebis glexs gadauxdia sisxlis swori. amis miuxedvad jafariZeebs

yifianebis glexi daubegravT. glexi erTxans ixdida begaras, Semdeg ki yifianebs

SescodebiaT glexi da SeuwyvetinebiaT misTvis jafariZeTa sasargeblo begaris

gadaxda. jafariZeebi TavianTi glexebiTurT Tavs dasxmian wvirmis da moundomebiaT

saqonlis gataceba. gamarTula brZola. gamarjveba jafariZeebs darCeniaT.19

leqsSi `qavza~ aRwerilia wvrmiSi CasiZebuli qavzas tragikuli cxovreba. am

leqsSi CvenTvis sainteresoa qavzas amxanagis, boroti bobzikis muxanaTuri qmedeba, ris

Sedegadac wvirmis yifianebi daRupulan da maTi miwa-wyali miuTvisebiaT qurdianebs:

ìm dros yifianebi eomebian

mulaxis aznaur qurdanebs.

bobziks sityva hqonda

mulaxis qurdanebisgan.

qurdani eubneba Tavais bobziks:

16 svanuri poezia. I. simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam, m. gujejianma._ masalebi qarTvelur enaTa SeswavlisaTvis. II. Tbilisi, gv. 12-15. 17 svanuri enis qrestomaTia.teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem, m. qaldanma da z. WumburiZem. a. SaniZisa da m. qaldanis redaqciiT. Tsu. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi. 21. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 248-249. 18 svanuri enis qrestomaTia. teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem, m. qaldanma da z. WumburiZem. a. SaniZisa da m. qaldanis redaqciiT. Tsu. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi. 21. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 62-63. 19 svanuri enis qrestomaTia. teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem, m. qaldanma da z. WumburiZem. a. SaniZisa da m. qaldanis redaqciiT. Tsu. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi. 21. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 61.

30

yifans Sen Tu mohklav,

saxl-kars me mogcem~.

bobziks yifiani mouklavs,

qurdanma wyarosTan sasaxel misca,

Tormeti dRiuri yana, -

eseni saCuqrad miucia.

amiT qurdani xarobs,

mTeli fari Sin hyolia;

dauwyebeli qvevri dauwyia,

didi xaric dauklavs,

zeimi kargi gadauxdia

yifianis mokvlisaTvis~.

leqsi Cauweria eTnograf da mxareTmcodne sebi guledans mestiaSi levan

nigurianis TqmiT (50 wlisa).20

istoriis rekonstruirebisa da misi mudmivi reprezentaciis mTavari motivi

xalxis ganwyobaa, anu, is faqtorebi, rac qmnis koleqtiur ganwyobebsa da maxsovrobas.

am mxriv, garda naratiuli wyaroebisa da nivTieri masalisa, cxadia, sayuradReboa

zepiri saistorio wyaroebic. roland TofCiSvilis marTebuli dakvirvebiT legenda-

gadmocemebis `saSualebiT saqarTvelos istoriis araerT sakiTxs SeiZleba farda

aexados~, 21 radganac folklori (legenda, gadmocema, leqsi, andrezi, araki...) realuri

istoriis mravali ambis anarekls Seicavs. xolo rodesac tradiciuli mentalobis ama

Tu im mxareze vsaubrobT, istoriuli maxsovrobis danaSrevebs gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba, radganac mentalobaze saubari SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod ama

Tu im lokalur erTeulTan – adamianTa mWidrod SekavSirebul (saerTo warsuli,

sacxovrisi, kultura...) jgufTan mimarTebaiT. 22 jgufebis azrovnebis stereotipebi,

rasakvirvelia, yvelaze TvalsaCinod maT folklorSi aisaxeba. am kuTxiT, uaRresad

sagulisxmo meToduri xasiaTis miTiTeba mocemulia elene virsalaZis Teoriuli

xasiaTis werilSi. mkvlevari xalxuri Semoqmedebis mTavar maCveneblebs gamokveTs: 1.

individualur-SemoqmedebiTi aqtis dros mTqmelis fsiqologia moqceulia koleqtiuri

fsiqologiuri energiis velSi. 2. mTqmeli efuZneba koleqtiur-gamocdilebas, iyenebs

koleqtivis mier Seqmnil da dagrovil saxeebsa Tu Sexedulebebs. 3. mTqmeli

improvizacias axdens koleqtivis winaSe da cxadia, imyofeba koleqtivis gemovnebis

kontrolqveS. 4. rogorc improvizacia, aseve individualuri lirika mniSvnelovani

xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mas miiRebs koleqtivi. amis Semdeg es nawarmoebi

xdeba saerTo miRweva, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi eZleva daviwyebas.23

yansav yifianis ciklTan dakavSirebuli svanuri enografiuli masala yovelive

zemoTqmulis naTeli magaliTia. yansavis moRvaweobis amsaxveli sagmiro epizodebi, misi

siqvele, Tavganwirva, siyvaruli samSoblosadmi qmnis suraTs gmirisa, romelic

mfarvelia svaneTisa, qveSevrdomebisa da, rac mTavaria, erTgulia mefisa. anu, yansav

yifianis xateba aerTianebs im saukeTeso Tvisebebs, rac ki SeiZleba qarTvels

damaxsovreboda ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi.

20 svanuri poezia. I. simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam, m. gujejianma._ masalebi qarTvelur enaTa SeswavlisaTvis. II. Tbilisi, gv. 72-75. 21 roland TofCiSvili. zepiri saistorio wyaroebi._Jurnali `klio~, #3, 1998. gv. 143. 22 Гуревич А. Я. Проблема ментальностей в современной историографии. Всеобщая история: Дискуссии, новые подходы, вып. I. Москва, 1989, стр.75-88. 23 elene virsalaZe. zemo svaneTSi folkloruli mivlinebis mokle angariSi._ literaturuli Ziebani. t. VIII. Tbilisi, 1953.

31

yansav yifianis droindelma òqros xanam~ waruSleli kvali datova svaneTis

mosaxleobis istoriul maxsovrobaSi. es momentebi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Semoinaxa

`koleqtiuri xsovnis~ yvelaze cocxalma wyarom _ folklorma. folklorSi xom

`gmiris ideali feTqavs da am gmiris saxeSi Tavmoyrilia eris saukeTeso Tvisebebi da

interesebi~.24

amrigad, 1. svaneTis Sua saukuneebis yofaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

yifianTa feodalur sagvareulos.

2. yifianTa gansaxlebis areali sakmaod vrcelia da moicavs zemo da qvemo

svaneTis ramdenime sofels.

3. Semonaxulia yifianTa samosaxloebi, nasaxlarebi, koSkebi, sasaflaoebi,

freskebi, maT Soris konkretdeba uSualod yansav yifianTan dakavSirebuli

materialuri kulturis Zeglebi.

4. gadmocemebs yifianTa sagvareulos Sesaxeb didi adgili ukaviaT svaneTis

yofaSi, xolo yansav yifiani `gmiris~ yvela maxasiaTeblis matrebeli krebiTi saxea.

5. realuri monacemebiT, materialuri kulturis ZeglebiTa da istoriuli

maxsovrobis faqtebiT dasturdeba yansav yifianis, rogorc cnobili sardlis,

moRvawisa da gmiris arseboba, savaraudod, meCvidmete saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis.

6. yansav yifianis xateba aris mkveTrad miTologizebuli, rac qarTvel mTielTa

mentalobis tipur da universalur sistemaSi sruliad bunebrivi eTnografiuli

artefaqtia.

7. legenda-gadmocemebiT ikveTeba svaneTis sazogadoebis sxvadasxva saWirboroto

sakiTxi, rac identuria imdroindeli saqarTvelos problematikisa: feodalTa urTierT

dapirispireba; uwyveti brZola gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic istoriis am

etapze, svaneTisTvis, arian Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi; brZola Sinaur mtrebTanac,

romlebic iyeneben daqiravebul meomrebs Crdilo kavkasiidan.

8. gadmocemaTa analiziT aRdgeba meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneebis svaneTis

yofa-cxovrebis bevri elmenti: saomari wyoba, saomari aRWurviloba da iaraRi, brZolis

xerxebi, cnobil meomarTa saxelebi, maTi sagmiro saqmeni, meomris sagzlis saxeobani,

tradiciuli samosis variaciebi, urTierTobebi mezobel TemTa Soris, maTi

dapirispirebis an damegobrebis ganmapirobebeli mizezebi.

9. siuJeturi qarga leqsebisa Tu gadmocemebisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

miTologizebulia, magram maTSi naxsenebi yofisa da kulturis elementebi saSualebas

gvaZlevs aRvadginoT aRwerili siuJetis miaxloebiTi dro, aseve, gamovkveToT

istoriis sxvadasxva etapis danaSrevebi ama Tu im legendaze.

amrigad, tradiciul qarTul yofaSi dRemde Semonaxul istoriul faqtTagan

gansaxilvelad arCeuli Tema _ yansav yifiani da misi sagvareulo _ erTgvari krebiTi

saxiT avlens qarTvelTa istoriuli maxsovrobis mTavar maxasiaTeblebs: cnobili

gmiris _ sociumisaTvis mniSvnelovani niSan-TvisebebiT gamorCeuli adamianis _ saxelis

xangrZliv xsovnas da mis miTologizebas; mimdinare drois erTgvar `SeCerebas~ maTze

saubrisas da mTxrobelis mxridan aSkara Tanagancdas siuJeturi qargisa. ikveTeba ra

qarTuli xalxuri mentalobis saerTo markerebi, vlindeba misi lokaluri _ svanuri

maxasiaTeblebic da es Taviseburebebi keTili tonalobebiT amdidrebs qarTul

erovnul istoriul (koleqtiur, socialur) maxsovrobas da misi reprezentaciis mudmiv

wyarodac gvevlineba.

24 elene virsalaZe.zemo svaneTSi folkloruli mivlinebis mokle angariSi._ literaturuli Ziebani. t. VIII. Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 21.

32

yansav yifianis rezidenciisa da amaRlebis eklesiis nangrevebi

sofel iediySi

33

nasoflar decilis koSki qvis jvari sofel mamis eklesiasTan, gadmotanili sofel iediyis eklesiidan

34

Rozeta Gujejiani

The Representation of the Histor

y – Kansav Kipiani – Legend or Reality?

Summary The factor of representation of the history in Georgian life is noticeable and still active. Many aspects of the

traditional ideology are caused by the facts of the social (collective, historical) memory. In the scientific society the interest towards the collective memory as the research theme (Memory Studies) is gradually actualizing. These types of research are very important for Georgia, where the most part of the narrative sources were lost due to the various objective reasons (wars, the destruction of the royal chancelleries and libraries by the conquerors). The Georgian ethnological school will traditionally use the oral sources for reconstructing the history. The concrete themes give us the opportunity to make many interesting conclusions. The existed and periodically restored mythologized image of Kansav Kipiani in the historical memory is an interesting fact for such studies. The paper specifies the resettlement area of the Kipiani family, the individual representatives of this family; it is approved with the combination of the ethnographical and archaeological materials and the historical sources. The information found about Kansav Kipiani and the factors causing his mythologization are emphasized. It became possible to identify the material artifacts related to the name and ownership of Kansav Kipiani in Kvemo (Lower) Svaneti. The following conclusions were made: 1. In the medieval life of Svaneti the feudal family of Kipiani takes a special place. 2. The resettlement area of Kipiani family is vast and includes the villages of Zemo (Upper) and Kvemo (Lower) Svaneti. 3. The former settlements, palaces, towers, cemeteries, frescoes of Kipiani family are preserved. 4. The legends about Kipiani family take a great place in the life of Svaneti and create the main segment of the historical memory in Kvemo (Lower) Svaneti. 5. According to the real data, the monuments of the material culture and the facts of the historical memory, the existence of Kansav Kipiani, the famous commander, the public man and the hero is proved presumably in the second half of the XVII century. 6. The image of Kansav Kipiani is highly mythologized, and this is the natural ethnographic artifact for the typical and universal system of Georgian mountaineers’ mentality.

35

avTandil kiknaZe, profesori

molaparakebebis warmarTvis amerikuli stili

diplomatiur molaparakebeბSi garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba erovnul xasiaTs,

stils, qcevas, romelSic aisaxeba erovnuli kultura, istoriuli warsuli, tradiciebi,

wes-Cveulebebi.

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis procesis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebi, iseve

rogorc memuaruli literatura, kidev erTxel xazs usvams Tu rogor gavlenas axdens

erovnuli gansxvavebebi da Taviseburebebi molaparakebebis procesze. diplomatiuri

molaparakebebis erovnuli stili mecnierebisTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso Temad

bolo sam aTwleulSi iqca (bermani, zartmani, zonenfeldi, fiSeri, iura, karasi,

kenedi, koeni, ionsoni, kvandi, makdonaldi, Sarfi da a.S.).

unda aRiniSnos, rom diplomatiuri molaparakebebis Seswavlis ZiriTad meTodad

gamoiyeneba SedarebiTi analizis meTodi.1

mkvlevarTa daintereseba am TemiT gamoiwvia suverenuli saxelmwifoebis,

saerTaSoriso globaluri problemebis, saerTaSoriso da regionaluri konfliqtebis,

saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis raodenobis mkveTrma zrdam, ara marto

saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis doneze, aramed sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo

organizaciebisa da asociaciebis, sajaro, religiuri, teroristuli, saqmiani

urTierTobebisa da fizikur pirebs Soris molaparakebebis procesis saWiroebam da

gafarToebam.

am kvlevebs pasuxi unda gaeca iseT kiTxvebze, rogorebicaa: aqvs Tu ara gavlena

erovnul Taviseburebebs molaparakebebSi monawileTa qcevebze da molaparakebebis

Sedegebze? Tu axdens zegavlenas, raSi gamoixateba igi? arsebobs ki saerTod

nacionaluri molaparakebebis stilis gavlenis cneba? Tu arsebobs, raSi gamoixateba

igi?

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleli mkvlevarebi erovnuli Taviseburebebis rols

molaparakebebSi sxvadasxvanairad ganixilaven, yvela aRiarebs maT arsebobas 2 (Tumca,

zogi fiqrobs, rom aseTi Taviseburebebi saerTod ar arsebobs, an Tu arsebobs mas

aranairi gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia molaparakebis procesze, miT umetes Sedegze,

xolo danarCenebi fiqroben, rom problemebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba molaparakebebis

procesSi, ZiriTadad gamowveulia erovnuli Taviseburebebis gamo).

Svedi mkvlevaris ionsonis azriT, erovnuli interesebis Tanxvedris dros

nacionaluri Taviseburebani did rols ar TamaSobs. konfliqtis warmoSobisas ki

nacionaluri Taviseburebebi gamodis wina planze. molaparakebebis erovnul stilSi igulisxmeba erovnuli xasiaTisa da kulturis

Tavisebureba, umetesad azrovnebis, aRqmisa da qcevis gavrcelebuli Taviseburebani,

1 Zartman I. W. Berman M. R. The practical Negotiator. New Haven,Yale Uni. Press. 1982. 2daniel drakmeni. molaparakebebis warmarTva saerTaSoriso konteqstSi. Targmani qarTul enaze. Tbilisi, 2009.

36

romlebic zemoqmedebas axdens molaparakebebis procesisTvis mzadebasa da mis

warmarTvaze.

SevecadoT ganvazogadoT molaparakebis procesi, ganvixiloT molaparakebis

warmarTvis erovnuli stilis Taviseburebebi konkretuli qveynis aSS-is magaliTze.3

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom iseve rogorc diplomatiuri molaparakebebis

Teoriuli kvlevis saqmeSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes amerikelma

mecnierebma, aseve amerikelma diplomatebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrules

molaparakebebis warmarTvis amerikuli stilis CamoyalibebaSi.4

britaneli mkvlevari p. Sarpi mivida im daskvnamde, rom amerikel diplomatebTan

urTierTobisas yoveli momlaparakebeli dgeba sami problemis winaSe: materialuri,

ideologiuri da enobrivi. pirveli dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom amerikeli diplomatebi

molaparakebebze warmoaCenen Tavis qveyanas, ufro mdidarsa da Zliers, vidre romelime

sxvas. meore problema gamomdinareobs pirvelidan da mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

amerikelebi yovelTvis darwmunebulni arian TavianT simarTleSi. mesame problema ki

aris is, rom saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis umetesoba tardeba inglisur enaze – da

amerikelTa martivi formulirebebi, romlebic SesaZloa Zalian martivi mogeCvenoT,

xSir SemTxvevebSi malavdes SedarebiT rTul sakiTxebs, poziciebsa da prioritetebs.5

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom amerikeli momlaparakebeli yovelTvis kargad aris

momzadebuli molaparakebebisaTvis, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia profesionalizmi,

gaxsniloba, damoukidebloba, pragmatuloba. amerikelebSi mwvaved dgas Sida

molaparakebebis problema, sxvadasxva uwyebebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic aseve arian

CarTulni qveynis sagareo politikuri gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da

ganxorcielebis saqmeSi, rogorc saxelmwifo departamenti, magaliTad: Tavdacvis

saministro, prezidentis administracia, dazvervis centraluri sammarTvelo, erovnuli

usafrTxoebis sabWo, kongresi da sxva. Tumca, am uwyebebTan poziciebis

TanxvedrisTanave amerikuli diplomatebi, delegaciis wevrebi damoukidebelni arian

gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros.

molaparakebebze amerikelebi koncentrirebas axdenen ZiriTad problemaze,

miiswrafian gamoavlinon da ganixilon ara marto saerTo SesaZlo saSualebebi

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, aramed detalebic, romlebic dakavSirebulia samomavlo

SeTanxmebis SesrulebasTan. isini cdiloben Tavisi miznis miRwevas, uyvarT da

SeuZliaT vaWroba, xandaxan agresiulebi Canan, SesaZloa uxeSebic. molaparakebebs

yovelTvis marTaven specialistebi, romelTac zurgs umagrebT eqspertTa

profesionalTa jgufebi. amerikelebi upiratesobas aniWeben argumentaciis induqciur

meTods, mizez-Sedegobriv argumentebs, romelic saboloo daskvnas faqtebiT amyarebs.6

amerikeli momlaparakebeli upiratesobas aniWebs araformalur urTierTobebs,

naklebad cdilobs molaparakebebis etapebs mihyves, xSirad demokratiuloba

gamoixateba moZvelebul protokolze uaris TqmiT. amerikelTa swrafva araformaluri

urTierTobebisaken SeiZleba gadaizardos familiarobaSi. amerikelebs naklebad

ainteresebT maRalfardovani sityvebiT saubari, isini dainteresebulni arian dRis

wesrigSi arsebuli sakiTxebis operatiuli ganxilviT da rac SeiZleba swrafad

momgebiani gadawyvetilebis miRebiT.

3 John McDonald. American negotiation style on the American Diplomacy webpage (2001). 4 Rojot J. Negotiation: From Theory to practice. London. Macmillan. 1991. 5 Stempel John D. The American Approach to Negotiation – Its Virtues and Vices. University of Kentucky: Patterson School of Diplomacy. 2001. 6 John McDonald. American negotiation style on the American Diplomacy webpage (2001).

http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/

http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/

37

amerikelebi mediis mniSvnelobidan da misdami pativiscemis gamo did yuradRebas

uTmoben presasTan urTierTobas.7

amerikelebi problemis gadawyvetisas cdiloben ganixilon ara mxolod saerTo

midgomebi, aramed detalebic, romlebic dakavSirebulia SeTanxmebis realizebasTan.

isini adamianebSi afaseben gulaxdilobasa da patiosnebas, swrafad iwyeben saqmis arsis

ganxilvas, ar kargaven dros formalobebze. arcTu iSviaTad avlenen egocentrizms,

sjeraT, rom molaparakebebSi monawile partnioric aseve unda xelmZRvanelobdes im

wesebiT, romelsac Tavad icaven. ar uyvarT saubris dros Sesvenebebi, xalxSi afaseben

punqtualobas, yovelTvis daTqmul dros midian Sexvedrebze da Tvlian rom dagvianeba

yovlad dauSvebelia da mas gamarTleba ar aqvs. maTTvis misaRebi molaparakebebis

periodi aris naxevari saaTidan erT saaTamde da upiratesobas aniWeben erTi erTze

Sexvedras. amerikelebma ician da uyvarT vaWroba, arcTu cota dros uTmoben sxvadasxva

sakiTxebis ganxilvas – egreT wodebul „kompleqsur“ gadawyvetilebebs. saqmiani

molaparakebebis dros xSirad TviTonac sTavazoben monawileebs am pakets. maT ar

aSinebT riski, maT aSinebT partnioris arakompetenturoba.8

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis warmarTvis amerikuli stili gamoirCeva

liderobisken. naTlad gamoxatuli swrafviT amerikeli politikosebi siamayiT

aRniSnaven imas, rom maT stils hyavs Tavisi Tayvanismcemlebi da mimdevrebi

sazRvargareT, xolo amerikeli diplomatebi da politikosebi xdebian safuZvliani

Seswavlisa da mibaZvis obieqtebi. zbignev bJezinski xazs usvams imas, rom dResdReobiT

inglisel da iaponel politikosebs Zalzed marTebulad miaCniaT gadmoiRon amerikeli

prezidentebis „Sinauruli manera, mxardaWeris grZnoba da sazogadoebasTan

urTierTobis taqtika“.

diplomatiuri molaparakebebis amerikuli stili, upirveles yovlisa, gamoirCeva

amerikeli diplomatebisa da politikosebis miswrafebiT Seupovrad daicvan TavianTi

universaluri Rirebulebebi. TviTon amerikeli diplomatebi aRniSnaven imas, rom arc

erTi eri ar iyo ufro pragmatuli yoveldRiur diplomatiur moRvaweobaSi da ufro

ideologizirebuli Tavis miswrafebaSi mihyves istoriulad Camoyalibebul moralur

normebs vidre amerikelebi. h. kisinjeris azriT, amerikuli nacionaluri stili

gamoirCeva gamokveTili ambivalentobiT izolacionizmsa da hegemonias Soris,

patriarqaluri warsulis nostalgiiTa da idealuri momavlisaken miswrafebas Soris.

mas miaCnia, rom dRes amerika unda iqces „gzis manaTebel Suqurad“ mTeli

msofliosaTvis da ganaviTaros Tavisi idealebi da Rirebulebebi mTeli msoflios

masStabiT.

Tumca, amave dros, arsebobs seriozuli saSiSroeba imisa, rom msoflio lideroba

SeiZleba gadavides hegemoniaSi da zedmeti ambiciurobis gamo sayovelTao siZulvilSi

gadaizardos garkveuli qveynebis mxridan. am safrTxeze miuTiTeben mravali

Tanamedrove politologebi da politikosebi. Tavis axal wignSi „arCevani: msoflio

batonoba an globaluri lideroba“ z. bJezinski ganixilavs molaparakebebis amerikul

stils swored am rakursSi: batonoba an lideroba. amerikuli hegemoniis saWiroebas

msoflio politikaSi is xsnis geopolitikuri qaosis Tavidan acilebiT. bJezinski

aSinebs msoflios demografiuli afeTqebisa da migraciis damangreveli SedegebiT,

romelic gamowveuli iqneba siRaribiT, radikaluri urbanizaciiT, agreTve eTnikuri da

religiuri mtrobiT da gamanadgurebeli masobrivi iaraRis gavrcelebiT, Tumca

erTpolaruli msoflios pirobebSi es procesebi Cvens Tvalwin viTardeba stiqiurad

7 Ibid. 8 INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION: ANALYSIS, APPROACHES, ISSUES (Victor A. Kremenyuk ed., 2d. ed. 2002).

38

da ukontrolod. amerikeli politologi amerikis hegemoniis or SesaZlo stilistur

alternativas xedavs: batonoba dafuZnebuli Zalaze an lideroba dafuZnebuli

TanamSromlobaze da Tanxmobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom is irCevs liderobis stils

msoflio politikaSi, misi koncefcia paradoqsuli gamosaxulebiT aerTianebs

hegemonias demokratiis elementebTan. „hegemonuri lideroba“ varaudobs imas, rom

„amerikuli globaluri hegemonia marTavs amerikul demokratias“. bJezinski Riad

gviCvenebs aseTi mmarTvelobis meqanizmebs: 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers aSS-Si momxdari

teraqtebis Semdeg prezident j. buSis gakeTebuli gancxadebebidan 15 Tvis ganmavlobaSi

Canda, rom man sajarod, aranakleb 100-jer gamoiyena amerikuli frTiani frazis „vinc

CvenTan ar aris, is Cvens winaaRmdegaa“ ramdenime modificirebuli varianti.9

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amerikuli hegemoniiis globaluri stili Riad efuZneba

axal sainformacio teqnologiebs, romelic msoflio masStabiT marTavs sazogadoebriv

azrs, xolo informaciuli fantomebi moxerxebulad iyeneben maT, raTa gaamarTlon

amerikis hegemonia msoflioSi.

amerikuli mentalobis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare molaparakebisas saWiroa xazi

gavusvaT imas, rom amerikeli politikosebi da diplomatebi Cveulebriv upiratesobas

aniWeben motivaciebs da ara struqturul faqtorebs. maTTvis mniSvnelovania gavlena

moaxdinon qcevaze, vidre TavianTi oponentebis gaTvlebze. amis mizezebs zogierTi

amerikeli politologi xedavs imaSi, rom amerikelebi ormagi standartebiT udgebian

istoriis gakveTilebs. amerikul filmebSi xSir SemTxvevaSi gviCveneben raime dramatul

istoriul movlenas da borotmoqmeds gviCveneben keTilad imis dasturad, rom warsuli

ar TamaSobs ganmsazRvrel rols da yovelTvis SeiZleba yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba. 10

istoriis aseTi abstragireba saSualebas iZleva ganaviTaros amerikul politikur

kulturaSi universaluri adamianis gamosaxuleba, romelic cxovrobs universaluri

kanonebiT da ar aris damokidebuli warsulze, geografiasa da sxva msgavs

garemoebebze. amerikuli stili aqcents akeTebs politikuri teqnologiebis

universalobaze, romelic araa damokidebuli nacionalur specifikaze. eWvgareSea, rom

aseTi aqcentireba miznad isaxavs xazi gausvas amerikuli liderobis universalobas

molaparakebebis dros da metwilad propagandistul xasiaTs atarebs. Zalian zustad

SeniSna s. hantingtonma, rom „imperializmi aris universalizmis gardauvali Sedegi“.11

aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikelebi Zalzed praqtikulebi da pragmatulebi arian

molaparakebebSi nebismier partniorebTan urTierTobaSi. molaparakebebis dros isini

mzad arian imsjelon gamoTqmul varaudebze empiriuli monacemebiT da miaCniaT, rom

gza WeSmaritebisken gadis cdebisa da Secdomebis meTodebze. amitom maT winaSe

dayenebuli winadadebebi unda iyos realuri da konkretuli. molaparakebebze

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros amerikelebi eWidebian induqciis princips

da faqtebze dayrdnobiT TavianT mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT moqmedeben. Aamerikelebi,

rogorc wesi, Znelad aRiqvamen kritikas TavianTi misamarTiT, sakmarisad

Tavdajerebulni arian da iReben mxolod im mtkicebulebebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia

faqtebze: sxvisi poziciis moraluri gamarTleba, rogorc wesi, maTze naklebad

moqmedebs. amerikelebis umravlesoba amayobs Tavisi TavisuflebiT da cxovrebis wesiT.

bevri amerikeli mkvlevari xazs usvams amerikul vnebas eqperimentirebisken,

samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom jer kidev amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi iyvnen erTgulni

politikuri eqsperimentebisadmi da maT mier Seqmnil respublikas ekidebodnen, rogorc

9 12.INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION: ANALYSIS, APPROACHES, ISSUES (Victor A. Kremenyuk ed., 2d. ed. 2002). 10 http://negotiationguidance.com/2012/05/25/american-negotiating-style-part-1. 11 http://negotiationguidance.com/2012/05/25/american-negotiating-style-part-1.

39

„sarisko da saeWvo saqmianobas“. didwilad swored am mizezis gamo amerikelebma

daijeres, rom maT marTla SeuZliaT gardaqmnan msoflio axleburad. maT gulwrfelad

sjeraT, rom amerikeli eri aris gamorCeuli eri, romelsac Seswevs Zala gadaarCinos

codvebSi Cafluli msoflio. am TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod simboluria amerikis erT-erTi

prezidentis vudro vilsonis sityvebi: „Cven movevlineT samyaros, raTa gadavarCinoT

msoflio Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis micemiT“. dResdReobiT aSS-is saSinao

politikaSi gansakuTrebiT mJRavndeba mesianeroba, rac dakavSirebulia maTi

globaluri liderobis pretenziebze.

molaparakebebis dros amerikelebis amoCemebuli taqtikaa moqnili balansireba

sapirispiro nacionalur interesebs Soris. gamomdinare iqidan, rom arian fxizeli da

miukerZoebeli adamianebi, isini upiratesobas aniWeben situaciur analizs da SeuZliaT

swrafad gadaewyon sxva talRaze. amerikuli sagareo politikis taqtikis Sinaarsi

zustad gansazRvra tomas jefersonma: `Cven unda davikavoT neitraluri pozicia or

metoqe ers Soris da davrCeT miukerZoebelni im dromde, sanam saWiroeba ar moiTxovs

amas da Cven jamSi SegviZlia mivuerTdeT im mters, romelmac Cven dagvayena aseTi

saWiroebis winaSe“. swored aseTi midgomiT iqceodnen amerikelebi ori msoflio omis

dros mimdinare molaparakebebSi.

sakiTxi, rogor mivaRwioT ama Tu im mizans amerikeli momlaparakeblebisaTvis

aris sakvanZo da am TvalsazrisiT maTTvis mizani yovelTvis amarTlebs saSualebas.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom amerikeli diplomatebis gancxadebebSi praqtikulad ar

aris faruli zraxvebi. rogorc frangma filosofosma bodriiarma aRniSna, principuli

gansxvaveba evropelisa amerikelisgan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini gamoxataven TavianT

Tanxmobas. evropelebi xSirad Tanxmdebian, raTa mere yvelaferi uaryon; roca

amerikeli geubneba, rom is geTanxmebaT, is gamoTqvams amas „gulwrfelad, yovelgvari

cudi zraxvebis gareSe“. amasTan erTad is daamtkicebs Tqvens analizs faqtebiTa da

statistikiT, radgan amerikelisaTvis statistika warmoadgens stimuls, warmatebis

maCvenebels.

molaparakebebis warmarTvis amerikuli stili yovelTvis gamoirCeva maRali

profesionalizmiT: amerikelebi praqtikulad yovelTvis kompetenturni arian

molaparakebis nebismier sakiTxSi. isini varaudoben, rom maTi partniorebic iseve

kargad arian momzadebulni, amitom maTgan moelian swraf reagirebas arsebul

informaciaze da TviTonac sakmarisad swrafad reagireben. aRsaniSnavia amerikuli

delegaciis maRali damoukidebloba molaparakebis procesSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

dros. nebismieri problemis gadaWris dros amerikelebi miiswrafvian Tavidanve

ganixilon SeTanxmebis saerTo „CarCoebi“ da ZiriTadi midgomebi, rom ar Cavardnen

zedmet formalobaSi detalebis Sesaxeb, amjobineben SeaTanxmon isini molaparakebis

msvlelobisas. amavdroulad isini midrekilni ar arian mkacrad misdion

molaparakebebis procesis winaswar dagegmil scenars da etapebs, romelic upiratesad

dayrdnobilia situaciur analizze. amerikelebi swrafad reagireben yvelaferze da

molaparakebebs sZenen maRal temps, rac molaparakebebis procesis models amsgavsebs

video TamaSs. Zalian xSirad isini toveben Seupovrebisa da agresiuli partniorebis

STabeWdilebas: es aris maTi tradiciuli stili da ara TavianTi damokidebulebebis

gamovlineba oponentisadmi. 12

fsiqologebi aRniSnaven amerikuli xasiaTis optimisturobas, amerikelebis

miswrafebas gaxsnilobisaken, maT energiulobasa da keTilmosurneobas. yvelaze

marTebulad amerikuli Rimili ironiulad aRwera bodriiarma: „...aq Tqven giRimian ara

12 Каррас Честер Ли. Искусство ведения переговоров. Москва, 2007.

40

Tavazianobis an mowonebis mizniT. es Rimili niSnavs mxolod saWiroebis Rimils. raRac

katis Rimilis msgavss: is didxans rCeba saxeze, imis Semdeg roca yvela emocia gaqra.

yovel wams Tqven gCuqnian Rimils, magram is rCeba Seucvlelad da arafers gamoxatavs.

Tqven giRimian yovelgvari cudi ganzraxvis gareSe da swored es gayenebT distanciaze.

Rimili acivebs vnebas... „es qveyana kargia, me TviTonac kargi var da Cven yvelani

saukeTesoebi varT“. 13

molaparakebebze amerikelebi Cveulebrivi keTilmegobruli maneriT gamoirCevian,

amis ukan raime gansakuTrebuli ar dgas _ molaparakebebis Sedegebi damokidebuli

iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad xelsayrelia an araxelsayrelia maTTvis ganxiluli

winadadeba. miuxedavad amisa, sakiTxis ganxilvis stili amerikelebTan molaparakebis

dros _ optimisturia.14

rogorc wesi, amerikelebi amjobineben molaparakebebis Catarebis arc ise

oficialur atmosferos, miiswrafvian gaaerTianon oficialuri Sexvedrebi

araoficialurTan, xandaxan liderebTan Sexvedrebze halstuxis gareSec midian. es

dakavSirebulia maRali pativiscemiT liderebisken da liderobisken, imaTTvis vinc

SeZlo da aRmoCnda simaRleze. liderobis kulti _ amerikelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebaa, amitom molaparakebebis dros aqcenti keTdeba pirveli pirebis Sexvedrebsa da

SeTanxmebebze.15

molaparakebebze taqtikur xrikebs Soris amerikelebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben

sxvadasxva sakiTxebis „paketirebas“. yvelaze xSirad isini mimarTaven am ileTs im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac partniorisaTvis SeTavazebuli gadawyvetileba araxelsayrelia,

rodesac saWiroa misi koordinireba sxva ufro xelsayrel poziciasTan, raTa

dabalansdes mxareebis interesebi.16

Tu molaparakebebze politikuri sakiTxebis garda ganixileba ekonomikuri

sakiTxebic, amerikelebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben saqmiani partniorebisa da firmebis

rekomendaciebs. ekonomikuri Temebis ganxilvis dros, raTa kidev erTxel damtkicdes

saqmiani reputacia mniSvnelovania daasaxeloT partniorebi aSS-Si, visTanac ukve

gqondaT saqme an molaparakebebis momentisas gaqvT. amerikelebi saerTod miundoblebi

arian. es Tviseba erovnuli xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs. jer kidev jorj vaSingtoni

afrTxilebda maT: „arc erT erSi ndoba ar unda scildebodes Tavisi qveynis

interesebis sazRvrebs“. 17

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikelebTan molaparakebebis

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa dadebuli SeTanxmebebis teqstebis sakmaod didi moculoba,

sadac yvelaferi dawvrilebiT aris gawerili, aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis

vadebis miTiTebiT. es amerikeli momlaparakeblebisaTvis tipiuri situaciaa, romelic

asaxavs amerikul windaxedulobas cxovrebis nebismieri SemTxvevisaTvis: mTeli

msofliosTvis cnobilia sqeltaniani amerikuli saqorwino kontraqtebi.

molaparakebebis Catarebis amerikuli stili metwilad asaxavs amerikuli

xasiaTisa da politikuri kulturis Taviseburebebs: „sagareo politika _ eris saxea,

romelic mimarTulia mTeli msofliosken“.18

13http://www.pon.harvard.edu/main/home/index.php3. 14http://www.pon.harvard.edu/main/home/index.php3. 15 Ibid. 16 ROGER FISHER & WILLIAM URY. GETTING TO YES: NEGOTIATING AGREEMENT WITHOUT GIVING IN (Bruce Patton ed.,Houghton Mifflin 1991) (1981). 17http://negotiationguidance.com/2012/05/25/american-negotiating-style-part-1. 18 www.state.gov.

http://www.pon.harvard.edu/main/home/index.php3

http://www.pon.harvard.edu/main/home/index.php3

http://www.state.gov/

41

isic unda iTqvas, rom molaparakebebis warmoebisas problemebi xSirad

gamowveulia mxareebis nacionaluri kulturuli gansxvavebebis gamo. mxareebis

interesebis Tanxvedrisas nacionaluri gansxvavebebi ar igrZnoba, magram rodesac isini

gansxvavdeba, maSinve xdeba konfliqtis wamowyeba. molaparakebebis dros sirTuleebi

ZiriTadad gamowveulia nacionaluri kulturuli sxvaobis gamo. gavrcelebulia

mosazreba, rom ufro martivia molaparakebis warmoeba erTi rasis da nacionalobis

mqone adamianebs Soris. magram es yovelTvis ase ar aris. mecnierebi mividnen daskvnamde,

rom erebi rac ufro axlos arian erTmaneTTan eTikurad, miT ufro mniSvnelovnad

warmoCindeba maTi Sexedulebebis sxvaoba ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT (yuradReba

miaqcieT imas Tu ra rTulad mimdinareobs amerikelebis urTierTobebi avRaneTsa da

eraySi, Tavis droze aseve iyo vietnamSic). xolo rac ufro metad gansxvavdebian

eTikurad erebi, maTi warmomadgenlebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iqneba azrTa

Tanxvedra. amasTan yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom mxareebs Soris interesebis

damTxvevamde nacionaluri gansxvavebebi ar SeimCneva, sakmarisia warmoiSvas konfliqti

da maTi mniSvneloba did rols TamaSobs. aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Tu sad

daibada molaparakebis monawile, sad miiRo ganaTleba, sad cxovrobs da muSaobs

amJamad. magaliTad, iaponels, romelic cxovrobs aSS-Si da molaparakebebs awarmoebs

amerikuli kompaniis saxeliT, SeiZleba hqondes SemorCenili iaponuri nacionaluri

xasiaTi da Tvisebebi, es Tavis mxriv gavlenas iqoniebs molaparakebebis warmoebaze.

mTlianobaSi misi qcevis Tavisebureba ufro amerikuli iqneba, radgan mis pirovnul

ganviTarebaze didi gavlena moaxdina im garemoebebma, sadac igi gaizarda. yvelaferi

rac ukve vaxseneT da ganvixileT dagexmarebaT gansazRvroT Tqveni amerikeli

partnioris saqmiani qmedebebi.19 aseTia molaparakebis warmarTvis amerikuli stilis zogierTi aspeqtebi,

romlebic marTalia absoluturi da srulyofili ar aris, magram amerikel

partniorebTan molaparakebebis mzadebis an warmarTvis procesSi aucileblad unda

gaviTvaliswinoT.

Avtandil Kiknadze

US Negotiation Style

Summary

The article examines US negotiation style its characteristics and methods. There is discussed whether national cultural peculiarities have influence on the negotiation style. It is claimed that United States plays a leading role in numerous negotiating forums. American diplomats enter a negotiation with their own timeframe and usually press for an early agreement, especially if the issue at stake has political significance at home. The United States applies pressure by simultaneously exerting its substantial and multifaceted resources. At the negotiating table, U.S. diplomats are adept at creating `linkage~ between issues and at marshalling facts and arguments as they seek to convince their counterparts of the benefits of reaching an agreement on U.S. terms, and the costs of failing to do so.

19 THE HANDBOOK OF NEGOTIATION AND CULTURE (Michele J. Gelfand & Jeanne M. Brett eds., 2004).

42

gvanca burduli, istoriis doqtori

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

reorganizaciis gegmis proeqti

(1905 wlis 18 dekemberi)

saqarTvelos istoriaSi XX saukunis damdegidan SeiniSneba ramdenime

sayuradRebo movlena. am movlenaTagan Cven gamovyofT ors: pirveli. ruseTis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos politikuri avtonomiis SeqmnisaTvis dawyebul

sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobas (avtonomistTa moZraobas); meore. saqarTvelos

samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis dawyebul

moZraobas (avtokefalistTa moZraobas).

1811 wlidan saqarTvelos eklesia rusuli biurokratiuli sistemis danamatad

aqcies. samarTlianadaa miCneuli, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gauqmda

imperatorisa da ruseTis eklesiis uwmidesi sinodis gadawyvetilebiT, risi uflebac

maT ar hqondaT.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebas mohyva eklesiis rbeva da Zarcva.

1811-1906 wlebSi ruseTma saqarTveloSi daxura 800 eklesia da 15 monasteri, 29 eparqiis

nacvlad mxolod 5 eparqia datova. gaZarcves eklesiebi da monastrebi, gaitanes xatebi,

xelnaweri wignebi, jvrebi, barZimebi da sxva saeklesio nivTebi. garda naZarcvisa,

rusebma saqarTvelos eklesias oficialurad CamoarTves 220 milion maneTze meti

Rirebulebis uZravi da moZravi qoneba, yovelive es ki saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili

egzarqosebis iniciativiTa Tu daxmarebiT xdeboda.1

miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis saimperatoro karma ver SeZlo erovnuli sulis Cakvla

qarTvel samRvdeloebaSi. amis dadasturebas warmoadgenda XX saukunis damdegidan

saqarTveloSi dawyebuli avtokefalisturi moZraoba.

1905 wlis gazafxulidan moyolebuli gaxSirda qarTveli samRvdeloebis krebebi,

romlebzec iTxovdnen saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis TviTmwyemsobis

(avtokefaliis) aRdgenas. 1905 wlidan sul ufro aqtiuri xasiaTi miiRo qarTveli

sasuliero da saero pirebis mier ruseTis eklesiis uwmides sinodSi peticiebis

gagzavnam. peticiebSi ki ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis mZime

mdgomareoba, mrevlsa da sasuliero pirebs Soris arsebuli rTuli damokidebuleba da

am viTarebidan daRwevis gzac. qarTveli sasuliero da saero pirebis mier gagzavnil

1 n. durnovo. bedi qarTuli eklesiisa (qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxze). Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 53.

43

peticiebSi erTxmad iyo aRniSnuli, rom qarTvel erSi sarwmunoeba dasca rogorc

biurokratiulma wyobilebam, aseve mociqulTa da saeklesio kanonebis ugulebelyofam.2

ruseTis eklesiis uwmidesi da umarTebulesi sinodi problemis gadawyvetas

samitropolito olqebis daarsebaSi xedavda. erT samitropolito olqad moiazreboda

kavkasiac, romelic aseve moicavda ,,dabeCavebul” saqarTvelos. samitropolito olqis

daarsebis sakiTxze qarTvelma sasuliero pirebmac imsjeles. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

imereTis maSindelma episkoposma leonidem dasabuTebuli moxsenebac waradgina.

episkopos leonides mxari aubes goris episkoposma eqvTimem da alaverdelma petrem.

saerTo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze qarTvelma sasuliero pirebma saqarTvelos

egzarqoss acnobes, rom Tu 1905 wlis 14 ianvramde saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefaluri

marTva-gamgeoba ar mieniWeboda, maSin sasuliero da saero wodeba TviTon aRadgenda

uZvelesi eklesiis TviTmwyemsobas. imisaTvis, rom qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebis es

survili ganxorcielebuliyo saWiro iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloebisagan

arCeuli delegatebis krebas Caetarebina winaswari samuSao saWirboroto sakiTxebis

mosagvareblad. qarTveli samRvdeloebis krebis dRed dainiSna 1905 wlis 7 dekemberi.

dasavleT saqarTvelodan sasuliero pirebis umravlesobis ar yofnis gamo krebas

dadgenileba ar miuRia. 1905 wlis 9 dekembers imereTis eparqiis yvela sasuliero piri

TbilisSi iyo. kreba gaimarTa wminda nikolozis saswavleblis SenobaSi, romelsac

eswreboda imereTis episkoposi leonide, goris episkoposi eqvTime, aseve sxva saero

pirebic. krebam Tavmjdomared airCia dekanozi daviT RambaSiZe, saqmis mwarmoeblad

mRvdeli ilia jaSi, xolo mis damxmared ki batoni sergi gorgaZe~.3

dekanozma daviT RambaSiZem krebaze myofT ase mimarTa: ,,is kiTxva, ris

gardasawyvetadac Cven dRes varT aq Sekrebili, metis-metad savalalo da

didmniSvnelovania. asi wlis ganmavlobaSi darCenili da uyuradRebod datovebuli

Cveni eklesiisaTvis aseTi mniSvnelovani kiTxva dRes gvsurs sabolood gamovarkvioT

da ganvaxorcieloT. sruli imedi maqvs, rogorc mTeli kreba, ise damswre pirebic

aRmogviCenen daxmarebas am samZimo saqmis SesrulebaSi. mogexsenebaT, rom oTx

mRvdelmTavars aqvs micemuli sityvieri gancxadeba eqsarxosisadmi, rom saqarTvelos

eklesias 14 ianvramde mieces neba, aRadginos avtokefaliuri mmarTveloba. imedia,

mTavroba Seiwynarebs samRvdeloebis da sazogadoebis aseT Txovnas da aRadgens im

uflebas, romelsac igi moklebulia ruseTTan SeerTebis dRidgan. amnairive Txovna iyo

warmodgenili samRvdeloebisa da sazogadoebisaganac. aRar SeiZleba dayovneba am

survilis aRsrulebisa, vinaidgan samRvdeloebisa da sazogadoebis damokidebuleba

metismetad gamwvavda da sarwmunoebac daasusta am uflebis dakargvam. Cveni

sazogadoeba dRemdec unda cdiliyo am kanonieri survilis aRsrulebas da exla-ki

dro aris, mopoebul iqmnas es dakarguli ufleba, romliTac daubrkoleblad

sargebloben CvenSi frangebi da somxebi~.4

1905 wlis 9 dekembers krebaze myof delegatebs saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefaliis Taobaze ar umsjelia. aRniSul sakiTxze msjeloba meore dRisTvis

2 Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 160. 3Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI

saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 160. 4 Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 160-161.

44

gadaido. 10 dekembers kvlav Seikriba kreba, romelmac araerT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze

miiRo gadawyvetileba. pirvel rigSi gasarkvevi iyo, Tu rogori xasiaTi unda hqonoda

delegatebis krebas. xangrZlivi msjelobis Semdeg gadawyda, rom: ,,aRniSnuli kreba

aris organizaciuli~.5

meore sakiTxad warmodgenili iyo krebaze myofi aradelegatebis statusi. amis

Taobaze krebam daadgina: ,,delegatebis krebebi, rogorc organizaciuli sxdomebi,

swarmoeben ara delegatTa dauswreblad, magram kreba iwvevs saTaTbiro xmiT mRvdel-

mTavrebs da agreTve gareSe pirebsac, sasulierosa da saeros, romelTac igi saWirod

scnobs. amasTanave, ramodenime pirni mowveulni iqmnebian mudmiv TanamSromlebad

amnairisave xmiT. presis warmomadgenelTac sruli neba aqvT, daeswron krebebs~.6

`1905 wlis 11 dekembridan kreba Seudga saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis

gegmis SemuSavebas. am sakiTxze muSaoba 18 dekembramde gagrZelda. TiToeuli kreba 6-7

saaTs moicavda. yvela krebis angariSi da saboloo daskvnebi iwereboda calke oqmebad,

romelsac xels awerda krebaze myofi yvela delegati. swored am oqmebidan iqna

amoRebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis Taobaze arsebuli gegma~. 7

saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis gegma dasamtkiceblad unda gadascemoda

saqarTvelos momaval saeklesio krebas.

krebis dasrulebis Semdeg dekanozma daviT RambaSiZem ase mimarTa delegatebs:

`pativcemulno mamano! madlobas gwiravT yvelas im patiosani da guls-modgine

SromisaTvis, romelic Tqven gamoiCineT krebis pirveli dRidan cxra dRis ganmavlobaSi.

es Sroma didaT dasafasebelia, vinaidgan omianobis mdgomareobis gamocxadebis Semdeg

Tfilisis qalaqma sul sxva feri miiRo da dawynarebuli muSaoba TiTqmis Seswyda.

mTeli mcxovreblebi SiSqveS arian. ara mimxedveli amisTana mdgomareobisa Cveni

eklesiuri avtomobilis (avtokefaliis), urmis aSenebaze mainc xeli ar aviReT da

kidevac avaSeneT. deda miwaze arsad ar aSenebula iseTi TviT-moqmedi manqana, rom mas

SekeTeba, Sesworeba ar daWirvebodes. me ara mjera, rom Cvengan Sedgenils

saqarTvelois eklesiis avtokefalur marTva-gamgeobis gegmas (proeqts) ar dasWirdes

cxovrebis mixedviT damateba, Sesworeba da SekeTeba. magram mrwams, rom am pirvelad

SemuSavebul gegmisamebr Cven eklesias ufro sicxovele eqmneba da ufro gaiRviZebs igi,

vinem dRes aqvs mas, roca gareSe Zala amoZravebs mas misda Seutyoblad da gaugebrad.

vilocoT, Zmano, rom RmerTman isminos Cveni vedreba da daexmaros RvTismSoblis

wilxdomils iverias, rom maszeda aRdgindes, ganmtkicdes da gancxoveldes Zveleburad,

Cveneburad qristes sarwmunoeba da keTilzneoba~.8

delegatebis mier SemuSavebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqti

sami ZiriTadi Tavisa da ocdaeqvsi paragrafisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tavi ganmartavs

eklesiis wiaRSi arsebul umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs.

5 Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 162. 6 Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 162. 7Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI

saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 162. 8 Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv.6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 162-163.

45

saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis gegmis pirveli Tavi eTmoba eklesiis

ZiriTadi principebis ganmartebas. ZiriTadi principebi ki gulisxmobs eklesiis raobis

Tu miznis axsnas, warmoadgens Tu rogori unda iyos misi sxva avtokefalur

eklesiebTan urTierToba da aseve eklesiisa da saxelmwifos damokidebuleba:

,,$1. ganmarteba saqarTvelos eklesiisa. saqarTvelos eklesia aris morwmune

qarTvelebisagan Semdgari da èrTis, wmidis, kaTolike da samociqulo eklesiis~

principebze damyarebuli sarwmunoebrivi sazogadoeba, romelSiac da romlis

saSualebiTac xorcieldeba am qveynad `RvTis sasufevlis deda-azri~.

$2. misi mizani. am sazogadoebis mizans Seadgens misi wevrebis sarwmunoebriv

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da maTi zneobrivi srul-yofa qristes mcnebis Tanaxmad:

ìyaviT sruli, viTarca mama Tqveni zecieri srul ars~.

$3. sxva avtokefalur eklesiebTan urTierToba. rogorc istoriulad, ise

kanoniurad saqarTvelos eklesias aqvs sruli ufleba sxva eklesiaTagan

damoukideblad iarsebos; amas aucileblad moiTxovs Tanamedrove cxovrebac. sxva

eklesiaTagan damoukidebloba saqarTvelos eklesiisa mdgomareobs: a) misi ierarqiis

sxva eklesiaTa ierarqiisagan damoukideblobaSi; b) adgilobriv kanonmdeblobisa da

samarTlis uflebaSi da g) adgilobrivTa saeklesio CveulebaTa da samRvdelo-wesTa

sxvaobaSi.

$4. eklesiis urTierToba saxelmwifosTan. rogorc zneobriv-sarwmunoebrivis

mizniT arsebuli sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos eklesia Seexeba Tavis wevrebs marto

zneobriv principis mxriv da azrad ara aqvs Seexos maT, rogorc wevrebs saxelmwifosas

an romlisame politikur organizaciisas. msgavsadve arc saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba am

sazogadoebis Sinagan wes-wyobilebasa da cxovrebaSi Caerios, radgan, rogorc iTqva, es

sazogadoeba araviTars politikursa da ekonomiurs mizans ar eswrafvis. saxelmwifo

rogorc yvelgan, ise am SemTxvevaSiac valdebulia mxolod uzrunvel-hyos am

sazogadoebis wevrTa namdvili sarwmunoebrivi Tavisufleba (17 oqtombris manifestiT

aRiarebuli) da mis dawesebulebaTa xelSeuxebloba eklesiis gareSe mdgom pirTa da

dawesebulebaTagan; rom saqarTvelos eklesiam samudamod aicilos Tavidan eWvi an

braldeba egred wodebuls `klerikalizmSi~ da Tanac savsebiT ganaxorcielos Tavis

wevrTa sinidisis Tavisufleba, aucileblad saWiroa, ganTavisufldes ara marto

eklesia saxelmwifosagan, aramed saxelmwifoc eklesiisagan. arc saxelmwifo unda

ereodes eklesiis saqmeebSi da arc eklesia – saxelmwifos saqmeebSi.

am ZiriTad principebis Tanaxmad unda moewyos mTeli Sinagani cxovreba da

garegani mdgomareoba saqarTvelos eklesiisa.9

saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqtis meore Tavi warmoadgens

saqarTvelos eklesiis wes-wyobilebis ganmartebas. amave TavSi asaxulia Tu ra

teritoriebs moicavs saqarTvelos eklesia; visgan Sedgeba eklesia, rogorc erTiani

organizmi da rogor da visi meSveobiT imarTeba igi:

,,$5. saqarTvelos eklesiis teritorias Seadgens qarTvelis tomiT dasaxlebuli

adgilebi exlandelis Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebisa, zaqaTalis, soxumis,

baTumisa da yarsis olqTa sazRvrebSi.

SeniSvna: sakuTaris surviliT SeuZliaT saqarTvelos eklesias ekuTvnoden am

teritoriis gareSe mcxovrebi qarTvelebi da agreTve ara-qarTvelebic rogorc am

teritoriis sazRvrebSi, ise maT gareSec.

9Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI

saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 163-164.

46

$6. mTeli es teritoria danawilebulia oTx eparqiad: a) kaxeT-zaqaTalisa, b)

qarTlisa (samcxe-saaTabagoTurT), g) imereT-guria-svaneTisa (amave eparqiaSi Sedis

baTumis olqic) da d) samegrelo-samurzayanoisa. TviTeuli eparqia ganiyofeba saZmo

olqebad, xolo es ukanasknelni _ samrevloebad.

$7. saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloebas Seadgenen: a) sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTalikos-mamaT-mTavari, romelic imave dros aris mTavar-episkoposi qarTlisa, b) sami

episkoposi, g) mRvdlebi, d) diakvnebi (=mTavrebi) da e) medaviTneebi.

$8. eklesiis uudidess nawils Seadgenen morwmuneni. morwmuned, anu eklesiis

wevrad iTvleba yoveli kaci da qali, romelsac naTel-uRia, aRiarebs marTl-

madideblobiTs swavlas da emorCileba saeklesio wyobilebas. rogorc eklesiis wevrad

gaxdoma, ise masSi darCena an gasvla, damokidebulia TviT morwmunis sinidissa da

survilze; xolo ramdenadac saqme bavSebs Seexeba, imaTi eklesiis wevrebad datoveba,

Tu iqidan gayvana, maTi mSoblebisa da mzrunvelebis sinidisis saqmea.

$9. saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva-gamgeoba damyarebulia krebiTi principebze.

mTels saqarTvelos eklesias TavSi udgas: a) sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba da

b) sakaTalikoso sabWo kaTalikosis TavmjdomareobiT. eparqias moTaveobs: a) saeparqio

kreba da b) saeparqio sabWo episkoposis TavmjdomareobiT. saZmo olqs ganagebs: a)

saolqo kreba da b) saolqo sabWo; xolo samrevlos marTavs: a) samrevlo kreba da b)

samrevlo sabWo adgilobriv mRvdlis daxmarebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT.

$10. sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio kreba. es kreba Sesdgeba 120 wevrisagan,

romelTa Soris 40 samRvdeloebis warmomadgenelia (cxra-cxra eparqiebidan da 4 qalaq

Tbilisidan), xolo 80 morwmuneTa delegati (Tvramet-Tvrameti eparqiebidan da 8 qalaq

Tbilisidan). amaT garda, krebis mudmiv wevrebad iTvlebian yvela qarTveli

episkoposebi. krebas Tavmjdomareobs kaTalikosi, xolo roca igi araa, erT-erTi

mRvdelmTavari krebisave arCeviT. kreba irCevs saqmis mwarmoebelsac. am krebis

kompetencias eqvemdebareba: a) saeklesio kanonmdebloba, b) saeklesio samarTali, g)

yovelgvari saeklesio saqmeebis garCeva da gadawyveta, d) pirvelis kaTalikosisa da

sakaTalikoso sabWos wevrebis arCeva. kreba aris Cveulebrivi – sams weliwadSi erTxel

da ara-Cveulebrivi, roca saWiroeba moiTxovs. kreba kanonieria, Tu masze yvela

wevrebis 2/3 mainc gamocxaddeba. Tu kreba pirvel mowvevaze ver Sesdga, meored

mowveuli kreba kanonieria, ukeTu daeswreba ara umcires yvela wevrebis 1/3-sa.

$11. sakaTalikoso sabWo. sakaTalikoso sabWo Sesdgeba 8 wevrisagan, romelTa

Soris 4 samRvdeloebis warmomadgenelia da 4 morwmuneebisa (TiTo eparqiidan),

arCeulni 3 wlis vadiT. sabWos Tavmjdomareobs kaTalikosi, xolo roca igi ar aris,

erT-erTi episkoposi, romelic am SemTxvevisaTvis sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio

krebis mier iqneba windawinve arCeuli. sabWos hyavs saqmis mwarmoebeli da misi

TanaSemwe, romelTac iwvevs TviTon sabWo 3 wlis vadiT. am organos kompetencias

eqvemdebareba: yovelgvari saqmeebi sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb – sakuTriv

saeklesio, samoswavlo da sameurneo, romelTac mas sruliad saeklesio kreba

daakisrebs.

$12. kaTalikosi. kaTalikosi aris mxolod `pirveli Tanaswor episkoposTa

Soris~ (mociqulTa kanoni 34) da martooden Semdegs saqmeebSi ekuTvnis mas sxva

episkoposTagan gansxvavebuli uflebani: a) igi Tavmjdomareobs sakaTalikoso sabWosa

da sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio krebas, b) ufleba aqvs mwyemsT-mTavrulad

mimoixilos yvela eparqiebi, g) miss saxels ixsenieben wirva-locvis dros masze

damokidebuli episkoposebi. sakaTalikoso sabWosTan erTad mas ekuTvnis: aa)

mzrunveloba uepiskoposod darCenils eparqiebze, bb) miReba saCivrisa episkoposTa da

saeklesio dawesebulebaTa Sesaxeb da gamoZiebis daniSvna, gg) umaRlesi xelmZRvaneloba

47

da zedamxedveloba yvela saeklesio saqmeebisa masze damokidebuls eparqiebSi, dd)

micema daTxovniTi sigelebisa im episkoposTaTvis, romelnic eparqiidan droebiT

sxvagan sadme midian, ee) dasasrul, igi xelmZRvanelobs saepiskoposo kandidatebis

arCevnebs saeparqio krebaze, xolo sxva episkoposebTan erTad xeldasxams arCeul

kandidatebs. magram dawyeba iseTis saqmisa, romelic mTels saqarTvelos eklesias

Seexeba, kaTalikoss SeuZlia mxolod yvela danarCen episkoposebisa da sruliad

saqarTvelos saeklesio krebis TanxmobiT da rogorc sxva episkoposebi, igic amave

krebis samarTals emorCileba.

$13. kaTalikosis arCeva da kurTxeva. kaTalikoss irCeven yvela qarTveli

episkoposebi, warmomadgenelni sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis samRvdeloebisa –

ricxviT 30 (romelTaganac 15 qarTlis eparqiisaa, radgan kaTalikosi am eparqiisaTvis

mTavar-episkoposadac iTvleba, xolo xuT-xuTi danarCeni sami eparqiidan) da morwmuneTa

delegatebi ricxviT 60 (camet-cameti oTxive eparqiidan da 8 qalaq Tbilisidan). roca

kaTalikosis arCeva da episkoposTagan misi kurTxeva gaTavdeba, kreba warudgens

dasamtkiceblad xelmwifes da damtkicebis Semdeg acnobebs rogorc umaRless saero

mTavrobas, ise yvela avtokefalurs eklesiebs.

$14. saeparqio kreba. saeparqio kreba Sesdgeba 90-is wevrisagan, romelTa Soris 30

samRvdeloebis warmomadgenelia da 60 morwmuneebisa. krebas Tavmjdomareobs

adgilobrivi episkoposi, xolo roca igi araa, Tavmjdomares kreba TviTonve irCevs

samRvdelo pirTa Soris. krebave irCevs saqmis mwarmoebelsac. kreba kanonieria, Tu

yvela wevrebis 2/3 gamocxaddeba, xolo ganmeorebiTi mowvevis Semdeg kreba kanonierad

CaiTvleba, ukeTu mas daeswreba ara umcires yvela wevrebis 1/3-isa. saeparqio kreba aris

Cveulebrivi – weliwadSi erTjer da ara-Cveulebrivi –saWiroebisadagvarad. saeparqio

krebis kompetencias ekuTvnis: a) mRvdel-mTavrisa, sakaTalikoso da saeparqio sabWoebis

wevrTa arCeva da agreTve arCeva sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio krebisaTvis

delegatebisa, b) yovelgvari saeklesio saqmeebis ganxilva da gadawyveta eparqiaSi.

$15. saeparqio sabWo. saeparqio sabWos Tavmjdomareobs episkoposi, xolo roca

igi ar aris, maSin sabWos wevrebi Tvis Soris irCeven Tavmjdomares. episkoposs garda

saeparqio sabWoSi Sedis 6 wevri, romelTagan 2 eparqiis samRvdeloebis

warmomadgenelia (erTi mRvdlebisa da erTi medaviTneebis) da 4 morwmuneTa

warmomadgeneli. sabWos wevrebi irCevian 3 wlis vadiT. saqmis mwarmoebels sabWosaTvis

niSnavs saeparqio kreba. sabWos sxdoma kanonieria, ukeTu masze gamocxaddeba ara

umcires 4 wevrisa. sabWos kompetencias ekuTvnis: a) umaRlesi zrunva sarwmunoebisa da

zneobis dacva-ganmtkicebaze eparqiaSi, b) umaRlesi Tvalyuris devneba samonastro da

saeklesio qonebaTa marTva-gamgeobisa eparqiaSi. es qoneba saeparqio sabWos ucnobelad

ar unda ixmarebodes, g) ganxilva im saqmeebisa, romelTac mas saolqo kreba an saolqo

sabWo warudgens, d) uumaRlesi sasuliero samarTali eparqiaSi, ukeTu am samarTals

mimarTavs vinme, e) uumaRlesi meTvalyureoba yvela saeklesio dawesebulebaTa da

saeklesio Tanamdebobis pirTa moqmedebisa eparqiaSi, v) mis nebadaurTvelad aravis

SeuZlia taZris an monastris Seneba daiwyos, z) sabWos SeuZlia mRvdels mRvdel-

moqmedeba aRukrZalos, À) SeuZlia Seamciros an gaaZlieros dadebuli epitimia, T) igi

amtkicebs saeklesio mizniT daarsebul sazogadoebaTa, anu ZmobaTa wesdebas, i) SeuZlia

miiRos da gaanawilos saeklesio saWiroebaTaTvis keTilmorwmune qristianeTagan

Sewiruli fuli da uZrav-moZravi qoneba, ia) dasasrul, mas aqvs ufleba, aRsnas

qorwinebis dros zogierTi dabrkolebani, romelnic naTesaur kavSiridan

gamomdinareoben, agreTve zogierTi aRTqmanic, garda berobis aRTqmisa.

$16. episkoposi. misi ufleba da movaleobani. episkoposs ekuTvnis: a) sruli

ufleba mTels eparqiaSi qadagebisa, b) ufleba yovelgvaris mRvdel-moqmedebis

48

Sesrulebisa, g) uzenaesi zrunva, raTa mis eparqiaSi yvela morwmuneni saRs saeklesio

swavlas icavden, d) sarwmunoebrivs saqmeebSi masze damokidebuli arian eparqiis yvela

wevrebi, e) dasasrul, episkoposs ekuTvnis ufleba, wirva-locvis dros Tavisi eparqiis

samRvdeloebisagan ixseniebodes.

episkoposi valdebulia: a) yvelaferSi pativsa scemdes yvela saeklesio

dawesebulebebs eparqiaSi, romelnic kanonierad arian daarsebulni da im saqmeebSi,

romlebic aRniSnuls dawesebulebebs eqvemdebareba, maTi wesdebis Tanaxmad iqceodes, b)

daemorCilos saeklesio kanonebs da kanonierad gamocemuls dadgenilebaT rogorc

saeklesio mTavrobisas, ise samoqalaqosas, ramodenadac am ukanasknelis dadgenilebani

saeklesio mizans ar ewinaaRmdegeba; roca ama Tu im saeklesio kanonis an dadgenilebis

Sesaxeb azris orWofoba daibadeba, gansamarteblad umaRless saeklesio mTavrobas

unda mimarTos, g) ganuwyvetliv Tavis eparqiaSi imyofebodes, xolo sakuTar

saWiroebisaTvis eparqiidan wasvla SeuZlia mxolod saTanado mTavrobis (sakaTalikoso

sabWos) TanxmobiT, d) Taviss samRvdeloebasa da samwysos xSir-xSirad ugzavnos

moZRvrebiTi epistoleebi, riTac aswavlos maT qristianobrivi WeSmaritebani da maTTan

cxoveli kavSiri iqonios, e) mimoixilos xolme Tavisi eparqia, raTa mis mdgomareobas

piradaT gaecnos, v) yvelaferSi daemorCilos sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio krebis

dadgenilebas, z) saeparqio sabWosTan erTad moaxsenebdes xolme aRniSnuls krebas

yvela Rirs-SesaniSnav SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb miss eparqiaSi; acnobebdes mas Tvisis

eparqiis mimoxilvis Sedegebsa da Tanac aRniSnavdes im zomebs, romelnic saeklesio

saqmeTa ukeT mosawyobadaa saWiro, À) roca saTanado mTavroba moiwvevs, sruliad

saqarTvelos saeklesio krebaze gamocxaddes, T) umaRlesi saeklesio mTavrobis

ucodinrad ara moimoqmedos ra iseTi, rac mis uflebas aRemateba, i) wirva-locvis

dros kaTalikosis saxels ixseniebdes, ia) sxvis eparqiaSi Tavis nebiT ara daiwyos-ra,

ib) dasasrul, pativiscemiT epyrobodes sxva mRvdel-mTavrebisa da saeparqio sabWoebis,

anu saeparqio krebebis gadawyvetilebas.

$17. episkoposis arCeva da xeldasxma. episkoposs irCevs, kaTalikosis an misi

rwmunebulis xelmZRvanelobiT, kreba eparqiis samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebisa

ricxviT 30 (20 samRvdelo xarisxis mqoneTa da 10 medaviTneebisa) da morwmuneTa

delegatebisa ricxviT 60 (romelTa Soris 5 sakaTedro qalaqidan), xolo xeldasxams

kaTalikosi da ori episkoposi, an marto ori episkoposi. episkoposis arCevis dros

krebas Tavmjdomareobs an TviT kaTalikosi, an sakaTalikoso sabWos mier arCeuli piri.

SeniSvna: aRniSnuli krebisaTvis deputatebis arCevis dros samRvdelo xarisxTa

meqoni berebi (arqimandritebi, igumenebi, mRvdel-monazvnebi da ber-diakvnebi)

samRvdeloebasTan erTad hyrian kenWs, danarCeni berebi ki _ eriskacebTan erTad. meore

azri: arc erT bers, Tundac igi samRvdelo xarisxiTac iyos Semosili, ufleba ara aqvs

saeparqio arCevnebSi an saeklesio marTva-gamgeobaSi miiRos monawileoba, radgan mas,

Tavisi aRTqmis Tanaxmad, erTxelve uari aqvs naTqvami sakuTars neba-survilzed da

sanam igi berad darCeba, am aRTqmasac Zala ar daekargeba~.10

calke paragrafebi eTmoba saolqo saZmoss krebisa da saolqo saZmos sabWos

ganmartebas:

,,$18. saolqo kreba da saolqo sabWo _ orive marto sakrebulo dawesebulebaa.

saZmo saolqo krebaSi Tanasworis xmiT monawileobas iReben olqis yvela krebulTa

wevrebi (mRvdlebi, diakvnebi da medaviTneebi). Tavmjdomaresa da saqmis mwarmoebels

10

Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 164-169.

49

kreba TviTon irCevs. krebis kompetencias ekuTvnis: a) saolqo sabWos wevrebisa da

Tavmjdomaris arCeva sam-samis wliT, b) saZmo sabWos yovelgvari moqmedebis angariSTa

ganxilva, g) saZmo sabWos wevrebis an krebulTa wevrebis uTanado moqmedebis winaaRmdeg

aRZruli saqmeebis ganxilva da gasamarTleba, d) yovelgvari sazogado saZmo saqmeebi.

$19. saZmo saolqo sabWo Sesdgeba Tavmjdomarisa da 4-is wevrisagan, romelTa

Soris 3 mRvdlebis warmomadgenelia da 2 medaviTneebisa; Tavmjdomared usaTuod

mRvdeli unda iqnes.

SeniSvna. sabWos aqvs sakuTari beWedi.

sabWos kompetencias ekuTvnis: a) samRvdlo da samTavro kandidatis gamocda

(marto RvTismsaxurebisa da mRvdel-moqmedebis codnaSi) da saTanado mowmobebis micema,

b) xelmZRvaneloba samrevlo krebaTa, roca es ukanasknelni krebulis wevrebs irCeven,

g) samrevlo krebulTa wevrebs Soris momxdar uTanxmoebis ganxilva da gadawyveta, d)

zrunva sarwmunoebisa da zneobis dacva-gaZlierebaze olqSi, e) gamgeoba saolqo saZmo

wignTsacav-samkiTxvelosi da masze zrunva, v) gamgeoba saZmo kasisa, z) mowveva saZmo

saolqo krebisa (2-jer mainc weliwadSi, xolo Tu saWiroeba moiTxovs, ufro xSiradac).

kreba unda mowveul-iqnas im SemTxvevaSiac, ukeTu amas moiTxovs ara umcires 5-s

sakrebulo pirisa, À) dasasrul, zrunva olqis samRvdeloebis gaWirvebul wevrTa,

qvrivTa da oblebze~.11

saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqtSi TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani Tu

umniSvnelo detali iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. proeqtSi aseve ganxiluli iyo, mrevlis,

samrevlo krebis, samrevlo sabWos da krebulis sakiTxic:

,,$20. mrevli. samrevlos gaxsna ar SeiZleba, Tu morwmuneTa ricxvi imdenad

mcirea, rom sakuTari taZrisa da mRvdlis Senaxva ar SeuZliaT. samrevlos usaTuod

unda hqondes sakuTari taZari, xolo Tu amave samrevloSi sxva taZrebicaa, igini zed-

miweril taZrebad iTvlebian.

SeniSvna. mrevli, rogorc erTis mizniT da gansazRvrulis wyobilebiT

SeerTebuli sazogadoeba, iuridiuls pirs warmoadgens.

$21. samrevlo kreba. samrevlo krebas Seadgens yvela srul-wlovani morwmune

kaci da qali (ara umcires 21-s wlisa).

SeniSvna. qals, rogorc mamakacs, ufleba aqvs rogorc sxva airCios, ise

TviTonac arCeul-iqnas (delegatad, sabWos wevrad da iseTs saeklesio Tanamdebobaze,

romlis Sesaxebac windawinve araferi iqneba gadawyvetili).

kreba TiTonve irCevs Tavmjdomares da, Tu saWiroa, saqmis mwarmoebelsac. kreba

kanonieria, ukeTu masze mrevlis (srulwlovanebi igulisxmebian) 2/3 mainc gamocxaddeba;

xolo Tu kreba pirvel mowvevaze ver Sesdga, meored igi kanonieria, ukeTu mas

daeswreba ara umcires mrevlis 1/3-sa. arCevnebis dros saWiroa krebaze mrevlis 2/3 gamocxaddes da arCeuladac mxolod is kandidati CaiTvleba, romelsac ergeba ara

umcires yvela kenWebis 3/4-isa (Tu saWiroeba moiTxovs, ganmeorebiTi kenWis yrac

SesaZlebelia. kenWi eyreba ors kandidats, romelTac yvela danarCen kandidatebze meti

kenWi ergoT pirveli kenWis yris dros). Cveulebrivs saqmeebs ki kreba swyvets xmis

ubralo umetesobiT. amave wesrigs emorCileba yvela sxva saeklesio krebebic (saolqo,

saeparqio da sruliad saqarTvelosi). samrevlo krebis kompetencias ekuTvnis: a)

mRvdlisa da medaviTnis sabWos wevrTa arCeva, b) eklesiisa da krebulis Sesanax xarjis

morwmuneTa SeZlebisdagvarad gawera, g) sarwmunoebriv da zneobriv danaSaulTa Tavis

11


50

wevrTa (=morwmuneTa) gansamarTleba, d) gansamarTleba da samarTalSi micema samrevlo

sabWos wevrebisa samsaxuris aRsrulebis dros daudevrobisa, uflebis aRmatebisa da

borot-moqmedebisaTvis, e) aRZvra saqmisa saolqo, anu saeparqio sabWoebisa, gind

krebaTa winaSe krebulis wevrTa Sesaxeb maTi uTanado moqmedebisa da cudi

yofaqcevisaTvis.

$22. samrevlo sabWo. samrevlo sabWo Sesdgeba 5-s wevrisagan, romelTac

samrevlo kreba irCevs erTis wlis vadiT; Tavmjdomares irCeven Tvis Soris TviTon

sabWos wevrebi.

SeniSvna. sabWos wevrebad mrevls SeuZlia krebulis wevrnic airCios; yovels

SemTxvevaSi, krebulis wevrT samrevlo sabWoSi saTaTbiro xma mainc usaTuod

ekuTvnisT. kerZod, mRvdeli am sabWos xelmZRvanelad iTvleba. sabWos aqvs sakuTari

beWedi.

samrevlo sabWos kompetencias ekuTvnis: a) saeklesio uZrav-moZrav qonebis

marTva-gamgeoba samrevloSi, b) yovelgvari statistikuri cnobebis Sekreba, rasac ki

samrevlos marTva-gamgeobisaTvis aqvs raime mniSvneloba, g) akrefa saeklesio

gadasaxadisa mrevlSi da misi daniSnulebisamebr gankarguleba, d) zrunva taZrisa da

RvTismsaxurebis keTil-mowyobaze, e) zrunva qvriv-oblebisa da Raribebze saqvel-

moqmedo azriT, v) aRZvra saqmisa im pirT winaaRmdeg, romelnic eklesiasa da

morwmuneTa sarwmunoebrivs grZnobas Selaxaven, z) mowveva samrevlo krebisa.

SeniSvna. samrevlo kreba unda mowveul iqnas im SemTxvevaSiac, ukeTu amas

moiTxovs ara umcires 20 morwmunisa.

$23. krebuli. krebuls Seadgenen: mRvdeli, diakoni (ukeTu igi aris) da medaviTne.

a) mRvdeli. misi movaleobani. mRvdeli valdebulia: aa) mudam Tavis mrevlSi

icxovros da samrevlo sabWos nebadaurTvelad ufleba ara aqvs mrevli dastovos,

gansakuTrebiT roca iq raime moaruli seni gaCndeba, an rodesac samrevlos gansacdeli

ram moelis, bb) gansakuTrebul Tval-yurs adevnebdes sakuTars yofa-qcevas rogorc

sazogadoebaSi, ise Tavis saxlSi, gg) aasrulos sazogadoebrivi RvTismsaxurebani

saeklesio tibikoniT dawesebul droebSi, dd) Tavisi mrevlis moTxovnisamebr

dauyovnebliv aasrulos saWiro mRvdel-moqmedebani, ee) Tval-yuri adevnos taZrisa da

saRvTismsaxuro sagnebis sisufTavesa da keTilSvenierebas, vv) Tval-yuri adevnos

mrevlSi saeklesio disciplinisa da zneobis dacvas, xolo urCs wevrebs moZRvruli

Cagonebac gadasces, zz) roca samsaxuris dros ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb raime eWvi

daebadeba, movalea, axsna-ganmartebisaTvis saolqos an saeparqio sabWos mimarTos, ÀÀ)

miss upirveles movaleobas Seadgens eklesiaSi qadageba da, sazogadoT, swavla-

moZRvreba. Tu am mxriv igi zarmaci an daudevaria, samsaxuridan daTxovnil iqneba, TT)

Taviss mrevlSi mas ufleba aqvs sxva mRvdels romlisame mRvdelmoqmedebis Sesrulebis

neba ar misces; ii) dasasrul, igi movalea, RvTismsaxurebis dros Tavisi episkoposis

saxeli moixsenios.

b) diakoni (=mTavari) da medaviTne. mTavari da medaviTne arian mxolod mRvdlis

TanaSemweni da umisod araviTari mRvdelmoqmedebis Sesruleba ar SeuZliaT. erT

mRvdelTan usaTuod erTi medaviTnec unda iyos, xolo romel mrevlSiac ori an meti

mRvdelia, im mrevls, Tu hsurs, mTavaric SeuZlia iyolios. kerZo azri: radgan TviT

cxovrebamac uar-hyo mTavris Tanamdeboba, igini unda iyon marto sakaTedro taZrebTan,

xolo sxvagan mTavrebis yola mrevlis survilze hkidia.

g) krebulis wevrTa Tvisebani: aa) fizikuris mxriT krebulis wevrad asarCevi

kandidati ar unda iyos yru, munji an romlisame gadamdeb xangrZliv sneulebiT

Sepyrobili. amasTanave, samRvdelo da samTavro kandidati usaTuod mamri sqesisa unda

iyos. rac Seexeba medaviTneebs, saWiroa iginic mamri sqesisa iyven, bb) gonebrivis mxriT

51

saWiroa samRvdlo, samTavro da samedaviTno kandidats saSualo sazogado ganaTleba

hqondes miRebuli, magram droebiT, sanam aseTi kandidatis Sovna gasaWiria, SesaZloa,

sakrebulo wevrTa kandidatad wamoyenebul iqnas iseTi piric, romelsac miRebuli aqvs

ara umcires dabalis sazogado ganaTlebisa (magaliTad, progimnaziisa, oTx-klasian

sasuliero da samoqalaqo saswavlebelTa kursisa). amasTanave, rogorc samRvdelo, ise

samTavro da samedaviTno kandidatma unda icodes wirva-locvisa da mRvdelmoqmedebis

wesebi, rac windawinve (arCevnebamde) unda iyos Semowmebuli romlisame saolqo

sabWosagan. amgvaraT Semowmebul kandidatebis siebi saWiroa saeparqio sabWoSic

inaxebodes. kandidatis zneobriv TvisebaTa garkveva da gamocnoba TviT amomrCevelTa

ndobisa da sinidisis saqmea.12

d) krebulis wevrTa arCeva. krebulis wevrebs irCevs samrevlo kreba, romelsac

am SemTxvevaSi xelmZRvanelobas uwevs saolqo sabWo an, misive mindobilobiT, erT-erTi

misi wevri. arCevis Semdeg saolqo sabWos warmomadgeneli Seadgens saarCevno sigels da

samRvdlo da samTavro kandidats warudgens episkoposs sakurTxad, xolo medaviTnes _

dasamtkiceblad.

SeniSvna. sakaTedro krebulis mdgomareobis da raodenobis garkveva unda

gadaidvas sakaTalikoso sabWos arCevamde.13

saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqtis mesame Tavi srulad eTmoba

saeklesio qonebis sakiTxsa da samRvdeloebis rCenis wess. saqarTvelos eklesiis

reorganizaciis proeqtSi kidev erTxel daisva qarTveli sasuliero pirebis rCenis

sakiTxi. proeqtSi ukve xmamaRla gaJRerda samRvdeloebis rCenis wesis Secvlis

aucilebloba, Tumca aRniSnul sakiTxs sxva ram abrkolebda kidev:

,,$24. eklesiis qonebrivi uflebani. rogorc iuridiuls pirs, mrevlsa da

sruliad saqarTvelos eklesias ufleba aqvs sarwmunoebrivisa da saqvelmoqmedo mizniT

raime qoneba SeiZinos rogorc yidviT, ise anderZiT da SemowirviT.

B$25. samRvdeloebis rCenis wesi. aucileblad saWiroa Seicvalos arsebuli wesi

samRvdeloebis rCena-Senaxvisa. dRevandeli samRvdeloeba jamagirs iRebs xazinidan,

xolo sazrdos da wvril-wvril Semosavals – xalxisagan. aqedan warmosdgeba TviT

samRvdeloebis mdgomareobis orWofoba; igi arc mTlad xalxs ekuTvnis da arc

mTavrobas, raica hqmnis mrevlis da samRvdeloebis gamwvavebuls urTierTobas. rom es

uxerxuli mdgomareoba moispos da samRvdeloeba marto morwmuneebs ekuTvnodes,

saWiroa samRvdeloebas inaxavdes marto is, visac igi emsaxureba, e.i. mrevlsa, anu

morwmuneebs. maSasadame, principialurad saWiroa mrevlma pirdapir TviTon uzrunvel-

hyos Tavisi krebuli, saqarTvelos eklesiam – Tavisi samRvdeloeba.

SeniSvna. jamagirs iRebs naxevari samRvdeloebisa 400 man. da naxevari krebulTa 100

maneTidan 200 maneTamde da zognic srulebiT ar iReben jamagirs.

$26. magram sanam is saeklesio qonebani, romelnic xazinis xelSi gadavida da

dResac xazinis xelSi imyofeba, qarTvel xalxs ar daubrundeba da sanam im saeklesio

qonebaTa Rirebuleba, romelnic kerZo pirTa xelSia gadasuli, momavals sakaTalikoso

sabWos ar gadaecema saqarTvelos eklesiis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad,

agreTve, sanam is jami, romelic dRes qarTvel samRvdeloebas xazinidan jamagirad

eZleva, xalxis saxelmwifo gadasaxads ar Camoekleba, manamde qarTveli samRvdeloeba

marto xalxs ver daawveba sarCenad. amitom sanam ruseTis an, kerZod, kavkasiis

13


52

damfuZnebeli kreba samRvdeloebis rCenis sakiTxs gadaswyvetdes, saxelmwifo

valdebulia qarTvel samRvdeloebas jamagiri aZlios, xolo mrevlma imdeni misces,

ramdenic uzrunvel-yofs maT arsebobas~.14

1905 wlis 18 dekembers qarTveli sasuliero pirebis mier SemuSavebul saqarTvelos

eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqts udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg eklesiaSi mravali sakiTxi iyo mosagvarebeli.

aRniSnuli proeqti ki yvela saWirboroto sakiTxs ganmartavda, ise, rom saeWvo da

pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi ar darCeniliyo. faqtiurad, 1905 wlis krebam Seamzada niadagi

1917 wlisaTvis, rodesac kvlav aRdga ukanonod gauqmebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefalia.

Gvantsa Burduli

Draft Plan of Reorganization of Georgian Orthodox Church (18 December 1905)

Summary

In 1811, Georgian Orthodox Church was made the annex of Russian bureaucratic system. Cancellation of

autocephaly of Georgian church was followed by ravaging and robbing of church. Nevertheless Russian imperial government was not able to eliminate Georgian spirit in Georgian clergymen. Evidence of this was autocephaly movement commenced in Georgia from early 20th century.

Since spring 1905 the meetings of Georgian clergymen became more and more frequent, they demanded restoration of autocephaly of Georgian Apostle Church. From 1905, Georgian clergymen and civil have been sending letters to the Holy Synod of Russian church. From 7 to 18 December 1905, the meeting of Georgian delegates was arranged. At the meeting the (draft) plan for reorganization of Georgian Orthodox Church was developed. Goal of this work is to present the draft reorganization plan of Georgian work developed by the delegates and its significance.

14

Jurnali `mwyemsi~, 1906, #1-2, 15-30 ianvari, gv. 6-15; saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria (XX-XXI saukuneebi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzades merab vaCnaZem da vaxtang gurulma. tomi II. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 173.

53

Tamar fxalaZe, istoriis doqtori

qarTveli samRvdeloebა da erovnuli skolა (XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebi)

erovnuli moZraobis kardinalur sakiTxs, rasac qarTveli samRvdeloeba

xalxis sarwmunoebriv-zneobrivi miswrafebebis amaRlebasac ukavSirebda, warmoadgenda

asimilatoruli sistemis Semotevebisagan upirvelesi erovnuli saunjis – mSobliuri

enis _ dacva. saeklesio enis problema imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom is pirdapir

ukavSirdeboda mosaxleobaSi sarwmunoebrivi gancdis gaRrmavebas, masSi qristianuli

moralis ganmtkicebas.1

eklesiis msaxurebs yvelaze mWidro da qmediTi urTierToba hqondaT xalxTan,

am saxis kavSiris mniSvneloba izrdeboda imiTac, rom eklesia flobda mosaxleobaze

dadebiTi gavlenis (sarwmunoebrivi, zneobrivi, saganmanaTleblo...) berketebs, romelTa

gamoyenebac ferxdeboda maT Soris arsebuli enobrivi barieris gamo.2

mSobliur enaze qadagebis aucilebloba araerT sagazeTo werilSia

dasabuTebuli, gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom metwilad maTi

avtorebi sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebi arian. isini problemisadmi swori

meTodologiuri midgomis safuZvelze ganmartaven RvTismsaxurebis deda enaze

warmarTvis mizanSewonilobas.3

realobis sirTule sasurveli miznis ganxorcielebas xels rodi uwyobda _

qarTuli enis savalalo mdgomareoba misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs ukiduresad

zRudavda: `qarTulis enis, qarTulis literaturis saerosi Tu sasulierosi, qarTulis

istoriisa saeklesios da samoqalaqosi aq saxsenebelic ar moipoveba...~ 4 _ ase aRweren

Tanamedroveni sasuliero sferoSi arsebul arasaxarbielo viTarebas. aRniSnulis

sapirispirod samRvdeloeba principulad ayenebda sasuliero saswavleblebSi

mSobliuri enisa da saeklesio sagnebis: saRvTo sjulisa da locvebis qarTulad

swavlebis moTxovnas. es sagnebi, rogorc wesi, rusulad, aRsazrdelTa

umravlesobisaTvis gaugebar enaze iswavleboda, rac SeuZlebels xdida mis, isedac

rTul SinaarsSi wvdomas, mocemuli codnis gaTavisebas. yovelive es, qarTveli

samRvdeloebis azriT, abrkolebda, rogorc moswavleTa SemecnebiTi Zalebis

ganviTarebas (miRebuli codnis sqematurobaze rom araferi vTqvaT), ise maT aRzrdas

eklesiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.5

qarTuli enis dacvisaTvis brZolis gamoZaxili iyo saeklesio pirTa yrilobebi,

romlebzec erTsulovnad iRebdnen saswavleblebSi da eklesiebSi mSobliuri enis

gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebas. am mxriv, niSandoblivia 1882 wlis krebis dadgenileba:

1 Jurnali ìveria~, 1882, #11, gv. 99. 2 Jurnali ìveria~, 1881, #7, gv. 137-138. 3 Jurnali ìveria~, 1882, #11, gv. 101. 4 Jurnali ìveria~, 1882, #11, gv. 101. 5 gazeTi `droeba~, 1885, N#73.

54

berZnulisa da laTinuris swavlebisaTvis gamoyofili saaTebi mTlianad daTmoboda

qarTuls.6

aRniSnuli sakiTxi Rrma Teoriul donezea ganxiluli gazeT `droebis~

mimoxilvebSi. maTSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia Tanamedrove pedagogiur moTxovnaTa

safuZvelze arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis Zireul (Tvisobrivi) reorganizaciis

saWiroebaze. saswavlo procesis gaumjobesebis bazisur pirobad ki aRiarebulia

mSobliuri enis mdgomareobis radikaluri gaumjobeseba.

qarTvel patriot-moRvaweTa saerTo Zalisxmevas, sazogadoebis sul ufro

mzard interess saskolo-saeklesio problematikisadmi SeuZlebelia ar mohyoloda

saTanado (ra Tqma unda formaluri xasiaTis) daTmobebi xelisuflebis mxridan.

mosaxleobaSi saprotesto ganwyobilebis zrdis SiSi mmarTvelobas aiZulebda

eRiarebina qarTuli enis saganmanaTleblo funqcia.

kompromisul gadawyvetilebaTa rigs unda mivakuTvnoT qarTul skolebSi

saRvTo sjulis mSobliur enaze swavlebis uflebis daSveba: `radgan, saRmrTo istoria

iseTi sagania, rom Segirdma, aramc Tu unda iswavlos, unda Seiyvaros kidec, mis

zneobriv gavlenas daumorCilos mTeli Tavisi arseba~. 7 aseTi motivi edo safuZvlad

saegzarqosos Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas. am saxis daTmobebi sakmarisi rodi iyo

saganmanaTleblo sistemis rusifikatoruli arsis Sesacvlelad, rac warmoadgenda

kidec qarTveli samRvdeloebis nawilis brZolis sagans. isini savsebiT sworad

acnobierebdnen mSobliuri enisaTvis sruli uflebis miniWebis mniSvnelobas mTeli

sazogadoebis kulturuli da zneobrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis,

TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi warmatebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. ès mcire nabiji

warmatebis gzazed win warvdgiT da dagvrCenia mxolod visurvoT, rom pirvels nabijs

meore da mesamec zed mohyavdes da es SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac Cvenis deda-

enis maswavlebelni TavianTs axals alagebze maTs uwmindess movaleobas samSoblos

winaSe ise moekidebian, rogorc SeSvenis TavianT qveynisaTvis gulSematkivar mamulis _

Svilebs~.8

qarTveli samRvdeloebis patriotul moZraobas xelmZRvanelobdnen TvalsaCino

sasuliero moRvaweebi, romelTa erovnuli da saganmanaTleblo poziciebi mimarTuli

iyo TviTmpyrobeluri reJimis winaaRmdeg. aseve TvalsaCino iyo maTi roli qarTuli

kulturisa da mwignobrobis ganviTarebasa Tu deda eklesiisaTvis istoriul-

tradiciuli Sinaarsis SenarCunebaSi.

mSobliur enaze swavlebis moTxovnas gamorCeuli adgili ukavia gabriel

episkoposis (qiqoZe) mdidar Teoriul memkvidreobaSi. mRvdelmTavari savsebiT swori

pedagogiuri da religiuri TvalsazrisiT (argumentaciiT) asabuTebda sakuTar pozicias

da misi realizaciisTvis praqtikul nabijebsac dgamda.9 gabriel episkoposi aranaklebi

principulobiT ayenebda saeklesio msaxurebis qarTul enaze warmoebis moTxovnas da

Seuvali debulebebiT asabuTebda megrul-svanuri locvebis krebulis SeTxzvis

mizanSeuwonlobas.

saeklesio pirTa pasuxismgeblobas zrdida is garemoebac, rom maT xalxis

sulier moZRvrobasTan erTad, maTi ganaTlebis misiac unda ekisraT. am SemTxvevaSi

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ekisreboda saTanado momzadebisa da suliskveTebis kadris

6 gazeTi `droeba~, 1882, #248. 7 m. xuciSvili. saqarTvelos saegzarqosos reaqciuli RonisZiebebi revoluciuri moZraobis ganviTarebis periodSi. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 80. 8 gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1883, #167. 9 m. xuciSvili. saqarTvelos eklesiis socialur-politikuri pozicia XIX-XX saukuneebSi. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 39.

55

SerCevas. xalxis zneobriv da gonebriv winsvlas mxolod am wiaRidan gamosuli,

mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebisa da zne-Cveulebebis gamTavisebeli moZRvari Tu

Seuwyobda xels. swored aseT moTxovnas ayenebs gabriel episkoposi ianovskisTan

paeqrobisas: `nuTu batonma mzrunvelma ar icis, rom qristianTa moZRvrad unda iyos

aucileblad adgilobrivi mkvidrni, mcodneni samwysos enisa da Cveulebis es

qristianuli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis ZiriTadi kanonia. suli wminda imitom gadmovida

mociqulze aswavla enani mravalni, raTa yovel ersa da toms yurad eRo samSoblo

enaze saxareba qristesi. rogori unda iyos moZRvari, romelsac ar gaegeba ena, wesi da

adaTi Tavisi samwysosi?~10

qveynis keTildReobisaTvis mebrZolTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs

episkopos aleqsandres (oqropiriZe), romelic qmediT daxmarebas uwevda saeklesio

saswavleblebs _ goris eparqiis xelmZRvanelobisas man soliduri Tanxa Seagrova

sasuliero seminariaSi qarTuli enis kaTedris dasaarseblad. imereTis episkoposad

gamwesebuli mRvdelmTavari Cveuli mondomebiT iRwvoda saswavleblis mowyobisa da

maTSi swavlebis qarTul enaze warmarTvisaTvis. niSandoblivia, rom mosaxleoba mis

Rvawls saTanadod afasebda da emadliereboda: `...Cven, gurulebi gansakuTrebiT

davalebuli varT misi mobrZanebiT, radgan is CvenTvis iqneba ara Tu sarwmunoebis da

zneobis maswavlebeli, aramed TviT Cveni cxovrebis progresuli moZraobis moTave.

mosvlisTanave pirveli misi baasi CvenTan iyo saWiroebazed Cveni deda-enis

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa skolebSi... agreTve, didi baasi hqondaT mis yovlad

usamRvdeloebasTan qarTuli da rusuli galobis SemoRebaze, guriis samoqalaqo

skolebSi...~11

eklesiebSi qarTuli galobisa da RvTismsaxurebis aRvlenis uflebisaTvis

iRvwoda episkoposi leonide (oqropiriZe). mas gamorCeuli roli miuZRvis saeklesio-

samrevlo skolebis daarsebasa da maTSi saswavlo procesis mSobliur enaze

organizebaSi. am uaRresad erovnul saqmianobaSi xelSemwyob garemoebad iqca

episkoposis nayofieri moRvaweoba `qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ misionerad

da amave sazogadoebis skolebis inspeqtorad. swored aRniSnulma Tanamdebobam gauxsna

farTo asparezi mis aqtiur saeklesio-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas saingiloSi, fSav-

xevsureTSi, mTiuleTsa Tu saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeSi. erovnul niadagze mowyobili

saswavleblebis gaxsnis paralelurad, episkoposi leonidi Semweobas ar aklebda

xelmokle ojaxebs, piradad zrunavda maTi Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis _ am

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda episkoposis iniciativiT

daarsebul sasuliero wodebis RaribTa samzrunvelos.

uaRresad mniSvnelovani da dasafasebeli roli Seasrula episkoposma leonidem

qarTvel muslimTa ganaTlebis, maTi kulturisa da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebis

procesSiac. swored am mimarTulebiT warimarTa misi mravalmxrivi _ saeklesio-

misioneruli, saganmanaTleblo da kulturul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba saingiloSi. 12

aq episkoposis piradi ZalisxmeviT daarsebul iqna ramdenime elementaruli

(garegnulad saeklesio-samrevlo tipis) skola, romlebic erovnuli gadagvarebis

saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari qarTvelebisaTvis (ingiloebisaTvis) mSobliur enasa da

kulturasTan Sexebis erTaderT saSualebad iqca.

garda nayofieri saeklesio-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobisa episkoposi leonide

araerTi mamuliSviluri wamowyebis iniciatori iyo. uSualod misi TaosnobiT moxerxda

10 gazeTi ,,axalgazrda iverieli”, 1991, #90. 11 gazeTi ,,axalgazrda iverieli”, 1991, #90.

12 qeTevan pavliaSvili. saqarTvelos saegzarqoso 1900-1917 wlebSi. Tbilisi, 1996. gv. 201.

56

mravali unikaluri saeklesio-istoriuli nivTisa da xelnaweris migneba da

kvalificiuri Seswavla. aRsaniSnavia, rom episkoposad ganwesebuli leonide sakuTari

eparqiis eklesia-monastrebis winamZRvrebs avalebda aRenusxaT (aRwerilobaTa darTviT)

yvela saeklesio nivTi (xelnaweri) da maTi istoriuli mniSvnelobis dadgenis

SemTxvevaSi gadaegzavnaT Tbilisis saeklesio da istoriul nivTTa siZveleT-sacavSi,

romelsac wlebis manZilze piradad xelmZRvanelobda.13

didia episkopos leonides roli qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis

mopovebisaTvis saTanado ideur-praqtikuli safuZvlebis momzadebisa da XX saukunis

damdegisaTvis am miznis ganxorcielebaSi. episkoposis erovnuli pozicia, misi

Seupovroba eklesiis rusifikatorTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi TviTmpyrobelobisaTvis

sakmarisze meti safuZveli aRmoCnda mRvdelmTavris saqarTvelodan gaZevebisa da

misTvis RvTismsaxurebis uflebis CamosarTmevad.

mSobliuri enis Seucvlelobaze garkveviT saubrobda kirion saZagliSvili:

`...saWiro ar aris imis mtkiceba, rom samSoblo enis Seswavla da codna didi ganZia

yvela erisaTvis. yvela Segnebuli elementis valia mecadineoba imisaTvis, rom jerovani

adgili movupovoT deda-enas skolebSi...~14

swavlebisa da saeklesio msaxurebis mSobliur enaze warmarTvisaTvis brZolas

episkoposi kirioni mTlianad ukavSirebda qarTveli xalxisa da saqarTvelos

eklesiisaTvis erovnul-tradiciuli saxis SenarCunebasa da perspeqtivaSi

saxelmwifoebriv-eklesiuri damoukideblobis aRdgenas. episkoposis brZolas

rusifikaciis winaaRmdeg xelisuflebis mxridan mkacri represiebi mohyva samSoblodan

gaZeveba, RvTismsaxurebis uflebis CamorTmeva. miuxedavad sastiki devnisa kirions

arasodes Seuwyvetia aqtiuri saeklesio saqmianoba, ar Seunelebia brZola qarTuli

eklesiis gaerovnulebisa da avtokefalurobisaTvis. mRvdelmTavris mrwams savsebiT

cxadad gamoxatavs misi sityvebi: `maSin CaiTvlebi adamianad, Tu samSoblos

saTayvanebel xatad gaixdi~.15

episkoposi kirioni udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobda mis Tanamedrove did

qarTvel moRvaweebSi. qarTveli sazogadoebis saxelovani warmomadgenlebi patriot

saeklesio pirTa brZolas qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis srul TanagrZnobas

ucxadebdnen da saamisod konkretul nabijebsac dgamdnen _ TergdaleulTa erovnuli

programa xom savsebiT exmianeboda maT suliskveTebas. amitomac iyo, rom kirionis

saqarTvelodan gasaxlebas, rac erovnul ZalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli represiebis

gaZlierebis mauwyebeli iyo, mwvave gamoxmaureba mohyva qarTveli inteligenciis

mxridan: `kirionis ambavma laxvari gamiyara!... rac imedebi mqonda sul gamiqarwylda...~ _

werda akaki wereTeli.16

episkopos kirionis mravalmxriv moRvaweobas ara mxolod saqarTveloSi

icnobdnen. is, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnuli da eklesiuri TavisuflebisaTvis

dauRalavi mebrZoli, TviTmpyrobelobis mCagvreluri reJimis udreki mowinaaRmdege,

ucxoeTSic didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda da progresul, demokratiul wreebSic

araerTi mxardamWeri hyavda. kerZod, aRsaniSnavia belgiis `kacTa uflebis ligis~

xelmZRvanelis JorJ loranis mier ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros Tavmjdomaris

xamiakovisadmi gagzavnili oficialuri werili, sadac kirionis udanaSaulod cnobisa

da Sewyalebis moTxovnaa wamoyenebuli.

13 il. neboZireli. imereTis episkoposi leonidi. Tbilisi, 1902, gv. 13-14. 14 gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1909, #96. 15 gazeTi ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”, 1990, #8, gv. 3. 16 gazeTi ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”, 1990, #30, gv. 8.

57

kirions savsebiT naTlad hqonda warmodgenili eklesiis TavisuflebisaTvis

brZolis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. misi ganmartebiT sakiTxis simwvave martooden

saeklesio sferosa da eklesiis marTvis problematikiT ar ganisazRvreboda, aramed

eklesiis aqtiuri sazogadoebriv-politikuri poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi

damoukidebloba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli

Tavisuflebis mopovebis rTul, magram usaTuod misaRwev saqmeSi sawindrad, ZiriTad

mastimulirebel muxtad unda qceuliyo: `nurvin ityvis, rom eklesiam Tavisi dro

moWama, rom exla ara kulturuli, aramed antikulturuli Zalaa: mas kidev Seswevs

imdeni Zala, rom xalxs emsaxuros, gaunaTos mas gza umjobesi momavlisaken... man xeli

unda Seuwyos Cvens ganmtkiceba-gaerTianebas, raTa kacobriobis ferxulSi Cven vpovoT

Sesaferisi da damsaxurebuli adgili~ 17 _ aseTia episkopos kirionis erovnul-

sazogadoebrivi da saeklesio mrwamsi.

episkoposi kirioni saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriisa da kulturuli

memkvidreobis mkvlevaricaa. mas sworad esmoda istoriis roli da mniSvneloba xalxis

gamofxizlebis, maTSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebis saqmeSi. kirions araerTi

sayuradRebo naSromi ekuTvnis saqarTvelos istoriasa da arqeologiaSi, episkoposi

warmatebiT ikvlevda folklorul masalebs, aranaklebi Sedegi mohyva mis samecniero

mogzaurobebs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (kaxeTSi, qarTlSi, afxazeTSi) _

piradad aRmoaCnda da Seiswavla araerTi xelnaweri da arqeologiuri Zegli: miagno

kaxeTis dedofal TinaTinis saflavs; xelmZRvanelobda mcxeTisa da alaverdis

taZrebis arqeologiur Seswavlas, maT aRdgena-restavracias. nayofieri samecniero

saqmianobisaTvis episkoposi moskovisa da kievis arqeologiuri sazogadoebebis sapatio

wevrad iqna arCeuli.

kirions gadawyvetili hqonda ucxoeTSi arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis

monaxuleba, maTi wignsacavebis Seswavla da qarTuli xelnawerebis samSobloSi

Camotana. am mizniT man TxovniT mimarTa uwmides sinods _ miscemoda palestinis

qarTul eklesiaSi gamgzavrebis ufleba, magram mRvdelmTavris es Canafiqri

ganuxorcielebeli aRmoCnda _ mTavrobam, romelic episkoposs undoblad ekideboda da,

arc saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis gamdidrebiT iyo dainteresebuli,

kirions ucxoeTSi gamgzavrebis neba ar darTo (1902 w.).18

kirionis samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis ZiriTadma Sedegebma asaxva hpova mis

samecniero-publicistur naSromebSi: `qarTuli eklesiis istoria~, ìveriis kulturuli

roli ruseTis istoriisaTvis~, `daviT garejeli da misi mRvime~, `qarTveli

samRvdeloebisa da eklesia-monastrebis roli sazogadoebisa da erovnuli eklesiis

winaSe~ da sxv.

carizmis ganzraxvas gaeZlierebina eklesiisa da sasuliero saswavleblebis

rusifikacia, sabolood amoeZirkva qarTuli ena, mZafr winaaRmdegobas uwevda

episkoposi ambrosi xelaia. didia misi wvlili reaqcioner saeklesio CinovnikTa

gamoaSkaravebasa (episkoposi arsen izotovi) da maTi antiqarTuli saqmianobis asparezis

SekvecaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom episkoposis sworma (qmediTma) eklesiur-erovnulma poziciam

mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa TviTmpyrobelobis gamTiSveli politika, rac afxazi da

qarTveli xalxis xelovnur dapirispirebas iTvaliswinebda.

episkoposis Rrma patriotizmi, qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

damoukideblobisaTvis Tavdadebuli brZolisaTvis mzadyofna, verc bolSevikurma

tiraniam Seanela. sayovelTaod cnobilia kaTalikos ambrosi xelaias memorandumis

17 gazeTi ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”, 1990, #30, gv. 8. 18 gazeTi ,,cnobis furceli”, 1902, #1833.

58

Sinaarsi, romliTac man, umZimesi teroris wlebSi, genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias

mimarTa da msoflio Tanamegobrobas saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi

Tanadgomisaken mouwoda.

ambrosi xelaia cnobili mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe iyo. didi damsaxureba

miuZRvis mas qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis, gansakuTrebiT Zveli xelnawerebis

Segrovebis saqmeSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ambrosi xelaiam aRmoaCina WeliSis `moqcevai

qarTlisai~-s manamde ucnobi varianti, rac episkoposis seriozuli kvlevis sagani gaxda

(warmoebuli kvlevis SedegebiT mRvdelmTavari Tbilisis istoriul-eTnografiuli

sazogadoebis samecniero sxdomis winaSe warsdga). ambrosi xelaias mecnierul

memkvidreobaSi udaod gamorCeulia misi istoriul-eTnografiuli xasiaTis naSromebis

cikli (ibeWdeboda JurnalebSi `ganTiadi~ da `cxovreba~).19

rogorc vxedavT, qarTveli samRvdeloebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi

mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebiT amdidrebdnen istoriul mecnierebas. maT sayuradRebo

naSromebi miuZRvnes saqarTvelos eklesiis warsuls; calkeul mowameTa, sarwmunoebrivi

Rvawlis damdebTa cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas; aRweres da Seiswavles qarTuli

qristianuli kulturis mdidari tradiciebi, riTac fasdaudebeli amagi dasdes

istoriuli mecnierebis winsvlas da xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebas. amave

mizans emsaxureboda saqarTvelosa Tu imperiis mraval nawilSi gafantuli qarTuli

istoriuli saunjis: Zveli xelnawerebis, Zvirfasi saeklesio nivTebis, sxvadasxva saxis

eTnografiuli elementebis Sekreba-aRnusxvasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba, rac mtkice

mecnierul safuZvels qmnida qarTveli xalxis kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla-

ganzogadebisaTvis.

qarTuli kulturisa da enis dacva-aRorZinebis saqmeSi didi wvlili Seitana

episkoposma giorgim (aladaSvilma). swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba quTaisis sasuliero

seminariis daarseba. sxvadasxva eparqiebis (guria-samegrelo, imereTi) winamZRvrobisas

igi did drosa da energias axmarda sasuliero saswavleblebis gaxsnas, maTSi

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis daxvewas. Seupovari iyo misi pozicia mSobliuri

enis saganmanaTleblo da saRvTismsaxuro funqciebis dacvisaTvis brZolaSi.

erovnul moRvaweTa saxelovani pleadis warmomadgenelia episkoposi daviTi

(kaWaxiZe). man sruliad gamoaaSkarava TviTmpyrobelobis mzakvruli Canafiqri - enobrivi

barieris SeqmniT xelovnurad gaemijna erTmaneTisagan mosaxleoba da eklesia. daviT

episkoposis azriT, eris gadagvarebis saSiSroeba arsebul saskolo qselSi, swavlebis

damkvidrebul praqtikaSi iyo saZiebeli, romelic erovnul da uaxles pedagogiur

moTxovnaTa safuZvelze aucileblad unda Secvliliyo.

qarTuli sasuliero wodebis Rirseuli warmomadgenelia dekanozi daviT

RambaSiZe. mis saxels ukavSirdeba Jurnal `mwyemsis~ gamocema, romelic sruliad

gamoxatavda qarTveli samRvdeloebis WeSmaritad erovnul-sarwmunoebrivsa da

progresul sazogadoebriv pozicias. JurnalSi saTanado asaxva hpova saeklesio

sferoSi aRnusxulma problematikam, gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula qarTveli

sazogadoebis sarwmunoebrivi Segnebis amaRlebaSi, xalxsa da eklesias Soris

xelovnurad aRmarTuli barieris daZlevasa da rusifikatoruli politikis zeobis

miuxedavad, eklesiisTvis erovnuli saxis SenarCunebaSi. calke saubris Temaa is

mravalricxovani publikaciebi da korespondenciebi, romlebSic TviTmpyrobelobis

kolonizatoruli saganmanaTleblo kursis gamoaSkaravebis paralelurad,

dasabuTebuli iyo arsebuli saskolo sistemis, swavlebis saSualebebisa da codnis

19 gazeTi ,,saxalxo ganaTleba”, 1989, #15, gv. 8-9.

59

xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da mowinave erovnuli saganmanaTleblo tradiciebis

aRorZinebis aucilebloba.

aseve aRsaniSnavia mRvdel anton kekelias moRvaweoba. guria-samegrelos

eparqiaSi misi TaosnobiT 15 saeklesio skola gaixsna, romlebSic saswavlo procesi,

uSualod anton kekeliasa da sxva Segnebul sasuliero pirTa mecadineobiT, saTanado

warmatebiT da, rac mTavaria, mSobliur enaze mimdinareobda. anton kekelia Tavad iyo

qarTveli pedagogiuri sazogadoebis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli: aswavlida saRvTo

sjuls, maTematikas, ucxo enas; dauRalavad iRvwoda mozardebis zneobrivi da

gonebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis, samSoblos Rirseul moqalaqeebad, qveynisa da xalxis

siyvarulis suliskveTebiT maTi aRzrdisaTvis. anton kekelia pedagogiur saqmianobas

SesaniSnavad uTavsebda sxva saxis aqtiur sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas. mis saxels

ukavSirdeba eparqiaSi samkiTxveloebis, fostis, saavadmyofoebis, sasamarTloebisa da

sxva dawesebulebebis daarseba, rasac adgilobriv macxovrebelTa kulturuli donis

SesamCnevi amaRleba, maTi yofiTi da uflebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba mohyva.20

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis

brZolaSi TvalsaCino wvlili Seitanes sxva sasuliero pirebmac: mixeil maxaTaZem, iona

naWyepiam, ambako TofuriZem, svimon nodiam, samson kvaWantiraZem, dimitri marRaniam da

a.S. udaod dasafasebelia maTi patriotizmi, Seupovari brZola mSobliuri enisa da

erovnuli eklesiis dacvisaTvis.

qarTveli samRvdeloebisa da sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevda

qarTuli enis mdgomareoba qalTa saswavleblebSi. problemis mniSvnelobis

ganmartebisas aqcenti keTdeboda dedis (sazogadod qalis) rolze momavali Taobebis

aRzrdis procesSi, rac gulisxmobda maT ganmsWvalvas uryevi erovnuli idealebiT,

maradiuli zneobrivi principebiT.

aseTi maRali sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis gaweva saTanado momzadebas

moiTxovda. swored amitom miaCnda qarTvel samRvdeloebas arsebuli saganmanaTleblo

sistemis erT-erT yvelaze seriozul naklad qalTa saswavleblebis simcire damatebiT

problemebs hqmnida maswavlebelTa dabali kvalifikacia, skolebis materialuri mxare

Tu saswavlo procesis dagegmvisas aucilebel pedagogiur moTxovnaTa ugulvebelyofis

damkvidrebuli mavne tradicia. gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT ki upirispirdebodnen

mSobliuri enisa da erovnuli cnobierebis maformirebeli, Sinagani inteleqtualur-

zneobrivi samyaros ganmaviTarebeli disciplinebisa (literatura, qarTuli samoqalaqo

da saeklesio istoria, kulturuli warsuli) da saSualebebis (Sesabamisi

aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebi) akrZalvis velur praqtikas. aseTi Sinaarsis skola, maTi

azriT, mavne Sedegebs ufro moutanda xalxs, miT ufro, roca saqme qalTa swavlisa da

aRzrdis sakiTxs exeboda.

arsebuli sistemis kritikis paralelurad, qarTveli saeklesio da saero

moRvaweni ayalibebdnen im principebs (ucvlels Tavisi RirebulebiTi mniSvnelobiT),

romelTa safuZvelzedac unda agebuliyo `saqalebo~ skolebi: `nuravin nu daiviwyebT,

rom saqarTveloSi saqalebo skolam qarTvels unda gauzardos qarTveli qali... Tu

skola amas ar iqms, is skola wyalsac wauRia... mogveciT marTali skola, qarTvelis

sulisa da gulis amamaRlebeli, gonebis gamxsneli! nu gaurevT skolis uwmindess

saqmeSi sxva saqmes, romelic skolas ar Seefereba! nu gadaudgebiT mtkiced dadgenils

kanonebs pedagogisas! mogveciT saswavlebeli qarTvelis qalisa, qarTvelis dedisa...~

(ilia WavWavaZe).21

20 Jurnali ,,jvari vazisa”, 1988, #1, gv. 9. 21 iliaWavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. V. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 116-117.

60

qarTveli samRvdeloebis uaRresad pozitiuri damokidebuleba qalTa

ganaTlebisadmi gamoixateboda, rogorc Sesabamisi saswavlo kerebis daarsebaSi

Setanil pirad wvlilSi, ise sakiTxisadmi optimalur midgomaSi, Temis aqtualobis

argumentirebul dasabuTebaSi. sasuliero wodebis pozicias gadmogvcems gabriel

episkoposis Semdegi sityvebic: `qristianoba ar moiTmens, rom qals hqondes gonebrivi

damokidebuleba mamakacTan, Tu gind meuRlesTan, Tu gind mamasTan. gaunaTlebelTa da

usjuloTa qveyanaTa Sina qali aris mona... ara esred aris ganaTlebulTa,

qristianulTa sazogadoebaTa Sina. aq qals aqvs didi pativi da mniSvneloba~.22

es gamonaTqvami mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. masSi naCvenebia Tu raoden saWiroa

qalis ganaTleba saojaxo urTierTobebis saukeTeso tradiciebis SesanarCuneblad,

agreTve, qalis mier progresuli sazogadoebrivi funqciis gansaxorcieleblad.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gabriel episkoposis azriT, ganaTleba aris sarwmunoebrivi

mdgomareobis amaRlebis upiratesi gza _ ganTavisuflebisa da WeSmarit RirebulebaTa

gancdis saukeTeso saSualeba.

sxvadasxva publikaciebSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom qalTa saswavleblebis

raodenobisa da xarisxis zrdaze mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli xalxis

moraluri gajansaReba, TviT qalis, rogorc sazogadoebis subieqtis, SesaZleblobaTa

realizacia, rac misi funqcionaluri datvirTvis gazrdaSi (ra Tqma unda pozitiuri

niSniT) unda gamoxatuliyo.

es problema Rrma Teoriul donezea ganxiluli Jurnal `duxovni vestnikis~

erT-erT korespondenciaSi. werilis avtori qalTa ganaTlebis amaRlebis saWiroebas

savsebiT sworad ukavSirebs Tanamedrove pirobebSi yofiTi Tu sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis formebisa da Sinaarsis Tvisobriv saxecvlilebas, rac bunebrivad

iwvevda sociumisa saerTod da mis Semadgenel subieqtTa samoqmedo asparezis

gafarToebas, maTdami tradiciuli garemos mier dakisrebuli funqciebis

gamravalferovnebas.23

sxvagvari iyo xelisuflebis pozicia. is sakuTari koloniuri interesebis

prizmaSi Wvretda qalTa ganaTlebis amocanebs saqarTveloSi: saswavleblebs, romelTa

raodenoba isedac mcire iyo, TviTmpyrobelobis erTgulebis ideiT unda aRezardaT

momavali dedebi. am amocanis Sesabamisad saswavlo procesis warmoeba niSnavda

skolebidan mSobliuri enisa da istoriis gandevnis kampaniis gaZlierebas.

swored aseTi faqtebis Sesaxeb iuwyeboda maSindeli qarTuli presa. gazeT

`droebis~ `Sinaur qronikaSi~ vecnobiT axalcixis qarTveli mosaxleobis wuxils aqaur

qalTa saswavleblidan saerTod amouZirkvavT deda-ena `...ase gasinjeT, `deda ena~ da

bunebis karic~ ara hqondaT Turme skolaSi, rom imiT eswavlebinaT samSoblo ena

Tavdapirveladve. qalebs skolaSi SesvlisTanave rusuli `narodnoe slovo~ uWiravT

xelSi da es wignia imaTi erTad-erTi saxelmZRvanelo~. 24 mSobliuri enisadmi msgavs

damokidebulebaSi ara mxolod xelisuflebis mCagvreluri kursi mJRavndeboda, aramed

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis gulgrilobac erovnuli sakiTxisadmi: ès faqti

(axalcixis skolis magaliTi) TvalsaCinod amtkicebs, ra gul-grilobiT da sibeCaviT

veqceviT Cvens pir-dapirs zneobrivs movaleobas zrunvas im saqarTvelos kuTxeebze,

romlebSiac qarTvelobas meti tanjva da Seviwroeba autania, Sesustebulia ricxviT da

TiTqmis erovnulis erTobis grZnoba da kavSiric ki daukargavs CvenTan~.25

22 qadagebani imereTis episkoposis gabrielisa Tqmulni 1870-1884 wlebSi. t. II. quTaisi, 1913, gv. 130. 23 Журнал ,,Духовный Вестник Грузинского Экзархата”, 1899, #16б, gv. 2. 24 gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1884, #138. 25 gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1884, #138.

61

sofel xeTas macxovrebelTa guliswyroma gamouwvevia erTi aqauri `saqalebo

saswavleblis~ pedagogTa nawilisagan qarTuli enis srul ucodinarobas, maTi mxridan

sagnisadmi udier damokidebulebas. 26 samegrelos qalTa skolebidan mSobliuri enis

devnis faqtebs sxva publikaciebidanac vecnobiT. maTSi sworadaa ganmartebuli aseTi

praqtikis ukiduresad uaryofiTi gavlena pedagogiur procesze, aRsazrdelTa

SemecnebiTi da zneobrivi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze.27

aranakleb mZime viTareba iyo Tbilisis `saeparqio dedaTa saswavlebelSi~. 1890-

1891 saswavlo wlis angariSis mixedviT skolaSi, sadac 138 qarTveli gogona swavlobda

mxolod sami pedagogi flobda qarTuls, xolo mSobliuri enis gakveTilebi

praqtikulad arc tardeboda - `yovlad saWiroa qarTvelma samRvdeloebam jerovani

yuradReba miaqcios am garemoebas da ecados qarTulis enis gakveTilebis momatebas. miT

ufro saWiro sagania es sagani, rom zemoxsenebuls saswavlebelSi swavla

damTavrebuli qalebi samrevlo skolebis maswavleblebadac midian da aba ra

maswavlebeli unda iyos qarTvel ymawvilebis, Tu TviT maswavlebels qarTuli ena

rigianad ar ecodineba~.28

saerTo jamSi, naklovan mxareTa miuxedavad, `saqalebo skolebis~ gaxsnas,

udaod didi saganmanaTleblo (erovnulic) mniSvneloba hqonda. swored amgvari

datvirTvis gaTaviseba xdeboda maTi daarsebis (umetesi nawili kerZo xasiaTis

saswavlebeli iyo) sawindari.

Tamar pkhaladze

The Georgian clergy and national school (80-90's of the XIX century)

Summary

The clergy took an active part in Georgian people struggle against the retrogressive tsarist regime. Protection

of mother tongue, its unrestricted use in church and education spheres, taking care of preservation of national culture and its further development, as the final result, restoration of artificially severed connections between the church and population, strengthening of faith among population – that was a creed of Georgian clergy.

Execution of this extremely complicated and responsible mission required overcoming many obstacles. In this regard, the contribution of leaders of Georgian people, bishops Gabriel, Alexander, Kirion, David and other outstanding clergymen to enhancement of patriotic spirit, preservation of national content of the Georgian church or rescue of national culture and mother tongue cannot be overstated. The clergy did the best for foundation of woman education institutions and centers of primary education, for optimization of educational content and organization of academic activity. Despite the vigorous resistance of the authorities, this challenging task was partly accomplished nevertheless.

26 gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, #42, gv. 203. 27 gazeTi ,,kvali”, 1895, #42, gv. 3. 28 gazeTi ,,iveria”, 1892, #3.

62

levan jiqia, istoriis doqtori

saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis zugdidis samazro organizaciis daSla

(1923-1927 ww.)

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis okupacia da aneqsia ganaxorciela. saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis mTavrobisa da parlamentis (damfuZnebeli krebis) wevrTa absoluturma

umravlesobam saqarTvelo datova da emigraciaSi gaemgzavra. miuxedavad amisa,

saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavlenian politikur Zalad kvlav saqarTvelos social-

demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partia rCeboda. amitomac sabWoTa xelisuflebis mTavari

mizani am partiis (aseve sxva partiebis) daSla-ganadgureba iyo. am mizniT saqarTvelos

sagangebo komisiaSi (`CekaSi~) Seiqmna mesame da meoTxe qveganyofilebebi, romlebic

Sesabamisad memarjvene da memarcxene politikuri partiebis winaaRmdeg muSaobdnen.

yovelive amis Sedegad 1923 wlidan saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri partiebis

`TviTlikvidaciis~ procesi daiwyo. cxadia, am procesis Semadgeneli nawili iyo

regionebSi samazro organizaciebis `TviTlikvidaciis~ procesi, romelsac Tvals

sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli adevnebda.

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (bolSevikuri) zugdidis samazro komitetTan

(partkomTan) daarsda yofili social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis sainiciativo

biuro, romelmac mazris masStabiT soflebSi miavlina pirebi, romlebsac Sesabamis

soflebSi social-demokratiuli (m) partiis krebebis mowveva evalebodaT. krebaze unda

aerCiaT delegatebi samazro konferenciaSi monawileobis misaRebad. 1923 wlis 9

agvistos social-demokratiuli (m) partiis sainiciativo biuros sxdoma gaimarTa,

romelsac eswrebodnen: buxuti Rurwkaia, makar yolandaria, kapiton guguCia, ilarion

xubutia (kooptaciiT mowveuli). ivane baZaRua sxdomaze ar gamocxadda. sxdomis dRis

wesrigSi idga Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. biuros Tavmjdomarisa da mdivnis arCeva; 2. biuros

wevrebis raodenobis gazrda; 3. zugdidis mazris punqtebad dayofa (Temebis mixedviT)

samazro konferenciaze delegatebis asarCevad. biuros Tavmjdomared makar yolandaria

airCies, mdivnad _ vasil Rurwkaia. gadawyda biuros wevrebad moewviaT: ilarion

xubutia, ivane baZaRua, ioseb kvaracxelia, mamia anjafariZe. zugdidis mazra dayofil

iqna Semdeg raionebad: 1. pirveli zugdidi; 2. meore zugdidi; 3. darCeli; 4. lia; 5.

walenjixa; 6. Cxorowyu; 7. axali xibula; 8. xobi. raionebSi gamoiyo Semdegi punqtebi:

darCelis raionSi _ kaxaTi-darCeli, pirvel zugdidSi _ qalaqi zugdidi, meore

zugdidSi _ korcxeli, liaSi _ lia, walenjixaSi _ walenjixa, CxorowyuSi _

Cxorowyu-xabume, axal xibulaSi _ narazeni-axali xibula, xobSi _ xeTa-xobi. biuros

gadawyvetilebiT am punqtebSi miavlines: qalaq zugdidSi _ terenti lataria, sofel

korcxelSi _ giorgi lagvilava, Cxorowyusa da xibulis raionebSi _ vasil Rurwkaia,

xobis raionSi _ makar yolandaria, walenjixisa da liis raionebSi _ ilarion xubutia.

samazro konferenciis mowvevis dRed 1923 wlis 19 agvisto ganisazRvra.1

1 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 90, furclebi 7-8.

63

1923 wlis 18 agvistos sofel kaxaTSi social-demokratiuli (m) partiis kreba

gaimarTa. krebas ilarion guguCia Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda elizbar Caxaia. krebaze

moxsenebiT kapiton guguCia gamovida, romelmac aRniSna: `Cven qvemo xelis momwerni

aSkarad da saqveynod vacxadebT, rom Cven vtovebT soc.-dem. partias da vRebulobT me-3

internacionalis platformas. muSur sityvas vdebT komunistur partiasTan xeli xel

Cakidebuli vakeToT muSaTa klasis saqme. mouwodebT jer kidev amxanagebs soc.-dem.

dadgnen mesame internacionalis droSis qveS ukanaskneli ieriSis misatanad burJuaziis

dasamsxvrevad.

gaumarjos msoflio muSaTa klasis mebairaxtres mesame kominterns da mis

Semqmnel komunistur partias!

gaumarjos socializms!~

sof. kaxaTidan konferenciaze delegatad markoz gugulis Ze faRava airCies.

social-demokratiuli (m) partiis kaxaTis Temis organizacia datoves: baTlome

yolandariam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan), saSa guguCiam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan),

beglar guguCiam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan), efrem gulordavam (partiis wevri 1917

wlidan), ilarion guguCiam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan), elizbar Caxaiam (partiis wevri

1917 wlidan), markoz faRavam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan).2

1923 wlis 17 agvistos saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (m) partiis Waqvinjis,

xibulisa da axali xibulis Temebis organizaciis wevrebis kreba gaimarTa. krebas pimen

Rurwkaia Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda simon adamia. krebaze sityviT vasil Rurwkaia

gamovida. konferenciam delegatad vano Selia airCia. partia datoves: simon xaxus Ze

adamiam (maswavlebeli), pimen vasilis Ze Rurwkaiam (partiis wevri 1916 wlidan), vano

andrias Ze Seliam (partiis wevri 1915 wlidan).3

1923 wlis 17 agvistos social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis darCelis

organizaciis kreba gaimarTa. krebas kalistrate xufenia Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda

porfire sordia. krebaze saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) zugdidis komitetis

saxeliT misasalmebeli sityva grigol rogavam warmoTqva. grigol rogavam kmayofileba

gamoTqva konferenciis mowvevis gamo da usurva mas warmateba. grigol rogavas TqmiT

samwuxaro iyo is, rom oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg social-demokratiuli partiis

ori frTa gaTiSuli darCa da amis iniciatorebi, misi TqmiT, swored menSevikebi iyvnen.

Tumca grigol rogavam aRniSna, rom amaSi damnaSave iyvnen ara partiis rigiTi wevrebi,

aramed partiis xelmZRvaneloba. dasasruls, grigol rogavam aRniSna: àmieridan Cven

unda vimuSaoT xeli-xel Cakidebuli, didi oqtombris revoliucia miviyvanoT myudro

navsadguramde da is wiTeli droSa, romelic Tqven gekavaT xelSi gabrwyinebul iyos

Tqveni muSaobiT sabWoTa mTavrobis sasargeblod~. krebaze moxsenebiT guguCia gamovida.

krebam delegatebad airCia: levan zarandia da solomon dgebuaZe. partia datoves:

solomon spiridonis Ze dgebuaZem (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan, ferSali), valerian daTas

Ze xubuam (partiis wevri 1916 wlidan), levanti gaiozis Ze zarandiam (partiis wevri 1917

wlidan), varlam kostas Ze maqacariam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan), besarion isidores Ze

latariam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan), ilarion wurwumiam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan),

2 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 90, furclebi 17-18. 3 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 90, furclebi 18-19.

64

egnate giorgis Ze rogavam (partiis wevri 1917 wlidan), akaki islamis Ze maqacariam

(partiis wevri 1917 wlidan).4

1923 wlis 19 agvistos saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis

zugdidis samazro organizaciis delegatTa kreba gaimarTa. mazris masStabiT 24

delegati gamocxadda. krebas makar yolandaria Tavmjdomareobda (Tavmjdomaris

moadgile _ ilarion xubutia), mdivnobda terenti lataria. sxdomis dRis wesrigSi sami

sakiTxi idga: 1. demokratiis Tu proletariatis diqtatura? (momxsenebeli s. farnievi);

2. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis aralegaluri centraluri

komitetis dRevandeli muSaoba (momxsenebeli a. Wyonia); 3. arCevnebi sruliad

saqarTvelos yrilobaze. krebaze miRebuli dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, delegatebma

oficialurad datoves social-demokratiuli (m) partia da mesame internacionalis

platformaze dadgnen. krebam saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (m) partiis yrilobaze

delegatebad airCia: makar yolandaria, ilarion xubutia, terenti lataria da ermine

Sengelia.5

saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (m) partiis samazro organizaciebis mier

salikvidacio krebebis gamarTvis miuxedavad, sabWoTa xelisufleba kargad xedavda, rom

saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (m) partia arsebobas ganagrZnobda. amis dasturi

1924 wlis antisabWoTa erovnuli ajanyeba iyo. sabWoTa xelisuflebam isargebla 1924

wlis ajanyebis marcxiT da miznad daisaxa sabolood daesamarebina es partia.

1924 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centralur

komitetTan yofil social-demokratTa Soris momuSave ganyofileba Seiqmna, romelsac

komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis samdivnos erTi wevri xelmZRvanelobda.

ganyofilebaSi Seiyvanes yofili social-demokratebis (m) mier gamoyofili ori piri,

romelTagan erTi ganyofilebis mdivnis, meore ki instruqtoris Tanamdebobaze

dainiSnen. ganyofilebis zedamxedvelobiT gazeT `komunistSi~, kowia sulaqveliZis

redaqtorobiT, SemoRebul iqna specialuri damateba-furceli àxalgzelis~

saxelwodebiT, romelic yovelkvireulad (SabaTobiT) gamodioda.

yofil social-demokratTa (m) Soris momuSave ganyofilebis mTavar movaleobas

Seadgenda gamoeyo momxseneblebi ama Tu im raionSi krebis Casatareblad. ganyofilebas

aseve evaleboda aRricxvaze aeyvana `Zveli gzis uarismyofeli~ social-demokratebi (m),

raTa maTgan komunisturi partiis rigebis Sevseba momxdariyo. komunisturi partiis (b)

centralurma komitetma yofil social-demokratTa (m) Soris momuSave ganyofilebis

mier SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegma daamtkica. gegmis mixedviT, yofil social-

demokratTa (m) Soris momuSave ganyofilebebi daarsda: saqarTvelos komunisturi

partiis (b) Tbilisis komitetTan, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) aWaris saolqo

komitetTan, aseve saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) quTaisis, senakis, zugdidis,

ozurgeTis, Sorapnis, goris, siRnaRisa da Telavis samazro komitetebTan da

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) foTis partiul komitetTan. rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, am ganyofilebebs partiuli (komunisturi) mdivnebis xelmZRvanelobiT unda

emuSavaT, xolo ganyofilebis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi saTanado avtoritetis mqone da

aqtiuri, sabWoTa platformaze mdgomi yofili social-demokrati (m) unda CaerToT.

komunisturi partiis (b) samazro komitetebTan Seqmnili ganyofilebebis winaSe Semdegi

amocanebi idga: ganegrZoT yofili social-demokratebis (m) aRricxva; xeli SeewyoT

4 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 90, furclebi 22-23. 5 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 90, furclebi 9-11.

65

yofili social-demokratebis (m) komunisturi partiis (b) rigebSi gawevrianebisTvis;

kavSiri unda hqonodaT yofili social-demokratiuli (m) partiis wevrebTan; xeli

SeewyoT àxali gzelis~ gavrcelebisTvis da aqtiurad eTanamSromlaT mis

redaqciasTan korespondenciebis miwodebiT; periodulad moewviaT samoqmedo raionSi

mcxovreb yofil social-demokratTa (m) da upartioTa kreba centridan (Tbilisidan)

warmogzavnili komunistebis moxsenebebis mosasmenad; gaweuli muSaobis Sesaxeb

angariSi yovelTviurad saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri

komitetisaTvis da masTan arsebuli yofil social-demokratTa (m) Soris momuSave

ganyofilebisTvis miewodebinaT.6

1925 wlis 17 Tebervals saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis (m) zugdidis

samazro organizaciis mowinave wevrebis kreba gaimarTa. marTalia kreba mcirericxovani

aRmoCnda, magram is mainc Seudga muSaobas. krebas iason mujiri Tavmjdomareobda,

mdivnobda raJden jalaRonia. krebaze moxseneba `muSaTa komisiis~ saxeliT k. maWaraZem

gaakeTa. k. maWaraZem vrclad isaubra 1924 wlis ajanyebaze da aRniSna is, Tu ra

savalalo Sedegi moutana am movlenam qarTvel xalxs. k. maWaraZe aseve muSaTa komisiis

moRvaweobas, mis rolsa da muSaobas Seexo. krebaze sityviT aseve barnaba Zvelaia

gamovida. krebam erTxmad moiwona `muSaTa komisiis~ mier aRebuli gezi da gamoitana

rezolucia, romelSic isini sabWoTa xelisuflebas hpirdebodnen, rom masTan erTad

ibrZolebdnen saerTaSoriso reaqciis winaaRmdeg. krebam rwmunebulTa komisia airCia

Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: ioseb kvaracxelia, kalistrate zarandia, valodia SublaZe,

nestor alania, giorgi wulaia da akaki kvaracxelia. rwmunebulebs daevalaT zugdidis

mazris Temebsa da soflebSi social-demokratiuli (m) partiis salikvidacio krebebi

moewviaT.7

1925 wlis 18 Tebervals qalaq zugdidSi `saqarTvelos muSaTa komisiis~

zugdidis samazro `rwmunebulTa komisiis~ sxdoma gaimarTa. sxdomis dRis wesrigSi

Semdegi sakiTxebi idga: `rwmunebulTa komisiis~ Tavmjdomaris, Tavmjdomaris

moadgilisa da mdivnis arCeva, mazris masStabiT komisiis samuSao gegmis Sedgena da

`rwmunebulTa komisiaSi~ meSvide wevris damateba. `rwmunebulTa komisiis~

Tavmjdomared ioseb kvaracxelia airCies, mdivnad ki _ giorgi wulaia. komisiis

gadawyvetilebiT zugdidis mazra pirobiTad Svid raionad iqna dayofili, sadac

komisiis rwmunebulebi miavlines. `rwmunebulTa komisias~ meSvide wevrad raJden

jalaRonia daemata, romelic komisiis Tavmjdomaris moadgiled airCies.8

1925 wlis 22 Tebervals didineZis Temis Sromis darbazSi yofili social-

demokratebisa (m) da yofili axalgazrda marqsistebis kreba gaimarTa. krebas mixeil

Sonia Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda grigol nanava. kreba mowveul iqna `Tbilisis muSaTa

komisiis~ darCelis raionis rwmunebulis kalistrate zarandias mier. krebis mier

miRebul dadgenilebaSi aRniSnuli iyo: `dRes Cven SegnebulaT vaRiarebT, rom sabWoTa

xelisufleba aris gamomxatveli muSaTa da glexTa interesebis, romelic dagvimtkica

cxovrebam. amitom Cven Segnebulad viziarebT sabWoTa sistemas da vdgebiT mesame

internacionalis droSis qveS.

masTan kreba sTxovs Tfilisis muSaTa komisias, raTa iSuamdgomlon umaRles

mTavrobis winaSe gadasaxlebulTa dasabruneblad, romelnic imyofebian ruseTSi da

ajanyebaSi monawileobis miRebiT adgilidan daTxovnili pirebis uflebis aRdgenaze.~

6 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furclebi 120-121. 7 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 30. 8 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 20.

66

krebis mier miRebul dadgenilebas xels awerdnen: gagali totiSis Ze maqacaria,

Teimuraz gutas Ze qaraia, zosime jutus Ze jobava, farna burdRus Ze Sonia, gerasime

badirias Ze Sonia, mixa Zukias Ze Sonia, estate bardRus Ze qiria, sandro paxvalas Ze

turava, lavrenti jondos Ze bulia, WiWi bardRus Ze qiria, iese anTimozis Ze

megreliZe, parmen quTus Ze miqava, bagrat ivanes Ze janaSia, abraam dutus Ze qarCava,

amrosi andrias Ze kukava, platon nikolozis Ze xaindrava, samson beris Ze jRarkava,

neqtar andrias Ze kukava, arten jvejves Ze zarqua, erasto Savaias Ze qarCava, akaki

islamis Ze maqacaria, andro Savaias Ze qarCava, lavrenti sabas Ze qiria, Tevdore

markozis Ze miqava, kalistrate gaiozis Ze zarandia, grigol pavles Ze nanava, mixeil

bagirias Ze Sonia, grigol Taras Ze kutalia, silovan baTlomes Ze kukava, ipolite

qiria, ilia ivanes Ze janaSia, akaki koWos Ze kukava da WiWi quTaris Ze cicqarava.9

1925 wlis 28 Tebervals gaimarTa darCelis Temis aRmasrulebeli komitetis

SenobaSi yofili social-demokratebisa (m) da yofili axalgazrda marqsistebis kreba.

krebas nestor xufenia Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda kirile qecbaia. kreba mowveul iqna

darCelis raionSi `Tbilisis muSaTa komisiis~ rwmunebulis kalistrate zarandias mier.

krebam sabWoTa platformaze gadasvla daadastura, romelsac xels awerdnen: raisa

daviTis asuli sordia, porfi ivanes Ze sordia, jogo koCas Ze Cangelia, andri qerqenis

Ze bigvava, nestor stefanes Ze xufenia, erasto koCas Ze Cangelia, badura gajis Ze

absanZe, bardRu gogis Ze absanZe, biqtor jutus Ze jiqia, ermine nikos Ze xufenia, beso

gadis Ze beraia, biqtor pavles Ze xufenia, nestor mixas Ze Sengelia, domenti noCos Ze

korkelia, estate koCas Ze Cangelia, oresti stefanes Ze xufenia, buxo noCos Ze

korkelia da kirile jirgus Ze qecbaia.10

1925 wlis 3 marts daba anakliis Teatris darbazSi yofili social-

demokratebisa (m) da yofili axalgazrda marqsistebis kreba gaimarTa. krebas stefane

gurgenaZe Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda germane salia. krebis mier miRebul

dadgenilebas xels awerdnen: stefane onisimes Ze gurgenaZe, solomon spiridonis Ze

dgebuaZe, valiko daTas Ze xubua, giorgi (xubu) konstantines Ze CaCava, germane daTas Ze

salia, kapiton Temrazis Ze yorSia, dimitri uTuias Ze yorSia, aleqsandre badus Ze

korkelia, oqropir beCus Ze Wanturia, bagrat ianes Ze cacua da ese eses Ze gurgenaZe.11

1925 wlis 5 marts kokis Temis Sromis skolis darbazSi yofili social-

demokratebisa (m) da yofili axalgazrda marqsistebis kreba gaimarTa. krebas mixa

narmania Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda vasil (adamur) cxakaia. krebis mier miRebul

dadgenilebas xels awerdnen: avqsenti Sonia, raJden cxakaia, kiti narmania, silibistro

Sonia, bagrat narmania, varlam narmania, lavrenti cxakaia, pokro xazalia, nestor

Toria, mixa narmania, dome Tucbaia, aTanase qardava, besarion qiria, pavle xazalia da

adamur cxakaia.12

1925 wlis 6 marts orulu-ergetis Sromis skolis darbazSi yofili social-

demokratebisa (m) da yofili axalgazrda marqsistebis kreba gaimarTa. krebas olifante

wurwumia Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda adam esarTia. kreba mowveul iqna darCelis

raionSi `Tbilisis muSaTa komisiis~ rwmunebulis kalistrate zarandias mier.

kalistrate zarandiam partiis TviTlikvidaciis aucileblobaze isaubra da krebas

mouwoda sabolood dadebiTad gadaewyvita es sakiTxi. sabolood, krebam Semdegi

dadgenileba miiRo: `dRes Cven SegnebulaT vaRiarebT, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba aris

9 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 4. 10 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 2. 11 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 3. 12 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 5.

67

gamomxatveli muSaTa da glexTa interesebis, romelic dagvimtkica cxovrebam. amitom

Cven Segnebulad viziarebT sabWoTa sistemas da vdgebiT mesame internacionalis droSis

qveS.

masTan kreba sTxovs Tfilisis muSaTa komisias, raTa iSuamdgomlon umaRles

mTavrobis winaSe gadasaxlebulTa dasabruneblad, romelnic imyofebian ruseTSi da

ajanyebaSi monawileobis miRebiT adgilidan daTxovnili pirebis uflebis aRdgenaze.~

Txovnas xels awerdnen orulu-ergetis Temis yofili social-demokratebi (m):

aleqsia gogis Ze Todua, mixa biblaTis Ze lataria, Tada miqelas Ze lataria, estate

giorgis Ze naWyebia, CanTu ermines Ze kankia, ioseb tagus Ze jiWonaia, abraam sisos Ze

kalandia, raJden Zikis Ze Wania, valodia nestoris Ze gvajaia, taras Rvinjilia, mamanti

pepus Ze malania, iason aleqsis Ze gablaia, olifante buTas Ze wurwumia, adami

ivlianes Ze esarTia, vladimer besarionis Ze lataria, avqsenti Tadas Ze lataria.13

1925 wlis 6 marts caiSi-kaxaTis Temis yofili social-demokratebisa (m) da

yofili axalgazrda marqsistebis kreba gaimarTa, romelsac ipolite qiria

Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda serapion gegeWkori. krebaze moxseneba `Tbilisis muSaTa

komisiis~ zugdidis samazro rwmunebulebis wevrma giorgi wulaiam waikiTxa.

salikvidacio aRricxvaSi gatardnen: vasil Samugia, sokrat Samugia, ivlon abakelia,

markoz yurua, ivlon grigolava, sandro qiria, ambako wowelia, Teimuraz WiWinaZe,

barnoba Samugia, silovan Samugia, varlam Samugia, aron Samugia, ermine ubilava,

serapion gegeWkori, anton ubilava, porfile dgebuaZe, gaga abakelia, levan abakelia,

mamanti yurua da lavrenti xviCia.14

1925 wlis 30 aprils narazenis Temis yofili social-demokratebisa (m) da

upartio glexebis kreba gaimarTa. krebas iakob Todua Tavmjdomareobda, mdivnobda

dimitri Todua. salikvidacio registraciaSi gatardnen: dimitri Todua, isaia (kakali)

Todua, iakob Todua, nestor dianozis Ze Todua, nestor sisos Ze Todua, bagrat

Sulaia, gerasime silogava, kalistrate sxuluxia, giorgi paWkoria, adamur beriSvili,

vladimer stefanes Ze Todua, kosTaia nanava, raJden sikos Ze Todua, grigol bigvava,

apolon aleqsandres Ze Todua, galaktion vasilis Ze gersamia da makar kvaracxelia.15

1925 wlis 9-12 oqtombers qalaq TbilisSi `muSaTa komisiis~ rwmunebulTa

TaTbiri gaimarTa. TaTbirze ganxiluli sakiTxebi gazeT `komunistis~ meSveobiT

gaSuqda.

1925 wlis 12 dekembers saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri

komitetis mdivanma mixeil kaxianma da yofil social-demokratTa (m) Soris momuSave

ganyofilebis mdivanma duglaZem saqarTvelos mazrebSi werili gaagzavnes, romelSic

kidev erTxel iyo saubari `muSaTa komisiis~ mier gaweul muSaobaze.16

1927 wels saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis

prezidiumis dadgenilebiT, samazro komitetebSi specialuri komisia gamoiyo, romelsac

daevala mazris masStabiT yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebis antisabWoTa

elementebisagan gawmenda moexdina. centridan direqtivebis miRebisTanave, saqarTvelos

komunisturi partiis (b) zugdidis samazro komitetis pasuxismgebelma mdivanma isaak

Jvaniam yvela dawesebulebis xelmZRvanels `saeWvo~ pirebis Tanamdebobidan

13 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 1. 14 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 24. 15 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furceli 53. 16 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 237, furclebi 112-113.

68

ganTavisufleba daavala, ganTavisuflebis oficialuri mizezi ki `muSaobaSi

uvargisoba~ unda yofiliyo. davaleba zedmiwevniT Sesrulda.17

1927 wlis 15 aprilidan 19 aprilamde saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b)

zugdidis samazro komitetis prezidiumis mier gamoyofili `gadamsinjavi da gamwmendi

komisiis~ sxdomebi imarTeboda. sxdomebs v. Selia Tavmjdomareobda, wevrebad ki iyvnen:

m. jinjolia, a. farcvania, f. cxomaria da i. kvaracxelia. komisiam ganixila Semdegi

pirebis saqme da miiRo Sesabamisi dadgenilebebi: grigol ioses Ze Wabukiani, 30 wlis,

umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, social-demokrati 1917 wlidan, qalaq zugdidis cxrawledis

maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba; lavrenti daviTis Ze kodua,

39 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yofili memarjvene socialist-revolucioneri (eseri),

maswavlebeli, mcxovrebi abasTumnis TemSi, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba;

evgeni platonis Ze xvingia, 25 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, sofel didi neZSi

maswavlebeli, mcxovrebi sofel WkaduaSSi, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba;

mixeil ilarionis Ze Sedania, 21 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yofili axalgazrda

marqsisti, sofel didi neZSi maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba;

kato malxazis asuli keidia, 38 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, qalaq zugdidis

Svidwledis skolis maswavlebeli, mcxovrebi qalaq zugdidSi, krebam aukrZala

samaswavleblo saqmianoba; luba stefanes asuli jobava, 21 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT,

sofel kaxaTis Svidwledis skolis maswavlebeli; SoTa aleqsandres Ze Wanturia, 21

wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yofili axalgazrda marqsisti, sofel korcxelis

Svidwledis skolis maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba,

dapatimrebulia; nikoloz giorgis Ze maxaria, 33 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, sofel

caiSis Svidwledis skolis maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba;

grigol antonis Ze zardava, 21 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, yofili axalgazrda

marqsisti, sofel Waqvinjis skolis maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo

saqmianoba, dapatimrebulia; paSa ivanes asuli Comaxia, 29 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT,

qalaq zugdidSi maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba; aleqsandre

vaxTas Ze Tordia, 26 wlis, saSualo ganaTlebiT, sofel korcxelis oTxwledis

skolis maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba; daviT ziyvas Ze xasia,

33 wlis, yofili social-demokrati (m), sofel uCaSonis oTxwledis skolis

maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo saqmianoba, dapatimrebulia; maro iasonis

asuli zuzuSvili, 29 wlis, umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, yofili social-demokrati (m), qalaq

zugdidis sameurneo teqnikumis maswavlebeli, krebam aukrZala samaswavleblo

saqmianoba; stefane zardava, saSualo ganaTlebiT, mosamsaxure, specialobiT ferSali,

mcxovrebi sofel caiSSi, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; iona

xarebava, saSualo ganaTlebiT, specialobiT farmacevti, 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawile,

muSaobda qalaq zugdidSi mdebare afTiaqSi, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles

Tanamdebobidan aRdgenis uflebis CamorTmeviT; artem jojua, saSualo ganaTlebiT,

specialobiT farmacevti, muSaobda sofel darCelSi arsebul afTiaqSi, krebis

dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan aRdgenis uflebis CamorTmeviT,

dapatimrebulia; besarion grigolia, saSualo ganaTlebiT, specialobiT farmacevti,

muSaobda sofel anakliaSi arsebul afTiaqSi, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles

Tanamdebobidan aRdgenis uflebis CamorTmeviT; simon joloxava, 47 wlis, qalaq

zugdidis glexTa saxlis gamge, yofili social-demokrati (m), krebis dadgenilebiT

gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan, dapatimrebulia; saSa kalandariSvili, qalaq zugdidis

17 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 508, furceli 23.

69

sasamarTlos saqmismwarmoebeli, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan;

mixa Wanturia, dasavleT saqarTvelos prokuroris TanaSemwis saqmismwarmoebeli, krebis

dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; kosta Teimurazis Ze mesxia, 26 wlis,

saSualo ganaTlebiT, yofili social-demokrati (m), qalaq zugdidis satyeo

ganyofilebis saqmismwarmoebeli, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan,

dapatimrebulia; doro Todua, sofel kokis sasoflo sameurneo amxanagobis gamgeobis

wevri, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; vladimer narmania, sofel

Samgonis saxerxi qarxnis kancelariis TanamSromeli, krebis dadgenilebiT

gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; arsena kuWava, yofili oficeri, 1924 wlis ajanyebis

monawile, sofel axali abasTumnis qarxnis sawyobis gamge, krebis dadgenilebiT

gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; sio gogiCaiSvili, sofel Samgonis saxerxi qarxnis

gamge, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; gedeon mataxeria, yofili

oficeri, 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawile, sofel axali abasTumnis qarxnis TanamSromeli,

krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan; WiWiko lavrentis Ze ivardava,

1924 wlis ajanyebis monawile, saqarTvelos Cais zugdidis ganyofilebis instruqtoris

rwmunebuli, krebis dadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles Tanamdebobidan, dapatimrebulia;

1927 wlis 24 ivniss saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) zugdidis samazro

komitetis prezidiumis sxdoma gaimarTa. sxdomaze `gadamsinjavi da gamwmendi komisiis~

muSaobis Sesaxeb moxseneba isaak Jvaniam gaakeTa. isaak Jvanias TqmiT komisiam garkveuli

Secdomebi dauSva, radgan Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebuli zogierTi piri sabWoTa

platformaze idga, amitomac komisiis 19 aprilis oqmSi garkveuli koreqtivebi unda

Sesuliyo. marTlac, sxdomam oqmSi Sesworeba Seitana, ris Semdegac Tanamdebobaze

aRadgines: grigol Wabukiani, iona xarebava, lavrenti kodua, kato keidia.

1927 wlis 6 oqtombers saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) zugdidis mazris

`gadamsinjavi da gamwmendi komisiis~ sxdoma gaimarTa. sxdomas isaak Jvania

Tavmjdomareobda. sxdomas eswrebodnen: b. janaSia, zugdidis samazro sainformacio

punqtidan (`Cekadan~) m. kukutaria, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri

komitetis warmomadgeneli korneli qacarava. sxdomam Tavis uflebebSi kidev ramdenime

piri aRadgina.18

amdenad, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebis miuxedavad saqarTvelos

social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partia rCeboda yvelaze gavlenian politikur

partiad qveyanaSi. amitomac sabWoTa xelisufleba mTavar aqcents am partiis daSla-

ganadgurebaze akeTebda. am procesis ukeT warmarTvis mizniT sabWoTa xelisuflebis

iniciativiT mazrebSi imarTeboda saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (m) partiis

samazro organizaciebis `nebayoflobiTi~ krebebi, romlebzec organizaciis daSlis

gadawyvetilebebi gamohqondaT. mogvianebiT sabWoTa xelisuflebam saqarTvelos

komunisturi partiis (b) rigebidan garicxa da Tanamdebobebidan gaanTavisufla yofili

social-demokratebi (menSevikebi). es procesi sabolood 1927 wels dasrulda. amis

Semdeg saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) gavlena mosaxleobaSi mniSvnelovnad

`gaizarda~.

18 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi 28, aRwera 1, saqme 508, furclebi 2-

54.

70

Levan Jikia

Dissolution of Zugdidi District Organization of Social-Democratic (Menshevik) Party of Georgia

(1923-1927)

Summary

In February-March, 1921, Soviet Russia occupied and annexed Democratic Republic of Georgia. Absolute majority of the government of Democratic Republic of Georgia and parliament members left Georgia and migrated to the other countries. In Georgia the soviet regime was established. Nevertheless, Social-Democratic (Menshevik) party remained the most influential political party in Georgia. Therefore, the main concern of the soviet government of Georgia was dissolution-elimination of this party (as well as the other parties). By the incentive of the soviet government, in Zugdidi District (as well as in the other districts) the meetings for liquidation of the district organizations of Social-Democratic (Menshevik) party were arranged and in 1923, these efforts were successfully completed. Later, by the resolution of the presidium of communist party (B) of Georgia, the special commissions were established within the district committees intended for cleaning of all state institutions from “anti-soviet” elements at the district level. In Zugdidi District this process ended in 1927.

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vaxtang guruli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

dokumentebi da masalebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis istoriisaTvis

(1918 wlis 26 maisi)

pirvelma msoflio omma ukiduresad daZaba politikuri, ekonomikuri da

socialuri viTareba ruseTis imperiaSi. xelisuflebam krizisidan gamosavali ver

ipova, ise mouswro 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam, romelmac ruseTSi

TviTmpyrobeloba daamxo.

ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam, saimperio xelisuflebis samarTalmemkvidrem da

Tavisi xasiaTiT demokratiulma, xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodSi (1917 wlis 2 marti _

25 oqtomberi), viTarebis stabilizacia ver SeZlo. piriqiT, frontebze gancdilma

ramdenime seriozulma marcxma saxelmwifoebriobis ngrevis procesi kidev ufro

daaCqara. Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebles bolSevikebma da 1917 wlis 24-25 oqtombers

kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ganaxorcieles, droebiTi mTavroba

daamxes.

ruseTSi Seqmnili krizisuli viTarebiT, praqtikulad saxelmwifoebriobis

ngreviT, dauyovnebliv isargebles erT dros ruseTis mier dapyrobilma Tu

,,nebayoflobiT” SeerTebulma erebma da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamoacxades:

fineTma (1917 wlis 6 dekembers), ukrainam (1918 wlis 9 ianvars), litvam (1918 wlis 16

Tebervals), estoneTma (1918 wlis 24 Tebervals), belorusiam (1918 wlis 25 marts),

saqarTvelom (1918 wlis 26 maiss), azerbaijanma (1918 wlis 28 maiss), somxeTma (1918 wlis

28 maiss), poloneTma (1918 wlis 11 noembers), latviam (1918 wlis 18 noembers). xsenebuli

qveynebis istoriografia, miuxedavad daSvebuli seriozuli Secdomebisa, didebis

SaravandediT mosavs im politikur elitas da politikur liderebs, romelTa

winamZRolobiTac gamocxadda saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. ase Seimosa didebis

SaravandediT per evind svinxuvudisa da kar gustav emil manerheimis (fineTi), mixael

gruSevskisa da simon petliuras (ukraina), iuzef pilsudskisa da ian ignaci

paderevsikis (poloneTi) saxelebi.

sruliad sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme saqarTveloSi. 1921 wlidan

dawyebuli qarTveli istorikosebi, publicistebi, mwerlebi da politikosebi cdiloben

muq ferebSi warmoadginon saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis

istoria. sayovelTaod cnobili dokumentebisa da masalebis ugulebelyofis fonze

isini winaswari ganzraxviT, politikuri Tu sxva miznebidan gamomdinare, ayalbeben

saqarTvelos istorias da urTulessa da umniSvnelovanes periods (1917 wlis martidan

1918 wlis maisamde) gaukuRmarTebulad warmoadgenen. dRemde mimdinareobs qarTuli

politikuri elitis, politikuri liderebis dausabuTebeli lanZRva-gineba (da ara

kritika)! am saZraxisi kampaniis monawileebma arc ki ician, rom saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis istoriis gayalbebisas, nebsiT Tu

uneblieT, imeoreben vladimer leninis, ioseb stalinis, sergo orjonikiZis, filipe

72

maxaraZis, lev trockisa da sxva bolSeviki liderebis gamonaTqvamebs, popularizacias

uweven oTxi klasis ganaTlebis mqone, moskovis wiTeli profesuris

institutdamTavrebuli bolSeviki istorikosebis nacodvilars. ufro metic,

saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebisas farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove rusuli

istoriografiis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi. ukve cxadze cxadia da sul ufro da

ufro Rrmavdeba bevri uaryofiTi tendencia. samwuxaroa, rom xSirad gvxvdebian

adamianebi (mkvlevarebi, publicistebi, mwerlebi, politikosebi), romlebic mTeli

seriozulobiTa da didi SemarTebiT amtkiceben: 1) 1918 wlis 26 maiss saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena moxda samarTlebrivi normebis ugulebelyofiT, ukanonod,

xolo damoukideblobis aRdgena 1991 wlis 9 aprils _ samarTlebrivi normebis

zedmiwevniT dacviT, kanonierad (Tanamedrove rusuli istoriografiis Tema); 2)

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba aRdga SemTxveviT, ara eris Sinagani

mzaobis Sedegad, aramed sagareo faqtorebis gavleniT (sabWoTa istoriografiis Tema);

3) qarTuli politikuri elita iyo gaunaTlebeli da arasaxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne

(sabWoTa istoriografiisa da Tanamedrove rusuli istoriografiis Tema); 4) 1918 wlis

26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtze xelismomweri qarTvelebi ruseTis moqalaqeebi iyvnen

da ara saqarTvelosi (Tanamedrove rusuli istoriografiis Tema). yvelafers rom Tavi

davaneboT, am Sexedulebebis mqadageblebma ar ician, ra cud samsaxurs uweven

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos.

1918 wlis 26 maiss saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sefaseba moiTxovs

safuZvlian codnas, uamravi dokumentis analizs, 1917-1918 wlebSi yofili ruseTis

imperiis teritoriaze da msoflioSi mimdinare procesebSi zedmiwevniT zustad

garkvevas. 1917-1918 wlebSi moRvawe qarTuli politikuri elitis ganmqiqebelTa

,,naSromebs” da zepir gamosvlebs roca ecnobi, imTaviTve cxadi xdeba erTi WeSmariteba:

es adamianebi an saerTod ar icnoben, an Zalze zerele warmodgena aqvT im urTules

procesebze, romelTac adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi XX saukunis damdegidan,

konkretulad ki, 1917-1918 wlebSi. aravin ar uaryofs imas, rom qarTulma politikurma

elitam, politikurma liderebma dauSves mravali sabediswero Secdoma, romelTa

mizezebis axsna istorikosTa da politikosTa valia. am mizans emsaxureboda Cvens mier

2011 wels gamoqveynebuli narkvevi ,,1918 wlis 26 maisi~, 1 aseve sxva naSromebi. Cven

migvaCnia, rom istoriuli procesis Sefaseba, politikuri elitis mier daSvebuli

Secdomebis gaazreba-gamomzeureba unda emsaxurebodes eris WeSmariti istoriis

dadgenas da ara politikur miznebs, ufro metic, sazogadoebis gaTiSvasa da

dapirispirebas. am ramdenime wlis win mavanisa da mavanis iniciativiT daiwyo diskusia,

romlis mizani iyo pasuxi gaeca kiTxvaze: rodis unda vizeimoT saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukidebloba, 26 maiss Tu 9 aprils? SeSfoTebulebi, gamwarebulebi da

gaborotebulebi gahkiodnen: 26 maisi ar aris damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRe! 9 aprilia

namdvili damoukideblobis dRe! nuTu Znelia imis aRiareba, rom 1918 wlis 26 maisi

arafriT ar Crdilavs, ar auferulebs 1991 wlis 9 aprilis didebulebas da piriqiT.

aSkaraa, rom viRacas aseTi pasuxi xels ar aZlevs, viRacas surs, rom eri mudmivad

gaTiSuli iyos, uazro polemika dausruleblad grZeldebodes.

1917-1918 wlebSi moRvawe qarTuli politikuri elitis ,,kritikosebs” SevaxsenebT:

sanam saubarsa da weras daiwyebdnen, winaswar gansazRvron, qarTvel politikosTa

SeuracxyofiT vis banakSi xvdebian, gamoCenil politikur moRvaweTa lamis erisa da

saxelmwifos mtrad gamocxadebiT vis wisqvilze asxamen wyals. zviad gamsaxurdias

saxelis ukvdavsayofad sulac ar aris aucilebeli noe Jordanias damcireba, 1917-1918

1 vaxtang guruli. 1918 wlis 26 maisi (narkvevi. dokumentebi. masalebi). Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 5-16.

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wlebSi moRvawe politikuri elitis ganqiqeba da gabiabrueba didebis SaravandediT ver

Semosavs 1990-1991 wlebSi moRvawe politikur elitas.

1918 wlis 26 maiss warmatebiT dagvirgvinda qarTveli eris brZola dakarguli

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis. am did monapovars veraferi daCrdilavs. rac Seexe-

ba imas, Tu rogori iyo es gamarjveba amis Taobaze polemika kidev didxans gagrZelde-

ba. Cveni azri ki aseTia: 1918 wlis 26 maisi Tavisi arsiT iyo iseTi, rogoric iyo qarTu-

li sazogadoeba, qarTuli politikuri Zalebi, qarTuli politikuri elita da qarTve-

li politikuri liderebi. ukeTesi imxanad mxolod ocnebis sferos ganekuTvneboda.

yovelive es mTlianad exeba 1991 wlis 9 aprilsac.

qvemoT vaqveynebT dokumentebsa da masalebs, romlebic mkiTxvels daexmareba

kidev erTxel gaiazros, Tu ra xdeboda saqarTveloSi 1917-1918 wlebSi.

#1. saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobaze noe Jordanias moxsenebis _ `dRevandeli momenti da qarTveli eris politikuri mdgomareoba~ _ gamo

misaRebi rezoluciis proeqtis SemmuSavebeli erovnul-politikuri seqciis sxdomis oqmi. 1917 wlis 19 noemberi

19 noemberi 1917 weli

pirveli qarTuli erovnuli yriloba

erovnul-politikuri seqciis sxdomis oqmi

interpartiuli sabWos davalebiT n. Jordanias mier wakiTxuli moxsenebis _ `dRe-

vandeli momenti da qarTveli eris politikuri mdgomareobis~ _ gamo rezoliuciebis

SesamuSaveblad saqarTvelos pirvelma erovnulma yrilobam gamoyo erovnul-politiku-

ri seqcia, romelSiac Sevidnen yvela politikur fraqciaTa warmomadgenlebi:

social-demokratebisagan: n. Jordania, gr. giorgaZe, v. juReli, gr. urataZe, k. gvarja-laZe, m. klimiaSvili, g. faRava, d. oniaSvili.

socialist-federalistebisagan: giorgi lasxiSvili, gr. rcxilaZe, gr. gvelesiani, ia-son baqraZe, i. fancxava, s. fircxalava, dito uznaZe, akaki faRava.

social-demokratebisagan (alionelebisagan): p. sayvareliZe, d. suliaSvili, leo Sen-gelaia, nik. qarcivaZe.

socialist-revolucionerebisagan: iv. gobeCia, ioseb gobeCia, par. sabaSvili. nacional-demokratebisagan: giorgi gvazava, gr. veSapeli, vas. wereTeli, Salva amire-

jibi, t. tabiZe, l. jafariZe, d. guramiSvili, ir. amirejibi. seqciis TavmjdomareT yrilobis mier arCeuli iyo iv. gobeCia, mdivnad seqciam airCia

akaki faRava. pirveli sxdoma daiwyo saRamos 10 s. sakrebulos darbazSi.

pirvelad rezoliuciis proeqts kiTxulobs n. Jordania:

`qarTuli erovnuli yriloba, moismina ra moxseneba n. Jordaniasi Sesaxeb dRevande-

li momentisa da qarTveli eris politikuri mdgomareobisa, adgens: 1. qarTveli eri, rogorc am asi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sdgas ruseTis orientaciis nia-

dagze. 2. qarTvel demokratiam dRidan Tavisi politikuri arsebobisa Tavisi svebedi mWid-

rod daukavSira ruseTis demokratias da masTan erTad moqmedebiT fiqrobs Tavisi poli-tikuri, ekonomiuri da nacionaluri miswrafebani ganaxorcielos.

3. ruseTis SuagulSi gaCaRebuli samoqalaqo omis meoxebiT dRes ar arsebobs erTi centraluri revoluciuri mTavroba, cnobili mTeli revoluciuri ruseTis mier. am ga-

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remoebam aiZula yvela ganapira qveynebi da maT Soris amierkavkasiac Tavisi Sinauri saq-meebi Tavisive Zal-RoniT moagvaron da Sesaferi dawesebulebani Seqmnan.

4. yriloba mxars uWers amierkavkasiis axlad Semdgar mmarTvelobis droebiT orga-nos àmierkavkasiis komisariats~.

5. adgilobrivi mimdinare kiTxvebis saTanado gadawyveta da cxovrebaSi gatareba au-cileblad xdis amierkavkasiis warmomadgenelTa krebis mowvevas im deputatebisagan, ro-melSic axlad irCevian ruseTis damfuZnebel krebisaTvis. ricxvi deputatebisa unda iq-mnas gamravlebuli Tanaxmad proporciulad miRebuli xmebisa sxvadasxva partiebis mier.

6. yriloba saWirod scnobs amierkavkasiis seimSi Sesdges qarTvel deputatebisagan qarTuli erovnuli sabWo nacionalur kiTxvaTa da saWiroebaTa gasarkvevad, gasaZRolad da cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.

7. yvela am adgilobriv ZalTa Tavis moyra ara kmara yvela mimdinare saWiroebaTa da-sakmayofileblad. gansakuTrebiT saWiroebani kavkasiis frontis Senaxvisa, kiTxva omisa da zavisa, sasursaTo, finansebisa da sx. Cveni ZiriTadi interesebi moiTxoven dauyovneb-liv aRdgenil iqmnas ruseTis revoliuciuri mTavroba da mowveuli damfuZnebeli kreba.

8. ruseTis damfuZnebel krebas Cven movTxovT iseTi nacionaluri normebis Seqmnas qarTveli erisaTvis, romelic mas miscems saSvalebas Tavisufal kulturuli ganviTare-bisas. aseT normad migvaCnia saqarTvelos teritoriis sruli TviTmmarTveloba sakuTari sakanonmdeblo krebiT adgilobriv kiTxvebze. teritoriis sazRvrebi gaimijnebian dainte-resebul mosazRvre ÿerebis TanxmobiT. saqarTveloSi momwyvdeuli nacionaluri umcire-sobani miiReben srul uflebriv garantias kulturuli ganviTarebisas. yriloba saWiroT aRiarebs am mTavar kiTxvaSi moxdes SeTanxmeba amierkavkasiis erTa Soris saerTo nacio-naluri platformiT damfuZnebel krebis winaSe warsadgomad.

9. Tu ruseTis samoqalaqo omi gagrZeleba da damfuZnebeli krebis mowveva axlo mo-mavalSi ver moxerxda unda iqmnas mowveuli adgilobrivi damfuZnebeli krebebi, romelic urTierTis TanxmobiT daamyareben Sesafer demokratiul da nacionalur weswyobilebas, rogorc TviToeul erovnul teritoriul erTeulSi, ise mTel amierkavkasiaSi.

10. saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebaze zrunva da misi mowveva evaleba erovnul sab-Wos~.

am proeqtis wakiTxvis Semdeg sityva eZleva g. gvazavas. igi acxadebs: zogierTi muxli proeqtisa mexamuSeba. umjobesia pirveli da meore muxli gakvriT iyos gamoTqmuli. amis garda amierkavkasiis seimSi seqciis gamoyofa ver aris saxeiro erisa da TviT social-de-mokratiisaTvisac. amierkavkasiis saarCevno olqSi areulia jarebi, ucxo mosaxleoba qar-Tvel erSi. Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevT absenteizmsac maSin seimis qarTuli seqcia ver iqne-ba namdvili warmomadgenloba qarTveli erisa. meore kidev, seimSi Cvens seqcias saTanado mniSvneloba ar eqneba. aucilebelia saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, romlis mowvevamdi yrilobis mier arCeuli sabWo unda moqmedebdes.

gr. rcxilaZe winadadebas iZleva SevudgeT proeqtis muxlebriv ganxilvas. amas mxars uWeren vas. wereTeli, k. gvarjalaZe, winaaRmdegia gr. veSapeli. gadis rcxilaZis winada-deba.

momxsenebeli kiTxulobs pirvel muxls da ganmartavs, Tu rad aris ase cxadaT gata-rebuli rusuli orientacia. igi ambobs: dRes obieqturi pirobebi, garda principialuri mosazrebisa, iseTia, rom Cven cxadaT unda vaRiaroT rusuli orientacia. umTavresad yu-radsaRebia aq is garemoeba, rom Cvens frontze sdgas amdeni jari, romelic Tu Cven sxva gzas davadeqiT, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi xels aiRebs frontis dacvaze.

g. lasxiSvili eTanxmeba Jordanias mosazrebas, magram zedmetaT miaCnia xazgasma am

mdgomareobisa, miT ufro, rom ruseTTan kavSiri gamoTqmulia meore muxlSi.

momxsenebeli kiTxulobs meore muxls.

veSapeli: rezoliuciebSi vilaparakoT iseT rameebze, rac yvelas gvaerTebs, fronti-

saTvis Cvens rezoliucias imdeni mniSvneloba ara aqvs. wminda rusuli orientacia Seg-

vzRudavs, radganac Cvenis yrilobis rezolucia marto Sin da frontze ar gaitaneba;

amas gareSenic gaigeben da Tu Cven iZulebuli SeviqeniT orientacia SevcvaloT momaval-

Si, maSin aseTi rezoliucia gvavnebs.

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i. baqraZe moiTxovs iseTi rezoliuciebi gamovitanoT, rac faqtiurad gatardeba Cvens

cxovrebaSi, sxvas Tavi davaneboT.

gr. rcxilaZe: avtoris redaqciiT pirveli muxli miuRebelia: fronti ifiqrebs amaT

gamarjveba undaTo. es rezolucia iwereba ara frontisaTvis da sagareo saxelmwifoebi-

saTvis aramed qarTveli xalxisaTvis. jer Cveni saWiroebani unda vaRiaroT da mere

vTqvaT visi daxmarebiT gavanaRdebT mas.

koniaSvili iZleva winadadebas amoiSalos pirveli muxli da Seswordes meore.

Jordania: pirveli muxli politikaa, meore empirizmi.

i. gobeCia: pirveli muxlis winaaRmdegi ara var, Tu daemateba: `revoliuciur ruseT-

Tan~.

bolos SeTanxmebiT pirveli muxli uaryofilia da meore xdeba pirvel muxlad. meo-

re muxli ukamaTod miRebulia.

mesame muxlis Sesaxeb gr. veSapeli acxadebs, rom Cven partias (n. d.) unda qondes ad-

gili amierkavkasiis komisariatSi, vinaidan Cven sapatio adgili gviWiravs realur cxov-

rebaSi.

rcxilaZe winadadebas iZleva mxari davuWiroT amierkavkasiis komisariats imdenaT,

ramdenaTac igi ganaxorcielebs revoliucionuri centrebis dadgenilebebs.

s. mdivani: komisariats mxari davuWiroT, Tu igi adgilobriv erTa politikurad Camo-

yalibebas xels Seuwyobs.

Jordania: am muxlSi principialuri mxarea gamoTqmuli.

bolos es muxlic miRebulia.

gr. rcxilaZe acxadebs: socialist-federalistTa fraqciam ganixila proeqti da Sem-

degi Sesworebani Seitana (kiTxulobs proeqts Secvlili saxiT). amas garda fraqciam da-

adgina: gamovides xmis micemis dros sakuTaris gancxadebiT. gvazava: saWiroa SeTanxmeba, amitom Cven mxolod iseTi rezoliucia unda miviRoT,

rac gamomdinareobs Jordanias moxsenebidan, romelic Cven moviwoneT. Tu deklaraciebi wavikiTxeT, Cven avireviT, radganac Semdegma oratorebma SeiZleba wina oratorebi gaakri-tikon da maSin dausrulebeli kamaTi unda gaimarTos. 1 punqti (orientaciisa) unda moix-snas, rogorc ara gamomdinare moxsenebidan. 2 da 3, rogorc gamomdinare moxsenebebidan da momentisa da ZalTa ganwyobilebis Sesaferisi, unda darCes.

gr. urataZe: taqtika gvavalebs orientacia ruseTisa vaRiaroT dRes. es srulebiTac ar SegviSlis xels xval Secvlil pirobebis gamo sxva davadginoT.

juReli: daTmoba ar SegviZlia. an motivebic miiReT, an motivebic uaryaviT da praq-tikuli rezoliuciebic... avirCioT mxolod sabWo da amiT gavaTaoT. pirveli muxli Cven ar gvavalebs samudamoT ruseTis orientacias SevrCeT. 1 muxli gamomdinarea moxsenebi-dan. Tu gvinda saqme gavakeToT da davaSoSminoT adgilobrivi rusuli elementebi da pet-rogradic (sadac kavkasiis gamoyofaze laparakoben), taqtikuri mosazrebiT darCes moti-vaciac.

p. sayvareliZe: vinc dakvirvebiT waikiTxavs proeqts, is sworeT gaigebs kidec. orien-taciaze iyo laparaki moxsenebaSi da Cvenc unda aRvniSnoT es rezoliuciebSi. deklara-ciam SeiZleba dausrulebeli kamaTi gamoiwvios. unda Seiqmnas erTi erovnuli fronti. orientacia darCes. amas moiTxovs politikuri sibrZne. deklaraciebi ar iqnes, e.i. darCes proeqti ise, rogorc aris. moxsenebam Cven SegvaerTa. xalxma moiwona. Cven unda davadas-turoT es.

ir. amirejibi: saWiroa zurgs ukan movixedoT. saqarTvelos mTeli aRmosavleTi bralsa sdebs karebis gaRebaSi. unda vizrunoT, rom zaralma ar gadaaWarbos sargeblo-bas.

al. wereTeli: Cveni fraqcia Zlier afasebs SeTanxmebas. Tu Cven ar gamovediT sakuTa-ri azriT imitom, rom disonansi ar gvindoda Segvetana. praqtikuli muxlebi yvelas gva-erTebs, motivacia ki vera. 1 muxlis winaaRmdeg ar SeiZleba raime gvqondes. mesame muxli arsebiTad winaaRmdegia erTi fraqciis msofl mxedvelobisa. es muxli xalxze cud STa-

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beWdilebas moaxdens da Tu ruseTSi moispo anarqia, maSin am muxliT Cvenve vspobT saSva-lebas Cvens saWiroebaze vilaparakoT... Tu motivacia darCa, maSin aucilebelia deklara-cia, Tu ara da maSin deklaraciasac ar wavikiTxavT.

maisuraZe moiTxovs darCes motivacia da aRiarebul iqmnas ruseTis orientacia. gvazava: aq raRac gaugebrobaa. uwin dasavleTTan kavSiri Tu ruseTis saSvalebiT

gvqonda, dRes SegviZlian pirdapir, uSvalo damokidebuleba viqonioT dasav. evropasTan. amitom mxolod rusuli orientacia taqtikurad miuRebelia. ra aris ruseTi am momentSi? ra STabeWdilebas moaxdens es filiandiaze, ukrainaze, yubanze, mTiulebsa, aderbaiJanze da sxvaze. Cven gvinda kavSiri ruseTis demokratiasTan, magram ruseTis orientacia sxvag-varad iqneba gagebuli. ar iqneba es sxva erebisaTvis brZolis gamocxadeba?

amierkavkasiaSi, garda ruseTisa, exlebian germaniis, safrangeTis, osmaleTis da sxva-Ta interesebi. sjobs gaCumeba. sakmarisia me-2 muxli. motivaciis sul moxsnaSi ar veTan-xmebi socialist-federalistebs. motivacia saWiroa SeTanxmebisaTvis.

n. Jordania: me da Cems partiul amxanagebsa ara gvaqvs survili vinmes movaxvioT Cveni azri. es motivacia marto Cveni araa _ yvelasia. dilema isaa, rom or fronts Sua varT: ruseTisa da kavkasiis. marto amierkavkasiis komisariatis daarsebam ra gamoiwvia fron-tze? _ isa, rom jarebma es faqti gamoyofad miiRes da ganacxades: Tu asea Cven raRas va-keTebT aq? Tqven daicaviT Tqveni frontio. saWiro Seiqmna depeSebiTa da SikrikebiT ga-fantva am burusisa.

qarumiZe: deklaraciebi, rom uarvyaviT kargi iyo, magram pirveli muxli namdvili kvintesenciaa deklaraciis. uwin ruseTi Zlieri iyo, dRes igi usasoa. dRes ruseTSi ara Tu ar aris, arc moCans iseTi Zalebi, romlebmac moagvaron raime. ruseTis saRi elemente-bi sxvagan, evropaSi eZeben xsnas. Tu ruseTis orientacia gvargebs frontTan, gvazara-lebs am orientaciis mowinaaRmdege xalxebTan. Tu aq osmaleTi Semovida, xom javrs amo-iyris Cvenze amis gulisaTvis.

kamaTi dasrulebulad gamocxadda da SeTanxmebiT miRebul iqna 1 muxli: `qarTveli eri, dResac rogorc mTels gasul saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dgas ruseTis orientaciaze~. amasTan gadawyda 1 da 2 muxli SeerTdes. es daevala saredaqcio komisias, romelSic Se-dian: Jordania, rcxilaZe, veSapeli da iv. gobeCia.

merve muxlSi socialist-federalistTa fraqciam moiTxova iq, sadac naTqvamia: àseT normaT migvaCnia saqarTvelos teritoriis sruli TviTmarTveloba sakuTari sakanonmdeb-lo krebiT~, Setaniliyo kidev: ànu avtonomia~. am moTxovnam winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia so-cial-demokratebis zogierTi warmomadgenlebis mxriT, romelnic TavianT azrs imiT asa-buTebdnen, rom SinaarsiT aRiarebulia avtonomia, xolo es termini metia, radganac Cveni massa amas ver gaigebs saTanadoT da agvimxedrdebao. aseT azrs icaven juReli, maisuraZe, gr. urataZe da sx. n. Jordania momxrea Setanil iqnas ànu avtonomia~-c. igi acxadebs: Cven SeiZleba federaciac SevkraT. avtonomiis aRiareba ki dRes momwifebulia da vaRiarebT kidec am muxliT. Cemi azriT, ànu avtonomiac~ rom CavrToT, ara uSavs, radganac namdvi-lad dRes ukve vaRiarebT avtonomias.

avtonomiis Setanas icaven socialist-revoliucionerebic. winaaRmdegi arian am Ses-worebis nacional-demokratebi da radikal-demokratebi. radganac nawili social-demok-ratebis daJinebiT winaaRmdegia am Sesworebis da maT mxari dauWires dasaxelebulma jgufebma. es Sesworeba moixsna.

merve muxlis bolos amoiSala socialist-federalistTa winadadebiT: `saerTo naci-onaluri platformiT damfuZnebeli krebis winaSe warsadgomaT~.

Semdeg aRiZra sakiTxi samahmadiano saqarTvelos Sesaxeb da erTxmad aRiares, rom sa-mahmadiano saqarTvelos TviTmmarTvelobis aRiareba Setanil iqnas rezoliuciebSi.

seqciis Tavmjdomare iv. gobeCia mdivani akaki faRava

saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme 29, furclebi 21-24.

manqanaze nabeWdi. dedani. ivane gobeCiasa da akaki faRavas xelrTva.

77

#2. saoqmo Canaweri saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevrebisa da antantis (inglisis, safrangeTis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis,

italiis) diplomatebis Sexvedris Sesaxeb. 1917 wlis 8 dekemberi

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo aRmasrulebeli komiteti

sxdomis Jurnali #9

8 dekemberi 1917 w.

daeswrnen: n. Jordania, Cxenkeli, mesxi, gobeCia, veSapeli, ramiSvili, lomTaTiZe, say-

vareliZe, s. jiblaZe, qarcivaZe, gvazava, rcxilaZe, farniaSvili, lasxiSvili, gegeWkori. mowveulni: elCebi amerikisa, inglisis, safrangeTisa, italiisa, gener. Sori.

Tavmjdomareobda n. Jordania

mdivnobda d. naxucriSvili

gansaxilveli sagani: n. Jordania miesalmeba elCebs. maTac upasuxes misalmebaze. Sem-

deg daiwyo azrTa gacvla-gamocvla, romlis drosac gamoirkva Tu ra azrisani arian Ta-

namedrove politikur da strategiul mdgomareobis Sesaxeb rogorc qarTveloba, agreTve

ucxo saxelmwifoTa elCebi. ucxoel elCebis azri aseTi iyo: qarTvelebi jarebis Sedge-

nas agvianeben, unda daaSuron; disciplina jarSi srulebiT dacemulia, unda aRdgenil

iqnas, maSin Cvenc TqvenTan viqnebiT; jarSi Semdgari komitetebi ki unda moispos, radgan

saqmes vneben; Cven daxmareba SegviZlian gagiwioT fuliT, xalxiT da masaliT, iaraRis mo-

wodeba ki ar SegviZlian; exlandeli omis fronti unda daicvaT qarTvelebma da somxebma

im xazzed, sadac exla Txrilebia jarisa; mTavarsardali Tqveni (kavkasiis) da Cveni (mo-

kavSireTa) jarebisa erTi unda iyos da imazed iqneba damokidebuli jarebis ganawileba

frontze, poziciebis nacionalurad ganawileba SeuZlebelia; Cven vicnobT erTs mTlians

ruseTs da mis droebiTs mTavrobas, calke erebs ki _ rogorc ruseTis nawilebs, miT

umetes, rom arc qarTvelebs da arc somxebs ara hyavT TavianTi sakuTari mTavrobani, Cven

amierkavkasiis komisariati vicaniT mTavrobaT da urTierTobac gvaqvs masTan; amierkavka-

sia unda SeuTanxmdes samxreT-dasavleTis kavSirs, sadac Sevlen ukraina da cimbiric, me-

re ruseTi aRsdgeba rogorc federatiuli erTeuli.

rumineTis frontidan modian ucxoeli aficrebi, romelnic gamodgebian instruqtore-

bad qarTul jarSi da SegiZliaT isargebloT. rac Seexeba mobilizacias unda moxdes igi

nawil-nawil raionebad: jer qarTvelebisa da somxebisa da Semdeg TaTrebisa, am ukanas-

knelTa gvian moxdes, maTi gawyoba da gamarTvac Segviandeba diplomatiurad, manamdis ki

qarTuli da somxuri jarebi poziciazed unda wavidnen.

Cvenebis moxseneba aseTia mokled: Cven jari gveyoleba male sakmao, magram iaraRi ara

gvaqvs sakmao, iaraRi Tqven mogveciT, Cven davicavT Cvens teritorias; Cven rom osmalos

win daudgeT ganmartoebuli xom ar davrCebiT, an mokavSireni ra gvaris daxmarebas gagvi-

weven? Cveni aficrebi Sesaferisni arian TavianTi movaleoba-mdgomareobisa; mobilizacias

Cven ver movaxdenT, SemoviRebT saxalxo milicias, romlisaTvisac mainc iaraRi gvWiria;

scnoben saqarTvelos, rogorc politikurs erTeuls, Tu ara?

78

Semdeg molaparakebisa, sja-baasi amave saganzed komitetma gadasdo Semdeg, amisTvis

daniSnul sagangebo sxdomaze.

Tavmjdomare n. Jordania

gamge p. sayvareliZe

mdivani d. naxucriSvili

saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 1836, aRwera 1, saqme 2, fur-

clebi 14-15. manqanaze nabeWdi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomaTa

JurnalSi. dedani.

#3. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis dadgenileba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi

germanofiluri sagareo politikuri kursis aRiarebisa da konkretuli samoqmedo programis gansazRvris Sesaxeb.

1918 wlis 14 maisi

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo

aRmasrulebeli komiteti

sxdomis Jurnali

#58, 14 maiss 1918 w.

daeswrnen wevrni: g. lasxiSvili, g. gvazava, v. gobeCia, g. veSapeli, n. xomeriki, p. sayvareliZe, g. rcxilaZe, s. jiblaZe; stumrebi: S. mesxiSvili, g. qiqoZe, b. papava.

Tavmjdomareobda g. lasxiSvili


gansaxilveli sagani: b. gvazavam moaxsena komitets germaniis samxedro uwyebis war-

momadgenel b. kaizerTan da adgilobriv mosaxle germanelTa erovnul sabWos warmomad-

genlebTan kerZo saubris Sesaxeb. am saubris dros SemuSavebul iqna oTxi muxli piro-

bebisa, romelic mosaubreTa azriT sasurvelia aRmasrulebelma komitetma gaugzavnos

sazao delegaciis Tavmjdomares b. a. Cxenkels cnobad da saxelmZRvanelod. es aris:

1. ecnobos germaniis sazao delegaciis Tavmjdomares general losovs, rom saqar-

Tvelos erovnul sabWos survili da Txovna, yovelnairad xeli Seuwyos germaniam sa-

qarTvelos saerTaSoriso da politikur-saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebs, rac SeiZleba um-

tkivneulod gadawyvetas.

2. eTxovos general losovs miiRos saTanado RonisZieba, rom germaniis jarma ga-

nagrZos svla Crdilo-kavkasiaSi, raTa imdenad dauaxlovdes saqarTvelos sazRvrebs,

rom SesaZlebeli iyos masTan kontaqtis daWera da saqarTvelo uzrunvelyofili iqnas

garedan mosalodneli raime safrTxisagan.

3. eTxovos general losovs, xeli Seuwyos germaniaSi myof qarTvel samxedro

tyveebs, rac SeiZleba male samSobloSi samxedro wesiT darazmulad dabrunebas.

79

4. eTxovos general losovs, vidre es saqme moxerxdebodes, dastovos saqarTvelo-

Si myofi germaneli tyveebi da miandos germaniis oficerT maTi samxedro organizacia,

raTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas SeeZlos saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos es jari Sinaur

wesrigis dasacavad da anarqiasTan sabrZolvelad.

Tavmjdomare g. lasxiSvili

saqmeTa mmarTveli p. sayvareliZe



celi 67. manqanaze nabeWdi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomis Jur-

nalSi. dedani.

#4. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis dadgenileba

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb.

1918 wlis 16 maisi


aRmasrulebeli komiteti

sxdomis Jurnali

#59, 16 maiss 1918 w.

sxdoma daiwyo saRamos 7 saaTze

daeswrnen: n. Jordania, g. lasxiSvili, n. xomeriki, g. gvazava, g. veSapeli, haidar beg

abaSiZe, p. sayvareliZe, v. gobeCia, k. mesxi; stumrebi: ias. lorTqifaniZe, S. mesxiSvili.

Tavmjdomareobda n. Jordania


gansaxilveli sagani: winadadeba p. sayvareliZisa, rom miendos aRmasrulebel komi-

tets an calke komisias saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisaTvis moamzados

yovelnairi niadagi.

azrTa gaziarebis Semdeg miRebul iqna is winadadeba, rom prezidiumis wevrebs n.

Jordanias, g. lasxiSvils da g. veSapels daevaloT daasaxelon sami wevri damoukideb-

lobis mosamzadebel komisiisa, romelTac TaTbiris Semdeg daasaxeles Semdegi pirni: n.

ramiSvili, d. vaCnaZe da S. mesxiSvili.

ganaCeni: arCeul iqnas komisia sami kacisagan, romelsac daevalos: 1. mTavrobasTan

molaparakeba da SeTanxmeba ltolvilTa saqarTveloSi denis SesaCerebel zomebis misa-

Rebad; SeiaraRebul ltolvilebs iaraRi aeyaroT; 2. qarTul jarTan da samxedro seq-

80

ciasTan kontaqti iqonios da 3. somexTa erovnul sabWos acnobos, Tu ramdenad rTul-

deba saqme ltolvilTa saqarTveloSi gadmoxvewiT da ra zomebis miRebas fiqrobs igi

sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad.

am komisiis wevrebad arCeul iqnen: vl. gobeCia, Salva mesxiSvili da gr. veSapeli,

romelTac evalebaT zemomoyvanili dadgenilebis Sesruleba.





clebi 68-69. manqanaze nabeWdi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomis

JurnalSi. dedani.

#5. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis dadgenileba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis mosamzadeblad Seqmnili

samTa komisiis Sesaxeb. 1918 wlis 17 maisi


aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiumis

sxdomis Jurnali

#61, 17 maiss 1918 w.

daeswrnen: g. veSapeli, k. mesxi, p. sayvareliZe, g. gvazava; stumrebi: d. vaCnaZe, S.

mesxiSvili, gen. gabaSvili, polk. kargareTeli, podp. zaqariaZe. gansaxilveli sagani: moxseneba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis samTa

komisiis moqmedebis Sesaxeb.

amave komisiam warmoadgina gadasawyvetad kiTxvebi: 1. q. Tbilisis dacva vis Cahbar-

des; 2. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis xelmZRvaneli organo.

ganaCeni: 1. unda gamocxaddes samxedro (an saalyo) wesebi q. TbilisSi.

2. Tbilisis komendantad da garnizonis ufrosad dainiSnos generali axmeteli,

mis TanaSemwed polk. naqereliZe, romelTac unda imuSavon qarTul korpusis ufrosis

gen. gabaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT.

xelmZRvanel organod iTvleba igive komisia da moqmedebs aRmasrulebel komite-

tis prezidiumis xelmZRvanelobiT.

Tavmjdomare




celi 71. manqanaze nabeWdi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomis Jur-

nalSi. dedani.

81

#6. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma, miZRvnili saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisadmi.

1918 wlis 25 maisi

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos

aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma

25 maiss, 1918 w.

Ramis 11 saaTze

daeswrnen: n. Jordania, g. lasxiSvili, p. sayvareliZe, k. gvarjalaZe, n. xomeriki, al. lomTaTiZe, s. jiblaZe, S. mesxiSvili, k. mesxi, n. ramiSvili, ias. lorTqifaniZe, g. veSape-

li, g. Juruli, al. asaTiani, i. maWavariani, d. vaCnaZe, g. gvazava, ir. wereTeli, e. gegeW-kori, k. CxeiZe, v. gobeCia.



n. Jordania acnobs damswreT a. Cxenkelis depeSas da werils, sadac igi Txoulobs

daCqarebul iqnes saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, radgan gviandeba da auci-

lebeli kia.

Semdeg Tavmjdomare ganmartavs, rom survili iyo amaRam aTs saaTze Sekrebuliyo

seimi, romelic gamoacxadebda seims daSlilad da Semdeg sabWo gamoacxadebda saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobas, magram seimis zogierTma fraqciebma Sekrebaze uari sTqves,

magaliTad musavatma ganacxada, rom maT jer ar ganuxilavT sakiTxi da azri ar Seumu-

SavebiaT, Tu qarTvelebs surT damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, gamoacxadon, Cven xels

ar uSliT; somxebma ganacxades, rom SesamuSavebeli aqvT TavianTi gancxadeba da Txou-

loben gadaidos seimis sxdoma xval diliT.

radganac Cven gvindoda maTTan TanxmobiT saqmis gakeTeba, magram radgan ar xerxde-

ba da ar surT, Cven unda calke vimsjeloT. seimis kreba dRes ar moxdeba, daniSnulia

xval dRis 12 saaTze. seimis Semdeg sabWo sasaxleSive gamoacxadebs saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobas.

Semdeg gaimarTa sja baasi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis gamocxaddes damoukidebloba;

radgan Zalian saWiroa am aqtis gamocxadeba, ramdenime oratori im azrisa iyo, rom

dResve gamocxadebuliyo aqti saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa.

magram n. Jordaniam ganmarta, rom dRevandeli gamocxadebiT saqme garTuldeba, vina-

idan seimi da misi mTavroba arsebobs, ar gauqmebula, maSin ori mTavroba iqneba, rac

SeuZlebelia; SeiZleba zogierTma winaaRmdegoba gagviwion, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

ar scnon, maTTan Setakeba mogvixdeba; amitom gamocxadeba gadaideba saxvalioT.

radgan SeTanxmeba ar moxda, am or jgufs Soris, kenWi uyara sakiTxs: `saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba gamocxaddes dRes Tu xval~.

pirvels momxre aRmouCnda 6 xma.

meores .... 4 xma.

gadawyda gamocxadebuliyo dResve; amis gamo n. Jordaniam ganacxada: raki dResve

gamocxaddeba damoukideblobis aqti, igi pasuxismgeblobas ar kisrulobs mosalodnel

Sedegebisas.

82

magram mcire xnis Semdeg gamoirkva, rom damoukideblobis aqti jer SemuSavebuli

ar aris da ver iqneba wakiTxuli; ramac gamoiwvia Tavis Tavad aqtis gamocxadebis gada-

deba saxvalioT.

vinaidan saqme mainc saSuria, n. ramiSvilis winadadebiT gadawyda: xval, 26 maiss,

diliT 10 saaTze moxdes seimis sxdoma, xolo 12 saaTze sabWosi.

n. Jordaniam Semoitana winadadeba: garkveul iqnes is sakiTxebi, romlebic xvalin-

del sabWos sxdomaze, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, unda iqnes ganxilul-da-

dasturebuli:

1. ra kanonebi iqneba saqarTveloSi.

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi droebiT imoqmedebs yvela is Zveli kanonebi da sei-

mis dadgenilebani, romelnic moqmedebdnen dRevandlamdis amierkavkasiaSi.

2. finansebi.

a) fulis beWdvis wesi darCes droebiT Zveli, vidre SemuSavdebodes Cveni sakuTa-

ri finansuri sistema.

b) Cvens safinanso dawesebulebaSi warmodgenili eyolebaT TaTrebs da somxebs, sa-

nam fulis sistema iqneba Zveli.

3. rkinis gza.

rkinis gzis sammarTvelo Cvens xelSi iqneba, mxolod rac sadaoa, is gamoirkveva Se-

TanxmebiT mezoblebTan.

4. erovnuli sabWos organizacia.

a) aRmasrulebeli komiteti uqmdeba.

b) sabWo irCevs Tavis axal prezidiums meore krebaze.

g) arCeul iqnas samandato komisia, romelsac daevalos sabWos reorganizaciis sa-

kiTxis ganxilva, wevrTa da kandidatTa siis gadasinjva.

5. mTavrobis reorganizacia.

a) daarsdes rva saministro, sakontrolo organo daarsdes calke.

b) uqmdeba sasursaTo da mzrunvelobis saministroebi.

g) SeerTebulia: finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis, miwaTmoqmedebis da Sromis sami-

nistroebi.

d) saministroebi iqneba Semdegi:

1. Sinagan saqmeTa

2. sagareo

3. samxedro

4. finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobisa

5. ganaTlebis

6. miwaTmoqmedebis da Sromis

7. iusticiis

8. gzaTa

e) ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenloba:

1. Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa _ noe ramiSvili

2. sagareo _ akaki Cxenkeli 3. samxedro _ grigol giorgaZe

4. finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobisa _ giorgi Juruli 5. ganaTlebis _ giorgi lasxiSvili

6. miwaTmoqmedebis da Sromis _ noe xomeriki 7. iusticiis _ Salva mesxiSvili

8. gzaTa _ ivane lorTqifaniZei

83

mcire kamaTis Semdeg yvela es winadadeba miRebul iqna.

wakiTxul iqna saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis proeqti, SemuSavebuli komisiis

mier.

am proeqtis Sesaxeb gaimarTa kamaTi, romelic dasrulda imiT, rom proeqti Seswo-

rebul iqnes kamaTis dros gamoTqmuli azrebis Tanaxmad. Sesworeba aqtis proeqtisa da-

evala b. n. Jordanias.

kreba gaTavda 11 1/2 saaTze.





clebi 1-4. manqanaze nabeWdi. dedani.

#7. noe Jordanias sityva erovnuli sabWos sxdomaze saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRes. 1918 wlis 26 maisi

moqalaqeno! dRes Tqven aq mowme iyaviT erTi istoriulis, iSviaTis da amave dros

tragikuli aqtisa. am darbazSi mokvda erTi saxelmwifo da ai, axla amave darbazSi eyre-

ba safuZveli meore saxelmwifos.

am ori saxelmwifos Soris, romelTaganac erTi mokvda da meore ibadeba, SeuZlebe-

lia yofiliyo interesTa winaaRmdegoba. da Tu odesme pirveli aRsdgeba mkvdreTiT, dar-

wmunebuli unda viyoT, maT Soris mudam iqneba interesTa Tanxmoba (taSi).

saqarTvelos axali saxelmwifo, romelic dRes arsdeba, ar iqneba mimarTuli arc

erTis eris, arc erTis xalxis, arc erTis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.

misi mizania dRevandeli istoriuli qartexilebisagan daifaros Tavisi Tavi da ro-

ca amas moaxerxebs, igi daexmareba sxvebsac, vinc Cvens qveyanasTan erTad Cavarda didi

gansacdelSi (taSi).

Tqven kargad iciT, saqarTvelo Cveulia brZolas Tavisis arsebobis dasacvelad. is

saukunoebiT ibrZoda, raTa Tavisi sulieri vinaoba, nacionaluri organizmi da terito-

ria SeenarCunebina. magram igi ibrZoda mxolod Tavis dasacavad da ar ebrZoda sxvis ar-

sebobas.

amasTanave igi ibrZoda ara marto qarTvelTaTvis, aramed im erebisaTvisac, romel-

nic mosaxleobdnen mis saxelmwifoebriv farglebSi.

metsac vityvi, is ibrZoda Tavisi farglebis garec agreTve sxvebis dasacvelad.

es diadi istoriuli magaliTi cxovelmyofel anderZad darCa qarTvel xalxs da es

sruli garantiaa imisa, rom dRevandel qarTvel ers SerCenili aqvs misi ZiriTadi isto-

riuli midrekileba _ Seusabamos Tavisi interesebi sxva erTa interesebs.

swored amitom arc erTi eri _ Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovrebi, Tu Cveni saxelmwifos gare

myofi, ar unda ganicdides Cven gamo raime aRelvebas, sulier mtkivneulobas da wyenas.

84

gana dRes seimSi ar ganacxades oratorebma, rom ar aris iseTi eri, romelic cudad

ixseniebdes qarTvel ers?

es aris imis Tavmdebi, rom axali saxelmwifo, axali mTavroba savsebiT gaamarTle-

ben am imedebs.

msurs viqonioT megobruli urTierToba Cvens gareT da Cvens Soris myof erebTan.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mivaqcevT im eris did tragedias, romlis erTi nawili

Cvens teritoriaze cxovrobs, xolo meore nawili _ Cvens gareT.

es aris somxoba.

Zvels anderZs dRevandeli qarTvelobac gaixsenebs da somxis eri imave mfarvelobas

povebs CvenSi, romelsac povebda igi qarTvel mefeTa Soris (xangrZlivi taSi).

Cven gvsurs keTilganwyobaSi viyoT amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis did umravlesobas-

Tan _ musulmanebTan. Cven gvinda, rom maT mogvbaZon, daiarson aseTive saxelmwifo da Se-

erTebis xeli gamogviwodon (mxurvale taSi).

amasTanave es megobruli damokidebuleba Cvens garSemo myofi erebisa iqneba mkvidri

safuZveli, romelic gaamagrebs Cvens norC saxelmwifos da agreTve am erebsac da saSua-

lebas mouspobs Cvens saerTo moqiSpeT wixli Cagvcen da dagvangrion.

Cvens saxelmwifo farglebSi mosaxleobs sxvadasxva eris umciresoba. vacxadebT,

rom erovnuli umciresobani iqnebian iseve uflebamosilni, rogorc iqneba Cveni saxelmwi-

fos erovnuli umravlesoba _ qarTveloba.

es erni, SeerTebulni erTis droSis qveS, Sehkraven kavSirs im erebTan, romelnic

Cvenis qveynis farglebis gareT imyofebian, da amiT warmoiSveba is saxelmwifoebrivi kav-

Siri, romelic aRadgens aq Cvens winaSe daRupuls saxelmwifos.

es saxelmwifo iqneba kavkasiis konfederaciuli kavSiri (xangrZlivi taSi mTelis

darbazisa).

amrigad, Cveni savali gza, Cveni ideali unda iyos am kavSiris Sedgena. es kavSiri iq-

neba is saxelmwifoebrivi organizmi _ saxelmwifoTa kavSiri, romelic saerTo Zal-Rone

Sekrebili, mTliani warsdgeba gareSe mtris winaSe da daicavs Tavis Tavs (taSi).

ai, maSin SeiZleba aRsruldes is, rac seimma ver Seqmna.

da is, vinc axla Seugneblad midis amierkavkasiis farglebis gareT, SesaZlebelia

kvalad moubrundes da saerTo droSis qveS dadges.

amiT damyardeba amierkavkasiis erToba da aq mosaxle erebis Zliereba (xangrZlivi

taSi da ovaciebi).

Tavmjdomare: axla momeciT neba gadavideT im saganze, romelic axla iqneba wakiT-

xuli.

Tavmjdomare kiTxulobs `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqts~, Semdegis Sinaarsi-

sas:

`mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo arsebobda, rogorc damoukidebeli da

Tavisufali saxelmwifo.

meTvramete saukunis dasasruls yovel mxriT mtrisagan Seviwrovebuli saqarTvelo

Tavisis nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs im pirobiT, rom ruseTi valdebuli iyo saqarTvelo ga-

reSe mtrisagan daecva.

ruseTis didi revoluciis msvlelobam ruseTSi iseTi Sinagani wyobileba Sehqmna,

rom mTeli saomari fronti, sruliad daiSala da rusis jarmac datova amierkavkasia.

darCnen ra TavianTi Zal-Ronis amara, saqarTvelom da masTan erTad amierkavkasiam

TviT idves Tavs sakuTari saqmeebis gaZRola da patronoba da Sesaferi organoebic Seh-

qmnes, magram gareSe ZalTa zegavleniT amierkavkasiis erTa SemaerTebeli kavSiri dairRva

da amiT amierkavkasiis politikuri mTlianobac daiSala.

85

qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom

sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia Sehqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dap-

yrobisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis mtkice safuZveli aagos.

amisda Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, 1917 wlis 22 noembers arCeuli, sa-

qarTvelos erovnuli yrilobis mier, dRes sayovelTaod acxadebs:

1. amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo

sruluflebovani, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa.

2. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma demokratiuli respublikaa.

3. saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitraluri saxelmwifoa.

4. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas surs saerTaSoriso urTierTobis yvela

wevrTan keTilmezobluri ganwyobileba daamyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki mosazRvre saxelmwi-

foebTan da erebTan.

5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis sazRvrebSi Tanasworad uzrunvel-

yofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sar-

wmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa.

6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs gaux-

snis mis teritoriazed mosaxle yvela ers.

7. damfuZnebel krebis Sekrebamde mTeli saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobis saqmes uZRve-

ba erovnuli sabWo, romelic Sevsebuli iqneba erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebiT

da droebiTi mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sabWos winaSe~.


clebi 1-3. manqanaze nabeWdi. dedani.

#8. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe

Jordanias sityva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis eqvsi Tvis Tavisadmi

miZRvnil erovnuli sabWos sazeimo sxdomaze. 1918 wlis 1 dekemberi

mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias

sityva

moqalaqeno! am asi wlis winaT saqarTvelom xeli aiRo Tavis damoukideblobaze.

am eqvsi Tvis winad imave saqarTvelom gamoacxada Tavisi damoukidebloba (vlasa

mgelaZe: gaumarjos am damoukideblobas!). aseTi ori, erTi meoris mopirdapire, erTi meo-

ris mowinaaRmdege aqti aris imave dros aqti Cveni cxovrebis ZiriTadi problemisa. am or

aqts Soris aris erTi didi ram saerTo, is rom orive aqti iyo gamowveuli erTi da igive

mizeziT. da am orma aqtma miaRwia erTsa da imave Sedegs.

am ori aqtis saerTo mizezi iyo is, rom Cven, saqarTvelos xalxs, Tavi daexsna azi-

ur barbarosobisagan. da Sedegi orive aqtisa iyo is, rom saqarTvelo am orma aqtma ixsna

im aziur barbarosobisagan da Semosevisagan.

aqedan Tqven xedavT, rom 26 maisis aqti ar yofila aqti SemTxveviTi, aqti ucabedi-

Ti, mogonili romelime piris, jgufis, an partiis mier. ara, batonebo, es aqti iyo isto-

riuli aucileblobisa da xalxis gulidan amoxeTqili. am aqtiT saqarTvelo gadaurCa

86

ganadgurebas, am aqtis saSualebiT saqarTveloSi ar Semosula SeiaraRebuli Zala Cvens

samtrod.

am aqtiT Semovida, marTalia, SeiaraRebuli Zala CvenSi, magram Semovida Cvens saSve-

lad da imedi gvaqvs, da varT darwmunebuli, rom, Tu kidev Semovida SeiaraRebuli Zala

CvenSi, Zala evropiuli _ es evropiuli SeiaraRebuli Zala iqneba Cvens samoyvrod da sa-

megobrod. es imitom, rom mTeli Cveni suliskveTeba da ltolvileba, dawyebuli meTer-

Tmete saukunidan iyo is, rom ramenairad movSorebuliyaviT aziur kulturas da Sevsuli-

yaviT evropiul kulturaSi. da amitom Cven ar gvqonia da arc gveqneba mtruli ganwyobi-

leba evropasTan da arc evropas eqneba CvenTan.

Tu ki germaniis Zveli reJimis jarebi aq mogvepyrnen saTuTad da odnavad ar Sela-

xes Cveni eris suverenoba, miT ufro Cven moveliT aseT mopyrobas axal germaniisagan da

im qveynebisagan, romlis warmomadgenelni dRes modian Cvensken da romlebmac ukve guSin

fexi daadges Cvens teritoriaze.

ase rom Cven ar gvmarTebs cremlTa frqveva da arc uimedoba mxolod erTi pirobiT:

Cven unda vidgeT magrad Cven istoriul gzaze da unda vTqvaT gadaWriT da xmamaRla,

rom ar gvinda arc qaosi, arc barbarosoba, saidanac unda modiodes igi _ samxreTidan

Tu CrdiloeTidan (taSi).

Cven dRes SegviZlian SevideT evropiul xalxTa ojaxSi pirdapir, sruliad uSuamav-

lod. dRes Cven ukve am gzaze varT da Cvenis nebiT ar gadavuxvevT (taSi). magram gvetyvian

es Tqveni mSvenieri survilia da survilebiT aravin Sesula samoTxeSio. diax, es Cveni

survilia, magram ara survili uniadago, ara iseTi, romelsac ara hqondes Tavisi sapatio

sabuTebi. Tu vinme ifiqrebs, rom am Cveni surviliT, aseTi msubuqis bargiT vapirebT xal-

xTa Soris Tanasworobis mopovebas, is ueWvelad Semcdaria.

ara, Cven SegviZlian TviT usastikesi areopagis winaSec warvsdgeT im sabuTebiT, ro-

melic Cven gvaqvs. am sabuTad Cven gvaqvs 6 Tvis istoria. moxda erTi didi faqti, is faq-

ti, romelsac ver uaryofs veravin. es faqti gaxlavT is, rom ruseTis didi revolucia,

revolucia Tebervlisa, mTel ruseTis uzarmazar sivrceze mxolod aq, saqarTveloSi,

ganmtkicda, aq Seisxa sisxli da xorci.

Tebervlis mopovebulma Tavisuflebam aaforiaqa mTeli ruseTi, aaforiaqa yvela

xalxi. iq gamoiwvia ganawileba im gvarad, rom, erTi mxriv, aamuSava anarqia da meore

mxriv, aamuSava reaqcia.

marto aq saqarTveloSi am Tavisuflebam ipova Tavisi Rirseuli patroni da gonieri

moyvareni, man ver gaaqana Cveni xalxi verc anarqiisa da verc reaqciisaken. demokratia

mxolod aq iSva da aq daepatrona qveyanas.

_ erTi wlis revoluciis qartexilma aq gamosWeda xalxi TavisTavis patroni da Ta-

visTavis marTveli. aq, mxolod aq aRmoCnda demokratia iseTi Zlieri, rom ar gadascda

Tavis istoriul gzas da ar ahyva arc erT im gzebs, romelnic gamoCndnen Semdeg TveebSi,

da romelTac gamoiwvies ruseTis aforiaqeba. Tavisufleba mxolod CvenSi ar aRmoCnda

mteri wesierebisa. wesierebam mxolod CvenSi hpova fesvebi Tavisuflebisa. mospeT es Tavi-

sufleba da gaCaRdeba didi arev-dareva. mospeT wesrigi da moispoba Tavisufleba. da sa-

qarTveloSi ai am or elementebis SeduReba, Tavisufleba da moqalaqeobrivi wesrigi, am

ori elementis SeduReba qmnis Cvens xalxisagan politikur demokratias. da ai swored am

subuTiT Cven vambobT, rom Cven varT ukve xalxi evropiuli da demokratiuli (taSi).

aqedan Tqven xedavT, da es unda dainaxos Cvenma mterma da moyvaremac, rom Cven ara

marto gvinda viyveT damoukidebelni, aramed Cven SegviZlian viyvneT damoukidebelni! (ta-

Si).

87

_ am eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Cven mivmarTeT yovelive zomebs, rom am Cvens damouki-

deblobas miscemoda iuridiuli da konstituciuri normebi. Cveni parlamenti, Cveni mTav-

roba, Cveni uwyebani am saqmian muSaobaSi arian. Tqven iciT, rom 6 Tvis winad Cven daviw-

yeT Cveni saxelmwifos Seneba TiTqmis cariel adgilidan.

winad iyo brZola TavisuflebisaTvis, brZola revoluciisaTvis, ar iyo dro, rom

Cven ar gvemuSavna aRmSeneblobis saqmeze.

am ukanasknel eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Cven SevudeqiT mopovebul Tavisuflebis kon-

stituciur kalapotSi Camoyalibebas. Cven am 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi movawyveT aparati admi-

nistraciuli, SemoviReT eroba, movaxdineT agraruli reforma da rac ufro sayuradRe-

boa, Cven gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mivaqcieT imas, rom Cvens norC saxelmwifos hqonoda

sakmarisi qoneba, rom SeZlos farTe saxelmwifoebrivi meurneoba daiwyos. da unda

vsTqvaT, am mxriv Cveni patara respublika Seadgens did gamonakliss. ara mgonia, rom ro-

melime aramc Tu patara, aramed did respublikas hqondes imdeni uZravi qoneba ramdenic

dRes Cvens respublikas aqvs. Cven movawyveT am eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi jari, tamoJnebi,

SevimuSaveT axali gadasaxadebis sistema, saukeTeso mimosvla, gavamravleT fosta-teleg-

rafi TiTqmis orjel da mraval mazrebsa da soflebSi gaviyvaneT telefonebi. garda ami-

sa Cven mivaqcieT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba imas, rom xalxi dagvekavSirebina swavla-ga-

naTlebasTan mis samSoblo eniT. gavamravleT saxalxo skolebi iq, sadac ar iyo, Sevqme-

niT pirveli saxelmwifo universiteti. erTi sityviT, Cven miviReT yovelnairi zomebi,

rom Cveni saxelmwifo marTla damsgavseboda saxelmwifos da aravis ar eTqva CvenTvis,

Tqven erT adgilas ideqiTo.

Cven mivaqcieT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba samarTlis Seqmnas gasageb enaze. movaxdi-

neT sasamarTlos sruli reorganizacia.

ai mokled is, rasac vakeTebdiT am eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, ris ukanaskneli sityvac

ekuTvnis damfuZnebel krebas, romelic iqneba saqarTveloSi am axlo xanaSi mowveuli.

me minda Tqveni yuradReba mivaqcio agreTve erT garemoebas. Cven aq mogvixda muSaoba

ara marto saqarTvelos magier, ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed TviT ruseTis magier,

Cven mogvixda muSaoba ruseTisaTvis.

_ Cveni mtrebi avrceleben xmebs, es ibeWdeba ara aq, aramed iq sadac mainca da ma-

inc Cvens ojaxze ara ician ra, rom Cven aRvmarTeT erTnairi devna rusebis, gansakuTre-

biT rusebis oficrebis winaaRmdeg. es sabuTi aris mTavri sabuTi Cveni mtrebis xelSi.

Cven SegviZlian vTqvaT, rom Cven saqarTevlodan didad Rirseulad gavacileT ruseTi da

misi aq myofi warmomadgenlebi.

aq gvaqvs cifrebi, romlis winaSec unda dadumdnen yvela orgulni da cilis mwame-

belni.

26 maisidan 20 noembramdis Cven davxarjeT ruseTis magivrad Semdegi Tanxebi: Cven

movaxdineT frontis da frontTan dakavSirebuli dawesebulebebis likvidacia. Tbilisis

xazinidan amisaTvis gaviReT 21 milion 22 aTasi maneTi, savele xazinidan 9 milion 791

aTasi, senakis xazinidan gavida 1 milioni, foTis xazinidan gavida 736 aTasi maneTi, fos-

ta telegrafis olqidan 512 aTasi maneTi. garda amisa, im mimdinare angariSebidan, rome-

lic aq hqondaT winandel xazinis warmomadgenlebs, am mimdinare angariSebidan gavida 1

milion 436 aTasi maneTi; rkinis gzidan gavida 1 milion 20 aTasi. sul amnairad Cven am

frontis da frontTan dakavSirebul sxva da sxva dawesebulebebis likvidacias movaxma-

reT 26 maisidan 20 noembramdis 35 milion 517 aTasi maneTi. amis garda, Cven miveciT oja-

xebs samxedro pirTa 1 milion 32 aTasi.

axla Cven gadavdivarT meore saqmeze da unda vTqvaT, rom rac Cven aq vqeniT, arc

erT kuTxes ruseTisas ar uqnia ase. Tqven kargad iciT auarebeli fuli iyo dagrovili

Semnaxvel kasebSi da bankebSi. unda vTqvaT, rom es sulyvela waRebuli iyo petrogradSi,

88

iq daixarja omis saWiroebisaTvis. agreTve bankebSi Senaxuli fuli iyo waRebuli moija-

radeTaTvis saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebisagan. es fulic daixarja. da ai Cven am mdgoma-

reobidan gamoviyvaneT es Semnaxveli kasebi, es bankebi. Cven vikisreT da miveciT am Semnax-

vel kasebs 10 milioni man., kerZo bankebs _ 28 milioni. agreTve Cven miveciT saxeldaxelo

angariSebis gasasworeblad banks da saxelmwifo xazinas 23 milioni. erTi sityviT, ruse-

Tis magier davxarjeT 6 TveSi 98 milion 244 aTasi.

ai batonebo, amis Semdeg Cven gveubnebian, rom Cven aq vinme gavdevneT, vismes udierad

moveqeciT da aqedan Cveni damoukidebloba vixmareT sxvis samtrod.

ai batonebo, es cifrebi aSkarad RaRadeben imas, rom Cven TviTon Raribma erma da

ase vTqvaT mWle xazinam miuxedavad Tavis siRaribisa 98 milioni maneTi gadavdeT sxvis

saWiroebisaTvis. da Tu mainc Cven cils gvwameben, da Tu mainc sweren da amboben rom Cven

aqidan verekebiT, gavrekeT ZaliT vinme _ amis mizezi sul sxvaa. es gamomdinareobs mtro-

biT Cveni damoukideblobisadmi, maT alaparakebT Sovinisturi da sxv. reaqcionuri su-

liskveTeba. magram aq vityviT: xeli Sors, nuras ukacravad (taSi). mxolod aq, Cven, saqar-

TveloSi SevZeliT Segveqmna erTnairi politikuri Tavisufali da wesieri marTva-gamgeo-

ba. mxolod dauZinebel mters Tavisuflebisas da damoukideblobisas SeuZlian gviTxras:

aiReT xeli da gadaeSviT Sors, iq gamoucnob qaosSi da iq raRac reaqciis mxareSi, Cven

amas ar vizamT da Cven amas ver vizamT.

Cven gvsurs ueWvelad Cveneburi weswyobileba iyos, rogorc ruseTSi, ise mosazRvre

mezobel erebSi. Cven moxarulni viqnebiT ruseTis, namdvil ruseTis aRdgenisa. Cven moxa-

rulni viqnebiT, rom Cvens irgvliv myofi moZme respublikebi da erebi iyvnen ukeT piro-

bebSi da Seqmnan iseTi weswyobileba, romelic aris aq CvenSi. mere es gana moiTxovs Cven-

gan, rom Cveni damoukidebloba movklaT. ara, demokratiuli weswyobileba arsad ar moiT-

xovs, rom meore saxelmwifos demokratia daiCagros. vinc ase fiqrobs isini ar arian de-

mokratebi. imaT araferi ara aqvT saerTo demokratiasTan. isini, ueWvelia, sxva miznebiT,

sxva survilebiT arian gatacebulni. unda vTqvaT, rom Cven am survilebis winaaRmdeg mi-

viRebT yovelnair saSualebas, rom survilebi darCnen maTSi mxolod da mxolod survi-

lebad. Cven demokratiul saxelmwifosTan yovelTvis gveqneba mWidro ekonomiuri da po-

litikuri kavSiri. mxolod maTgan Cven moviTxovT erT pirobas: rogorc Cven vcnobT maT

saxelmwifod, ise maT saxelmwifo Cveni unda icnon saxelmwifod da unda gamarTon mola-

parakeba CvenTan da Cven maTTan, rogorc Tanasworma TanasworTan.

rac gvsurs Cven CvenTvis _ is gvsurs sxvebisaTvis. ai am mokle mcnebiT aris gam-

sWvaluli Cveni sagareo politika. veravis SeuZlian da verc dagvwamebs, rom Cveni damou-

kidebeli respublika amoZravda romelime damoukidebl respublikis an romelime eris wi-

naaRmdeg.

mxolod neba miboZeT giTxraT, rom Cveni bedi aris Cvens xelSi. saqarTvelos res-

publika iarsebebs, Tu Cven SigniT da gareT am niadagze mtkiced viqnebiT.

gisurvebT Tqven da Cven SegviZlian usurvoT Cvens STamomavlobas, rom 26 maisis aq-

ti gadaiqces mudmiv dResaswaulad.

es aqti aris aqti gamarjvebisa saqarTvelos demokratiisa da misi Tavisuflebisa

(mquxare taSi).


clebi 1-4. manqanaze nabeWdi. asli.

89

danarTi

26 maisi Tu 9 aprili?

(pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic ar unda dasmuliyo) XX saukuneSi qarTvelma erma orjer SeZlo dakarguli saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, asCvidmetwliani wyvetilis Semdeg,

saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti,” xolo 1991

wlis 9 aprils, samocdaaTwliani wyvetilis Semdeg, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom

miiRo „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.” orive movlena

umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelos istoriaSi, orive movlena Rirseulad unda aRiniSnos.

mxolod saqarTvelos ara aqvs ori didi TariRi (1918 wlis 26 maisi da 1991 wlis 9

aprili), igive mdgomareobaa litvaSi (1918 wlis 16 Tebervali da 1990 wlis 17 marti),

estoneTSi (1918 wlis 24 Tebervali da 1991 wlis 20 agvisto), latviaSi (1918 wlis 18

noemberi da 1991 wlis 21 agvisto). miuxedavad amisa litvelebs, estonelebs da

latvielebs azradac ar mosvliaT ,,oridan erTi” amoerCiaT, orive movlena saamayoa

maTTvis, orives miageben pativs.

dRes saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis dRed oficialurad 26 maisia aRiarebuli.

gaugebaria ratom xedaven am faqtSi 9 aprilis mniSvnelobis dakninebas? ratom

moiTxoven damoukideblobis dRed oficialurad ara 26 maisis, aramed 9 aprilis

aRniSvnavs? Cemi azriT umjobesia oficialurad damoukideblobis dRed aRiniSnos 26

maisi. es mosazreba emyareba Semdegs:

pirveli. qarTvelma erma mravaljer dahkarga da aRidgina saxelmwifoebrioba,

magram damoukideblobis aRdgena sagangebo saxelmwifoebrivi aqtiT pirvelad 1918 wlis

26 maiss gaformda. Teoriulad aseTi aqti SeiZleboda gamocemuliyo daviT

aRmaSenebelisa da giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis Jams, gacilebiT adrec da gvianac. 1918

wlis 26 maisamde miRebuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sxva aqti,

werilobiTi an sxva saxiT dadasturebuli, Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris.

meore. 26 maisis „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtma” formalurad aRadgina 117

wlis win dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba. igulisxmeba ruseTis imperator aleqsandre I-

is mier 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. iuriduli

Zala aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifests mxolod qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

mimarT gaaCnda. miuxedavad amisa 1918 wlis 26 maisisL„saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aqts” saxelmwifoebrioba qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze ki ar aRudgenia, aramed

saqarTveloSi. e.i 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT dadasturda, rom saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublika samarTalmemkvidre iyo ara XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis

mier dapyrobili qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisa (qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis

samefo, samegrelos, guriis, svaneTisa da afxazeTis samTavroebi), aramed erTiani

qarTuli saxelmwifosi, romelic XV saukunis meore naxevarSi samefo-samTavroebad

daiSala. amrigad, qarTvelma erma 1918 wlis 26 maisis „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aqtiT” formalurad daibruna is, rac dakarga XIX saukunis damdegs, magram realurad

daibruna isic, rac dakarga XV saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tu 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqts am

TvalsazrisiT ar SevafasebT, maSin 1917-1918 wlebSi, ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg,

Teoriulad SesaZlebeli iyo Semdegi: aRdgeniliyo XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis

imperiis mier dapyrobili qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, imereTis samefo, samegrelos, guriis,

svaneTisa da afxazeTis samTavroebi. 1918 wlis 26 maisis „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aqtma” swored es Teoriuli SesaZlebloba gamoricxa _ dasZlia, rogorc

90

samsaukunovani (XVI-XVIII ss.) politikuri daSlilobis, ise ruseTis asCvidmetwliani

koloniuri politikis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.

mesame. 1991 wlis 31 marts saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze

Catarebuli referendumis dros mosaxleobam upasuxa kiTxvas: momxre iyo Tu ara

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa 1918 wlis 26 maisis

damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze? kiTxvis amgvarad formulireba absoluturad

swori iyo. cxadia, saqarTvelos uzenaes sabWos SeeZlo mosaxleobis azri amgvari

kiTxviTac gaego: xarT Tu ara momxre aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukidebloba? am SemTxvevaSi 1991 wlis 9 aprilis “saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis” ZaliT msoflios politikur rukaze gaCenili axali

damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, e.i. dRevandeli saqarTvelo, ver iqneboda saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) samarTalmemkvidre, anu

samarTalmemkvidreobiTi kavSiri xelovnurad gawydeboda. garda amisa 1991 wlis

aprilSi, maSin rodesac jer kidev arsebobda sabWoTa kavSiri, saqarTvelosTvis

politikuri TvalsazrisiT ufro xelsayreli iyo imisi deklarireba, rom qarTveli eri

axdenda 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT

kanonierad aRdgenili da 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis

Sedegad dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas. amrigad, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze 1991 wlis 31 martis

referendumisa da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis” iuridiul safuZvels 1918 wlis 26 maisis

„saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti” warmoadgenda.

meoTxe. 1991 wlis 9 aprils saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis

miRebis Semdeg ZalaSi darCa saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gerbi, droSa, da

himni, rac kidev erTxel adasturebda imas, rom 1991 wlis msoflio politikur rukaze

gaCenili axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

samarTalmemkvidre iyo.

mexuTe. 1918 wlis 26 maisis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis mniSvnelobis

dakninebis mizniT xSirad xazs usvamen imas, rom 26 maiss saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena moxda germaniis moTxovniT. aseTi mtkiceba

moklebulia yovelgvar safuZvels. 1918 wlis maisisaTvis Seqmnil viTarebaSi.

saqarTvelosa da germaniis imperiis interesebi erTmaneTs daemTxva. germanelebma

qarTveli politikosebi daarwmunes imaSi, rom osmaleTis agresias amierkavkasiis

demokratiuli federaciuli respublika ver gauZlebda (rac srul WeSmaritebas

warmoadgenda!), amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos dReebi daTvlili iyo. rCeboda

erTaderTi gamosavali. saqarTvelos osmaleTis mier okupaciamde unda gamoecxadebina

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos dacva Sedioda

germaniis interesebSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo, rogorc amierkavkasiis

samokavSireo saxelmwifos nawili, dapyrobili iqneboda osmaleTis mier. osmaleTis

gabatoneba samxreT kavkasiaSi ar Sedioda germaniis interesebSi. marTalia, osmaleTi

germaniis mokavSire iyo, magram omisagan dasustebuli osmaleTi samxreT kavkasiasa da

maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, sabolood sabWoTa ruseTis, inglisisa da safrangeTis

konkurencias ver gauZlebda da germaniac regionSi Tavis poziciebs dahkargavda.

Seqmnil viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom osmaleTis agresias daaswro da

saxelmwifoebrioba aRadgina. germaniamac pirnaTlad Seasrula damoukideblobis

garantis roli. cxadia, germaniis mxridan arviTar Zaldatanebasa da „moTxovnas”

adgili ar hqonia da arc SeiZleboda hqonoda. piriqiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

91

damoukideblobis aRdgenis mxardaWeris gamo germaniis imperiam gaanawyena misi

mokavSire osmaleTi. aRarafers vambobT sabWoTa ruseTis, inglisisa da safrangeTis

mwvave reaqciaze. aseTia pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic SeiZleboda arc dasmuliyo.

Vakhtang Guruli

Materialien und Dokumente zur Geschichte der Wiederherstellung

der staatlichen Unabhängigkeit von Georgien (26. Mai, 1918)

Resümee

Die Februar-Märzrevolution von 1917 beendete die Zarenherrschaft in Russland. Die Revolution konnte aber die in den Jahren des Ersten Weltkrieges angefangene politische, ökonomische und soziale Krise nicht entschärfen. Ganz im Gegenteil - die Situation verschärfte sich äußerst. Russlands Staatlichkeit war bedroht. Diese Krise nutzten die von Russland annektierten Länder zu ihren Gunsten und erklärten sich für unabhängig: Finnland (6.12.1917), die Ukraine (9.01.1918), Litauen (16.02.1918), Estland (24.02.1918), Belarus (25.03.1918), Georgien (25.05. 1918), Aserbaidschan (28.05. 1918), Armenien (28.05.1918), Polen (11.11.1918), Lettland (18.11 1918). Ungeachtet der schwerwiegenden Fehler, die dabei begangen wurden, wird die damalige politische Elite von der Historiographie dieser Länder glorifiziert. So wurden die Namen von Pehr Evind Svinhufvud und Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (Finnland), Michael Grushevski und Symon Petljura (die Ukraine), Josip Pilsudski und Jan Ignacy Paderewski (Polen) in den Himmel gehoben.

Im Gegensatz dazu versuchen seit 1921 georgische Historiker, Publizisten, Schriftsteller und Politiker die Geschichte der Wiederherstellung der Unabhängigkeit von Georgien ins schlechte Licht zu stellen, indem sie allgemein bekannte Dokumente und Materialien absichtlich ignorieren. Aus politischen und anderen Gründen versuchen sie die Geschichte zu fälschen und die schwierigste und wichtigste Periode der georgischen Geschichte (zwischen März 1917 und Mai 1918) negativ darzustellen. Diese Tendenz ist nur durch das gründliche Erlernen der diesem Thema gewidmeten archivierten Materialien und anderen Dokomenten zu beseitigen.

92

nino SiolaSvili, istoriis doqtori, profesori

yalbi sabuTebis kvlevis meTodebi da

maTi klasifikacia saqarTveloSi

diplomatikis, saistorio mecnierebis erT-erTi dargis Semqmnelis Jan

mabilionis ganmartebiT `diplomatika aris xelovneba namdvili sabuTebis garCevisa

yalbisagan”. 1 namdvili, WeSmariti sabuTebis gverdiT yovelTvis iqmneboda yalbi

sigelebic, romelTa praqtikuli daniSnuleba ZiriTadad mdgomareobda qonebrivi an

wodebrivi sigelebis damtkiceba-ganaxlebis an sasamarTlo procesebisas maTi

moSvelieba-mtkicebisaTvis. sabuTebis siyalbe-sinamdvilis dadgenis aucilebloba

safuZvlad daedo istoriis damxmare dargis, diplomatikis Camoyalibebas.

dReisaTvis yalbi dokumentebis Seswavlas wminda praqtikuli mniSvneloba

gaaCnia, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri istoriisaTvis, imisaTvis,

rom ama Tu im istoriuli faqtis dadgenisas istorikoss ar gaeparos raime Secdoma da

yalbi dokumentebis yalbi cnobebi istoriis uneblie gayalbebis wyarod ar iqces.

`sanam mkvlevari sabuTiT isargeblebdes, manam maTi Rirseba unda hqondes gamorkveuli

sigelTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT~ 2 _ aRniSnavda ivane javaxiSvili Tavis narkvevSi

`qarTuli sigelTmcodneoba anu diplomatika~. siyalbis dadgena yovelTvis advili

rodia. natyuari sabuTis Semdgeneli umetes SemTxvevaSi wignieri piria, romelmac icis

sabuTis Sedgenis wesi da kargad icnobs sigelebis nimuSebs, zogjer imdenad

wignieradaa Sesrulebuli yalbi dokumenti, rom mkvlevars didi sifrTxile sWirdeba

mis amosacnobad. Tumca araiSviaTia, rodesac yalbi sabuTis Semdgeneli

arakvalificiuria da misi Secdomebi advili amosacnobi xdeba. ramdenadac yalbi

sabuTis Semdgeneli gonieri piria, imdenad Zneli xdeba siyalbis daWera.

natyuari anu yalbi sabuTebis gamosakvlevad maTi uSualo Seswavlaa

aucilebeli, risTvisac arsebobs orgvari wyaro: I) wyaro, romelic cnobebs gvawvdis

yalbi sabuTebis Sesaxeb _ saCivris wignebi, sasamarTlo ganCinebani, èqspertTa”

daskvnebi, mowmeTa gancxadebani da a.S. II) uSualo dakvirveba Sesaswavl obieqtze, Tu: a) ramdenad gamarTuladaa

Sedgenili sabuTi, pasuxobs Tu ara misi struqtura saukuneTa manZilze gamomuSavebul

wesebs, trafaretebs da a.S. b) sabuTis `Txrobis” Sesatyvisoba im epoqis normebTan, ra

droSiac xdeba moqmedeba. g) urTierTobis raoba sabuTis gamcemsa da mimRebs Soris. d)

TariRis (qoronikoni, indiqtioni, dasabamidan da a.S), beWdisa da parafis siswore. e)

1 А. А. Введенский. Лекции по документальному источниковедению истории СССР. изд. Киевского университета, 1963, стр. 28. 2 ivane javaxiSvili. qarTuli sigelTmcodneoba anu diplomatika. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. IX. Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 523.

93

dasaxelebuli arian Tu ara mowmeebi (saWiro SemTxvevaSi) da damweri. v) ramdenad

emTxveva paleografiuli niSnebi sabuTSi miniSnebul TariRs da a.S.

qarTul diplomatikaSi sabuTebis gayalbebis ori ZiriTadi forma gvxvdeba:

I) rodesac dokumenti Tavidan utyuaria, gaformebulia yovelgvari wesebis

dacviT _ mowmeebiT, namdvili xelrTva-beWdebiT da a.S. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi

dokumentSi aRwerili situacia icvleba, rodesac dainteresebul pirs calmxrivad

Seaqvs Sesworebebi da es xdeba Zalian TvalsaCinod. igi misTvis miuRebel adgilebs

meqanikurad amokrefs da Tavis sasargeblo monacemebi Seaqvs sabuTSi. magaliTad,

dokumentSi amoSlilia ama Tu im pirisa Tu ama Tu im adgilmdebareobis an soflis

saxeli. zogjer amoSlili adgili Tavisufladaa darCenili, anda sxva xeliTa da

melniTaa Cawerili sasurveli sityva. aseTi dokumenti ukve sandoobas kargavs da

falsificirebulia.

II) rodesac dokumenti Tavidanve winaswar mofiqrebuli yalbi sqemiT iwereba,

aseT SemTxvevaSi Tu yalbismqmneli wignieri kacia `Secdomebic~ naklebia, magram

specialist-mkvlevarisaTvis sabolood mainc amocnobili xdeba.

meore SemTxvevisaTvis dokumentis Seswavlisas `dednad” wardgenil zogierT

dokumentSi TvalSi sacemia qronologiuri SeuTavsebloba:

1. qaRaldsa da fiqsirebul faqts Soris _ qaRaldi axalia, faqti Zveli, xeli

araa tipiuri _ yalbismqmneli cdilobs `daaZvelos” xelwera.

2. Seusabamoba daTariRebis sxvadasxva sistemiT sargeblobisas, magaliTad:

erTmaneTs ar emTxveva qoronikonis, indiqtionis da qristes dabadebidan

gadaTvlili TariRebis monacemebi.

3. aris SemTxvevebi yalbi xelmowerebis.

4. beWdebis crud dasmis SemTxvevebi.

5. beWdebis ganzrax dazianebis, Camuqebis faqtebi.

6. axali yalbi beWdebis moWris SemTxvevebi.

7. dokumentSi ar arsebuli epizodebis CarTva.

8. cru mowmeTa moSvelieba.

9. qoronikonis dasmis adgilis gamuqeba muriT (TiTis anabeWdiT an `dabnelebuli”

beWediT).

10. sabuTis dazianebis imitacia: saweri masalis ganzrax dazianeba-`daZveleba”-

gaqeqiloba; `siZvelisagan~ `daxeva-daglejva~, kideebis SemocveTa da a.S.

11. paleografiuli niSnebis `daZveleba~ da a.S.

amitomacaa, rom TiToeuli saeWvo dokumenti individualuri Seswavlis sagani

unda gaxdes.

gansakuTrebiT safrTxiloa dokumentebis pirebiT (aslebiT) sargebloba sruli

ndobiT. damuSavebuli pirebi, zogjer namdvili sabuTis Tanadroulad keTdeboda da

iuridiuladac formdeboda, rogorc namdvili sabuTis dublikati Tavisi beWdiT,

xelrTviT da a.S. aseTi utyuari sabuTi iyo. dainteresebuli pirovneba namdvili

sabuTis namdvil pirs spobda da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi yalbi piriT sargeblobda.

albaT aseTi sabuTebis rigs miekuTvneba Cvens siZveleTsacavebSi daculi Zvel masalaze

`daZvelebuli” melniTa da Zveli xelis mibaZviT Sesrulebuli sabuTebis nawili,

romlebic arc xelmowerilia da arc beWeddasmuli, an cru xelmowerili da cru

beWdiani, amdenad aseTi sabuTebi araa iuridiuli Zalis mqone. Tumca gadaWriT eWvis

Setana maT siyalbezec ar SeiZleba, radgan droTa ganmavlobaSi saWiro xdeboda ama Tu

im sabuTis ganaxleba siZvelis, gaqeqvis, dazianebis, dakargvis da a.S. SemTxvevaSi.

saamiso magaliTebi sakmaod mogvepoveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tu ganmaaxlebels

daZvelebuli dedani hqonda xelT, saqme SedarebiT advilad wydeboda. xdeboda Zveli

94

dednidan gadawera met-naklebad kargad Tu avad. magram Tu dokumenti saerTod

dakarguli iyo, misi aRdgena mexsierebiTYxdeboda. aseT sabuTebSi sinamdvileSi

momxdari faqtebi Tu movlenebi simarTles Seesabameba, rac dgindeba naratiul Tu sxva

wyaroebTan SejerebiT. magram namdvili araa gamcemis xelmowera, beWedi, TviT sabuTis

Sedgenilobis sqema; zogjer adgili aqvs anaqronizmsac, magram aseTi zepirad

aRdgenili sabuTebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT natyuarad, anu maTi gaCenis aucilebloba

gamowveulia arsebuli sabuTis (originalis) dakargviT an daZvelebiT. garegnulad

aseTi sabuTebi Zalian emsgavseba dednebs. maTi xelaxali Seqmna xom ZiriTadad

mexsierebiT xdeba. umravlesoba uTariRoa _ aSkara Secdomisagan Tavidan acilebis

mizniT. saweri masalis, xelweris, dokumentis struqturis, xelrTvis, beWdis da a.S.

mecnieruli analiziT SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi Secnoba. aseT sabuTebs SeiZleba

vuwodoT àRdgenili~, `ganaxlebuli~, an `ganmeorebiT Sedgenili~ sabuTebi da ara

dednebi an yalbi sabuTebi.

yovelTvis eWvs iwvevs rig SemTxvevebSi namdvil xelmoweril da beWeddasmul

sabuTebSi arsebuli amoSlili Tu Casworebuli adgilebi.

SesaZloa gvefiqra, rom zogjer sabuTis damweris kalmis lafsusis

gasworebasTan gvqondes saqme, magram is garemoeba rom Sesworeba modis ZiriTadad

yidva-gayidvis, Cuqeba-boZebis, qonebriv obieqtebze, gadasaxadebis odenobis Tu sxva

mniSvnelobis SemTxvevebze, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cveni winaprebis sabuTis gayalbebis

erT-erTi xerxi namdvil dokumentebSi waSla-amoSla da axali obieqtis Setana iyo.

aseTi siyalbeebis winaRmdeg brZola Cndeba imTaviTve, rogorc ki Cndeba

qarTuli natyuari dokumenti (XV s.). magram, zogjer siyalbe SeumCneveli rCeba, ufro

metic, ruseTis mmarTvelobis Semosvlis Semdeg, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, nayalbevs

xSirad namdvil dokumentad miiCneven, Tumca aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac rusuli

eqspediciebi siyalbesac amCneven.

XV saukuneSi Cven ukve dadasturebuli gvaqvs faqti natyuari sabuTebis

arsebobis Sesaxeb. safiqrebelia, rom XV saukunis qvemoTac eqneboda aseT movlenas

adgili, da Tu dRes adreuli xanidan faqtis fiqsacia ara gvaqvs es mxolod wyaroebis

naklebobiT aixsneba.

sabuTebis gayalbeba ZiriTadad qonebrivi da wodebrivi sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad

xdeboda. natyuari sabuTebi XIX saukunis dasawyisamde ZiriTadad sadavo qonebasTan

dakavSirebiT iqmneboda. sasamarTloze momCivan-mopasuxes Tavisi simarTlis

dasamtkiceblad evaleboda werilobiTi dokumentis wardgena da swored aq

mJRavndeboda zogierTi sabuTis siyalbe. zogadad, sasamarTlosaTvis yalbi sabuTebis

arseboba cnobili iyo. amitom aq warmodgenili TiToeuli sabuTis didi gulmodginebiT

Seswavla xdeboda. sabuTis natyuarobas mosamarTleebi ramdenime niSnis mixedviT

adgendnen. Cvens dromde moRweuli qarTuli sasamarTlo aqtebi Zvirfas cnobebs

gvawvdian yalbi sabuTebis maSindeli eqspertizis Sesaxeb.

qarTul sasamarTlo organoebSi yalbi sabuTebis gamovlinebis done sakmaod

maRali iyo. es saqme ganswavlul pirTa xelSi iyo, romlebic dawvrilebiT swavlobdnen

beWdebs, udarebdnen xelweras da poulobdnen msgavseba-gansxvavebas _ èrTmaneTs

udgineT erTis kacis dawerili iyo, asoebi gvanda erTmanerTs”, sinjavdnen amofxekil

adgilebs, amowmebdnen qoronikons, uyuradRebod ar rCebodaT SeuTavsebloba, anu

rogorc TviTon acxadebdnen `wina ukmoba”, ansxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan ara mxolod

damwerlobas, aramed melansac, eWvis qveS ayenebdnen sabuTSi teqstis gacxovelebas,

Rrmad ukvirdebodnen sabuTebis Sinaarss da cdilobdnen ar gamoparvodaT WeSmariteba.

akontrolebdnen faqtebisa da qronologiis SeuTavseblobas da Tu ara imdroindel

95

mosamarTleTa kargi codna natyuari sabuTebis Secnobisa, SeiZleboda dRes bundovani

warmodgena gvqonoda natyuar sabuTTa raobisa da raodenobis Sesaxeb.

XIX saukuneSi xdeboda dokumentebis saregistracio davTrebSi gatareba. gvaqvs

SemTxvevebi, rodesac rusuli mmarTvelobis mier registraciaSi gatarebul

dokumentebze gakeTebulia SeniSvna rusul enaze, rom esa da es dokumenti nayalbevia.

aseTi dokumenti saregistracio davTrebSi aRar SehqondaT, igi patrons ubrundeboda

da mosaxleobaSi rCeboda, zogierTi albaT kidevac nadgurdeboda. dReisaTvis

gadarCenili nawili yalbi sabuTebisa sabolood siZveleTsacavebSi aRmoCnda, xolo

registraciaSi gatarebuli TiToeuli sabuTis Sesaxeb Sedgenilia oqmi.

yalbismqmnelebi sabuTis `daZvelebis~ mizniT xSirad sawer masalad etrats

iyenebdnen.

siyalbis dafarvis TvalsazrisiT etratis upiratesoba isaa, rom misi asakis

gansazRvra qaRaldTan SedarebiT SeuZlebelia, radganac importuli qaRaldi (an

qaRaldis naxevarfabrikati), rac saqarTveloSi Semodioda, ase Tu ise niSandadebuli

iyo da yalbismqmnels qaRaldis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi eWvi qaRaldis Secnobisa

yovelTvis Tu ar aSinebda, afiqrebda mainc.

Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom natyuari sabuTebi mxolod etratze ar iwereboda.

Cven xelTa gvaqvs qaRaldze naweri ara erTi natyuari dokumenti, miuxedavad imisa, rom

Zveli qaRaldis moZieba yovelTvis SeiZleboda saero Tu saeklesio wignebSi

datovebuli dauwereli furclebidan. aseTi furclebi dResac mravlad gvxvdeba

siZveleTsacavebSi dabinavebul Cvens Zvel xelnawerebSi.

naklebadaa Seswavlili CvenSi zogadad qaRaldis warmomavlobis sakiTxi.

ukeTesadaa Seswavlili qarTuli sfragistika da numizmatika, gvaqvs paleografiuli

cxrilebi da a.S. ase, rom dReisaTvis qarTuli sabuTebis Sesaswavlad mecnierul-

teqnikuri done Seudareblad maRalia, magram, samwuxarod, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda

es miRwevebi gamouyenebelia. sabuTis gayalbebis mizani, cxadia, garToba-TavSeqceva ar iyo. gayalbeba did

risks da zogjer did Sromasa da xarjsac moiTxovda – msgavsi axali yalbi beWdis

moWra, qaRaldisa da TviT sabuTis Semzadeba da yalbismqmnelis fsiqologiur-

moralurad datvirTva, saidumlos dacva aseve didi praqtikuli daniSnulebiT xdeboda.

sabuTis gayalbeba ZiriTadad samamule-samemkvidreo qonebasTan dakavSirebiT xdeboda,

ufro gvian ki, XIX saukuneSi wodebriobas ukavSirdeba.

natyuar sabuTebs, miuxedavad siyalbisa, mainc istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvT. aseT

sabuTebSi ZiriTadad asaxulia is socialur-politikuri urTierTobani, sadac iqmneba

esa Tu is natyuari sabuTi.

qarTuli yalbi dokumentebis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT mecnierebs garkveuli

kvleva-Ziebani aqvT Catarebuli, nawilobriv Seswavlilia qarTuli sigelebis erTi

jgufi _ sasisxlo sigelebi, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis sabuTebi, magram

dRemde gegmazomieri, mizandasaxuli kvleva natyuari sabuTebis Sesaswavlad

Catarebuli araa. qarTuli yalbi dokumentebis gegmiurad Seswavla ki xels Seuwyobs

qarTuli diplomatikis ganviTarebas da saSualebas mogvcems viqonioT koncefcia

qarTuli natyuari dokumentebis Sesaxeb.

96

Nino Shiolashvili

Methods of Research of the Falsified Documents and their Classification in Georgia

Summary

Development of diplomatics, one of the sections of historical science was conditioned by the necessity of

establishing whether the documents were falsified or not. There have always been created the falsified deeds, together with the valid documents. In Georgian diplomatics there are two key forms of falsification: I. Where the document was initially authentic, executed in compliance with all regulations but with time, the interested person has made unilateral corrections – erases the unacceptable words or inserts the data useful for him; II. Where the document was made according to the pre-developed false scheme. Therefore. Therefore, each susceptible document is subject of individual research.

Though there are significant works of Georgian scientists in this sphere but no consistent targeted researches of the falsified documents were conducted. Planned study of the falsified documents would contribute to development of Georgian diplomatics and create conception about Georgian false documents.

97

avTandil kiknaZe, profesori

Tanamedrove diplomatiuri samsaxurebis

mdgomareobis SedarebiTi analizi

(amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, didi britaneTis,

safrangeTis, germaniisa da italiis magaliTze)

Tanamedrove diplomatiis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebi, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva

memuaruli literatura kidev erTxel xazs usvams Tu rogori gavleniT sargebloben

sazRvargareTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis diplomatiuri samsaxurebi saxelmwifos

sagareo politikuri kursis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.

diplomatiisa da sagareo politikis Tema mecnierebisaTvis yovelTvis iyo

gansakuTrebiT saintereso sakvlevi obieqti (kisinjeri, beriji, barstoni, qenani,

pikeringi, haropi, marSali, mauTneri, hoveli, hoskini, isti, dileri, Stilingi, aleni,

hamiltoni da a.S.).

unda aRiniSnos, rom diplomatiis Seswavlis ZiriTad meTodebad gamoiyeneba

politologiuri kvlevis, istorizmis, SedarebiTi da sistemuri analizis meTodebi.

ramdenime aTeuli welia mimdinareobs diskusia diplomatiuri samsaxuris

momavlis Sesaxeb. am diskusiis monawileni ZiriTadad iyofian pesimistebad da

optimistebad, maTze, vinc winaswarmetyvelebs diplomatiis mzis Casvenebas da maT visac

miaCniaT, rom diplomatia jer kidev aris saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erTi

stabiluri sfero.

mkvlevarTa daintereseba am TemiT gamoiwvia suverenuli saxelmwifoebis,

saerTaSoriso globaluri problemebis, saerTaSoriso da regionaluri konfliqtebis

raodenobis mkveTrma zrdam da im meqanizmebis araefeqturobam, romlebmac unda

daareguliros Tanamedroveobis globaluri problemebi.

am kvlevebs pasuxi unda gaeca iseT kiTxvebze, rogorebicaa: sWirdebaT ki

saerTod ganviTarebul qveynebs diplomatia? xom ar amowura man Tavisi

SesaZleblobebi? aqvs ki mas Sesabamisi Zala da gavlena gaumklavdes Tanamedrove

gamowvevebs? molaparakebebis gziT daareguliros dRevandeli momZlavrebuli

konfliqtebi? arsebobs ki saerTod diplomatiis gavlenis cneba? Tu arsebobs, raSi

gamoixateba igi?

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleli mkvlevarebi da cnobili diplomatebi (z. bJezinski, h. kisinjeri) Tanamedrove diplomatiis rols sxvadasxvanairad ganixilaven

da zogjer aknineben kidec, yvela mecnieri aRiarebs mis aucileblobas da

mniSvnelobas. sagareo politikuri uwyebebis da sazRvargareTis diplomatiuri

warmomadgenlobebis mdgomareobis struqturuli analizi sakmaod naTlad metyvelebs

im epoqalur cvlilebebze, ,,romlebic Cvens Tvalwin mimdinareobs saerTaSoriso

arenaze.

98

Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia

is, rom sagareo politikuri problemebis gadawyvetilebebis mimRebma centrma

diplomatiuri uwyebidan qveynebis prezidentebis, premier-ministrebis administraciebsa

da sxva uwyebebSi gadainacvla.

aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti „axali diplomatiis“ amocanebs Semdegnairad

gansazRvravs: „demokratizaciis“ mxardaWera da adamianis uflebebis dacva mTel

msoflioSi. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva,

samSvidobo procesebisadmi xelSewyoba, ekologiis, ltolvilebis, migrantebis

problemebis mogvareba, saerTaSoriso terorizmis da organizebuli danaSaulis

winaaRmdeg brZola, eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis mogvareba, amerikuli

biznesis xelSewyoba axal bazrebze da sxva.

aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti axorcielebs qveynis sagareo politikas da

icavs qveynis interesebs sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi.

saxelmwifo departamentis miznebi da amocanebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs

ganicdis qveynis interesebidan da konkretuli saerTaSoriso viTarebidan da

situaciebidan gamomdinare.

aSS-s sagareo politikuri uwyeba da saxelmwifo departamenti Tavisi

saqmianobisas xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis Zlier, nacionalur uwyebebTan, romlebic

aseve arian CarTulni qveynis sagareo politikuri gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da

ganxorcielebis saqmeSi, rogorc saxelmwifo departamenti, magaliTad: Tavdacvis

saministro, prezidentis administracia, dazvervis centraluri sammarTvelo, erovnuli

usafrTxoebis sabWo, kongresi da sxva. isini yvelani warmoadgenen aqtiur moTamaSeebs

sagareo politikuri kursis SemuSavebisas. amerikeli avtorebi didi xania aRniSnaven,

rom saxelmwifo departamenti warmoadgens `biurokratiul pigmeas gigantebs Soris~.1

Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom am uwyebebTan poziciebis TanxvedrisTanave

amerikeli diplomatebi, xSirad damoukidebelni arian gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros.

cnobili amerikeli diplomati j. qenani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom Teoriulad

ucxoeTis saxelmwifos yvela aqcia, romelic erTi an meti aqtoris interesebs exeba,

unda ganixilebodes saxelmwifo departamentSi, magram yvela saxelmwifo

departamentisgan da saagentosgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is saxelmwifo departaments yvelaze

naklebi gavlena aqvs qveynis politikur wreebSi. es mas naklebad efeqturs xdis sxva

oficialur struqturebTan urTierTobisas.2

situacia gansakuTrebiT garTulda bolo xans ganviTarebuli tendenciebis gamo,

rodesac TeTri saxli sagareo politikis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT

samxedro-politikuri urTierTobis sferoSi gadawyvetilebebs iRebs mxolod Tavis

uSualo garemocvasTan erTad.

amasTan, marto saxelmwifo departamentma ar dakarga Tavisi tradiciuli rolis da

koordinatoris funqcia sagareo-politikur kursze. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

sferoSi garkveuli uflebamosileba gadacemuli aqvT mravalricxovan aqtorebs

vaSingtonis politikuri scenidan. saubaria federaluri mTavrobis ara marto

departamentebsa da saagentoebze, aramed kongresis sxvadasxva komitetebze, romelTa

saqmianobazec koncentrirebulia didi gavlenis mqone jgufebis yuradReba.

erTmaneTTan mopaeqre gavlenis mqone jgufebis da mudmivad cvladi interesebis

pirobebSi vaSingtonSi momuSave ucxoeli diplomatis winaSe dgas sakmaod rTuli

1 Kegley C., Wittkopf E. American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process. New York. 1996. Р. 385. 2 Kennan G. F. Diplomacy without diplomats? // Foreign Affairs. 1997. September – October. P. 198-212.

99

amocana, moipovos aucilebeli mxardaWera, miaRwios aSS-s mTavrobasTan molaparakebebs

im sakiTxebze romlebic òrmxriv interess” warmoadgenen.

qveyanaSi, sadac sagareo politikuri uwyeba tradiciulad didi avtoritetiT

sargeblobs, sul ufro xSirad warmoiqmneba uwyebaTaSorisi uTanxmoeba da kamaTi.

Tavis droze, britaneTis premier-ministri m. tetCeri gegmavda Форин офис-ის 3

sapirwoned Seeqmna aSS-is erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos analogi `Foreign Affairs Unit“. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo mcdeloba Форин офис-is gavlenidan gamoeyvanad

evropis integraciis sakiTxebi da SeeqmnaT evropis sakiTxebSi ministris Tanamdeboba. am

proeqtis ganxorcielebas maSin xeli SeuSala diplomatiuri uwyebis winaaRmdegobam, Tumca, saboloo jamSi mainc iqna SemoRebuli mTavrobaSi evropis sakiTxebSi ministris

Tanamdeboba. dReisaTvis sagareo politikis koordinacia xorcieldeba premier-

ministris kabinetis doneze, romlis CarCoebSi muSaoben sxvadasxva komitetebi,

romlebic SeimuSaveben sagareo da TavdacviTi politikis, sadazvervo saqmianobis da

evropuli integraciis kursis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.

forin ofisi aqtiurad monawileobs yvela gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebasa da

miRebaSi da dRemde warmoadgens sagareo politikis mniSvnelovan koordinators. magram

sxva uwyebebTan uTanxmoeba, kerZod premier-ministris aparatTan gardauvalia. am

urTierTobebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda yofili premier-ministri g. makmillani àraferi

araa imaze rTuli da delikaturi mTavrobis marTvisas, vidre kargi urTierTobis

damyareba premier-ministrsa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrs Sori~. 4 aRsaniSnavia, rom

margaret tetCerma Tavisi mmarTvelobis periodSi oTxi sagareo saqmeTa ministri

gadaayena.

aseTi mdgomareobis Taviseburi dadastureba gaxda didi britaneTis premier-

ministris t. bleris sazRvargareTuli turne 2002 wels, romlis drosac man ramdenime

damoukidebeli gamonaTqvami daafiqsira inglisis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb. aman

mkveTri gaRizianeba gamoiwvia forin ofisis zogierT xelmZRvanels da parlamentis

wevrebs Soris, romlebmac ganacxades, rom jobda premier-ministrs sazRvargareTul

turneSi sagareo saqmeTa ministri gaeSva, radgan aseTi donis vizitebi moiTxovs

`maRal diplomatiur xelovnebas~.

bleris kritikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom Seiqmna STabeWdileba, TiTqos forin

ofisi ignorirebuli iqna, radgan toni blerma mxolod piradi mrCevlebis daxmarebiT

isargebla, uari Tqva ra tradiciuli diplomatiuri biurokratiis daxmarebaze.5

aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros da federaluri

kancleris uwyebas Sorisac xSiria azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da uTanxmoebani. germaniaSi

bundeskancleris biuros SemadgenlobaSi hyavs sagareo politikis da usafrTxoebis

politikis sammarTvelo. misi mizania federaluri kancleris sagareo politikuri

saqmianobis uzrunvelyofa, magram is zrdis sakuTar aqtivobas saerTaSoriso kavSirebis

SenarCunebaSi, miTumetes, rom bolo dros saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs Soris piradi

kontaqtebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani instrumenti gaxda saerTaSoriso problemebis

mogvarebisas.

vinaidan koaliciur mTavrobaSi federaluri kancleris da sagareo saqmeTa

ministris postebi sxvadasxva partiis warmomadgenlebs ukaviaT, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

3 1968 wels moxda forin ofisis gaerTianeba Tanamegobrobis saqmeTa uwyebasTan, ris Sedegadac man miiRo sagareo da Tanamegobrobis saqmeTa saministros saxelwodeba (forin ofisi). 4 Kegley C., Wittkopf E. American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process. New York. 1996. 5 La Guardia A., Brogan B. Blair’s odyssey leaves him open to some home truths. The Daily Telegraph. 2002. 31 January.

100

kancleris uwyebasa da sagareo saqmeTa saministros Soris, romelsac ufro xSirad

partiul-politikuri safuZveli udevs, rac pirdapir ar aisaxeba saxelmwifos sagareo

politikis kursze, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi aseTi uTanxmoebebi mainc xdeba xolme.

safrangeTSi, sagareo saqmeTa saministro, romelic cnobilia Tavisi

adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, rogorc ke dkorse, CarTulia sagareo politikuri

saqmianobis procesSi, romelsac rigi struqturebi axorcieleben. mis struqturebs

miekuTvneba generaluri mdivnis biuro Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi, sadac yvela ministria

warmodgenili, romelTac kavSiri gaaCniaT Tavdacvasa da usafrTxoebasTan.

saministroTaSoriso komiteti muSaobs samxedro aRWurvilobis eqsportis

mimarTulebiTa da evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis xaziT.

kedkorse-s warmomadgenlebi am struqturebis muSaobaSi iReben aqtiur

monawileobas, iseve rogorc gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. ZiriTad rols

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi axorcielebs premier-ministris aparati, xolo gadamwyveti

sityva safrangeTis prezidents ekuTvnis.

safrangeTis mTavroba mkacrad akontrolebs sagareo politikuri aqtiurobis

finansur aspeqts. 1994 wels Seiqmna saministroTaSorisi komiteti, im saxelmwifo

saxsrebis koordinaciisaTvis, romlebic saerTaSoriso saqmianobisTvis gamoiyofa.

am komitetis saTaveSi dgas premier-ministri, komitetSi Sedis mTavrobis yvela

is wevri, romelTa saministroebsac sazRvargareTTan urTierToba aqvT, komitetSi aseve

Sedis prezidentis specialuri warmomadgeneli da generaluri mdivani.

komitetis saqmianobis sferos ganekuTvneba safrangeTis ucxoeTTan kavSirebis,

saerTaSoriso urTirTobebisaTvis biujetidan gamoyofili fondebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb

informaciis Segroveba, aseve sazRvargareT warmomadgenlobebis raodenobis da sididis

gansazRvra, saerTaSoriso aqtiurobis gazrdisaTvis zomebis miReba da am saqmianobis

amsaxveli yovelwliuri angariSebis momzadeba. sagareo saqmeTa saministro did rols

TamaSobs am komitetis muSaobaSi, saministros generaluri mdivani mis oficialur

gamxmovanebels warmoadgens.6

tradiciul diplomatiur sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi dakavSirebulia

sakmaod prozaul faqtorTan _ sabiujeto finansuri saSualebebis qronikul

ukmarisobasTan. meore msoflio omis Semdeg moxda diplomatiuri biurokratiuli

aparatis kolosaluri zrda. es aisaxeboda mravalricxovani axali damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebis warmoqmniT da civi omis logikiT. sagareo politikuri problemebis

gazrdili sirTuleebi, romelTa gadawyvetac specialistebis sul ufro farTo wres

moiTxovda, situacia miiyvana iqamde, rom saelCoebi XX s-is bolo aTwleulebSi marto

karieruli diplomatebiT ar iyo dakompleqtebuli.

amJamad saelCos TanamSromlebi sxvadasxva uwyebebis warmomadgenlebi arian _

samxedro, sadazvervo, komerciuli, informaciuli, agrosamrewvelo da a.S. axali XXI s-

is dasawyisisaTvis amerikis saelCoSi londonSi aRiricxeboda TanamSromelTa

araumetes 20%, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen sagareo politikur uwyebas.7

1790 wels, rodesac Tomas jefersoni Seudga aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis

movaleobis Sesrulebas, mTeli misi aparati Sedgeboda erTi klerkis, 3 TanaSemwis,

erTi kurierisa da erTi saaTobriv anazRaurebaze myofi Tarjimnisagan. axalgazrda

qveyanas hqonda 2 diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba did britaneTsa da safrangeTSi da 10

sakonsulo posti. saxelmwifo departamentis mTliani biujeti 60 aTas dolarze

naklebi iyo.

6 Enjalran P., Husson Ph. France. The ministry of Foreign Affairs // B. Hocking. ed. Op. cit. P. 71. 7 Perlez J. As diplomacy loses luster, young stars flee state department // American Diplomacy. 2000. 5 September.

101

dReisaTvis aSS-s diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gaaCnia 180-ze met qveyanasTan da

260-mde diplomatiuri da sakonsulo posti aqvs mTeli msoflios masStabiT.

XX s-is 40-iani wlebis bolosaTvis aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentSi 700 adamiani

iricxeboda. 1990 wlisaTvis misi Stati 10500 CinovnikiT gaizarda. 8 dReisaTvis

saxelmwifo departamentsa da sazRvargareTis diplomatiur warmomadgenlobebSi 14 000

diplomati da 60 aTasamde daqiravebuli TanamSromeli muSaobs. 70-ian wlebSi, saSualo

sididis qveyanaSi amerikis saelCoSi 1000 adamiani iyo, romelTagan daaxloebiT 15%

ekuTvnoda saxelmwifo departaments. aSS-s yvelaze msxvili saelCo 1000 kacis

SemadgenlobiT saudis arabeTSi aqvs.9

sazRvargareTis samsaxuris asociaciam 1996 wels gamoaqveyna diplomatiuri

warmomadgenlobebis struqturis monacemebi. msxvil amerikul saelCoSi misiis meTauris

moadgilis garda arsebobs 11 jgufi, romelTa saTaveSic imyofebian maRali rangis

diplomatebi (politikuri mrCeveli, ekonomikuri mrCeveli, diplomatebi, romlebic

pasuxismgeblebi arian sakonsulo da administraciul jgufebze, garemos dacvaze,

samecniero-teqnikur gacvlaze, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobaze da kulturul

urTierTobebze).

amis garda saelCoSi, rogorc wesi, muSaobs koordinatori ltolvilTa

sakiTxebSi, informaciuli sistemebis specialisti, specialisti Sromis, soflis

meurneobis problemebze, daxmarebis programirebis xelmZRvaneli da bolos diplomati,

mdivnis Tanamdebobaze saerTaSoriso saqmeebis ganxriT, romelic garkveulwilad

pasuxismgebelia yvela mimarTulebis koordinaciaze. aseTi mravalricxovani

Semadgenlobis gamo, mxolod zogierT diplomats SeuZlia imedi iqonios elCTan

regularul Sexvedraze an misi uSualo xelmZRvanelobis qveS muSaobaze.

diplomatiuri samsaxuris aparatis zrda aRiniSneboda sxva qveynebSic. 1914 wels

did britaneTSi aSS-is sul 9 elCi iyo, parizis saelCoSi muSaobda 11 adamiani,

vaSingtonSi _ 8. amJamad inglisis saelCo aSS-Si iTvlis 300-mde adamians. 2000 w. forin

ofiss hyavda 2295 TanamSromeli centralur aparatSi 7481 sazRvargareTis

warmomadgenlobebSi, aqedan mxolod 3,5 aTasi iyo diplomatiuri samsaxuris kadri.10

1945 wels ke dkorse-Si saministros saStato ganawesSi iricxeboda 447 adamiani,

2000 wels maTi ricxvi 9475 kacamde gaizarda. maTgan centralur aparatSi moRvaweobda

3806 adamiani, diplomatiur da sakonsulo samsaxurebSi 4366, kulturis institutebSi

1303 adamiani. rogorc wesi, safrangeTis msxvil saelCoSi 100-dan 200-mde diplomati

muSaobs.11

italiis sagareo saqmeTa saministros TanamSromlebis raodenoba 2000 wels

gatarebuli diplomatiuri reformis Semdeg 938-dan 1119-mde gaizarda, personalis

saerTo raodenoba 6200 adamiania (5500 Statiani TanamSromelia, danarCenebi SromiTi

xelSekrulebiT arian).12

germaniis diplomatiuri samsaxuris sistemaSi 90-iani wlebis bolos dakavebuli

iyo 8800 adamiani, 2800 saministros centralur aparatSi muSaobda, 6000 sazRvargareTis

warmomadgenlobebSi. dReisaTvis germaniis diplomatiur samsaxurSi muSaobs 6750

Statiani TanamSromeli, maT Soris: t2100 TanamSromeli muSaobs sagareo saqmeTa

saministros centralur aparatSi, 13 t4650 sazRvargareTis diplomatiur

8 Kennan G. F. Diplomacy without Diplomats? Op.cit. P. 202. 9 The Foreign Service Journal. http/www.afsa.org/fsj/. 10 The Diplomatic Service List 1997. London: HMSO, 1997. P. 15-82. 11 http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ 12 http://www.esteri 13 www.auswaertiges-amt.de.

http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/

http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/

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warmomadgenlobebsa da misiebSi. amasTan erTad, misiebi sazRvargareT iyeneben 5500

germanel da ucxoel moqalaqeebs, romlebsac adgilsamyofel qveyanaSi arCeven

konkursis safuZvelze. 1200 TanamSromeli droebiT mivlinebulia sagareo saqmeTa

saministroSi sxvadasxva federaluri saministroebidan, miwebidan,

biznesorganizaciebidan da sxva dawesebulebebidan. germanias sazRvargareT aqvs 229

misia, aqedan 153 saelCo, 69 generaluri sakonsulo da sakonsuloebi, 12 mudmivi

diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi da ori specialuri

misia. amaT garda kidev aris: 345 sapatio konsuli. sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi

momuSaveTagan mxolod 688 adamiania diplomati da iricxeba ùmaRlesi kategoriis

samsaxurSi~. germaniis sazRvargareTis warmomadgenlobebSi TanamSromlebis saerTo

ricxvidan mxolod 900 adamiania diplomati.14

sagareo saqmeTa saministro warmarTavs germaniis urTierTobebs sazRvargareTis

qveynebTan da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan germaniis saelCoebis, sakonsuloebisa da

mudmivi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis meSveobiT. is warmoadgens germaniis

interesebs msoflioSi, xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da icavs germanelTa

uflebebs da interesebs sazRvargareT.

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sul ufro metad izrdeba mravalmxrivi

diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mniSvneloba, romelmac warmoSva axali tipis mudmivi

diplomatiuri misiebis, e.w. saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi mudmivi diplomatiuri

warmomadgenlobebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.

germaniis federaciul respublikas dReisaTvis mudmivi diplomatiuri

warmomadgenlobebi aqvs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi _ niu iorkSi da mis

evropul ofisebsa da specializebul saagentoebSi _ Jenevasa da venaSi, evrokavSirsa

da natoSi _ briuselSi, iuneskoSi _ parizSi, evropis sabWoSi _ strasburgSi,

saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi _ romSi, euToSi _ venaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mudmivi

diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi ar ewevian sakonsulo momsaxurebas. germaniis mudmiv

diplomatiur misiebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi xelmZRvaneloben sagangebo da

sruluflebiani elCebi.

profesionali TanamSromlebi arian yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqtivi germaniis

diplomatiur samsaxurSi. moTxovnebi, romlebsac uyeneben TanamSromlebs diplomatiur

samsaxurSi, Zalzed maRalia. maTi amocanebi moicavs problemebis yvelaze farTo wres.

germaniis diplomatiuri samsaxuri dislocirebulia mTel msoflioSi. diplomatiuri

kadrebi eqvemdebareba e.w. rotacias. es personalisagan moiTxovs samuSao adgilis

Secvlas yovel 3-5 weliwadSi. isini centraluri aparatidan samuSaod gadahyavT

sazRvargareTis qveynidan qveyanaSi da Semdeg brundebian sagareo saqmeTa saministros

centralur aparatSi. aqedan gamomdinare, diplomatebisaTvis iSviaTi ar aris Tavisi

profesiuli karieris manZilze mravaljer Seicvalon samuSao adgili da qveyana da

ufro meti dro dahyon sazRvargareTis qveynebSi. sagareo politika ar moicavs

mTavrobis saqmianobis mTel speqtrs maSin, rodesac mTavroba valdebulia qveynis

SigniT sxvadasxva doneebze (federacia, miwebi da municipalitetebi) moagvaros

arsebuli problemebi sazRvargareTis qveynebTan da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.

kavSirebis ganviTarebisaTvis mTeli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba diplomatiur samsaxurs,

romelsac warmatebiT maRal profesiul doneze axorcielebs Tanamedrove germaniis

diplomatia ukanaskneli 144 wlis manZilze.

14 www.auswaertiges-amt.de.

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sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi kompetenciis sferoebis aRrevam sxvadasxva

aqtorebs Soris da sagareo politikuri uwyebis gaberilma biurokratiulma aparatma,

bevr qveyanaSi aqtualuri gaxada diplomatiuri samsaxuris finansirebis gonivruli

Semcirebis sakiTxi.

Tanamedrove amerikeli diplomatiuri samsaxurisTvis finansuri sakiTxebi

seriozuli problema gaxda. Tavdacvaze da dazvervaze gazrdili sabiujeto asignaciebi

(radgan 1998 w. pentagonma miiRo 7 mlrd. dolariT meti Tanxa, vidre moiTxovda) aseve

diplomatiuri uwyebebebisaTvis biujetis Semcireba, profesional diplomatebs rTul

mdgomareobaSi ayenebs.

diplomatiur samsaxurze sabiujeto xarjebi 80-ian wlebTan SedarebiT 50%iT

Semcirda.15

administraciam 2001 wels sagareo politikaze moiTxova 22 mlrd. dolari.

kongresma es cifri 20,3 mlrd. dolaramde Seamcira. ZiriTadad Semcirebul iqna

asignaciebi mSvidobis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT (peace keeping), ,,yofili ssrk-s

qveynebisadmi daxmareba, birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Semaferxebel programebze, es

maSin roca senatis komisiam asignaciebi 420 mln. dolarze, e.i. TiTqmis 40% Seamcira

xarjebi saelCoebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze.16

dReisaTvis xarjebi sagareo politikaze, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis daxmarebis

CaTvliT, xarjebi saxelmwifo departamentebze, sazRvargareTis samsaxurze,

SeiaraRebaze kontrolzeA(Arms Control and Disarmament Agency), saxalxo diplomatiaze,

àmerikis xmaze” da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis sawevroebi federaluri biujetis

1,7% Seadgens. 2004 wlisaTvis kongresis da administraciis mier es xarjebi kidev

12%iT Semcirda.17

didi britaneTis sagareo politikuri samsaxuris sabiujeto dafinanseba 20 wlis

ganmavlobaSi (1980-2001 wlamde) Semcirda 20%-iT. 1997 wels forin ofisis biujeti 1,1

mlrd. funti sterlingi iyo (biujetis xarjviTi nawilis 0.3%) maSin roca Tavdacvis

saministros biujetma pirvelad gadaaWarba 20 mlrd-s.

finansuri problemebi iwvevs kadrebis qronikul deficits da did sirTuleebs

niWieri axalgazrdebis inglisis diplomatiur samsaxurSi mosazidad. SedarebiT

dabali anazRaureba, Sromis cudi pirobebi, xangrZlivi samuSao dRe, samsaxurSi swrafi

dawinaurebis minimaluri Sansi gaxda mizezi diplomatebs Soris gazrdili

ukmayofilebisa da pesimisturi ganwyobisa.18

`dauSvebelia~ _ aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen TemTa palatis warmomadgenlebi

gamoiyos 20 mlrd. funti sterlingi Tavdacvaze, roca qveynisaTvis ar arsebobs

aranairi safrTxe da Semcirdes xarjebi diplomatebze, romlebic Seadgenen

safrangeTis Sesabamisi samsaxurebis xarjebis naxevars da germaniis xarjebis 1/3-s.19

finansirebis simwires aRniSnaven frangi diplomatebic, imis miuxedavad, rom 2000

wels pirvelad 1995 wlis Semdeg, moxda tendenciebis cvlileba ke dkorse-s biujetis

gazrdis mimarTulebiT. amis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos mier sagareo politikuri

saqmianobisaTvis saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili fondebis TiTqmis naxevars iRebda,

15 Harrop W. C. The conduct of American diplomacy // American Diplomacy. 2000. Spring. V. V. №. 2. P. 2. 16 Marshall P. Adair. AFSA: Foreign Affairs funding crises // American Diplomacy. 2000. V.V, №.3. 17 Harrop W. C. Conduct of American diplomacy // American Diplomacy. 2000. V. V. №. 2. 18 Mauthner R. Diplomatic Disquiet. Financial Times. 1994. 24 January. 19 Howell D. Britannia’s business // Prospect. 1997. 15 January. P. 29.

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ekonomikis da finansebis saministro, xolo sagareo saqmeTa saministro am fondebis

mxolod 25%-s.20

silvio berluskonis italiis mTavrobis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg italiur

presaSi agorda farTomasStabiani kampania diplomatiur samsaxurze gaweuli

uzarmazari xarjebis winaaRmdeg. am dros ar xdeboda im faqtis afiSireba, rom sagareo

saqmeTa saministros saerTo biujeti Seadgenda saxelmwifo biujetis mxolod 0,26%. ar

gaaxmaures isic, rom diplomatiuri samsaxuri moiTxovda sagareo saqmeTa saministros

sabiujeto finansireba gaTanabreboda ZiriTadi evropuli qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa

saministroebis finansirebas. es iyo erT-erTi ZiriTadi debuleba kanonisa `sagareo

politikuri samsaxuris reformis Sesaxeb”, romelic miRebuli iqna parlamentis mier

2000 wels.

drois gamowvevebma Tanamedrove diplomatiur samsaxurebis dRis wesrigSi

reformebis sakiTxi daayena.

aSS-Si prezidentis administracia 90-iani wlebis bolos gamovida `strategiuli

iniciativiT menejmentis sakiTxebSi~. igegmeboda prioritetebis mkafio gamoyofa,

struqturebis reorganizacia, procesebis racionalizacia mciredi asignirebis

pirobebSi. ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTebuli iqna decentralizaciaze (devolution), mmarTvelobiT funqciebze. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi decentralizacia niSnavda

pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebas aparatis maRal da dabal rgolebs Soris.

menejmentSi strategiuli iniciativis CarCoebSi SemuSavebuli iqna saelCoebis

reorganizaciis specialuri programa. 1992 wlidan 1997 wlamde daarsebul iqna 36 axali

saelCo da sakonsulo. kerZod, sakonsuloebi londonSi, bordoSi, genuaSi, palermoSi.21

patara qveynebis ocdaaT saelCoSi personali Semcirebul iqna. diplomatiuri

samsaxurisaTvis xarjebis Semcirebas ewinaaRmdegebian profesionali diplomatebi. aSS-s

rogorc globalur zesaxelmwifos _ acxadeben isini _ unda hyavdes warmomadgenlebi

msoflios yvela dedaqalaqSi, maSinac ki Tu saelCoSi samuSaod erTi an ori adamiani

darCeba. aucilebelia Cveni yofna gaeroSi mniSvnelovani rezoluciebis kenWisyrisas,

aseve yvelgan, sadac SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnas sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, an iq, sadac

saerTaSoriso teroristebma SeiZleba TavSesafari ipovon da kidev iq, sadac sahaero

sivrcesTan wvdoma SeiZleba garTulebuli iyos, an iq, sadac amerikeli turistis an

amerikul kompanias da SeiZleba dasWirdes daxmareba an TanagrZnoba.22

saxelmwifo departamentSi Secdomad Tvlian amerikuli istebliSmentis

zogierTi warmomadgenlis azrs diplomatiuri samsaxuris rolis daqveiTebis Sesaxeb

globaluri ekonomikis, telekomunikaciis, internetis, eleqtronuli fostis,

globaluri satelevizio qselis pirobebSi. ra Tqma unda, amboben isini, prezidents

SeuZlia pirdapir daurekos sxva prezidents, magram saeWvoa man SesZlos urTierToba am

qveynis mcodne specialistis kvalificiuri rCevis gareSe, an eqspertis gareSe, romelic

Tanamosaubris enas flobs, icis qveynis istoria da kultura, SeuZlia maTi

Sexedulebebis analizi da ama Tu im gavlenis jgufebis gansazRvra.

amerikeli diplomatebi Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo departamentis warmomadgenloba

kongresSi bevrad Camouvardeba TavdacviTi da sadazvervo uwyebebis masirebul

warmomadgenlebs. yovelTvis, roca Tavdacvis ministri an css-s ufrosi kongresSi

20 Дипкурьер НГ. 2000. 28 сентября. 21 См.: A Forcast for the Mid-twenty-first Century // American Diplomacy. 2000. V. V. №. 2 Commentary; The International Affairs Budget. US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1995.October. 22 Hocking (ed). Foreign Ministries.Op.cit. P. 242.

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midian, maTi mTavari amocana finansirebis miRwevaa, maSin ki, roca saxelmwifo mdivani

kongresSi gamodis sityviT, igi icavs garkveul politikur kurss.

amasTan dakavSirebiT 14 diplomatisgan Semdgari jgufi, romelSic ori yofili

saxelmwifo mdivani _ u. kristoferi da j. Sulci Sedioda, aseve maSindeli saxelmwifo

mdivani kolin paueli da prezidentis mrCeveli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi kondoliza

raisi, aseve maRali diplomatiuri rangis Cinovnikebi, gamovidnen kapitoliumze

saxelmwifo departamentis specialuri ofisis gaxsnis ideiT. winadadebis arsi imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom departamentis warmomadgeneli, romelic kongresmenebs

sazRvargareTul pasportebs da vizebs aZlevs, `Seaxsenos maT, rom diplomatebi aseve

warmoadgenen namdvil amerikelebs~. sainteresoa, rom amis Semdeg patriotulad

ganwyobili kongresmenebis da senatorebis mTelma jgufma ganacxada, rom maT ar

gaaCniaT sazRvargareTuli pasportebi.23

2000 wels saxelmwifo departamentis TanamSromlebma moamzades saintereso

dokumenti `Ria werili momaval saxelmwifo mdivans~. misi qvesaTauri sakmaod xatovnad

gamoiyureboda `SOS for DOS” (gadaarCineT saxelmwifo departamenti). werilSi

diplomatebi aRniSnavdnen, rom `saxelmwifo departamenti cudad iyo dakompleqtebuli

kadrebiT `XXI s-is gamowvevebisaTvis _ moZvelebulma procedurebma da saxsrebis

qronikulma ukmarisobamobam Tavis saqme gaakeTa. organizaciuli struqtura

arafunqciuria, TanamSromlebi saqmiT gadatvirTulebi arian, saelCos bevri Senoba cud

mdgomareobaSia. departamentis tradicia da kultura ganaxlebas saWiroebs, maSin, roca

misi personali yoveldRiuri umniSvnelo saqmeebiTaa dakavebuli, ar gaaCniaT ra

moqmedebis saerTo gegma, Cven gavdivarT XXI saukunis zRvis ucnob talRebSi Jangiani

gemiT~.

werilSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo `struqturuli arasrulyofileba, rTuli

procedurebi, uvargisi infrastruqturebi, romlebic xels uSlian diplomatebs

reagireba moaxdinon drois gamowvevebze da saxelmwifo departaments gadaaqcevs

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis sust rgolad~. 24

istoriulma cvlilebebma axali amocanebis winaSe daayena britaneTis sagareo

saqmeTa saministro. omis damTavrebis Semdeg misi ZiriTadi amocana iyo inglisis

sagareo politikuri poziciebis maqsimalurad SenarCuneba imperiis rRvevis pirobebSi.

Seasrula ra dasaxuli miznebi, forin ofisma SeZlo ar daekarga Tavisi sakvanZo

mdgomareoba qveynis sagareo politikuri kursis realizaciisas. inglisuri

diplomatiis umaRlesma profesionalurma donem xeli Seuwyo britaneTis miswrafebas

mieRwia iseTi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobisaTvis, romelic aRemateboda mis realur

wonas msoflio politikaSi. 25 amis miuxedavad, 70-iani wlebis bolos specialurma

samTavrobo jgufma moamzada moxseneba sagareo politikis marTvis sistemis

reformirebis Sesaxeb. moxsenebis avtorebi iqidan gamodiodnen, rom ZviradRirebuli

diplomatiuri samsaxuri ar pasuxobs axlandel moTxovnebs da unda iqnes

mniSvnelovnad Semcirebuli, am dros ki specialistebi, romelTac SeeZloT britanuli

interesebis dacva, ZiriTadad dakavebulebi iyvnen Sida uwyebriv struqturebSi.

moxsenebaSi aseve iyo winadadeba, rom gaerTianebuliyo diplomatiuri samsaxuri (Foreign Service) da Sida samoqalaqo samsaxuri (Home Civil Service) da maT safuZvelze SeeqmnaT

23 Equipped for the future – Managing U.S. Foreign Affairs in twenty-first century. Henry L. Stimson Center. Washington, 1998, October. 24 Open letter to the next Secretary of State. SOS for DOS // http://www.washdiplomat.com. 25 Allen D. UK. FCO: “Flexible, responsive and proactive”? // B. Hocking (ed). Foreign Ministries. Op.cit. P. 207-225.

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sagareo politikuri jgufi (Foreign Policy Group). inglisuri diplomatiis sasaxelod unda

iTqvas, rom man SeZlo am biurokratiul SetevasTan gamklaveba.

Cvens Tvalwin mimdinare istoriuli cvlilebebis pirobebSi inglisuri sagareo

politikuri uwyebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqniloba gamoixateba mis unarSi winaswar

daaswros Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs da daicvas Tavi, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _

damoukideblad Caataros sakuTari struqturis reformireba da SeewinaaRmdegos

garedan uwyebis reformirebis mcdelobas. magaliTad, maSin roca bevrma qveyanam

sagareo saqmeTa saministros struqturebSi Canerga e.w. `funqcionaluri principebi~,

forin ofisma uari Tqva am modis ayolaze. britaneli diplomatebi samarTlianad

SiSobdnen, rom `funqcionalobis~ Semotana aucileblad gamoiwvevda bevri sagareo

politikuri saqmeebis sxva uwyebebze gadacemas.

sxva argumentebTan erTad britanelma diplomatebma gamoTqves skeptikuri

mosazreba reformis Sedegebis molodinTan dakavSirebiT da aseve imis

aucilebloblobis Sesaxeba, rom saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi ganxorcielebuliyo

regionaluri da qveyanaTmcodneobis specializaciis logika. saministro Tvlis _

amtkicebdnen britaneli diplomatebi _ rom calkeuli qveynebis specifikis codna da

amis safuZvelze ormxrivi urTierTobebis ganviTareba srulad Seesabameba britanuli

interesebis dawinaurebis miznebs.26

ra Tqma unda, did britaneTSi, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, zogierTma uwyebebma

iCqares daefuZnebinaT sakuTari saerTaSoriso ganyofilebebi. am dros forin ofisma

daiwyo maTTan konstruqciuli urTierTobebis damyareba. am gawonasworebulma

politikam saboloo jamSi diplomatebs saSualeba misca SeenarCunebinaT `TanasworTa

Soris pirvelebis“ statusi.

amerikelebisagan gansxvavebiT, profesionali britaneli diplomatebi

kvlavindeburad ikaveben operatiuli xasiaTis vakansiebis 85-90% yvela diplomatiur

uwyebebSi, centrSi da sazRvargareT. marTalia es aixsneba imiT, rom diplomatiur

samsaxurSi sxvadasxva profesiebis adamianebis ayvana xdeba, rac viwro profilis

specialistebze moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSualebas iZleva.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is gansakuTrebuli Seupovroba, romelic forin

ofisma gamoamJRavna Tavisi elCebis rolis SenarCunebisaTvis. forin ofisma SeZlo

winaaRmdegoba gaewia Tavsmoxveuli reformisaTvis, romlis Sedegadac saelCoSi

momuSave sxva uwyebebis warmomadgenlebs SeeZlebodaT elCis gverdis avliT sakuTar

saministroebze uSualod gasvla.

safrangeTSic arsebobs diplomatiuri kadrebis deficiti. 80-iani wlebis

periodSi safrangeTis saxelmwifo aparatis saerTo 10%-iT zrdis fonze, diplomatiuri

samsaxuris muSakTa raodenoba Semcirda 5,5%-iT.

90-ian wlebSi ke dkorse-s Statebi 8%-iT Semcirda. axlad gaxsnili saelCoebis

kadrebiT dakompleqtebis mizniT, sagareo uwyeba evrokavSiris qveynebis dedaqalaqebSi

yovelwliurad amcirebs TiTo diplomatiur Stats. 10-15%-iT mcirdeba sakonsulo

qselic. oficialuri parizi am Semcirebebs xsnis yofil koloniebSi safrangeTis

moqalaqeebis ricxvis SemcirebiT da evrokavSiris qveynebSi integraciuli procesebis

Sedegad ganviTarebuli cvlilebebiT.

rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, 1998 wels germaniis diplomatiur samsaxurSi

struqturuli reformebis gatareba daiwyo. reformis mizani iyo centraluri aparatis

muSaobis efeqturobis gazrda, saministros qvedanayofebs Soris movaleobebis

racionaluri ganawilebis xarjze. TanamSromelTa ricxvis Semcireba, Sromis

26 Allen D. UK. FCO: “Flexible, responsive and proactive”? // B. Hocking (ed). Foreign Ministries. Op.cit. P. 207-225.

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organizaciis Tanamedrove meTodebisa da Tanamedrove marketingis danergva.

reformireba Seexo politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul departamentebs. erTdroulad

iqna ganxorcielebuli sazRvargareTis samsaxuris Semcireba. amJamad ukve daixura

germaniis 20 warmomadgenloba sazRvargareT. saqme exeboda ZiriTadad

warmomadgenlobebs afrikis qveynebSi da sakonsuloebs evrokavSiris qveynebSi.27

italiis diplomatiur samsaxurSi gaTvaliswinebuli `racionalizaciis~

reformis Sedegad aseve likvidirebuli iqna sakonsuloebis garkveuli raodenoba.

1999 wels evropaSi daixura 6 sakonsulo, kanadaSi _ erTi. aseve gauqmebul iqna

generaluri sakonsulo berlinSi da sakonsulo avstriaSi. amis miuxedavad, kadrebis

deficiti warmoadgens italiuri diplomatiis mtkivneul problemas. 2000 wlis kanonis

safuZvelze sagareo saqmeTa saministros Statebi 20%-iT gaizarda.28

sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi italiis premier-ministris s. berluskonis

mosvliT, romelmac 2002 wlis ianvarSi sagareo saqmeTa ministris portfelic Caibara.

„apeninis naxevar kunZulze daiwyo diplomatiuri samsaxuris radikaluri reformireba.

berluskonim italiis diplomatiuri samsaxuris reformirebis gegmis SemuSavebis

SekveTa or konsaltingur firmas daukveTa, romelTagan erTi tadiciulad

konsultacias uwevs britanel Cinovnikebs saxelmwifo aparatis funqcionirebis

sakiTxebSi.

britaneli specialistebis mier Catarebuli Semowmebis Sedegad gakeTda daskvna

imis Sesaxeb, rom farnezina saerTaSoriso arenaze italiis sagareo politikis

gatarebis dros codavs fragmentulobiTa da improvizaciiT, ekonomikuri

sakiTxebisadmi arasakmarisi yuradRebiT da mkafiod gamoxatuli kasturi elitarizmiT.

britanelma konsultantebma berluskonis urCies, rom gaeerTianebina sagareo saqmeTa

saministro da sagareo vaWrobis saministro erT uwyebad (kanadis msgavsad), riTac

uzrunvelyofda mmarTvelobis berketebis koncentrirebas politikur, ekonomikur,

socialur, kulturul sferoebze sagareo urTierobebis mimarTulebiT (britanuli

forin ofisis msgavsad). mowveuli konsultantebis ZiriTadi daskvna iyo, rom farnezina

unda gamxdariyo `biznesis katalizatori~. 29 am mizniT, SeTavazebul iqna saelCoebis

da sakonsuloebis ricxvis Semcireba. diplomatiuri saqmianoba unda gaZlierebuliyo

mxolod im qveynebTan, romelTanac urTierToba maqsimalur sargebels moutanda

qveyanas. aseve unda momxdariyo sazRvargareT momuSave personalis Senaxvaze saxsrebis

ekonomia, adgilobrivi specialistebis mozidvis xarjze. amis garda, rekomendaciebi

iTvaliswinebda sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvaze monitoringis sistemis SemoRebas,

sagareo politikis amocanebis ufro mkafiod Camoyalibebas, dasaSveb normaSi unda

moeyvanaT fardoba dasaxul miznebsa da miRweul Sedegebs Soris.

berluskoni gamovida gancxadebiT, rom diplomatiis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens

biznesisaTvis xelSewyoba, amitom yvela italiurma saelCom `brZolis wina xazze“

unda daikavos adgili sazRvargareT italiis ekonomikuri winsvlis gasaZliereblad~.

man aSS-is magaliTze dayrdnobiT SesTavaza sagareo saqmeTa saministros italiisaTvis

yvelaze mniSvnelovan qveynebSi elCebad gaegzavnaT ara karieruli diplomatebi, aramed

saqmiani wreebisa da biznesis warmomadgenlebi.

am da sxva sakiTxebSi berluskonisTan polemikaSi Sevida profesionalur

diplomatiur sivrceSi yvelaze gavleniani diplomatiuri muSakebis profkavSiri. erTis

mxriv, profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebma dadebiTad Seafases idea farnezinas xelSi

27 Терехов В. П. Дипломатическая служба Германии // Дипломатическая служба. Под ред. Торкунова А.В. 28 http://www.esteri.it/. 29 IBID.

108

sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi ZiriTadi uflebamosilebis Tavmoyra, romlebic

sxvadasxva saxelmwifo institutebs Soris iyo gafantuli. meores mxriv ki maT

ganacxades, rom rig qveynebSi saelCoebze da sakonsuloebze uaris Tqmas negatiuri

Sedegebi mohyveboda. kerZod, italia, romelic gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi

wevrobis pretendentia, SeiZleba am qveynebis xmebi dakargos. ukmayofileba gamoiTqva

aseve adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan masiurad SromiTi xelSekrulebebis gaformebis

Taobazec, im safrTxis gamo, rom adgilobrivi kadrebis didma raodenobam `TavianTi

erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba imoqmedon, ramac gadacdoma SeiZleba

gamoiwvios~.

diplomatiuri muSakebis profkavSirSi gaixsenes, isic rom elC-biznesmenebis

amerikuli sistemas TviT aSS-Sic seriozulad akritikeben.

rTulia imis Tqma, farnezinas reformireba ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides, imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom istoriulad igi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri da gavleniani

saxelmwifo uwyebaa italiaSi.

Tanamedrove diplomatiur samsaxurebSi mimdinare procesebis kvlevebi

adasturebs sxvadasxva qveynebis diplomatiur samsaxurebSi procesebis arsebiT

identurobas. sagareo politikuri uwyebebi TiTqmis erTi da igive problemebs awydebian

da eZeben gzebs maTi gadalaxvisaTvis. profesiuli diplomatiuri samsaxurisaTvis

Zalzed urTules gamowvevad iqca sabiujeto dafinansebis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba.

umravles yveynebSi sabiujeto saxsrebis mkveTrma Semcirebam karieruli diplomatebis

Semcireba da diplomatiuri personalis raodenobis optimizacia gamoiwvia.

ra Tqma unda sabiujeto Tanxebis Semcirebam da Sida reorganizaciebma didi

gavlena moaxdina sagareo uwyebebSi fsiqologiur ganwyobaze da adamianis faqtorze.

sagareo politikur uwyebebSi vakansiebis Sevsebam sxva uwyebebis warmomadgenlebis mier,

umaRles politikur Tanamdebobebze politikuri daniSvnebis mankierma praqtikam

mniSvnelovanwilad Seaferxes karieruli diplomatebis samsaxurebrivi winsvla, ramac

bunebrivia, gamoiwvia maTi ukmayofileba.

Seqmnilma xelsayrelma ekonomikurma koniuqturam gamoiwvia yvelaze

perspeqtiuli da niWieri diplomatiuri kadrebis gadineba kerZo biznesis struqturebSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT sakadro problemebi SeeqmnaT

ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagareo politikur uwyebebs, romlebic ukanasknel aTwleulSi

ganicdian perspeqtiuli diplomatiuri kadrebis naklebobas da maTi uwyebebi

yovelwliurad 10-15%-iT daukompleqtebeli rCeba.

aseTia mokled Tanamedrove diplomatiuri samsaxurebis mdgomareobis

SedarebiTi analizi aSS-is, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da italiis

magaliTze, rac kidev erTxel mowmobs imas, rom Tanamedrove diplomatias jer kidev ar

amouwuravs Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da igi kvlav rCeba saxelmwifoebis sagareo

politikuri kursis ganxorcielebis mTavar meqanizmad.

109

Avtandil Kiknadze

Modern diplomatic service comparative analysis (on the examples of

USA, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and France)

Summary

The article examines problems, principles and methods of diplomatic service in USA, Great Britain, Germany Italy and France in comparative manner. The state of diplomatic institutions in these countries is observed. Considerable attention is paid to genesis and evolution of diplomacy in the above-mentioned states. The article discusses different dimensions of modern diplomacy, as well as its ceremonial and prospects.

110

maka kvaracxelia, istoriis doqtori

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis sakiTxebi Tbilisis

sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis

rezoluciebsa da gadawyvetilebebSi

Tbilisis centralur arqivSi daculia dokumentebi da masalebi, romelic

moicavs periods 1921 wlidan XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde. sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebisTanave qalaqis mmarTvelobis mowyoba Tbilisis revoluciuri komitetis

SeqmniT daiwyo, revoluciurma komitetma 11 Tve iarseba, ris Semdegac qalaqis

mmarTveloba tfilisis muSaTa da wiTelarmielTa deputatebis sabWos gadasca. qalaqis

mTavrobam pirvelive dReebSi warmatebulad auwyo fexi sabWoTa politikas yvela

sferoSi, maT Soris eklesiasTan damokidebulebaSi.

1923 wlis dasawyisSi cvlilebebi moxda saqarTvelos administraciul-

teritoriul dayofaSi da mis marTva-gamgeobaSi. Tbilisis aRmasrulebeli komitetis

prezidiumis 1923 wlis 6 Tebervlis dadgenilebiT moxda qalaqisa da samazro

aRmasrulebeli komitetebis SeerTeba, 1929 wlamde Tbilisis mazris SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda da Tbilisis muSaTa da wiTelarmielTa saqalaqo sabWos aRmasrulebel

komitets eqvemdebareboda: martyofis, zemo da qvemo walkis, sagarejos, norios,

avWalis, axbulaxis, priutis, wyneTis, asureTis, kojris, yaraiazis, TeleTis, diRmis,

sarTiWalis, gomboris, manglisis Temebi (sul 17 Temi). xolo 1929 wlidan 1931 wlamde

gaerTianebuli iyo Tbilisisa da borCalos mazrebi da Tbilisis olqi dayofili iyo

12 raionad da 86 sabWod.1 Sesabamisad am teritoriaze arsebuli eklesia monastrebi da

„morwmuneTa sazogadoebebi~ Tbilisis muSaTa da wiTelarmielTa saqalaqo sabWos

aRmasrulebeli komitetis winaSe iyvnen angariSvaldebulni.

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg saqarTvelos samociqulo

marTlmadidebeli eklesia umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo,

erTis mxriv sabWoTa xelisuflebis antireligiuri politikiT, xolo meores mxriv

ruseTis eklesiis damokidebulebiT. saqarTveloSi 1917 wels aRricxulia 1130 moqmedi

eklesia-monasteri, 2609 mRvdeli, 227 mTavardiakoni, 1606 diakoni, 29 mamaTa monasteri

1188 beriT, 6 dedaTa monasteri 280 monazvniT. 1921 wlidan iwyeba eklesia monastrebis

daxurva, samRvdelo pirTa devna, Seviwroeba, eklesiebis qonebis konfiskacia da sxv.

1924 wlis 21 noembris dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli

komiteti xalxs eklesia-monastrebis gaxsnis uflebas mxolod maSin miscemda, Tu

soflebsa da qalaqebSi daarsdeboda „religiuri sazogadoebebi“, romelTa damfuZnebel

wevrTa ricxvi Svidze naklebi ar iqneboda. amasTanave, morwmuneni taZrebs, samlocvelo

saxlebsa da sxva qonebas usasyidlod miiRebdnen saTanado xelSekrulebis safuZvelze,

1 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme fondis aRwera, tomi 1, furceli 3.

111

romelic gaformdeboda adgilobrivi sabWos aRmasrulebel komitetsa da `religiur

sazogadoebas~ Soris.

religiuri sazogadoebebis registraciis bolo vada 1 Tebervali iyo da 1924

wlis 16 TebervlisaTvis tfilisis aRmaskomis prezidiums moaxsenebdnen, rom aRniSnuli

dadgenilebis Sesabamisad tfilisis aRmaskomis mier registraciaSi gatarda Semdegi

religiuri sazogadoebebi:

1. tfilisis avlabris wmida marines religiuri sazogadoeba;

2. tfilisis yazanis RvTismSoblis religiuri sazogadoeba;

3. tfilisSi mcxovreb axalcixis qarTvel ebraelTa sazogadoeba;

4. tfilisis kaloubnis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoeba;

5. tfilisis qvaSveTis wmida giorgis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoeba;

6. tfilisis veris nikolozis religiuri sazogadoeba;

7. tfilisis anCisxatis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoeba;

8. tfilisis wmida samebis religiuri sazogadoeba;

9. tfilisis kukiis wmida nikolozis religiuri sazogadoeba;

10. tfilisis wmida feodosiis Cernigovis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoeba;

11. tfilisis germanelTa wmida petre-pavles religiuri sazogadoeba;

12. tfilisis wmida aleqsandres da nikolozis religiuri sazogadoeba;

13. tfilisis ebraelTa meore samlocvelo saxlis religiuri sazogadoeba;

14. tfilisis didmowamis estates religiuri sazogadoeba;

15. tfilisis qristian malakanTa religiuri sazogadoeba;

16. tfilisis mTawmindis mamadaviTis religiuri sazogadoeba;

17. navTluRis wmida barbares eklesiis religiuri sazogadoeba;

18. tfilisis feriscvalebis religiuri sazogadoeba;

19. tfilisis qristian adventistebis me-7 dRis religiuri sazogadoeba;

20. tfilisis wmida ioane RvTismSoblis religiuri sazogadoeba;

21. tfilisis somxis samebis wmida RvTismSoblis religiuri sazogadoeba;

22. tfilisis wmida prosoviis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoeba;

23. patarZeulis wmida Sios religiuri sazogadoeba /gare - kaxeTi/;

24. tfilisis wmida mixail tverskis religiuri sazogadoeba;

25. tfilisis kukiis aleqsandre nevelis religiuri sazogadoeba;

26. tfilisSi mcxovreb cxinvalis ebraelTa religiuri sazogadoeba;

27. tfilisis sionis sakaTedro taZris religiuri sazogadoeba;

28. tfilisis avlabris petre-pavles religiuri sazogadoeba;

29. tfilisis avlabris mTavarangelozis religiuri sazogadoeba.2

RvTismsaxurTa Seviwroeba, eklesia-monastrebis daxurva da ngreva Cveulebrivi

movlena gaxda im fonze, rodesac TbilisSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos CamoarTves

samxedro taZari, daxures anCisxati, gelaTi, alaverdi, miiTvises saqarTvelos

sapatriarqo rezidencia... Tbilisis aRmasrulebel komitetSi miRebuli dadgenilebebi

Tu gadawyvetilebebi aRaravis ukvirda. daxuruli taZris sxva daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba,

an taZris adgilas sxva Senobis ageba xSirad damcirebis mizans atarebda. amgvari

faqtebis araerTi magaliTi aris asaxuli arqivSi dacul dokumentebSi.

tfilisis aRmasrulebeli komitetis mcire prezidiumis 1924 wlis 23 aprilis

sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi feodosievis quCaze (axlandeli vano sarajiSvilis quCa)

da aleqsandres baRSi eklesiebis darRvevis Sesaxeb. daadgines winadadeba miecaT

qalaqis keTil-momwyobi ganyofilebisaTvis dauyovnebliv Sesdgomoda eklesiebis

2 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 216, furceli 9.

112

darRvevas. 3 Tbilisis aRmaskomis gafarToebuli prezidiumis sxdomis 1924 wlis 5

ivnisis sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi yofili feodosievis eklesiis Senobis gadakeTebis

Sesaxeb da daadgines _ eklesiis Senoba gadakeTebuliyo qalaqis muzeumis binad.4 1909-

1910 wlebSi aSenebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias gumbaTebi moungries da

sazogadoebriv Senobad gadaakeTes.

Tbilisis aRmaskomis mcire prezidiumis 1924 wlis 26 ivlisis sxdomis oqmidan

irkveva, rom kviracxovlis eklesiis Senoba raionul klubad gadakeTebula.5

qalaq Tbilisis prezidiumma 1928 wels gadawyvita leninis raionSi, naZaladevSi,

daketili taZris adgilze axali abanos ageba, eklesiis saaRmSeneblo-samrewvelo

aqcionerulma sazogadoebam „samSenma“ samuSaos sirTulisa da specifikis

gaTvaliswinebiT sakiTxi Tavis Tavze aiRo. 6 qalaq Tbilisis aRmaskomis keTilmowyobis

ganyofilebis gankargulebis safuZvelze 1928 wlis 18 agvistos dainiSna specialuri

komisia, romelsac daevala leninis ubanSi mdebare eklesiis daqceuli kedlebis

nawilidan aguris da sxva masalis gadarCena, romelic unda moxmareboda iqve asageb

abanos.7

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad abanos ageba rezervuaris baRSi unda

momxdariyo, magram gadawyvetileba Secvales da arCevani pionerebis mier dakavebul

yofili eklesiis Senobaze SeaCeres.8

tfilisis olqis aRmaskomis mcire prezidiumis 1929 wlis 9 oqtombris sxdomaze

daadgines: „Tanaxmad sagarejos soflis krebis dadgenilebisa, aRiZras Suamdgomloba

saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis winaSe, raTa sagarejoSi arsebuli

ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia gauqmebul iqnas“.9

1931 wlis 18 seqtembers diRmis mcxovreblebma gaerTianebul krebaze gadawyvites

yofili eklesiis Senoba skolis Senobis asagebad gamoeyenebinaT. diRmis sasoflo

sabWoze amgvari sityvebic gaJRerda „Cven, diRomis glexobam ukve SevigrZeniT

samRvdeloebis crumorwmuneoba da rogorc maTi interesebi iyo mimarTuli mSromelTa

interesebis CaxrCobisaken da CvenTan momxdari cocxali magaliTiT, Tu rogor Sevida

mRvdeli qurdiviT eklesiaSi da gamoitana eklesiis qoneba, yovelive amis Semdeg Cven,

diRomis glexobas sruliaT mizanSewonilaT migvaCnia im dangreul eklesiebis masala

gamoyenebuli iqnas axlad asageb SkolasaTvis, riTac saSualeba mogvecema glexobas,

aRvzardoT Cveni momavali Taoba“.10

tfilisis sabWos prezidiumis 1931 wlis 29 seqtembris sxdomaze moismines diRmis

mcxovrebTa Suamdgomloba diRomSi arsebuli eklesiis dangrevisa da mis nacvlad

skolis agebis Sesaxeb da daadgines daekmayofilebinaT maTi moTxovna.11

Tbilisis sabWos prezidiumis 1933 wlis 20 agvistos sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi

yofili miliutinis eklesiidan mobinadreTa gamosaxlebis da misi puris sacxobad

gadakeTebis Sesaxeb.12

3 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 185, furclebi 88-89. 4 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 183, furceli 35. 5 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 185, furceli 144 6 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, Ffondi 5, anaweri 1, saqme 431, furceli 51. 7 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, Ffondi 5, anaweri 1, saqme 431, furceli 50. 8 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, Ffondi 5, anaweri 1, saqme 431, furceli 31. 9 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 765, furceli 1. 10 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 964, furceli 1. 11 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 964, furceli 1. 12 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 1149, furceli 14.

113

mogvianebiT vxvdebiT gadawyvetilebebsa Tu dadgenilebebSi faqtebs eklesiebis

sxva daniSulebiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, magaliTad: 26 komisris raisabWos

aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1964 wlis 2 dekembris gadawyvetilebidan irkveva, rom

gelaTis quCisN#13-Si mdebare wmida ninos eklesia iricxeboda 26 komisris sabinao

sammarTvelos komunaluri meurneobis fondSi da saxalxo meurneobis sabWo

saxelosnod iyenebda da saijaro qiras #34 saxlmmarTvelobas uxdida. aRniSnuli

gadawyvetilebiT aRmaskomma gadawyvita taZari Camoewera 26 komisris saxelobis

raionul sabinao sammarTvelos komunaluri meurneobis fondidan da gadaeca saxviTi

xelovnebisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvis sammarTvelosaTvis.13

Tbilisis oqtombris raionis mSromelTa deputatebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli

komitetis 1976 wlis 18 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebaSi „raionSi kulturis ZeglTa dacvis,

memorialuri dafebis movla-patronobis da maTi Semdgomi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa

Sesaxeb“ vkiTxulobT: „xeTagurovis quCa #7-Si mdebare wminda nikolozis eklesia,

romelic me-19 saukunis xuroTmoZRvrebis saukeTeso nimuSia, gamoyenebulia

gramfirfitebis gaerTianeba „melodiis“ sawyobad, maszed miSenebulia komunaluri

sacxovrebeli saxlis damxmare saTavsoebi.“ xolo n. CxeiZis quCaze mdebare me-17

saukunis nageboba, cnobili „CuRureTis bazilikis“ saxelwodebiT, sacxovrebel saxlad

iyo gadakeTebuli da usistemod damxmare saTavsoebi hqonda miSenebuli.14

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tbilisis sabWos aRmaskomis fondSi daculia qalaq tfilisSi

arsebul Zveli arqiteqturis monumentalur ZeglTa sia, romelnic Tanaxmad

saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1924 wlis 4 ivnisis N95

dadgenilebisa, daculi unda yofiliyvnen xeluxleblad:

1/ anCisxatis eklesia da samreklo;

2/ metexis eklesia;

3/ sionis eklesia Zveli samreklos nangrevebiTa da axali samrekloTi;

4/ lurji monasteri /veraze/;

5/ jvaris mama /ierusalimis quCaze/;

6/ karis wmida giorgis eklesia /anCisxatis quCaze/;

7/ dariis monasteri;

8/ mama daviTi /mTawmindaze/;

9/ qvaSveTis eklesia /rogorc xelovnebis Zegli/;

10/ avlabris wm. marines eklesia;

11/ vanqi;

12/ surbgeorgi. saiaTnovas saflaviT da Zveli arabuli warweriT /maidanze/;

13/ hreStakapeti /abanoebTan/;

14/ surbniSani;

15/ xojavanqis eklesia samrekloTi, galavniTurT da sami mavzoleumiT;

16/ feTxainis eklesia samrekloTi da e.w. aTeSqiT;

17/ qalTa monasteri wmida stefanesi /yofili bebuTovis q./;

18/ noraSenis eklesia /sionis eklesiasTan/;

19/ kaTolikeTa Zveli eklesia miZinebisa /Zvel tfilisSi/;

20/ meCeTi Sahabazisa /avlabris xidis yuresTan/.15

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis centraluri aRmasrulebeli

komitetis 1924 wlis 4 ivnisis N95 dadgenilebis Tanaxmad ganaTlebis saxalxo

13 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 87, anaweri 1, saqme 1405, furceli 52. 14 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 71, anaweri 1, saqme 2041, furceli 16. 15 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 216, furceli 15.

114

komisariatma Seadgina instruqcia siZveleTa, xelovnebis da bunebis ZeglTa aRricxvisa

da dacvis Sesaxeb. instruqciaSi xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglTa Sesaxeb aRniSnulia, rom

mazris aRmaskomebs da mazris qvemdebare organoebs /TemaRmaskomebsa da sasoflo

sabWoebs/ daevalaT siZveleTa, xelovnebis da bunebis ZeglTa ganyofilebis mier

aRricxvaze ayvanili Senobebis dasacavad mieRoT saTanado zomebi xuroTmoZRvrebis

ZeglTa dasacavad /saerTo nagebobis Senobebi, cixe-koSkebi, sarwmunoebrivi kultis

Senobebi da sxv./. amasTanave, dasaxelebuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa mimarT

unebarTvod ikrZaleboda: maTi dangreva-daqceva; gadakeTeba, romelic gamoiwvevda

Zeglis Sinagani an garegani saxis Secvlas; remonti; Senobis ageba an miSeneba, romelic

gamoiwvevda Zeglis garegani saxis daCrdilvas da sxva. Tu Senobas sarestavracio

samuSao dasWirdeboda, unda momxdariyo mxolod siZveleTa, xelovnebis da binebis

ZeglTa dacvis ganyofilebis mier sagangebod damtkicebuli gegmis mixedviT. Zeglebis

gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT miiRes sami kategoria: 1. samecniero-samxatvro da

saarqeologo mniSvnelobis Zeglebad, rac saCvenebel-samuzeumo xasiaTis iyo da

SeiZleboda misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba; 2. Zeglebi, romelTa gamoyeneba samuzeumo

koleqciebis mosaTavseblad iyo SesaZlebeli maTi istoriuli Rirebulebis dacvis

dauzianeblad, sagangebo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze SeiZleboda gadascemoda

dawesebulebas, sazogadoebriv organizacias an kerZo pirs; 3. Zeglebi, romelTa

gamoyeneba dasaSvebi iyo mxolod samecniero da saCvenebeli-samuzeumo miznisTvis da

romelTa garegnuli istoriul-mxatvruli saxe da Sinagani „morTuloba“ daculi unda

yofiliyo.16

marTalia, didi riskis fasad, magram qalaqis sabWos aRmaskomSi gamarTul

sxdomebze sabWos wevrebi xandaxan axerxebdnen taZris gadarCenas. magaliTad 1925 wlis

qalaqis aRmaskomis keTilmowyobis ganyofilebis mier Seiqmna specialuri komisia

TbilisSi noraSenis da `cixis patara“ eklesiebis dangrevis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb,

axali quCis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT. komisiis wevrebma, romelTa Soris iyvnen: inJineri

Saqro qurdiani, profesori sargis kakabaZe, profesori daviT CubinaSvili, giorgi

Citaia, Salva Cxetia, qalaqis aRmaskomis teqnikuri revizori inJineri abaSiZe

moaxerxes daecvaT taZrebi. maT SeZles daemtkicebinaT, rom qalaqis koloritis da

istoriuli mniSvnelobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro iyo am istoriuli Zeglebis

SenarCuneba.17

taZris fizikuri ganadgurebis sakiTxi Tu ar aRiZvreboda, misi qoneba mainc

ganwiruli iyo. bolSeviki aqtivistebi eklesia-monastrebidan daurideblad ezidebodnen

saeklesio qonebas, anadgurebdnen xatebsa da saRvTismsaxuro wignebs. maT sapatriarqo

qonebis nawili daitaces, nawili gadayares. qalaqis sabWos aRmaskomSi iqmneboda

specialuri komisiebi, romlebic aRwerdnen eklesia-monastris qonebas, axdendnen

nivTebis realizacias, anawilebdnen dawesebulebebSi da sxv.

Tbilisis sabWos aRmaskomis 1930 wlis 10 ianvriT daTariRebul oqmSi

vkiTxulobT: „tfilisis muSaTa farTo moTxovnilebisa gamo, mizanSewonilad

CaiTvalos tfilisis yvela zarebis moxsna. winadadeba mieces komunalur ganyofilebas,

dauyovnebliv Seudges qalaqSi arsebuli yvela eklesiis zarebis moxsnas da gadaeces

„rudmetaltorgs“. - neba daerTos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis mier aRricxvaze

aRebuli istoriuli kulturis SenobaTa (eklesiebis) zarebis realizaciidan Semosuli

Tanxa, rogorc TbilisSi, ise provinciaSi Cairicxos samecniero dawesebulebaTa

16 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi, fondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 531, furclebi 1-2. 17 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 78, furclebi 317-318.

115

mmarTvelobis kultfondSi da siZveleTa dacvis specialur fondSi.“18 Tan erTvis „sia

tfilisSi mdebare istoriuli kulturis SenobaTa, romelTac hqondaT zarebi: sioni,

anCisxati, dariis monasteri, jvaris mama, vanqi, sufsarqisi, feTxaini, stefanes

monasteri, surf-niSani, xoraSeni, jigraSeni, qviSeTi /xelovnebis Zegli/.“19

erT-erT dokumentSi, romelic daTariRebulia 1930 wlis 6 martiT, komunaluri

meurneobis gamgis moadgile kiRuraZe cnobas awvdis Tbilisis saolqo aRmaskomis

Tavmjdomares imis Sesaxeb, rom Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomsa da

„rudmetaltorgs“ Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sedegad maT mier gaiyida zarebi -

tona 610 maneTad. mTlianad qalaqis eklesiebidan moixsna da gadaeca „rudmetaltorgs“

sawyobisaTvis brinjao - 32 543 kg. rkina - 2 879 kg. TiTberi 907 kg, Tuji – 205 kg.

aRebulma Tanxam Seadgina 19769 maneTi da 08 kapiki, romelic mTlianad gadairicxa

zooparkis mSeneblobis fondSi.20

tfilisis olqis aRmaskomisa da tfilisis sabWos gamwesrigebeli sxdomis 1930

wlis 10 ianvris oqmSi vkiTxulobT: „aRebuli Tanxa moxmardes zoologiuri baRisa da

kulturul-dasasvenebeli saxlis mowyobas“.21

Tbilisis centralur arqivSi daculia sxvadasxva taZridan konfiskacirebuli

nivTebis CamonaTvali.22 magaliTad mamkodis wmida giorgis saxelobis monastris qonebis

konfiskacias avWalis raionul aRmaskomSi Seqmnili specialuri komisia awarmoebda,

romelic detalurad aRwerda, afasebda da axarisxebda monastris mTel qonebas misi

Semdgomi realizaciisaTvis. 23 aRwerilia: barZimi, feSxumi, jvari, kovzi, sanawile,

xatebi, saeklesio wignebi, barZim-feSxumis gadasafarebeli, Sandlebi, fulis Sesawiri,

samRvdelo pirTa Sesamoseli, iazmis wylis Sesanaxi, xaliCa, zarebi, gvirgvinebi,

saxareba da sxv. aRmaskomis mcire prezidiumis 1924 wlis 5 Tebervlis sxdomaze

gadawyvites mamkodis monasterSi aRwerili nivTebi, aRwerilobiTi siis Tanaxmad,

gadascemoda adgilobriv glexTa komitets adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis. 24 sabolood,

raionuli aRmaskomis gadawyvetilebiT mamkodis wmida giorgis saxelobis dedaTa

monastris qoneba ganawilda sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi, xolo realizebuli nivTebis

Tanxa gamoyenebuli iqna sxvadasxva kulturul RonisZiebaze.25

sofel giorgiwmindaSi daketili RvTismSoblis Sobis eklesiis gaxsnis Sesaxeb

aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris vladimer suxiSvilis mier saqmeze dadebulia rezolucia

„gaixsnas“. Tumca aqve qalaqis aRmaskomsa da gare-kaxeTis aRmaskoms Soris mimoweriT

irkveva, rom eklesiidan gamotanili qonebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb morwmuneTa Txovna

uaryofili iqna.26

tfilisis aRmaskomis mcire prezidiumis 1924 wlis 28 martis sxdomaze ganixiles

TeleTis sabWos Suamdgomloba, raTa adgilobrivi glexkomis gankargulebaSi

darCeniliyo eklesiebisaTvis CamorTmeuli nivTebi. moTxovna dakmayofilebul iqna.27

sruliad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomaris

saxelze 1926 wlis 9 agvistos Sesulia martyofis olqis mcxovrebTa gancxadeba,

18 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 911, furceli 1. 19 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 911, furceli 3. 20 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 911, furceli 4. 21 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 840, furceli 2. 22 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 164, furceli 1. 23 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 216, furlebi 3-4. 24 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 185, furceli 23. 25 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 216, furceli 1. 26 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 216, furceli 28. 27 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 185, furceli 22.

116

romliTac iTxovdnen yofili martyofis wmida antonis, igive RvTaebis, saxelze

agebuli taZris gaxsnas, romelic dabeWdili iqna masTan maxlobeli patara

eklesiebiTurT martyofis miliciis mier. werilSi mosaxleoba iTxovda: „Tanaxmad

mTavrobis mier gamocemuli cirkularisa, 10 agvistos 1923 w. da sxvadasxva dros

gamocemulis dekretebisa... didis pativiscemiT gTxovT moaxdinoT Tqveni gankarguleba,

rom gaxsnil iqmnas zemoxsenebuli wmida antonis eklesia da miT daakmayofiloT Cveni

sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnileba, radgan Cven sxva eklesia ara gvaqvs maxloblad.“ 28

mosaxleobis Txovna daakmayofiles. amave dros paralelurad manglisis saeklesio

sabWos warmomadgenelma ss cak-Si Suamdgomloba aRZra adgilobrivi eklesiis gaxsnis

Sesaxeb im pirobiT, rom sabWo eklesiaSi wiTelarmielebs ar SeuSvebda. am

Suamdgomlobis sapasuxod ss cak-is mdivnis davalebiT mosaxleobas upasuxes: „Tanaxmad

sakavSiro cak-is dadgenilebisa, yvela yofili samxedro uwyebis taZrebi, romelTa

ricxvSi Sedis manglisis eklesia, unda gadaeces saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv

dawesebulebaT, ris gamoc Suamdgomlobis dakmayofileba cak-s SeuZleblad miaCnia“.29

1925 wlis qalaq Tbilisis aRmaskomis dokumentebidan irkveva, rom xarfuxis

eklesias raRac mizeziT materialuri zarali miadga. xarfuxis religiuri sazogadoeba

Tbilisis aRmaskomis komunaluri ganyofilebisagan iTxovda eklesiis SekeTebas.

Txovnaze sazogadoebas uari eTqva „eklesiis SekeTebas, ra saxisac ar unda iyos igi,

Cven ver vikisrebT im mosazrebiT, rom misTvis saWiro xarjebi xarjTaRricxviT ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli da amas garda Cvens movaleobas igi sruliadac ar Seadgens, kerZod,

am SemTxvevaSi religiur sazogadoebas SeuZlia sasamarTlos saSualebiT ainazRauros

is zarali, romelic rogorc acxadebdnen, miyenebuli aqvs aRniSnul sazogadoebas.30

1924 wlis 17 oqtombers aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomaris vladimer

(lado) suxiSvilis saxelze Sevida werili daviT garejis monastris da mimdebare

teritoriis Sesaxeb, romelsac adevs suxiSvilis rezolucia „SeimuSaveT mimarTva“,

Tumca saqmis Semdgomi msvlelobis Sesaxeb arqivSi masalebi ar aris. werilSi

aRniSnulia: „rodesac 1922 welSi saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis teritoriis gamijvna

moxda, umetesi nawili am Zeglebisa moeqca azerbaijanis respublikis sazRvrebSi da

amnairad daingra am Zeglebis kompleqtis mTlianoba. xsenebuli Zeglebis aoxrebis

Tavidan asacileblad ss cakis prezidiumis mier a/w ianvris 15 dadgenilebis Tanaxmad

aRZruli iyo a/k cakis winaSe Suamdgomloba, raTa xsenebuli midamoebi dabruneboda

saqarTvelos daviT garejis monastris Zeglebis SenarCunebis da dacvis mizniT. xolo

aRniSnul niadagze ss cakis mier aRZruli Suamdgomloba ar Seefereba dRevandel

pirobebs, ris gamoc saWiroa Secvlil iqnes sababi am Suamdgomlobisa da sarCulad

mas unda daedos sxva safuZveli. xsenebul monastris midamoebiT, rogorc sazRvari

adgilebiT, axal gamijvnamde sargeblobda tfilisis mazris mosaxleoba, dRes ki es

adgilebi Sedis azerbaijanis sazRvrebSi da tfilisis mazris mosaxleoba moklebulia

am saZovrebiT sargeblobas. saWiroa aRZrul iqnas sakiTxi aRniSnuli midamoebiT

sargeblobis uflebaTa aRdgenis Sesaxeb, rasac unda moyves Sedegad saqarTvelos da

azerbaijanis respublikebis sazRvrebis xelaxla gadamijvna“.31

sabWoTa xelisufleba taZrebTan da saeklesio pirebTan erTad eklesiur

saxelwodebebsac ebrZoda. sruliad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli

komitetis mcire prezidiumis 1929 wlis 11 dekembris sxdomaze moismines tfilisis

28 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 401, furceli 8. 29 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 185, furceli 1. 30 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 331, furceli 4. 31 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 228, furceli 2.

117

olqis aRmaskomis Suamdgomloba soflebis giorgiwmindis, ninowmindisa da

mariamjvaris saxelwodebebis Secvlis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelze daadgines

dakmayofilebuliyo Suamdgomloba da sofel giorgiwmindas daerqva „axali cxovreba“,

sofel ninowmindas - „mosavali“, xolo sofel mariamjvars - „wiTeli Zna“.32

Tbilisis sabWos aRmaskoms araerTi weriliT mimarTes veris wmida nikolozis

eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis wevrebma, rom saTanado yuradReba miqceoda

sasaflaos, romelic savalalo mdgomareobaSi iyo da saWiroebda keTilmowyobas.

sabWos 1925 wlis 10 ivlisis Suamdgomlobidan irkveva, rom mosaxleobaSi ukve iyo

gavrcelebuli xmebi, rom igegmeboda sasaflaos daxurva da mis adgilas „saseirno

baRis“ gakeTeba.33

arqivSi daculia damkrZalavi sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelis moadgilis 1931 wlis

25 agvistos sainformacio angariSi, saidanac irkveva, rom komunaluri meurneobis

gankargulebis Tanaxmad 1931 wlis 6 agvistos Tbilisis sabWos damkrZalav

sammarTvelos daevala kaloubnis eklesiis mimdebared dakrZalulTa „gadatana“

sxvadasxva sasaflaoze, radgan komunalur meurneobas gadawyvetili hqonda mimdebare

teritoriaze nagebobis ageba. dakrZalul pirTa gadasvenebis samuSaoebis organizebas

sammarTvelom sami dRe moandoma. samuSaos ZiriTadad RamiT awarmoebda“.34

1922 wlis 18 dekembers aRmaskomis Tavmjdomareebs Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo

komisariatidan daegzavnaT werili. eklesiis galavanSi arsebuli Senobebis eklesiebis

gankargulebaSi datovebis Sesaxeb. im etapze gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad,

saqarTvelos centraluri komitetis 1922 wlis 14 da 25 oqtombris mimarTvebis Tanaxmad

da imave komisariatis 1922 wlis 3 ivlisis cirkularis dasamateblad Tavmjdomareebs

ecnobaT saxelmZRvanelod, rom eklesiebis galavanSi agebuli Senobebi unda

darCeniliyo eklesiebisa da monastrebis gankargulebaSi, sanam am sakiTxze sxva

gankarguleba ar iqneboda.35

1924 wlis 19 ivniss Tbilisis aRmasrulebelma komitetma TbilisSi

registraciaSi gatarebuli yvela religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomareebs mimarTa

„friad saswrafo“ weriliT, romlis safuZvelze sazogadoebebs daevala 24 saaTis

ganmavlobaSi ecnobebinaT maT gankargulebaSi myofi saeklesio saxlebis Sesaxeb. 36

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmaskomis mier religiur organizaciaTa registraciis vada

daTqmuli iyo 1924 wlis 1 Tebervlamde, unda vivaraudoT, rom amis Semdegac moxda

ramdenime religiuri organizaciis registracia. vinaidan Tbilisis aRmaskomis

administraciidan aRniSnuli werili 46 religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomaris saxelze

gaigzavna:

1. tfilisis veris wmida nikolozis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

2. tfilisis veris wmida ioane RvTismetyvelis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

3. tfilisis wmida mixeil tverelis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

4. tfilisis qvaSveTis wmida giorgis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

32 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 778, furceli 1. 33 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 331, furceli 9. 34 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 989, furclebi 1-2. 35 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 42, furceli 1. 36 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 229, furceli 4.

118

5. tfilisis kaloubnis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

6. tfilisis amaRlebis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

7. tfilisis mTawmindis mamadaviTis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

8. tfilisis qristian somex wmida gevorqis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

9. tfilisis wmida samebis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

10. tfilisis somexTa wmida RvTismSoblis vanqis eklesiis religiuri

sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

11. tfilisis feTxainis wmida RvTismSoblis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

12. tfilisis moRninis wmida giorgis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

13. tfilisis qristian somexTa noraSenis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

14. tfilisis sionis sakaTedro taZris religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

15. tfilisis ebraelTa pirveli religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

16. tfilisis somexTa wmida xarebis jigraSenis eklesiis religiuri


17. tfilisis anCisxatis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

18. tfilisis somexTa wmida katugikes RvTismSoblis eklesiis religiuri


19. tfilisis xarfuxis marTlmadidebel qristianTa eklesiis religiuri


20. cxinvalis ebraelTa religiur sazogadoebas;

21. axalcixis ebraelTa religiur sazogadoebas;

22. tfilisis avlabris wmida petre-pavles eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

23. tfilisis navTluRis wmida barbares eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

24. tfilisis eCmiaZinis wmida giorgis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

25. tfilisis feriscvalebis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

26. tfilisis avlabris wmida marines eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

27. tfilisis avlabris mTavarangelozis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

28. CuRureTis wmida RvTismSoblis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

29. kukiis wmida nikolozis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

30. tfilisis pokrovskis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

31. tfilisis somexTa wmida karapetis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

32. tfilisis qristian adventistTa 7 dRis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

33. tfilisis saxarebis somxuri eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

119

34. tfilisis luTeranTa wmida petre-pavles eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

35. tfilisis somex kaTolikeTa wmida grigol ganmanaTleblis eklesiis

religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

36. tfilisis ebraelTa meore eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

37. tfilisis baptistebis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

38. tfilisis wmida petre-pavles romael kaTolikeTa eklesiis religiuri


39. kukiis sasaflaos wmida ninos eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

40. tfilisis kukiis noraSenis RvTismSoblis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

41. yazanis RvTismSoblis da kukiis wmida aleqsandre nevelis gaerTianebuli

eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

42. qristian baptistTa wmida saxarebis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

43. didubis wmida RvTismSoblis eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

44. lobnexstdorfis wmida petre-pavles eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares;

45. saxarebis sasuliero qristianTa religiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomares;

46. tfilisis qristian malakanTa eklesiis religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomares.

arqivSi daculia yvela zemoaRniSnuli religiuri sazogadoebis specialuri

kiTxvaris Sesabamisad Sedgenili pasuxi, Tu ra misamarTze mdebareobda saeklesio bina,

ra masaliT iyo nagebi da ramdeni oTaxisgan Sedgeboda, vin cxovrobda da ramdens

ixdida, vis aZlevda Tanxas, iyo Tu ara Setanili es saxli religiuri sazogadoebis

qonebis siaSi da sxva. 37 magaliTad, sionis taZris religiuri sazogadoebis

Tavmjdomarem 1924 wlis 23 ivnisis sapasuxo werilSi dawvrilebiTi cnoba waradgina

Tbilisis aRmasrulebel komitetSi sionis gankargulebaSi myofi Senobebis Sesaxeb: me-4

komisariati, sionis Sesaxvevi #11 misamarTze mdebare aguris saxli 12 sacxovrebeli

oTaxisagan Sedgeboda, iraklis quCa #4 mdebare aguris saxlic 12 sacxovrebeli

oTaxisgan Sedgeboda, xolo sionis quCa #24 misamarTze mdebare saxli 15 sacxovrebeli

oTaxisgan. binebSi binadrobdnen, rogorc eklesiis msaxurebi, agreTve sxvadasxva muSa

mosamsaxure da ramdenime mdgmuri, Semosul Tanxas iRebda sionis religiuri

sazogadoeba.38

1924 wlis ivlisSi saqme qalaq Tbilisis religiur sazogadoebaTa samlocvelo

saxlebTan arsebuli saeklesio binebis Sesaxeb tfilisis uZrav qonebaTa sammarTvelos

gadaegzavna, vladimer suxiSvilis rezoluciis Tanaxmad sammarTvelos dauyovnebliv

unda Caebarebina warmodgenili saxlebi da Semdeg daewesebina qira.39

saeklesio saxlebis binadrebs gauformdaT xelSekrulebebi, romlis

safuZvelzec qalaqis biujetSi unda CaericxaT qira, Tumca wlebis manZilze

samlocvelo saxlebis „arendatorebs“ davalianeba daugrovdaT da am mizeziT 1929

wlis 4 dekembris tfilisis olqis aRmaskomis da sabWos mcire prezidiumis sxdomaze

37 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 229, furceli 4. 38 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 229, furclebi 46-49. 39 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 229, furceli 1.

120

daadgines: „vinaidan xelSekrulebebi samlocvelo saxlebis gadacemis Sesaxeb ver

Seasrules morwmuneTa sazogadoebebma, winadadeba mieces komunalur ganyofilebas

gaauqmos maTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebi da CamoerTvaT saxlebi.40 mogvianebiT binebi

muSaTa kooperativebis xelSi gadavida, romlebmac samRvdelo pirebs moTxoves

dauyovnebliv daecalaT aRniSnuli Senobebi.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomis 1925 wlis 19 dekembris sxdomazec

ganixiles sakiTxi Tbilisis mazraSi CamorTmeuli saeklesio saxlebis morwmuneebze

gadacemis Sesaxeb, magram aRmaskomis gadawyvetilebiT, vinaidan SenobebSi moTavsebuli

iyo sxvadasxva adgilobrivi sabWoTa dawesebuleba, morwmuneTa mimarTvas uari eTqva.41

aRsaniSnavia, rom yofili eklesiebis binebSi moTavsebuli iyo iseTi

dawesebulebebi, rogoric iyo: soflis sabWo, qox-samkiTxvelo, kooperativebi, glexkomi,

samkurnalo punqti da sxv.

qalaq Tbilisis prezidiumis saxelze araerTi Txovna Sedioda Tbilisis

mosaxleobis mxridan, romlebic Suamdgomlobdnen sasuliero pirebs TavianTi SromiT

da amagiT Seqmnili keris SesanarCuneblad; xSirad xelovnebis Zeglis dacvis da

siZvelis SenarCunebis motiviT iTxovdnen adgilobriv sasuliero pirebs

gaegrZelebinaT maTi movla patronoba, magram pasuxi yovelTvis erTi iyo _ msgavsi

Suamdgomlobebi ar kmayofildeboda. erT-erT werilze pasuxad sabinao muSaTa

kooperativis saxlebis mmarTveli wers: „saeklesio saxlebSi Casaxlebuli muSebi Sav

anaforebSi Cacmul pirebze ukeT SeZleben siZveleTa dacvas“.42

1937 wlis 25 noembers Tbilisis sabWos prezidiumma miiRo dadgenileba

gaeuqmebina anCisxatis saeklesio sazogadoebasTan gaformebuli xelSekruleba 1930

wlidan gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis gamo da CamorTmeoda saeklesio Senoba mTeli

inventariT. kirovis raionul aRmaskoms daevala moexdina aRniSnuli saeklesio

Senobisa da inventaris Cabareba da misi saxlTa trestze gadacema.43

1928 wlis 6 oqtombers avWalis Temis aRmasrulebeli komiteti weriliT

mimarTavs tfilisis aRmaskomis prezidiums, rom mocemul dromde mamkodis monastris

saxlebi ar iyo municipalizebuli. monasteri gauqmebuli ar iyo da monastris

„saxlebSi“ ber-monazvnebi cxovrobdnen. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom ber-monazvnebis

Semcirebis gamo bolo xanebSi aRniSnuli saxlebi dacarielebuli da dangrevis piras

misuli iyo, es mdgomareoba mamkodis glexkomis warmomadgenlebs SeuniSnavT da

saxlebisaTvis mciredi saremonto samuSaoebi CautarebiaT, zafxulSi ki saagarakod

CasulTaTvis miuqiravebiaT. paralelurad glexTa komitets tfilisis aRmaskomis winaSe

aRuZravs Suamdgomloba, rom es saxlebi maTTvis gadaecaT. Tumca avWalis Temis

aRmaskoms samarTlianad miaCnda mamkodis monastris qonebas saxelmwifo organizacia

dapatroneboda TemaRmaskomis saxiT.44

1928 wlis 24 dekembers Tbilisis aRmaskomis samazro-teqnikuri seqciis

teqnikosma leonti kilasoniam sofel gldanis glexkomis Tavmjdomarisa da sofel

mamkodis sabWos wevris TandaswrebiT safuZvlianad daaTvalieres mamkodis monasteri,

aRweres da daaskvnes, rom sacxovrebel saxlebs unda Catareboda saSualo SekeTeba,

40 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 770, furceli 1. 41 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 907, furclebi 2, 11. 42 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 211, furceli 18. 43 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 1440, furceli 59.

44 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 740, furceli 5.

121

sasadilos kapitaluri remonti, ris Semdegac binebi SeiZleboda gamomdgariyo

sacxovreblad.45

sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaaZliera brZola qristianuli sarwmunoebis winaaRmdeg.

amis dasturi iyo isic, rom 1929 wels Seiqmna „mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris sruliad

saqarTvelos centraluri sabWo“. manamde ki saqarTvelos yvela mazraSi Seiqmna

„uRmerToTa ujredebi“. uRmerToTa kavSiri samazro ujredebs sTxovda yovelTviurad

warmoedginaT informacia, ramdeni eklesia daxures TavianT mazrebSi, ra antireligiuri

RoniZiebebi gaatares.

saqarTvelos centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma 1929 wlis martSi

cvlileba Seitana saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis revoluciuri

komitetis 1921 wlis 15 aprils damtkicebuli dekretis meore muxlSi _

saxelmwifosagan eklesiisa da eklesiisagan skolis CamoSorebis Sesaxeb, aRniSnuli

muxlis Sesabamisad sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis ZaliT ikrZaleboda

saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv da kerZo saswavlo dawesebulebebSi yovelgvari religiuri

swavleba.46

sagulisxmoa agreTve sruliad saqarTvelos mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris

centraluri sabWos mimarTva yvela skolis asakamde aRzrdis, umaRlesi teqnikuri

saswavleblebis da umaRlesi saswavleblebis dawesebulebebisadmi antisaaRdgomo

kampaniis Catarebis Sesaxeb. mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia, rom antisaaRRdgomo kampania

iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc anti-saSobao kampania da antisaaRdgomo kampaniis

amocana moiTxovs skolebisagan aucileblobas, raTa farTod gaSalon Tavisi

sazogadoebrivi da sasargeblo anti-religiuri muSaoba.

skolebSi unda Catarebuliyo moxsenebebi da saubrebi antireligiur Temebze

(loTuri dResaswaulebis da marxvis winaaRmdeg; religia da brZola ganaxlebul

adamianis; klasikuri arseboba qristianuli da ebrauli aRdgomis da sxva). es

RonisZiebebi miznad isaxavda rac SeiZleba meti axalgazrda CamoSoreboda religias da

gawevrianebuliyo axalgazrda uRmerToTa da mebrZol uRmerToTa ujredebSi.

aRniSnuli mimarTvis warmatebulad praqtikaSi gatarebisTvis skolebis premirebac

gadawyda.47

1938 wlis 25 ivliss qalaq Tbilisis muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis sabWos

prezidiumis Tavmjdomaris gviSianis saxelze muk-is (mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri)

Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsruleblis gancxadebaSi vkiTxulobT: „pirveli maisis

quCaze #4-Si mdebare kaTolikeTa eklesia daketilia da iTvleba umoqmedod. kirovis

raionSi antireligiuri propagandis farTod gasaSlelad mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiris

raisabWos ar moepoveba saTanado bina. gTxovT, aRniSnuli daketili, umoqmedo,

kaTolikeTa yofili eklesia gadmogvceT uRmerToTa kirovis raisabWos, sadac

movawyobT raionul centralur antireligiur kabinets, antireligiur gamofenebs,

iwarmoebs sistematuri muSaoba, romlis saSualebiTac Cvens raionSi gavaCaRebT

antireligiur propagandas“.48

1938 wlis 27 oqtombers Sedga qalaq Tbilisis orjonikiZis raisabWos

prezidiumis sxdoma, romelzec moismines antireligiur propagandisturi muSaobis da

am mimarTulebiT orjonikiZis raionis mosaxleobaSi mimdinare wels Catarebuli

krebebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. prezidiumi aRniSnavda antireligiuri muSaobis warmatebas.

45 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 740, furceli 4. 46 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 2, anaweri 1, saqme 250, furclebi 1-3.



122

krebebze gamosuli moqalaqeebi erTsulovnad moiTxovdnen xalxis „opiumis da

regresiis“, „gonebis daClungebis da mecnierebis sawinaaRmdego kerebis“, eklesiebisa da

soboroebis daketvas da maT adgilze skolebis da kulturuli dawesebulebebis agebas.

kerZod, aseTi moTxovna wamoyenebula „ivane bogoslovis“ da „qvaSveTis“ eklesiebis

gauqmebisa da pirvel rigSi vanqis soboros dangrevisas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aseT sakiTxebze sxdomas sistematurad eswreboda „uRmerToTa

kavSiris“ warmomadgeneli, aRniSnul sxdomazec swored „uRmerToTa kavSiris“

warmomadgenlis sityvidan Cans, rom iTxoven momavalSi Catardes muSaoba bogoslovis

da qvaSveTis eklesiebis dangrevaze. maTi SexedulebiT SeiZleboda erTi taZari

yofiliyo raionSi muzeumis daniSnulebiT, magram saWiro ar iyo danarCeni taZrebis

arseboba.

prezidiumma gaiTvaliswina ra mosaxleobis farTo masebis moTxovna, daadgina:

1. waredginos saqarTvelos umaRles sabWos orjonikiZis raionis somex

moqalaqeTa werilobiTi moTxovna da aRiZras Suamdgomloba vanqis soboros gauqmebis

da dangrevis Sesaxeb, romlis adgilas moiTxoven somxuri aTwledis agebas.

2. amave safuZvelze aRiZras Suamdgomloba saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos winaSe,

orjonikiZis raionSi mdebare „ivane bogoslovis“ eklesiis dangrevis Sesaxeb.49

saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos 1961 wlis 9 aprilis N351 dadgenilebis

Sesabamisad Tbilisis mSromelTa deputatebis saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomma 1961 wlis 19

ivniss miiRo N1254 gankarguleba „religiuri kultebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis

kontrolis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb“, romlis safuZvelze dawesda religiuri kultebis

Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebis mkacri kontroli religiuri gaerTianebebis,

sasuliero pirebis da kerZo pirebis mimarT; sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis N233 muxliT

gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi masalebi unda waredgina

aRmaskomSi prokuraturisTvis gadasacemad; dauSvebeli iyo earsebaT dauregistrirebel

jgufebs; salocavebisa da taZrebis reorganizacia an gafarToeba qalaqisa da raionis

sabWos aRmaskomTan SeuTanxmeblad;

qalaqis aRmaskomis kulturis ganyofilebasa da raisabWos aRmaskomis

Tavmjdomareebs evalebodaT antireligiuri propaganda, Tumca, paralelurad, ar unda

daeSvaT religiuri organizaciis ukanonod registraciidan moxsna, eklesiebisa da

salocavebis daxurva, morwmuneTa grZnobebis Seuracxyofa.50

Tbilisis orjonikiZis raionuli aRmaskomis mdivnis n.S. mgalobliSvilis

moxsenebiTi baraTidan irkveva, rom raionis teritoriaze mdebareobda qristian-

malakanTa sazogadoebis samlocvelo (saburTalos quCa #15). am teritoriaze

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo institutTan arsebuli kooperativi #267

sacxovrebeli korpusis mSenebloba, rasac xels uSlida samlocvelos Senoba.

xsenebuli kooperativis gamgeoba qristian-malakanTa sazogadoebis samlocvelos

alternatiuli farTi SesTavaza da maT araviTari pretenzia ar gaaCndaT adgilobrivi

xelisuflebis mimarT.

orjonikiZis raionis aRmaskomTan arsebobda komisia 5 kacis SemadgenlobiT,

komisiis samuSao gegmis prioritetul sakiTxebs warmoadgenda antireligiuri

propagandis gaZliereba mosaxleobaSi mikro raionebis sazogadoebrivi sabWoebis da

pedagog-organizatorebis gamoyenebis gziT, rac gulisxmobda skolebis muSaobis

Semowmebas moswavle-axalgazrdobis aTeisturi aRzrdis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT;

reidebis mowyobas samlocveloebsa da eklesiebSi morwmune bavSvebis gamovlenis

49 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 79, anaweri 1, saqme 100, furclebi 1-4. 50 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 3277, furceli 264.

123

mizniT; maTTan saTanado muSaobis Catarebas; leqcia-moxsenebebis Catarebas da ase

Semdeg.

moxsenebiTi baraTidan aseve irkveva, rom moswavle-axalgazrdobis aTeisturi

aRzrdis mizniT skolebSi yvela klasis xelmZRvanels samuSao gegmaSi

gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda sxvadasxva religiur dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT saubrebis

Catareba da qimiis, biologiis, fizikis kabinet-laboratoriebSi cdebis Catareba

religiuri crurwmenis gasaqarwyleblad. „calkeuli disciplinebis maswavleblebi

moxerxebulad ukavSireben aTeisturi aRzrdis momentebs gasavlel masalas („qajana“,

„suramis cixe“) maswavleblebi, klasis xelmZRvanelebi, komkavSiruli da pioneruli

organizaciebi aqtiurad ibrZvian im moswavleebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic moxuci bebiebis

zegavleniT dadian eklesiebSi, aseve imaT winaaRmdeg vinc inaTleba da atareben

jvarebs“.51

raionebis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi sistematiurad atyobinebdnen qalaq

Tbilisis aRmasrulebel komitets ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. amisTvis

zogierTi raionis aRmasrulebel komitetSi specialuri komisiac ki muSaobda: mag.

leninis raionis mSromelTa deputatebis sabWos aRmaskomTan arsebuli religiuri

kultebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis dacvis xelSemwyobi komisia (aRniSnuli komisiis

Tavmjdomare amx. v.lelaSvili) 1971 wlis 24 Tebervals qalaq Tbilisis mSromelTa

deputatebis saqalaqo sabWos aRmaskomis mdivans amx. v. d. CalaZes moaxsenebda, rom

komisiis muSaobaSi mTavar amocanad kvlav religiuri kultebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis

farTo propaganda da misi dacvis yovelmxriv xelSewyoba rCeboda, ris gamoc komisia

Tavis 1970/1971 wlebis samuSao gegmebSi iTvaliswinebda raionis sawarmoebSi,

dawesebulebebsa da mosaxleobaSi leqcia-saubrebis Catarebas Temebze: „v.i.lenini

religiisa da eklesiis winaaRmdeg~; `mecniereba da religia“; „qristianuli seqtebi da

misi reaqciuli arsi“; „babtizmi da misi raoba“; „qristianuli religia da misi

reaqciuli arsi“; „marqsizm-leninizmi religiisa da aTeizmis Sesaxeb“ da sxv.

quCis komitetebSi 1971 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi Catarebula saubrebi: „aTeisturi

aRzrdis amocanebi“; „religiuri seqtantebi“; „qali da religia“ da sxva.

moxsenebiTi baraTidan Cans agreTve, rom leninis raionSi Seqmnili yofila

aTeizmis saxalxo universiteti, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda docenti vaJa

gogberaSvili, romelsac mocemul dromde Catarebuli hqonia 11 mecadineoba Semdeg

Temebze: saxelmwifosa da partiis damokidebuleba religiasa da eklesiasTan; rogor

unda vimuSaoT calkeul morwmuneebTan; qristianobis warmoSoba da mimarTuleba;

religiur gadmonaSTebTan brZola socializmis dros; kiTxva-pasuxis saRamo Temaze -

„religiuri dResaswaulebi da wesCveulebebis mavnebloba“. adgilobrivi radiokvanZis

meSveobiT Sesvenebis dros saamqroebSi gadacema mowyobila.

raioni agreTve aqtiurad ebrZoda araregistrirebuli Temis „babtistebis“

TavSeyris faqtebs. iyenebda Temis xelmZRvanelebis dajarimebis praqtikas, magram didi

mcdelobis miuxedavad komisiis Tavmjdomare moxsenebiT baraTSi aRiarebda, rom

komisiam ver SeZlo aRniSnuli Temis sruli likvidacia.52

antireligiuri propaganda-agitaciis Sedegebi maleve aisaxa mosaxleobaSi, amis

araerTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba, Tumca, minda gamovarCio fragmenti Tbilisis

aRmaskomis prezidiumTan arsebuli saredaqcio kolegiis sxdomis oqmebze TandarTuli

leqsidan „xuTwledi oTxwelSi“:

51 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 4284, furclebi 1-3. 52 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 4294, furclebi 1-2.

124

„aRar minda eklesia,

aRarc misi jvario,

saqarTvelos urCevnia

traqtorebis jario“.53

TiTqmis 70 wlis manZilze msgavsi RonisZiebebis fonze „damuSavebul“

mosaxleobas Tavisi agresiuli damokidebuleba Camouyalibda samRvdelo pirTa mimarT.

ZiriTadi antireligiuri RonisZiebebi ganxorcielda XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki qalaqis mTavroba agresiuli politikiT gamoirCeva 1924 wlidan. am

periodSi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi iyvnen: 1921-1927 wlebSi ambrosi

(xelaia); 1927-1932 wlebSi qristefore III; 1932-1952 wlebSi kalistrate cincaZe; 1952-1960

wlebSi melqisedek III (fxalaZe); 1960-1972 wlebSi efrem II.

uwmidesisa da unetaresis kalistrates kaTolikos-patriarqad yofnis wlebSi

marTalia saxelmwifo politika ar Serbilebula, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamkacrda kidec,

radgan xelisuflebam mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT Seqmna ssrk ministrTa

sabWosTan arsebuli religiebis saqmeTa komiteti, romelsac Tavisi rwmunebulebi

hyavda sabWoTa kavSiris yvela respublikaSi. rwmunebulis aparati iqca saqarTvelos

eklesiis oficialur meTvalyured. magram amis miuxedavad, patriarqma Sesaferis drod

miiCnia Tbilisis 1500 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad mzadeba da saqarTvelos ssr komunisturi

partiis centraluri komitetis Tavmjdomares kandid nestoris Ze Carkvians werilobiT

mimarTa: Tbilisis centralur arqivSi daculia sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqis

werili, romelSic saubaria sionis taZris restavraciis sakiTxebze. „Cemamde moaRwia

cnobam, Tqvenis gankargulebiT dauwyia muSaoba komisars tfilisis arsebobis 1946

welSi 1500 wlis Sesrulebis gamo. vegebebiT am cnobas, rogorc yoveli Segnebuli

saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqe, mogarTmevT amasTan erTad Cems mier 1938 wlis

oqtombris 28 daTariRebul #89 momarTvis pirs, da gTxovT pativiscemiT, Tu dainaxavT

saWirod gadasceT igi Tqven mier Seqmnil komisias, vinaidan momarTvaSi aRniSnulia

mosazrebani tfilisis saabato Zeglis sionis Sesaxeb, romlis pirveli Senobis

saZirkveli Cayrilia 1500 wlis winaT.“ patriarqis mimarTvis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi amgvaria:

„1. aRebul iqmnas a) leseliZis da baraTaSvilis quCebs Sua mdebare Senobebi ananovis

qarvaslidan maisuraZis qarvaslamde, varlam eqzarxosis mier 1812 welSi aSenebuli

tlanqi samreklos TandarTviT, b) taZris aRmosavleT-CrdiloeTiT sasuliero uwyebisa

da kerZo pirebis mier agebuli saxlebi (erTis garda) baraTaSvilis Cixis dasawyisidan

pirdapiri xaziT mtkvramde, g) afrikiaciis qarvaslidan (taZris samxreTiT) marcxena

frTa savsebiT Tu ara, zemosarTulSi mainc mzis sxivebi taZris saZirkvels rom

moxvdes (qurdulad gamoWrili fanjrebis dagulviT), 2. taZarSi Semyvani kibe gadatanil

iqmnas leseliZis quCasTan, 3. SenobaTagan ganTavisuflebuli moedani daiwios sionis

donemde da iq gaSendes baR - yvavilnari, 4. taZarSi samxreTiT miSenebuli karibWe, erT

dros sacxovrebel binad yofili da mis mere samlocvelod gadakeTebuli, gadatanil

iqmnes dasavleTis karebis win, rogorc es aris mcxeTaSi, alaverdSi, axtalaSi da

sxvagan, da 5. aRdgenil iqmnes taZris CrdiloeTiT mdebare mexuTmete saukunis

Tavmongreuli samreklo.54

marTalia XX saukunis meore naxevrisTvis represiebis talRa ukve gadavlilia,

magram mainc vxvdebiT samRvdelo pirTa damcirebis faqtebs. magaliTad: 1962 wlis 19

ianvars qalaq Tbilisis kirovis raionis safinanso ganyofilebam saqarTvelos ssr

finansTa saministros saxelmwifo Semosavlebis sammarTvelos davalebiT werilebi

53 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 229, furceli 42. 54 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 90, anaweri 1, saqme 105, furclebi 1-2.

125

daugzavna: mcxeTis, quTaisis, foTis, pirveli maisis raionis, baTumis safinanso

ganyofilebebs, romelTac avalebda, SeemowmebinaT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis efrem II-is /Sios Ze sidamoniZe/

Semosavlebi. aRniSnulma safinanso ganyofilebebma TavianT samoqmedo teritoriaze

moqmedi taZrebidan gamoiTxoves cnobebi. maTi kvlevisa da efrem II-is mier Sevsebuli

rigi deklaraciebis fonze „detalurad gamoarkvies“ Tu ra Tanxebi hqonda miRebuli

patriarqs Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze. 55 amave saqmeSi daculia saqarTvelos ssr

finansTa saministros 1962 wlis 19 ivnisis werili, romelic atyobinebda saqarTvelos

patriarqs da qalaq Tbilisis fingans, rom ssr kavSiris finansTa saministros

miTiTebis Sesabamisad, 1962 wlis 1 ivlisidan kaTalikos-patriarqi dabegrili unda

yofiliyo saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT kanonis me-5 muxliT dawesebuli ganakveTiT.56

aRsaniSnavia, rom ssrk ministrTa sabWos 1948 wlis 14 oqtombris N 3898

dadgenilebis Sesabamisad yvela saxis kulturis Zegli, „ra saxiTac mouRwevia“,

dacvisa da gamoyenebisaTvis ekuTvnoda ZeglTa dacvis organoebs, romelTac

evalebodaT maTi movla-patronoba.57

1978 wlis 12 aprils Tbilisis raionis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos

aRmasrulebelma komitetma oqtombris raionis kulturis ZeglTa dacvis nebayoflobiTi

sazogadoebis sabWos winadadebiT miiRo gadawyvetileba oqtombris raionis

teritoriaze arsebuli kulturis Zeglebisa da memorialuri dafebis movla-

patronobaze organizaciebis mimagrebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelze raionSi mdebare

„wminda nikolozis“ eklesiaze patronoba me-7 saremonto-samSeneblo trests daakisra,

xolo „CuRureTis bazilika“ sabinao sammarTvelos Caabara.58

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan gausaZlis

mdgomareobaSi iyo Cavardnili. eklesiis mimarT sastiki damokidebuleba sabWoTa

xelisuflebis politikis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. Cinovnikebis mxridan

inicirebuli antireligiuri qmedeba, aTeizmis agitacia-propaganda karg tonad

iTvleboda. Sedegmac ar daayovna. eklesia-monastrebis darbeva-ganadgureba Cveulebriv

movlenad iqca. aravis ukvirda taZris adgilas abanos, muSaTa kooperativis, skolisa da

sxva dawesebulebebis agebis faqtebi; eklesiis SenobebSi sacxovrebeli binis, sawyobis,

avtofarexis, klubis, saxelosnos arseboba; eklesiidan gamotanili qonebis realizacia,

sabWoTa dawesebulebebSi darigeba, dataceba da sxv. marto is faqtic sakmarisia, rom

qalaqis taZrebidan Camoxsnili zarebis gayidviT miRebuli TanxiT zooparkis

keTilmowyoba moifiqres - cxovelTa galiebi gaakeTes.

TiTqmis 70 wlis manZilze mosaxleoba erideboda eklesiaSi Sesvlas.

maRalCinosnebi ki, im fonze, rodesac nebismieri eklesiis mxardamWeri qmedeba

represiebis mizezi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, araTu taZarSi Sesvlas, saqmeze dadebiTi

rezoluciis dadebasac ki eridebodnen. es kargad Cans Semdegi faqtidan, erT-erT

werilSi silibistro Todria afrTxilebs lado suxiSvils daviT garejis monastris

erTianobis dacvis motiviT aRZrul saqmes „saqarTvelo-azerbaijans Soris sazRvris

gadaxedvis Sesaxeb“ sarCuli Seucvalos da Tbilisis mazris mosaxleobisaTvis

saZovrebis saWiroebis motiviT, aRZras sakiTxi saqarTvelos centraluri

aRmasrulebeli komitetis winaSe. es imas niSnavda, rom centralur aRmasrulebel

55 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 183, furceli 29. 56 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 1, anaweri 1, saqme 183, furceli 32. 57 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 87, anaweri 1, saqme 1405, furceli 52. 58 Tbilisis centraluri arqivi,Ffondi 71, anaweri 1, saqme 2279, furclebi 10-11.

126

komitetSi saZovrebi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo vidre VI saukunis samonastro kompleqsis

mTlianoba.

Maka Kvaratskhelia

Issues of Georgian Church in City Council Executive

Committee’s resolutions

Summary

In 1921 of 25 February Orthodox Church was in unbearable condition. Crual attitude towards the church was a part of Soviet Goverments Policy. Anti-Religious actions from officials, Atheism propaganda campaign considered to be a good action. And the results were not late. Church Monastry massacre became as usual. No one wondered about the building of Bath houses; Cooperatives of workers, schools and other institutions instead of church. There were many facts about like realisation Churches properties, transmition in the Soviet Institutions and others. The fact alone was enough that, they sold bells from churches and from that money they made animals cages in the Zoo.

Almost 70 years population avoided to enter in the churches. Officials evaded to put positive resolution on the issues. For example, when Silibistro Todria warned Lado Sukhishvili in one of his letters to protect the integrity of the David Garegy Monastry. The issue was initiated to Georgia Central Executive Committee. It meant the following: 1. Pastures were more important than whole Monastry Complex in VI centuries. 2. By Motivation of protection of David Garegy Monastry Complex, it would be possibly to sacrifice head of the city. (In spite of indifferent attitude towards Religion Vladimer Sukhishvili was shoot in 1938)

127

durmiSxan laSxi, doqtoranti

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili _

qvelmoqmedi da mecenati

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili ganekuTneba im sazogado moRvaweTa dass,

romelTa Sesaxebac biografiuli cnobebi qarTul istoriografiaSi Zalze mcirea.

cnobilia, rom giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili daibada 1830 wlis 10 noembers

TbilisSi, metad xelmokle ojaxSi. mas umaRlesi ganaTleba ar miuRia, magram amas

sruliad ar SeuSlia xeli imaSi, rom igi warmatebuli pirovneba gamxdariyo.

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvils saqarTveloSi hqonda ara erTi samrewvelo

obieqti, magram misi mTavari Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda atenis xeobaSi Seqmnili

xetyis gadamamuSavebeli kompania, romelic cnobili iyo ,,qarTveliSvili zezemanis’’

saxeliT, am kompaniis Sesaxeb imdroindel presaSi ara erTi statia daibeWda,

magaliTad, 1888 wels gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynda erekle ramiSvilis werili,

romelSic vkiTxulobT ,,g. d. qarTveliSvilisa da amxanagobas xis saxarSi qarxana

goris rkinigzis sadguridan aqvs gayvanili, ormocdaaTis versis manZilze sakuTari

rkinigzis gza atenis xeobaSi, sadac aqvs mravali orTqlis maSinebi, vagonebi da am

siSorezed aris ramdenime uzarmazari sadgurebi, saxelosno, satelefono da sxvani,

agreTve qarxnebi orTqlisa sxva-da-sxva masalebis saxerxni da mosaxarSni. muSaoben

yovel dRe. sadac muSaoben aTasi kacidan oriaTasamde. Tviurad aqvT jamagiri muSebs

Tvrameti maneTidgan samas maneTamde, dRiur muSas oTxi abazidan erT maneTamdis. aq

muSaobs agreTve mravali xari, kameCi da cxeni. muSa xalxi yvela rjulisa, magram ufro

da ufro meti Cveni qarTvelobaa. am qarxnis gamarTvamdis me TviTon vici, rom iq

xvnisa, Tesvisa da mkis garda, dReSi muSas iSovidi xuT Saurad, or abazad, dRes ki

Tunda Suagul zamTarSi, ver iSovi maneTis naklebad, an ki rad dadgeba sxvasTan

naklebad, roca am qarxanaSi eZleva imdeni da roca unda, yovelTvis imuSavebs,

yovelTvis alagic aris, roca surs, Tavisi Sesaxvedris fuls miiRebs da sixaruliT

dabrundeba Tavis colSvilSi. nuTu yovelive es didad sasargeblo saqmed ar

CaiTvleba?

am saqmis gamo am Cvens saqarTveloSi, yovelwliv milionamdis fuli trialebs.

vsTqvad, rom amxanagobam Tunda sargeblobac vera naxos, am muSa xalxs Cvens

saqarTvelosas da sxva mravals mainc sargebloba aqvs da eqneba ase didad, vrclad da

safuZvlianad dawyebulis saqmisagan. magram zogis ena ki aqac ar dadga da mxolod

imitom sansarebs, rom dahkbinos daSxamos vinme, kaci varT, codva da cdoma yvelas Tavs

trialebs, iqneba xandaxan styuian da ukacravad iqcevian zogierTni wevrni amxanagobisa,

iqneba aTasSi erTxel usamarTlodac iCagreba vinme da jamagiri daeWireba xolme,

magram yovelive es usamarTloba kacis bunebis naklebulebas miewereba da ara bunebis

saqmisas. amas garda didi araferia, mxolod wveTia zRvaSi, am didsa da keTils saqmeSi

da didi codvaa, viZaxoT zogierT gorel matrakvecasaviT: ,,ara, eg saqme sul tyuilzea

aSenebulio” ara, tyuilze aSendes da amodena saqme! RmerTo, Sen dagvixsen uaresisagan:

magram ras avtexilvarT Cvenca da vrekavT yurumsaRebisaviT, imaTi saqme xom

128

dardimandobaa, mTels TavianTs sicocxles aseTi vaJbatonebi ise ar atareben, rom

zaris rekaze erTxelac ar daiweren pirjvars guliTa da suliT, sasoebiT,

adamianobiT.1

erekle ramiSvilis am werilidan Cans, rom giorgi qarTveliSvilis kompania im

periodSi erT-erTi warmatebuli kompania iyo da iq dasaqmebul muSa-mosamsaxureebs

yvelanairi piroba Seuqmnes samuSaod.

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvils ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros kavkasiis gzis

gavliT saqarTveloSi ruseTidan Semohqonda puris marcvali.

1889 wels atenis xeobaSi moxda stiqiuri ubedureba, ramac Zalian daazarala

giorgi qarTveliSvilis kompania, faqtobrivad igi gakotrebis piras mivida.

stiqiuri ubedureba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom imdroindeli presis arcerTi nomeri

ar darCenila ise, rom momxdaris Sesaxeb ar daeweraT, magaliTad, gazeTi ìveria~

iuwyeboda: ,,zarali, rogorc atenis xeobis mcxovreblebisa, ise qarTveliSvili-

zezemanis kompaniisa sagrZnobelia. rogorc mogexsenebaT am kompaniam didi fuli Caabnia

atenis xeobaSi, Spalebis saxerx-saxarS qarxnebisaTvis Seisyides rkinis-gzis

liandagebisaTvis adgilebi, gaiyvanes goridan atenis xeobaSi gza ocdaaTi versis

manZilZe, rogorc gaimarTnen welSi da saqme ise dasdga, rom mogeba unda moeca, swored

am dros umuxTla bunebam, sofel atenidan sofel iknevamde karga manZilze rkinigzis

liandagi ise mohglija, rom naalagevi ZlivsRa etyoba, xolo alag-alag kidev emCneva,

rom aq gza unda yofiliyo“. 2 miuxedavad aseTi didi zaralisa, giorgi qarTveliSvils

ar Seuwyvetia Tavisi erisTvis keTili saqmis keTeba.

giorgi qarTveliSvili im periodSi moRvawe mrewvelebis umravlesobisagan

gamoirCeoda Tavisi keTilsindisierebiTa da erisadmi didi siyvaruliT. 1901 wels

gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynda erTi metad saintereso werili, sadac vkiTxulobT: ,,Cveni

drois vaWroba da aReb-micemobaSi erTgvari moZRvrebaa da katexizmo brZaneblobs, aq

gabatonebulia aRvir-awyvetili piradi sargebloba, romelic arafers ar erideba, arc

siyalbes da arc motyuebas, arc orpirobas da arc undoblobas. amisTana ,,sakomercio”

moZRvreba da katexizmo giorgi qarTveliSvils guliT ejavreba, vaWrobasa da

aRebmicemobaSiac igi zneobiT xelmZRvanelobda, yvelgan da yvelaferSi kacuri kaci

iyo.”3

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili didi mrewvelis garda iyo didi qvelmoqmedi

da mecenati. mis saxels ukavSirdeba araerTi keTili saqmis wamowyeba. sanam giorgi

qarTveliSvilis mecenatobaze da qvelmoqmedebaze visaubrebdeT manamde aRniSvnis

Rirsia giorgi qarTveliSvilis damokidebuleba imdroindeli sazogadoebisadmi,

kerZod, igi ganekuTvneboda qarTvel mamuliSvilTa im kategorias, romlebic mxolod

Cveni eris qeba-didebiT ar iyvnen dakavebulni, aramed xSirad Cveni eris sisusteebzec

xmamaRla saubrobda, amasTan dakavSirebiT zaqaria WiWinaZe werda: ,,qarTvelni TavianT

mamulebs marjvniv da marcxniv fantaven ise, rom TiTonac ar ician risTvis, visTvis da

raTa?! yovelive maT xelidan eclebaT, mxolod muclis TamaSisa da qeifis gamo.

ramdeni didi gvari ojaxi daeca cudis Svilebis meoxebiT~.4 am sityvebidan naTlad Cans

giorgi qarTveliSvilis damokidebuleba im senisadmi, romeliTac daavadda

imdroindeli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili, magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas,

rom qarTveliSvils ar epitnaveboda Tavisi TanamoZmeni.

1 erekle ramiSvili. gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1888, #170, gv. 3. 2 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1889, #113, gv. 2. 3 gazeTi ìveria~, 1901, #210, gv. 3. 4 zaqaria WiWinaZe. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili. 1904, gv. 5.

129

zaqaria WiWinaZe ixsenebs Tu rogor uyvarda saubari giorgi qarTveliSvils

qarTvelebis warmatebaze: ,,qarTveli tomis dawinaurebis Sesaxeb Zlier uyvarda saubari,

am saubris dros mis sixaruls sazRvari ar hqonda, samwuxaro ambavi kidev maszed dids

zegavlenas axdenda, mis mwuxarebas sazRvari ar hqonda~.5

giorgi qarTveliSvili did daxmarebas uwevda qarTvel studentebs, samwuxarod,

Cvenamde araa moRweuli im stipendiantTa sia, romlebsac giorgi qarTveliSvili

aZlevda saSualebas, rom eswavlaT.

bevri Tanamedrove saubrobs qarTveli axalgazrdebis mimarT giorgi

qarTveliSvilis damokidebulebaze, magaliTad, zaqaria WiWinaZe wers: ,,qarTvel

moswavleebzed mas erTob didi fuli aqvs daxarjuli, sadac ki xelis mowera

gaimarTeboda moswavleTa sasargeblod, iq giorgi daviTis Ze pirvel ricxvSive

mohyveboda, vinc ki mividoda masTan, Tund ucxo, Tqven ar momikvdeT, rom igi misi

saxlis zaris rekiT ar daiRleboda, vinc ki Camokravda zars, maSinve mzad iyo msaxuri

karis gasaRebad~.6

giorgi qarTveliSvili xSirad yidulobda saxalxo wignebs da urigebda

gaWirvebul ojaxisSvilebs, romlebic moklebuli iyvnen am fufunebas, garda amisa

giorgi qarTveliSvili finansur daxmarebas uwevda qarTul Teatrs, amasTan

dakavSirebiT zaqaria WiWinaZe ixsenebs, rom ,,1878 wels qarTuli Teatris dafuZnebas

didis sixaruliT Sexvda, maSin Teatris. bileTebs aqa-iq saxlebSi vgzavnidiT, xan mec

ki mimqonda, aseve ugzavnidiT, giorgi daviTis Zes da unda mogaxsenoT, rom igi

arcerTxel Teatris bileTs ukan ar daabrunebda. es rogorc sxva im drois

qarTvelebma icodnen, giorgi bileTis xvedri fulis magier metsac ixdida xolme da

warmodgenebsac Tavis dReSi ar daakldeboda~.7

zaqaria WiWinaZis am mogonebidan naTlad Cans giorgi qarTveliSvilis

damokidebuleba qarTuli kulturisadmi, mas Zalian kargad esmoda, rom im periodSi

ruseTis koloniur gavlenas erovnuli Rirebulebebi Tu gadaurCeboda mxolod

qarTuli kulturis propagandiT, romelic Taobas aRzrdida erovnuli suliskveTebiT.

giorgi qarTveliSvili xSirad yidulobda sxvadasxva enaze gamocemul wignebs

saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. Semdeg saqarTveloSi Camosul

mogzaurebs TavisTan miiwvevda da wignebs Cuqnida. amiT igi cdilobda ucxoelebisaTvis

eCvenebina qarTuli kultura.

giorgi qarTveliSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba gazeT ,,droebis~ gamocemis

dafinanseba. cnobilia, rom rodesac sergei mesxi daavadda da aRar SeeZlo gazeTis

redaqtoroba, dadga gazeTis daxurvis saSiSroeba. marTalia, ivane maCabels surda

gazeTis SeZena da gamocema, magram mas sakmarisi Tanxa ar gaaCnda. am faqtTan

dakavSirebiT, gazeT ,,kvalSi’’ vkiTxulobT: ,,roca sergei mesxi daavadmyofda da

iZulebuli Seiqmna literaturuli moRvaweobisaTvis Tavi daenebebina da gazeTis

,,droebis’’ gamocema sxvisTvis gadaeca, maSin ivane maCabelma moiwadina ,,droebis’’ SeZena,

magram xelmokleobis gamo maCabels ar SeeZlo gazeTis SeZena, amnairad gazeTis

gamocema unda SeCerebuliyo. magram ,,droeba’’ ixsna gansacdelisagan giorgi

qarTveliSvilma romelmac gadasca maCabels xuTas-eqvsas Tumnamde~.8

TbilisSi arsebobda obolTa gamgeoba, romlis mTavar funqcias RaribebisTvis

daxmareba warmoadgenda, magram gamgeobis zogierTi wevri masze dakisrebul movaleobas

5 zaqaria WiWinaZe. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili. 1904, gv. 6. 6 zaqaria WiWinaZe. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili. 1904, gv. 24. 7 zaqaria WiWinaZe. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili. 1904, gv. 19. 8 gazeTi ,,kvali~, 1901, #40, gv. 852-853.

130

pirnaTlad ar asrulebda, amitom giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili im periodSi,

rogorc TbilisSi yvelaze kacTmoyvare da RatakTa Semwe, airCies obolTa gamgeobis

mzrunvelad. giorgi qarTveliSvilma gamoaswora is rTuli mdgomareoba, rac

gabatonebuli iyo obolTa sazogadoebaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi

qarTveliSvilma araerTxel Sewira obolTa gamgeobas Tanxa.

giorgi daviTis Zis did mecenatobad unda CaiTvalos saqarTvelos istoriuli

albomis dafinanseba, romelic Seasrula cnobilma fotografma ermakovma. 1888 wels

gazeTi ,,iveria~ iuwyeboda: ,,SarSan batonma giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvilma cnobil

fotografs ermakovs SeukveTa saqarTvelos istoriuli albomi, am xanebSi es albomi

ermakovs ukve Seusrulebia, mTeli albomi iyofa eqvs nawilad, anu eqvs did wignad.

albomSi sistematurad Catanilia suraTebi saqarTvelos yvela monastrebisa da

eklesiebisa, imaTis kedlebis CuqurTmebisa, eklesiaTa samkaulisa, WurWlisa da agreTve

suraTebi arqielTa da kaTolikosTa Sesamoslisa da yovelgvar eklesiur iaraRisa.

xelovnurad gadmoRebulia sxvaTa Soris, gelaTis saxarebis zogi miniaturebi da

mravali Zveli warwerebi~.9

giorgi qarTveliSvilis mier zemoaRniSnuli saqme udaod did mecenatobad unda

CaiTvalos, radganac qarTveliSvilis mier ermakovis xeliT gamocemul alboms udidesi

kulturuli mniSvneloba qonda, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, aseve qarTuli

xelovnebis istoriisaTvis. saqarTvelos istoriuli albomi naTel warmodgenas

gvaZlevs dRes im istoriuli Tu kulturuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb, romlebic samwuxarod

aRar arsebobs, amitom gamomdinare aqedan giorgi daviTis Zis amgvari saqcieli,

marTlac rom fasdaudebelia.

giorgi qarTveliSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,qarTlis

cxovrebis” gamocema, romlis dasabeWdad gamzadeba daavala dimitri baqraZes, marTlac

1845 wels gamoica aRniSnuli naSromi, romelsac ruka daurTes romelic Seadgina

cnobilma qarTvelma fotografma b. wilosanma (igi iyo giorgi qarTveliSvilis siZe)

giorgi qarTveliSvils surda vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,qarTlis cxovrebis” meore tomic

gamoeca, magram ver SeZlo, radganac misi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aRniSnul periodSi

sagrZnoblad Seirya.

giorgi qarTveliSvili did yuradRebas aqcevda axalgazrobis ganviTarebas. igi

xSirad aRniSnavda, rom Tu gvinda ganviTardes qveyana rogorc kulturuli, aseve

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac, saWiroa davafinansoT momavali Taobis ganaTleba.

amisaTvis, giorgi qarTveliSvilis azriT, saWiroa davamkvidrod Tanamedrove

teqnologiebi. igi xSirad aRniSnavda ,,wavida is dro, roca qarTvelis kacis aReb-

micema oris Zvelis davTriT warmoebda. exla aRarc is dro aris da aRarc is

angariSebi gamodgeba, amis samkurnalod aramcTu martod wignebia qarTuls enazed

saWiro, aramed TviT komerciuli skolac, rom aq mozard Taobam iaros da aReb-micemis

viTareba Seityon. aseT wignTa Targmnis saWiroebas didi mniSvneloba unda daeTmos

TviT Cvenganac, radganac qarTulis enazed aseTis wignebis sruliad araferi arsebobs,

nuTu amis dro ar movida, mosvliT ki movida, magram patroni ar aris, rom am saWiro

mxares yuradReba miaqcion da patronoba gauwion~.10

giorgi qarTveliSvils mWidro urTierToba hqonda ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-

kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan~, ufro metic, 1882 wlis 17 ivniss gaimarTa

`wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ sxdoma, sadac unda aerCiaT Tavmjdomaris

amxanagi (moadgile), xazinadari, sekretari da saqmis-mwarmoebeli. rogorc `wera-kiTxvis

9 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1888, #189, gv. 1-2. 10 zaqaria WiWinaZe. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili. 1904, gv. 39.

131

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ oqmebidan Cans sxdomas eswrebodnen iakob gogebaSvili,

giorgi qarTveliSvili, sergei mesxi da ivane maCabeli, sxdomam miiRo Semdegi saxis

gadawyvetileba: ,,Tavmjdomaris amxanagad arCeul iqna T. i. g. WavWavaZe, xazinadarad b. g.

d. qarTveliSvili, sekretarad a. i. sarajiSvili, saqmis mwarmoeblad g. T. yifSiZe~.11

giorgi qarTveliSvilis kavSiri ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan’’

amiT ar Semoifargleboda, man aRniSnul sazogadoebas kancelariis mosawyobad Seswira

asi maneTi. garda amisa ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~

giorgi qarTveliSvilisagan miiRo Sewiruloba stambis SesaZenad. bunebrivia, ibadeba

kiTxva imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom im periodSi TbilisSi ara erTi stamba arsebobda da

ra saWiro iyo ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas’’ sakuTari stamba hqonoda?

saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom stambebis umravlesoba wignebis gamosacemad uzarmazar

Tanxebs Txoulobda, an xSirSemTxvevaSi damkveTs atyuebda, rac iyo mizezi imisa, rom

mravali kargi wigni dRis sinaTles ver eRirsa, swored es gaxda mizezi imisa,rom

giorgi qarTveliSvili iyo iniciatori ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~

hqonoda sakuTari stamba, risTvisac man sazogadoebas Seswira mis mier gamocemuli

vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,qarTlis cxovreba~ da SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani~. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvilma aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb werilobiT

acnoba `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~, sadac

vkiTxulobT: ,,1884 wels rodesac ganvizraxeT gamocema suraTebiani ,,vefxvis tyaosnisa~

romlisTvisac iyo Semdgari komisia, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom isre im saxiT

rogoric exla aris gamocemuli gavrceldes qarTul sazogadoebaSi maSin me saxeSi

mqonda naTqvamic iyo Cemganve, rom rac gayiduliyo me Cemi daxarjuli fuli unda

amomeRo. danarCeni rac darCeboda ese igi eqvsi aTasi unda moxmareboda sazogadoebas,

rom im fuliT gamarTuliyo stamba, radganac ver gamarTlda Cveni survili im

mizeziT, rom ver gaiyida amisTvis mivmarTav sazogadoebis marTvelobas miiRos Cemgan

rogorc ,,vefxvistyaosani“ isreT istoria vaxuStisa gamocemuli Cemganve zemoxsenebuli

werili pirobiT, rom uflebas vaZlev sazogadoebas, gahyidos es xsenebuli gamocemani

ra fasadac TiTon dainaxos sasargebloT, aRebuli Semosavalidan naxevari me momces

da naxevari darCes sasargeblod sazogadoebisa da is fuli, romelic darCeba

sasargebloT sazogadoebas gamarTos stamba, radganac pirvelSive Cveni ganZraxva es

iyo, ukeTu sazogadoebam dainaxos sxva umjobesi ram sagnisaTvis moxmareba, maSinac

winaaRmdegi ar viqnebi~.12

`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi~ gaimarTa sxdoma

giorgi qarTveliSvilis Sewirulobis Sesaxeb ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis gamgeobam Tavis movaleobad sTvlis moaxsenos sazogadoebis saerTo

krebas Semdegi sasiamovno ambavi: am ramdenime dRis winad batonma giorgi daviTis Ze

qarTveliSvilma Seatyobina gamgeobas werilobiT, rom mas surs gadasces wera-kiTxvis

sazogadoebas Tavis mier gamocemuli suraTebiani ,,vefxistyaosani“ (800 calamde) da

vaxuStis ,,saqarTvelos istoria“ (1000 calamde) im pirobiT, rom am wignebis gayidvidan

Semosuli fulis naxevari mieces mas, xolo naxevari darCes sazogadoebis

11 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 481, anaweri 1, saqme #45, furceli 65. 12 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 481, anaweri 1, saqme 454, furceli 2.

132

sasargeblod. gamgeobam madlobiT miiRo aseTi SesaniSnavi Semowiruloba da daadgina,

rom sazogadoebas moxseneboda~.13

„qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam“ samadlobeli

werili miwera giorgi qarTveliSvils, sadac aRniSnulia, rom ,,wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobam, miiRo ra Tqveni werili, Tqvens mier

gamocemuls ,,vfxvistyaosnisa“ da vaxuStis ,,saqarTvelos istoriis“ gadmocemis Sesaxeb, im pirobiT, rom gayidulTagan Semosavlis naxevari Tqven mogceT da naxevari darCes

sazogadoebas sasargeblod. sazogadoebaze 14 Tebervals ama wlis (1895 weli) daadgina

b. g. d. qarTveliSvilis Semowiruloba miRebul iqnas im pirobiT, ra pirobac

moxsenebulia am werilSi (igulisxmeba giorgi qarTveliSvilis werili gagzavnili

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisadmi)“.14 1887 wels giorgi qarTveliSvilma TxovniT mimarTa ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel

sazogadoebas“, rom igi dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gaeნTavisuflebinaT. amasTan

dakavSirebiT 1887 wlis 7 Tebervals gamosul gazeT ,,iveriaSi“ vkiTxulobT: ,,b. n. i. giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi asrulebda erTgulad da

usasyidloT qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis

xazinadarobis Tanamdebobas, xolo axla gamgeobam misi survilisamebr, gaanTavisufla

igi am Tanamdebobisagan. gamgeoba aRniSnulis sazogadoebisa dids madlobas ucxadebs

b. n. giorgi qarTveliSvils xangrZlivis misis moRvaweobisaTvis sazogadoebis

sasargeblod“.15 XIX saukunis qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa Soris musirebda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

maT rogorme moexerxebinaT SoTa rusTavelis ukvdavi qmnilebis ,,vefxistyaosnis’’

ilustriრebuli formiT dabeWvda, garda imisa, rom imdroindel sazogado moRvaweebs

unda moeZiaT sponsori, romelic daafinansebda ,,vefxistyaosnis“ gamocemas, saWiro iyo moeZiaT ,,vefxistyaosnis“ uZvelesi gamocemebi, romlebic gabneuli iyo qarTvel Tavad-

aznaurTa ojaxebSi.

1888 wlis 30 noembers saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi cnobil ojaxebs daegzavnaT

grigol orbelianis xelmoweriT specialuri mimarTva, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom Tu

vinmes gaaCnda ,,vefxistyaosnis“ uZvelesi gamocemebi droebiT miewodebinaT

redaqciisaTvis, romelTac teqstis dadgenis Semdeg kvlav mflobelebs daubrunebdnen.

grigol orbelianis zemoaRniSnulma ideam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo da redaqcias

gadaeca 22 xelnaweri. am xelnawerebidan airCa yvelaze Zveli xelnawerebi: n.

korinTelis (1646 wlis) da beJan wereTlis (1671 wlis) xelnawerebi. gamomcemelT xelT

hqondaT agreTve yvela adreuli gamocemebi, iseTebi rogorebic iyo: vaxtangiseuli (1712

wlis), brose-CubiniSvil-falavandiSvilisa (1841 wlis), CubiniSvilis (1860 wlis) da sxva.

grigol orbeliani gamovida iniciativiT, rom redaqciisadmi gadacemul

,,vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerebidan yuradReba SeeCerebinaT vaxtangiseul gamocemaze,

radganac misi azriT vaxtangi mefe iyo da mis xelT moeqceoda ,,vefxistyaosnis~

gamocemis saukeTeso versia, magram teqstis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobda

sxvadasxva mosazreba, magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZes miaCnda, rom yvela xelnaweri

xmamaRla unda waekiTxaT da SeerCiaT xmaTa umravlesobiT.

13 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 481, anaweri 1, saqme 426, furceli 18. 14 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 481, anaweri 1, saqme 454, furceli 2. 15 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1887, #28, 2.

133

1881 wlis 6 Tebervals gaimarTa pirveli oficialuri sxdoma grigol orbelianis

TavmjdomareobiT, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom teqsti gamosacemad unda

moemzadebina ilia WavWavaZes, rafiel erisTavs, ivane meunargias da ivane maCabels.

saredaqcio komisiis Tavmjdomared airCies ilia WavWavaZe.

,,vefxvistyaosnis~ teqstis SerCevasa da gamocemaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmulebi akaki

wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, sergei mesxi, aleqsandre sarajiSvili, dimitri erisTavi,

vano maCabeli da sxvebi. zemoaRniSnuli pirebidan gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia vano

maCabeli, romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba ,,vefxistyaosnis~ gamosacemad damfinanseblis

moZieba, amasTan dakavSirebiT ilia Wyonia igonebs: ,,erT dRes droebis redaqciaSi ivane

maCabels ewvia cnobili qarTveli mecenati giorgi qarTveliSvili da uTxra: vano, erTi

milioni damigrovda, saqme ver momiZebnia, aba erTi mwerals da bankirs Tu gaqvs niWi

mosagebi ram mirCio.

_ swored dRes movida korespondencia qarTlidan puris mosavali kargia, magram

myidveli ar Canso, iyide mag fuliT da mougebloba xom ar iqnebao~.16 marTlac, giorgi

qarTveliSvilma SeiZina puris marcvali saidanac sakmaod kargi mogeba naxa da 1000

maneTi gadado ,,vefxistyaosnis~ gamosacemad.

vano maCablisa da giorgi qarTveliSvilis saubris Sesaxeb 1829 wels `mnaTobi~

iuwyeboda, rom ,,1000 maneTi gadamidvia Sens gankargulebaSi, ra saqmesac metyvi, imas

davaxarjeb. maCabelma uTxra ,,vefxistyaosnis’’ mdidruli gamocema, isic daTanxmda da

saqme gaiCarxa~.17

,,vefxistyaosnis~ gamosacemad, rogorc aRvniSneT, Seiqmna komisia romelsac

evaleboda, ,,vefxistyaosnis’’ teqstze muSaoba aRniSnul komisiasTan mWidro

urTierToba hqonda giorgi qarTveliSvils. 1884 wlis #210 gamocema gazeT `droebisa~

iuwyeboda: ,,guSinwin saRamos suraTebiani ,,vefxistyaosnis~ gamomcemlis b. n. g.

qarTveliSvilis winadadebiT Semdgarma komisiam romelmac unda ganagos rogorc am

wignis dabeWvdisa da ziCis mier suraTebis daxatvis saqme, ise TviT am ori wlis winaT

gasworebulis ,,vefxvistyaosnis~ teqstis aRdgenac, rogorc viciT ,,vefxistyaosnis~

gamasworebelma komisiam Seasrula mxolod erTi nawili Tavis Sromisa, nawili mcire

da martivi axla axals komisias valad edeba ufro Zneli rTuli da didad sagonebeli

saqme. rac pirvelma komisiam variantebi aRmoaCina, axla axalma unda ganixilos, unda

arCevanSi Sevides da gamoarCios is fraza, is sityva, is ganmarteba, romelic imis

azriT, ufro ekuTvnis rusTvelis kalams. saqme rogorc xedavT, didad da didad mZimea.

amas garda, komisiis valia gadaTargmnos frangul enaze b. ziCisTvis is

adgilebi ,,vefxistyaosnisa~, romelebic Seicaven aRweras ziCis mier dasaxat

suraTebisas.

Tu miviRebT kidev mxedvelobaSi, rom komisiisave valia yovelive miwer-mowera

awarmoos am saqmis Sesaxeb SeukveTos da gamoiweros axali Srifti, saTauri asoebi,

calke mosarTobi naxatebi, vineickebi da saornamento kuTvnilebani rogorc dabeWvda

TviT ziCis suraTebisa an peterburgis da romelsame sazRvar-gareTis litografiaSi,

Cven davrwmundebiT, rom komisias ara mcire Sroma da jafa moelis ,,vefxvistyaosnis~

dabeWvdis dros~.18

1888 wels gazeT ,,iveriaSi~ gamoqveynda ,,vefxistyaosnis~ gamocemasTan

dakavSirebiT kidev erTi saintereso werili: ,,Tumca gancxadebisamebr suraTebiani

,,vefxistyaosani~ am wlis ianvris pirvelamde unda gamosuliyo, magram am Znels da

16 liana feraZe. Jurnali ,,mwignobari~, 2004, gv. 117. 17 Jurnali ,,mnaTobi~, 1828, #7, gv. 224. 18 gazeTi ,,droeba~, 1884, #210, gv. 2.

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Zvirfass gamocemas bevri dabrkoleba daxvda da amis gamo piroba vadis Sesaxeb ver

SevasruleT erTi dabrkoleba aucilebelia TviT did qalaqSiac da advilad

warmosadgenia TbilisisTana qalaqSi sadac jer Zvirfasi gamocema ar dabeWdila. Cven

miviReT yovelive RonisZieba am dabrkolebaTa asacileblad da sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom

wigni ueWvelad aprilis damdegs gamova da gamosvlisTanave gazeTSi iqneba

gamocxadebuli. visac xeli aqvs mowerili, maSin unda mohmarTon gamomcemels wignis

misaRebad~.19

rogorc am werilidan irkveva giorgi qarTveliSvilis mier dafinansebuli

,,vefxistyaosnis~ gamocema garkveuli mizezebis gamo gaWianebula, marTalia werilSi

araa dasaxelebuli is mizezi, ramac Seaferxa poemis gamocema, magram Tu werilis

Sinaarss daukvirdebiT SesaZlebelia mivxvdeT mizezs. safiqrebelia, rom

,,vefxvistyaosnis~ gamocema ar unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli finansur sakiTxebTan,

radganac giorgi qarTveliSvils aRniSnul periodSi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba sakmaod

warmatebuli hqonda, amitom unda miviCnioT, rom poemis gamocemas aferxebda saTanado

stambis ararseboba saqarTveloSi, ilustrirebuli wignebis dabeWvdis tradicia im

periodSi arcTu ise iyo ganviTarebuli.

miuxedavad dabrkolebebisa, 1888 wels daibeWda pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriaSi

ilustrirebuli ,,vefxistyaosani~, romlis gamomcemlad mogvevlina giorgi

qarTveliSvili.

rusTavelis ukvdavi poemis gamocemis dafinansebas giorgi qarTveliSvilis

mxridan udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, samarTlianad aRniSnavdnen germaneli mwerlebi

breta da artur zutenberebi, rodesac giorgi qarTveliSvilze werdnen: ,,Znelad

mosafiqrebelia, qarTvelma komersantma axalma mecenatma 1000 Tumnamde gadaixados

literaturul nawarmoebTa dasabeWdad, amgvari faqti erTaderTia kavkasiis

literaturis istoriaSi da amitom Rirs amaze laparaki~.20

1887 wels saqarTveloSi Camovida ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre III Tavis

meuRlesTan erTad giorgi qarTveliSvilma ,,vefxistyaosnis~ Sinaarsi Tavis xarjiT

aTargmnina rusulad, romelic Semdeg calke wignad daibeWda da ruseTis imperator

aleqsandres meuRles miarTva, imperatricasagan giorgi qarTveliSvilma samadlobeli

werili da beWedi miiRo. am faqts gamoexmaura 1888 wlis #207 gamocema gazeTi

,,iveriisa~: ,,paraskevs, 30 seqtembers, b. n. T. g. d. qarTveliSvilma da i. m. meunargiam

miarTves mis udidebulesobas xelmwife imperatricas, misgan gamocemuli suraTebiani

,,vefxistyaosani~ xaverdis ydiT, romelzedac oqros asoebiT iyo wawerili qarTuli

asoebiT m. d. T. da meore misgan Sedgenili rusul enaze wignaki, romelSiac mokled

gamoTqmuli iyo rusTvelis poemis Sinaarsi. b. n. g. qarTveliSvili da i. meunargia

Rirsni gaxdnen misi udidebulesobis madlobisa~. 21 xolo imave wlis iveriis #209

nomerSi daibeWda kidev erTi werili, sadac gazeTi iuwyeboda, rom ,,b. n. g. d.

qarTveliSvilsa da ivane meunargias, romlebmac mis udidebulesobas xelmwife

imperatricas miarTves Zvirfasi suraTebiani ,,vefxistyaosani~ da rusulad gadaRebuli

,,vefxistyaosani~ umaRlesad eboZaT beWdebi, iagundiT da briliantebiT Semkuli~.22

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvilma garda ruseTis imperatricisa saCuqrad

gadasca ilustrirebuli ,,vefxistyaosani~ Tbilisis saTavadaznauro skolas. Tbilisis

saTavadaznauro skolis direqtorma aleqsandre WiWinaZem samadlobeli werili

19 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1888, #23, gv. 1. 20 liana feraZe. Jurnali ,,mwignobari~, 2004, gv. 121. 21 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1888, #207, gv. 1. 22 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1888, #209, gv. 2.

135

gamoaqveyna gazeT ,,iveriaSi~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: ,,neba miboZeT Tqvenis

pativcemulis gazeTis saSualebiT, madloba gadavuxado batons giorgi qarTveliSvils,

romelmac Semoswira rwmunebulsa Cemdami Tbilisis saTavad-aznauro skolas

gamocemuli mis mier suraTebiani ,,vefxistyaosani~.23

giorgi qarTveliSvilis mier gamocemuli ,,vefxistyaosani~ imdenad Rirebuli

iyo, rom ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~ saCuqrad

gaugzavna qalaq maincis gubernators, xolo am ukanasknelma ,,wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas’’ samadlobeli werili mowera, romelic 1900 wels

daibeWda ,,kvalSi~: ,,wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam gagzavna qalaq maincSi

gutenbergis iubilesTvis b. qarTveliSvilis mier gamocemuli ,,vefxistyaosani~ am

dReebSi maincis qalaqis Tavisagan sazogadoebas mouvida madlobis werili,

romelSidac qalaqis Tavi atyobinebda, rom rusTvelis poema Seinaxeba gutenbergis

saxsovrad daarsebul qalaqis muzeumSi~.24

giorgi qarTveliSvilis mecenatobas da qvelmoqmedebas udidesi mniSvneloba

hqonda. igi emsaxureboda erovnuli TviTSegnebis propagandas. swored giorgi

qarTveliSvilisnairma sazogado moRvaweebma SeZles is, rom erovnuli Rirebulebebi

gadaerCinaT rusuli koloniuri reJimis politikis gavlenisagan, darwmunebuli varT,

rom giorgi qarTveliSvili kidev bevri mamuliSviluri saqmis organizatori iqneboda,

rom ara misi uecari gardacvaleba.

1901 wels qarTul sazogadoebas gamoaklda kidev erTi sasiqadulo mamuliSvili

giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili. misi gardacvaleba iqca tragediad imdroindeli

sazogadoebisaTvis, mis dakrZalvas eswrebodnem ara marto qarTveli sazogado

moRvaweni, aramed ubralo moqalaqenic da gulistkiviliT, siamayiT ixsenebdnen giorgi

qarTveliSvilis Rvawls qarTveli eris winaSe.

giorgi qarTveliSvilis dakrZalvas eswreboda ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis’’ TiTqmis yvela wevri, dramatuli sazogadoebis wevrebi,

qalaqis mouravis moadgile Sestakovi, Jurnal-gazeTebis warmomadgenlebi, Tbilisis

saTavadaznauro skolis maswavleblebi.

panaSvidi gadauxada goris episkoposma kirionma, galobdnen kargareTelisa da

kavsaZis gundebi, panaSvidis gadaxdis Semdeg sityva warmosTqva poetma grigol abaSiZem:

,,yoveli suli qveynad movlenili unda asrulebdes ciur sam cnebas: RvTisa da eklesiis

samsaxurs, swiravdes taZars sanTelsa da sarkmevels, colSvilis xelis Semwe iyos, gza

WeSmaritebisa da Sroma-moRvaweoba aRuniSnos da ganaTlebiT uxelmZRvanelos Tavis

sayvarel samSoblos, Tavis memamuleT. Semweoba aRmouCinos SeZlebisdagvarad da misi

siyvaruli, sasoeba sagalobel sagnad aRsTqvas, es samive cneba Senma Wkvianma da

mgrZnobiare sasoebiT aRvsilma gulma patiosnad aRasrula, amisaTvis Zvirfaso

yvelasaTvis giorgi, ar Cairicxebi gansvenebulTa ricxvSi, radganac Seni xseneba,

siyvaruli da moRvaweoba samudamod eris gulSi eqneba aRWurvili, cad aRvlenili Seni

saxelobisa vedreba tkbilad momReral simebaT gardaiqceva, gigalobebs Sen da eg

vardebi romelic sakaces gimkoben ar daWknebian aramed yovelTvis guls Segimkoben

netars cxovrebaSi da iqidanac SeiZleba mouvlino RaRadi Sens saxlobasa da qristes

vedreba, saxlobis mfarveloba mamulisa da eris siyvaruli aswavlo~.25

giorgi qarTveliSvilis dakrZalvaze Semdegi sityva warmosTqva agreTve

mRvdelma kalistrate cincaZem (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi): ,,vin ar

23 aleqsandre WiWinaZe. gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1888, #115, gv. 2. 24 gazeTi ,,kvali~, 1900, #7, gv. 104. 25 gazeTi ,,iveria~, 1901, #213, gv. 2.

136

icis magaliTad, Tu ramdenad sasargeblo adamiani iyo aw gansvenebuli giorgi! RvTisa

da eklesiis moyvare, mamulisa da samSoblos erTguli, ojaxisa da colSvilisaTvis

Tavdadebuli, ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis motrfiale mRvdelTa da monazonTa

pativismcemelni, qvrivTa da obolTa ganmkiTxveli, patiosnebiT aRvsili, dauRalavi

muSaki da saukeTeso warmomadgeneli Zveli qarTveli, darbaiseli mamakacisa, vis guls

ar moxvda ambavi amis sikvdilisa, vis ar eucxova sikvdili amisa~.26

giorgi qarTveliSvilis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT gazeTma ,,kvalma~

gamoaqveyna sakmaod vrceli statia, sadac aRniSnulia: ,,26 seqtembers, TbilisSi

gardaicvala CvenSi sakmarisad cnobili giorgi qarTveliSvili. gansvenebuls skolaSi

ganaTleba ar miuRia, magram Tavisi SromiT da mtkice energiiT man didi pativiscema

daimsaxura adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi kerZod: cxovrebaSi giorgi qarTveliSvili

cnobili iyo, rogorc sindisieri da ganaTlebuli komersanti, magram ara am mxriT aris

sayuradRebo gansvenebulis cxovreba qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis. g. d. qarTveliSvils

uyvarda qarTuli literatura da misi aRorZineba warmatebisaTvis zrunva, yvela icnobs

gansvenebulis mier gamocemul suraTebian ,,vefxvistyaosans~, romelic mas 200 maneTi

daujda. es kidev araferi, giorgi qarTveliSvils miuZRvis ufro didi amagi qarTuli

literaturisadmi. roca sergei mesxi daavadmyofda da iZulebuli Seiqmna

literaturuli moRvaweobisaTvis Tavi daenebebia da gazeTis ,,droebis’’ gamocema

sxvisTvis gadaeca, maSin ivane maCabelma moiwadina ,,droebis’’ Seqmna, magram

xelmokleobis gamo maCabels ar SeeZlo gazeTis Seqmna. amnairad gazeTis gamocema unda

SeCerebuliyo, magram ,,droeba’’ ixsna gansacdelidan giorgi qarTveliSvilma.

gansvenebulma gadasca 500-600 Tumnamde, rogorc mogviTxrobs b. urbneli da TviTonac

gamomcemloba ikisra. garda amisa gansvenebuli sxva keTil da sasargeblo saqmeebSiac

yvelas daxmarebas uCenda, risTvisac mas pativiscemiT moixseneben~.27

ai aseTi SesaniSnavi mamuliSvili 1901 wlis 30 seqtembers dakrZales mis mierve

aRdgenil didubis RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZris ezoSi.

Durmishkhan Lashkhi

Giorgi Kartvelishvili, a Prominent Georgian Philanthropist

Summary

Giorgi Kartvelishvili belongs to the group of interpreneurs who were involved not only in doing their businesses, but also in making donations. Many patriotic actions are related to his name.

Giorgi Kartvelishvili was greatly assisting Reading and Writing Spreading Society, Georgian Theatre, a number of Georgian newspapers and journals (it is a well-known fact that due to his financial support the newspaper “Droeba” was not shut down),Georgian students.

Giorgi Kartvelishvili attached great importance to financing publishing of books. Giorgi Kartvelishvili was the person thanks to whom the poem “Night in Panther’s Skin” written by Shota Rustaveli and illustrated by Zichi, as well as the first volume of History of Georgia by Vakhushti Bagrationi were published.

26 kalistrate cincaZe. Jurnali ,,mwyemsi~, 1901, #20, gv. 14. 27 gazeTi `kvali~, 1901, #4, gv. 853.

137

saba saluaSvili, doqtoranti

somxiTSi misvlis TariRi, anu

ltolvilobis konkretuli weli

wm. ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi pirebis ltolvilobis dawyebis savaraudo wlis

dadgenisaTvis, saWiroa gamovikvlioT maTi somxiTSi misvlisa da iq „rifsimianeTa

wamebis“ TariRTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

1) ltolvilTa „saboloo“ adgilsamyofeli

qarTul wyaroebSi, q. efesodan ltolvili wm. ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi pirebis

„saboloo“ adgilsamyofelTan dakavSirebiT, mcireodeni gansxvavebani SeimCneva. modiT

gangvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

- „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲSi“ vkiTxulobT - „...da viTarca warmoivltoda rifsime

zRuad, gaiane da nino da sxuani vinme maT Tana gamovides areTa somxiTisaTa,

sayofelTa Trdat mefisasa...“ 1 TiTqmis analogiuri informaciaa daculi „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ meore nawilSic - „...rifsime dedofali da gaiane dedamZuZeჲ da ormeoc da aTi suli warmovemarTeniT... da gamovediT areTa somxiTisaTa, samoTxesa mas Trdat

mefisasa...“2

- igive azri, odnav gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili arsen beriseul redaqciaSi -

„...iqmna sivltolaჲ rifsimesi saberZneTiT da... mihmarTa adgilTa somxiTisaTa misTana

da viTarca moiwivnes maxlobelad samoTxesa Trdat mefisasa...“3

maSasadame, zemo Tqmulidan gveuwyeba, rom somxiTSi misuli rifsime da wm. nino

gaCerebulan - „...samoTxesa Trdat mefisasa“, magram am adgilis saxeli ar

gvikonkretdeba. samagierod, aRniSnul wyaroTa am nakls erTgvarad avsebs leonti

mroveli. „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ vkiTxulobT „...da movides ltol-vilni areTa

somxiTisaTa, adgilsa mas, romelsa hqvian axalqalaqi, ualeres Senebulsa, romel ars

dvini, sayofeli somexTa mefisasa...“4

1 mixeil (gela) saluaSvili, saba saluaSvili. ,„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 12; Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. dasabeWdad moamzades: il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. ankievma da c. jRamaiam. i. abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da redaqciiT. wigni I (V-X ss.). Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 84. 2„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115. 3„cxovreba wmida ninosi“. Sedgenili didis arsen qarTlisa kaTalikozis mier X saukuneSi, XI-XII-s xelnaweridgan. dabeWdili mR. p. karbelaSvilis redaqciiT da boloTqmiT. tfilisi, 1902, gv. 15. 4 simon yauxCiSvili. qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 82.

138

„qarTlis cxovrebis“ sxvadasxva xelnawerebSi Trdat mefis adgilsamyofelis

Taobaze aseTi informaciaa „...9 axalqalaq Md. 9 ualeres C, valar (Sapat) („valarSis

nagebi“) somx. agaT., uaRres cet. 9 sayofeli myofTa somexTa C (myofTa-mefeTa)...“5

modiT axla vnaxoT, Tu ra kavSiri SeiZleba iyos, aq moxseniebul - „axalqalaqs”,

„dvinsa~ da „valarSis nagebs~ Soris:

rogorc viciT, valarSapati, dRevandeli eCmiaZini, somxeTis erT-erTi uZvelesi

qalaqia;6

Tavad eCmiaZinis Taobaze istoriografiidan cnobilia, rom „...axlandeli

eCmiaZinis adgilze Zv. w. II s-Si dasaxleba vardkesavani, romlis teritoriaze II s. I

naxevarSi gaSenda qalaqi valarSapati (II s. II naxevarSi somxeTis dedaqalaqi)...“7

leonti mrovelis mier miTiTebuli dvinis Taobaze cnobilia, rom „dvini, vostan

dvini, qalaqi(a) somxeTSi IV-XIII ss. msoflio savaWro xelosnobis centri. erevnis

samxreTiT 35 km-ze IV s. 30-ian wlebSi arSakunianebma aq cixe aages da samefo

rezidenciac gadaitanes...“8

maSasadame, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom q. dvinis, rogorc samefo rezidenciis

mSenebloba emTxveva ltolvilebis somxiTSi Casvlis savaraudo dros, maSin gasagebi

xdeba, rom leonti mroveliseuli termini „axalqalaqi“, Tavisi arsiT q. dvinis, rogorc

axali qalaqis aSenebiseuli drois mimaniSnebeli unda iyos.

2) „misvlidan - „wamebamde“

qarTul wyaroebSi, Trdat mefisagan, Cvens mier saZiebel wamebul pirTa

odenobis Taobaze aseTi informaciebia daculi:

- „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲSi“ vkiTxulobT „...rifsime dedofali da gaiane dedamZuZeჲ da ormeoc da aTi suli warmovemarTeniT. da gamovediT areTa somxiTisaTa, samoTxesa

mas Trdat mefisasa. igini moiklnes...“9

- „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT ki - „...da erTobiT ganzraxviTa urTierTas

yovelTave dauteves queyana igi farulad ormocdacametman sulman. da movides

ltolvilni areTa somxiTisaTa... ara erCda wmida rifsime, maSin iwama igi, dedamZuZe

misi gaiane da sxuani mravalni maTTanni...“10

- arsen beri aRniSnulis Taobaze aseT informacias gvawvdis „...iqmna sivltolaჲ rifsimesi saberZneTiT da gaiane aRmzrdeli misi da sxuani igi ergasisni (aq:

ormocdaaTi _ s. s.) sulni... viTarca moiwivnes maxlobelad samoTxesa Trdat mefisasa...

wmidaჲ rifsime da misTanani igi iwamnes saxelisa qristesisa Trdatis mier...“11

- rifsimesa da gaianesTan erTad wamebulebs, XIII s-is metafrasuli redaqcia ase

moixseniebs „...da ese raჲ ganizraxes, mas Ramesa meot iqmnnes da maT Tana iyvnes sxuanica

5 „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 82. 6 ix.: q.s.e. t: 4. „vaRarSapati“, q.s.e. t. 4. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 327. 7 q.s.e. t. 4: „eCmiaZini“, q.s.e. t. 4. Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 259. 8 q.s.e. t. 3: „dvini“, q.s.e. t. 3. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 491. 9„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115. 10 „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 82-84. 11 „cxovreba wmida ninosi“. Sedgenili didis arsen qarTlisa kaTalikozis mier. gv. 15.

139

saxleulni dedani... maSin Trdat, viTarca vera aRasrula nebaჲ Tჳsi, misca tanjvad da

sikudilad wmidani igi dedani...“12

CvenTvis saZiebeli sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis, uaRresad mniSvnelovania

„rifsimianeTa“ wamebis konkretuli TariRis dadgena. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,

dReisaTvis, erTiani azri ar arsebobs. berZnulidan 1981 wels qarTulad

gadmoTargmnili versiis Tanaxmad „... iyo dRe igi, romelsa Sina iwama wmidaჲ rifsime, oc da equsi Tvisa seqtembrisaჲ...“ (meliqseT-begi 1920: VI da 28). Tumca, Tu „...

„rifsimianTa wamebis“ Zvel qarTul TargmanSi ltolvilTa dasjis dRed 26 seqtemberia

miTiTebuli... arabul TargmanSi ki _ 26 oqtomberi...“ (goilaZe 1986: 154). vaxtang goilaZe

iqve ase aRniSnavs: „...ltolvili qristianebi... 3 maiss... ukve vaRarSapatSi mosulan,

sadac Trdat III -m somexTa ltolvilebi sikvdiliT dasaja“.13

„wm. ninos cxovrebis“ aRmweri redaqciebi, gamokveTilad arafers amboben, Tu

drois ra monakveTia gasuli rifsimianTa somxiTSi Casvlidan maT wamebamde. aRniSnulis

Taobaze miniSneba mxolod arsen beriseul redaqciaSia daculi: „...iqmna sivltolaჲ rifsimesi saberZneTiT da gaiane aRmzrdeli misi da sxuani igi ergasisni sulni.... viTar

moiwivnes maxlobelad samoTxesa Trdat mefisasa da daadgres mun Jam

ravdenme...“ 14 Tumca, rogorc vxedavT, miniSnebuli „daadgres mun Jam ravdenme“,

konkretuli informaciis Semcveli ar aris.

qarTul wyaroTa Soris „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ“ erTaderTia, romelSic

rifsimianTa wamebis konkretuli droa mocemuli. Cveni Semdgomi Txrobac, swored masze

dayrdnobiT iqneba agebuli.

3) q. efesodan ltolvilobis dawyebisa da somxiTSi

„rifsimianTa wamebis“ konkretuli - ricxvi, Tve da weli

„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲSi“ vkiTxulobT: „...rifsime dedofali da gaiane dedamZuZeჲ da ormeoc da aTi suli warmovemarTeniT TTuesa pirvelsa aTxuTmetsa da gamovediT

areTa somxiTisaTa, samoTxesa mas Trdat mefisasa. igini moiklnen mun TTuesa pirvelsa

oc da aTsa, dResa paraskevsa..“15

CvenTvis saZiebeli ltolvilobis dawyebis konkretuli wlis dadgenaSi

dagvexmareba qarTul wyaroSi miTiTebuli „rifsimianTa“ wamebis Taobaze arsebuli

konkretuli TariRiseuli miniSneba: „...igini moiklnes mun Tuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa,

dResa paraskevsa...“. 16 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom - „pirvel TveSi“: martia

nagulisxmevi, maSin gamodis, rom „rifsimianTa wamebis“ TariRia 30 marti, romelic

paraskevi dRe yofila. CvenTvis saZiebeli sakiTxis gasaRebic, swored aRniSnul

informaciaSi unda veZioT.

12 solomon yubaneiSvili. cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa

ninoჲsi._ Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia. t. I. Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 220. 13 vaxtang goilaZe. wminda ninos qarTlSi Semosvlisa da qarTlis moqcevis daTariRebisaTvis._ Jurnali mnaTobi“, 12, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 156. 14 „cxovreba wmida ninosi“. Sedgenili didis arsen qarTlisa kaTalikozis mier. gv. 15. 15„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115. 16„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115.

140

Cveni azriT wm. ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi pirebis ltolvilobis savaraudo weli:

IV s-is 20-iani wlebis dasawyisze modis.17

Cvens mier gamoTvlili TariRebidan erT-erTi: aRmosavleT romis imperiis

erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis - likiniusis sicocxlis bolo wlebTan dakavSirebul

cnobebs eyrdnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac 319/320 – 324/325 wlebi gamoikveTa, sadac - 319/320

wlebi likiniusis mier qristianTa devnis ganaxlebis, xolo 324/325 wlebi _ misi

gardacvalebis TariRebia.18

imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu dasaxelebul droiT monakveTSi, romelia ltolvilobis

dawyebis konkretuli weli, swored qarTul wyaroSi mocemuli ltolvilTa wamebis

TariRi dagvexmareba „...igini moiklnes mun TTuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa, dResa

paraskevsa...“19

modiT exla vnaxoT wm. ninos cxovrebis savaraudo drois monakveTSi, anu IV s-is

40-ian wlebamde, konkretulad romel wlebSi iyo martis 30 ricxvi paraskevi dRe.

amisaTvis gamoviyenoT v. kalandaZis mier momzadebuli „kalendari mudmivi da

universaluri“.

aRniSnuli kalendris mixedviT 20 vgebulobT, rom martis 30 ricxvi paraskevi

dRe yofila: 305, 311, 316, 322 da 333 wlebSi. maSin Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom CvenTvis

saZiebeli ltolvilobis savaraudo weli IV s-is 20-iani wlebis dasawyisze, ufro

zustad ki, likiniusis mmarTvelobis bolo 319/320 – 324/325 wlebze unda modiodes,

maSin zemoT moyvanili wlebidan, am droiT mijnaSi, erTaderTi, 322 weli xvdeba.

maSasadame, qarTuli wyaroebisa da Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad,

SesaZlebeli gaxda zustad dagvedgina „rifsimianeTa“ wamebis konkretuli TariRi, esaa

322 wlis 30 martis paraskevi dRe.

Sesabamisad, radganac qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT wm. ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi

pirebis q. efesodan gamoqcevis TariRia „TTuesa pirvelsa aTxuT-metsa...“ maSin gamodis,

rom maTi ltolviloba 322 wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes dawyebula.

4) „sawnexelis“ arsi, anu ltolvilTa

somxiTSi Casvlis TariRis Taobaze

rogorc cnobilia „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ“ mxolod ltolvilobis dawyebisa da

maTi wamebis konkretul TariRebs gviTiTebs da arafers ambobs wm. ninosa da misi

Tanmxlebi pirebis somxiTSi Casvlis droiTi mijnis Taobaze.

unda vifiqroT, rom aRmosavleT romis imperiis „mefe“-„keisari“, anu likiniusi

efesodan gamoqceulebisa da maTi savaraudo marSutis Taobaze 15 martis axlo

dReebSive Seityobda da Sesabamis RonisZiebasac mimarTavda. mis mier gatarebuli

RonisZiebis erTgvari anarekli unda ikiTxebodes qarTul wyaroebSi dacul im

informaciaSi, romelic keisris mier Trdat mefisadmi gagzavnil werils exeba.

aRniSnuli cnoba mxolod „qarTlis cxovrebasa“ da XIII s-is metafrasul redaqciebSia

17 ix.: s. saluaSvili. qarTlis moqcevis TariRTan dakavSirebuli sasitorio Ziebebi. Tbilisi, 2010. 18 ix.: s. saluaSvili. qarTlis moqcevis TariRTan dakavSirebuli sasitorio Ziebebi. Tbilisi, 2010. 19„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115. 20 v. a. kalandaZe. kalendari mudmivi da universaluri. Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 2-3.

141

daculi 21 (Tavis mxriv, amdagvari werilis Taobaze migveniSneba agaTangelosis

TxzulebaSic 22).

„wm. ninos cxovrebis“ gadmomcem amave wyaroebSi daculia erTi friad

mniSvnelovani miniSnebac, romlis meSveobiTac, Cvenis azriT, SesaZlebeli xdeba wm.

ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi pirebis somxiTSi Casvlis savaraudo TariRis dadgena.

Txrobis gagrZelebamde SevniSnavT, rom istoriul wyaroebSi daculi nebismieri

informacia, rogorc wesi, konkretuli miniSnebis matarebelia. Cvenis azriT, swored

aRniSnuli kuTxiT unda iyos saintereso dasaxelebul qarTul wyaroebSi arsebuli

„sawnexelTan“ dakavSirebuli informacia, kerZod „...da movides ltolvilni areTa

somxiTisaTa... da Sevides mun sawnexelTa venaxisaTa...“ 23 da „..viTarca moiwivnes

somxiTad, samefosa Trdatissa, daimalnes sawnexelTa Sina...“24

aRniSnul monakveTebSi termin „sawnexelis“ gamoyenebis sixSire aseTia:

„sawnexelTa venaxisaTa“, 25 „sawnexelTa maT Sina“, 26 „daimalnes sawnexelTa“ 27 da

„sawne-xelTa Sina“. 28

rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnul wyaroebSi termini „sawnexeli“ or-orjer gvxvdeba,

anu swored imdenjer, ramdenjerac igi saxarebaSia daculi.29

maTes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: „...iyo erTi saxlis patroni, romelmac Cayara vazi,

Robe Semoavlo, Sig sawnaxeli amokveTa...“ (maTe 21, gv. 33).

igive azri, odnav gansxvavebulad, markozis saxarebaSi asea gadmocemuli: „...erTma

kacma Cayara vazi, SemoRoba, amokveTa sawnaxeli...“ (mark. 12,1).

meores mxriv, saxarebaSi macxovris aseTi sityvebia daculi: „me var vazi

WeSmariti da mama Cemi mevenaxea“ (ioane 15,1). am kuTxiT vazis nayofis dawurvisaTvis

gankuTvnili sawnaxeli, erT-erTi formiT, misteriulad, RmerTis arsis, anu sityvis (aq

- „me var vazis“) miRebasTan kavSirdeba.

aRniSnuli, yvelaze ukeT, qristianul saeklesio dResaswaul xarebasTan

erTgvari paralelis gavlebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, sadac misteriuli kuTxiT mariami

„sawnaxelTan“, xolo mis Ze „vazTan“ asocirdeba.

rogorc cnobilia „xareba qristianul eklesiaSi erT-erTi saeklesio

dResaswauli(a) (uZravi), aRiniSneba 25 marts Zv. stiliT (7 apr. ax. stiliT). saxarebis

(luka 1,28-35) mixedviT, gabriel mTavarangelozs uxarebia mariam RvTismSoblisaTvis,

rom misgan iSveboda ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa. qristologiaSi xareba miCneulia

kacobriobis xsnis dasabamad, saukuneebiT dafaruli RvTis saidumlos gamocxadebad da

sxva...“ 30(agaTangelosis miniSneba aRniSnul terminTan mimarTebaSi aseTia: „...war-movides

mier da moiwines qalaqsa araratisasa da iyvnes sadgurad maTda sawnexelni

qalaqisani...“ 31 aqve gavecnoT am terminis gamoyenebis sixSiresac: „sawnexelni

21 ix.: „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 82-83; „cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa

sworisa netarisa ninoჲsi“. gv. 220. 22 ix.: „cxorebaჲ wm. grigol parTelisaჲ“. Semdgeneli leon meliqseT-begi. qarTuli Zeglebi. I. saeklesio mwerloba N 2. tfilisi, 1920, gv. 22. 23 „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 82. 24 „cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoჲsi“. gv. 220. 25 „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 82. 26 „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 84. 27 „cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoჲsi“. gv. 220. 28 „cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoჲsi“. gv. 220. 29 ix.: ivane imnaiSvili. „qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-leqsikoni“. Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 525. 30 b. lominaZe. xareba. q.s.e. t. 11. Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 437. 31 „cxorebaჲ wm. grigol parTelisaჲ“. gv. 21.

142

qalaqisani“; „viTarmed sawnexelTa“; „sawnexelTa maTgan“; „igini sawnexelTa“; „zeda

sawnexelTasa“32).

yovelive zemo Tqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom qarTuli

wyaroebiseuli miniSneba, imis Taobaze, rom somxiTSi misuli qristiani ltolvilebi,

Turme „daimalnes sawnexelTa Sina“,33 Sefarulad unda gviTiTebdes konkretul TariRze

_ 25 martze, romelic, erTis mxriv xarebis dResaswaulis, xolo meores mxriv

ltolvilTa somxiTSi misvlis droiTi mijnis aRmniSvneli unda iyos.

maSasadame, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli wyaroebiseuli „sawnexeli“,

xarebis dResaswaulis gamarTvis droze dayrdnobiT, sworedac rom ltolvilTa

somxiTSi misvlis TariRze _ 25 martze unda migvaniSnebdes.

5) daskvna

da bolos unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cvens mier saZiebeli sakiTxis mTliani suraTis

aRdgena mxolod „wm. ninos cxovrebis“ yvela redaqciaSi daculi cnobebis

urTierTSejerebisa da urTierTanalizis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli, kerZod:

- upirveles yovlisa moxerxda wm. ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi pirebis q. efesodan

gamoqcevis wlis dadgena, esaa ax. w. 322 weli;

- mxolod: „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲseuli“ cnoba „...warmovemarTeniT TTuesa pirvelsa

aTxuTmetsa...“ 34 gvauwyebs, rom ltolvilebi, dadgenili wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes

gamoqceulan;

- mxolod: „qarTlis cxovrebisa“ da XIII s-is metafrasul redaqciebSi daculi

cnobis „...da viTarca moiwivnes somxiTad, samefosa Trdatissa, daimalnes sawnexelTa

Sina...“ 35 Tanaxmad, moxerxda gangvesazRvra, rom ltolvilebi, somxiTSi Casulan

dadgenili wlis xareba dRes, 25 martis kvira dRes;

- mxolod: arsen beriseul TxzulebaSi daculi informaciis meSveobiT

vgebulobT, rom Turme ltolvilebi somxiTSi misvlis (25 martis) Semdeg, iq garkveuli

drois manZilze imalebodnen „...viTarca moiwivnes maxlobelad samoTxesa Trdat

mefisasa da daadgrnes mun Jam ravdenme...“36

- da bolos, mxolod: „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ mixedviT vgebulobT, rom Trdat

mefis mier somxiTSi misul ltolvilTa wameba dadgenili wlis 30 marts, paraskev

dRes, momxdara „...igini moiklnes mun TTuesa pirvelsa oc da aTsa, dResa paraskevsa...“37

maSasadame, zemo Tqmuli „Jam ravdenme“, Turme martis Tvis 25-dan 30-mde arsebul droiT

mijnas moicavs.

Tavad wamebulTa Taobaze ki arsen beriseuli redaqcia ase gvauwyebs: „...wmidaჲ rifsime da misTanani igi iwamnes saxelisaTvis qristesisa Trdatis mier da gჳrgჳn

32 ix.: Sesabamisad „cxorebaჲ wm. grigol parTelisaჲ“. gv. 21, 22, 25, 31, 36. 33 „cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoჲsi“. gv. 220. 34„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115. 35 „cxorebaჲ da moqalaqeobaჲ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoჲsi“. gv. 220. 36 „cxovreba wmida ninosi“. Sedgenili didis arsen qarTlisa kaTalikozis mier. gv. 15. 37„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs“ redaqciebis paraleluri teqstebi“. gv. 60; „Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi“. gv. 115.

143

Semkobilni Rirs iqmnnes sasufevelsa...“ 38 xolo „qarTlis cxovreba“ ki azustebs, rom

„...romelnime maT wmidaTaganni daimalnes da ivltodes...“-o.39

maSasadame, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, saZiebel droSi momxdaris mTliani

suraTi aseTia: ltolvilobis dawyebis welia ax. w. 322 weli; q. efesodan maTi gamoqceva

momxdara 322 wlis 15 marts, xuTSabaT dRes; ltolvilebi somxiTSi misulan amave wlis

25 marts, kvira dRes; xolo somxiTSi Casuli ltolvilebi Trdat mefes imave wlis 30

martis paraskev dRes uwamebia.

Saba Saluashvili

The date of arrival in Armenia, concrete year of refugee

Summary

Our findings has revealed that the starting year of the refuge is A. D322 year, Their flee from Ephesus was happened on Thursday, 15th March , 322 y. Refugees arrived in Armenia on 25 March, Sunday, in the same year and the king Trdat of Armenia tortured them On Friday, 30th March.

38 „cxovreba wmida ninosi“. Sedgenili didis arsen qarTlisa kaTalikozis mier. gv. 15. 39 „qarTlis cxovreba“. t. I. gv. 84.

144

irakli veSaguriZe, doqtoranti

wovaTa da wovaTuSebi

TuSeTi mdebareobs kavkasionis wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeTiT. misi farTobia

896 kv. km. TuSeTi saqarTvelos mTian kuTxeTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze didia.

mxaris yvelaze Zveli da zusti geografiuli aRweriloba vaxuSti batoniSvils

ekuTvnis: `xolo TuSeTi ars lopotisa, TorRisa da pankisis aRmosavleT, kavkasiis

mTis CrdiloeT kerZoTa Sina, da ars orxevad da mdebareobs Crdilo-dasavleTis

Suadam aRmosavleTs-samxreTs Soris da udis Soris mdinare Tvisi, da mierTvis sona

mdinares, romeli ganvlis CaCans da mierTvis boraRans Tergis mdinares vaxuSti.”1

abramASavxeliSvili TuSeTis sazRvrebs Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: `TuSeTs

aRmosavleTidan esazRvreba sofeli xuSeTi (didoeTis sazogadoeba), dasavleTiT _

alaznis Tavi, andaqi (xevsureTi), CrdiloeTiT _ CeCneTis mTianeTi xildixaros, maistis,

terelosa da haCaros sazogadoebani... xolo samxreTis sazRvari gasdevs alaznis

Tavidan mimaval gzas, romelic gaivlis abanos uReltexils, andaraznis Tavs,

furTkalos Tavs, yadoris gadasasvlels da Cadis kaxeTis barSi~.2

miuxedavad arcTu keTilganwyobili mezoblebis arsebobisa, TuSeTma uZvelesi

droidan arsebuli sazRvrebi SeinarCuna. a. SavxeliSvili wers, rom `TuSeTis

geografiul sazRvrebs dRemde cvlileba ar ganucdia... rac ganapiroba orma garemoebam:

pirveli da, albaT, arsebiTi, iyo simamace da Tavdacvisunarianoba adgilobrivi

xalxisa, meore _ TuSeTis geografiuli mdebareoba _ bunebrivi simagreebi, zRudeebi

rogorc CrdiloeTidan, aseve Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan da misadgomi gzebis sirTule~.3

TuSeTs CrdiloeTidan CeCneTi, aRmosavleTidan ki _ daRestani esazRvreba, rac

TuSebis eTnikur Semadgenlobazec sakmaod naTlad aisaxa, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT kidev

gveqneba saubari.

mecnierTa Soris ar gvxvdeba erTiani mosazreba TuSeTSi istoriulad arsebul

TemTa zusti raodenobis Sesaxeb; saxeldeba gansxvavebuli cifrebi. magaliTad, giorgi

boWoriZe 8 Tems asaxelebs, Tumca, yvelaze xSirad oTxi Temi ixsenieba: wovaTa,

gomewari, CaRma da piriqiTi. vaxuSti batoniSvili aseve oTx Tems asaxelebs (piriqiTis

xeobis nacvlad, is farsmanis TuSeTis xevs asaxelebs).4

wovaTa gomewris alaznis xeobis dasawyisSi mdebareobs da saZovari mTebiT

Semofarglul qvabuls warmoadgens. wovaTa esazRvreba alaznisTavsa da piriqiTis

xeobas, romelTac uZvelesi droidan arsebuli bilikebiT ukavSirdeboda.

piriqiTis xeobaSi gadasavlel bilikze dgas magexis cixe, romelic

CrdiloeTidan mosalodneli Tavdasxmebisgan icavda wovaTas.

1 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 553-554. 2 abram SavxeliSvili. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan (TuSeTi XVI-XIX saukuneebis I naxevarSi). Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 25. 3 abram SavxeliSvili. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan (TuSeTi XVI-XIX saukuneebis I naxevarSi). Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 21. 4 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 554.

145

wovaTas alaznisTavisken mimavali biliki yadovanis Releze gadadis. yadovanis

Releze dRemde gvxvdeba TeTri qvebis ori grova, erTi SedarebiT momcro, meore _

ufro mozrdili. gadmocemis Tanaxmad am adgilas saomrad mimavali TuSebi qvebs

alagebdnen da Semdeg omidan dabrunebulebi qvas ukan abrunebdnen, riTic daRupulebis

raodenobas adgendnen.

imis gamo, rom wovaTuSebis saqmianobas ZiriTadad mecxvareoba warmoadgenda,

saxnav-saTesi miwebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobiTaa warmodgenili; didi adgili ukavia

saZovrebsa da sacxovrebel farTs. wovaTa sakmaod mWidrod dasaxlebul teritorias

warmoadgenda. XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebulia ramdenime mozrdili sofeli da

nasoflari: waro, indurTa, sagirTa, eTelta, mozarTa, nadirTa da Savwyali, romlebSic

1500-ze meti adamiani saxlobda.

XVIII saukuneSi giuldenStedtis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros, rogorc Cans,

dasaxlebuli mxolod oTxi sofeli iyo: `pirvel oTx sofelSi (wova (rogorc Cans

waro), sagirTa, eTelta, indurTa) laparakoben qarTulnarev qisturad...~5

wovaTaSi yovel sofels sakuTari salocavi gaaCnda, magram wovaTis

mosaxleobisagan daclis Semdeg es salocavebi TiTqmis aRar SemorCenila. vera

bardaveliZe asaxelebs ramdenime salocavs: kopale, coruli, ivane naTlismcemlis xati,

mariam RvTismSoblis xati, beri sameba (saneba), wminda giorgis xati, ber-samebis niSi da

sxva.

ivane buquraulis TqmiT, XIX saukunis miwuruls wovaTaSi sul sami salocavi

iyo, romlebSic jer kidev xdeboda religiuri ritualebis aRsruleba, fiwalo, samebis

wminda giorgi da waros salocavi: àm samive salocavis dResaswauli erTsa da imave

dros xdeba. saRamoze fiwalosi eTeltaSi da meore dRes samebis da warosi~.6

valerian iToniSvili aRniSnavs: èrTdroulad samive salocavis dResaswauli

dReobaTa kalendris mixedviT organizebuli ar unda yofiliyo. Zvelad, roca iq xalxi

cxovrobda, albaT sxvadasxva dros dResaswaulobdnen, magram gaukacrielebis Semdeg,

Cans, SemoiRes erTdroulad Sesruleba am wesisa, vinaidan wovaTaSi ramdenjerme asvla

arc ise ioli iyo~.7

beri sanebis dReobas wovaTuSurad dadaloba ewodeba TanamedroveobaSi ki is

zogadad wovaTasTan asocirdeba da saxelic Sesabamisi miiRo – wovaToba.

wovaTuSebi sakuTar gadaadgilebasTan erTad salocavebis niSebsac agebdnen.

beri sanebis niSi (beri sanebis xatidan wamoRebul qvebze xdeboda salocavis ageba)

gvxvdeba tbaTanasa da sofel zemo alvanSi.

wovaTis nasoflarebi arqeologiurad sakmaod sustadaa Seswavlili, Tumca,

garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba im mciredi aRmoCenebiTacaa SesaZlebeli. sergi

makalaTia waroSi aRmoCenili nivTebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi, dergavsis da komuntis

arqeologiur aRmoCenebs amsgavsebs da VIII-IX saukuneebs miakuTvnebs.8

wovaTis udidesi sofeli iyo alaznis marcxena mxares cicabo mTis ferdobze

gaSenebuli waro, romelic sanaxevrod dangreuli nasoflaris saxiTRaa SemorCenili.

waro gamoirCeva unikaluri akldamebiT. vera bardaveliZe dawvrilebiT aRwers waroSi

mdebare 5 akldamas, romelTa nawili XX saukunis SuaSi ukve Caqceuli iyo.9 dReisaTvis

5 giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. t. I. germanulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo g. gelaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 263. 6 ivane buqurauli. tbaTanidan wovaTamde (mgzavris SeniSvnebi)._ Jurnali `moambe”, 1897, #9, gv. 44. 7 valerian iToniSvili. TuSeTi da TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 148. 8 sergi makalaTia. TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 21. 9 vera bardaveliZe. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. II-2: TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 119-121.

146

akldamebis mdgomareoba ukve savalaloa. akldamebis siZvelis maCvenebelia sergi

makalaTias mier nanaxi da aRwerili brinjaos irmebi, romlebic savaraudod VII-IX

saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.

vera bardaveliZe imowmebs sofel darTloSi Caweril Tqmulebas, romlis

mixedviT àkldamebi gamoyenebuli iyo Wirianobis dros. yvela daavadebuli Tavisi

fexiT modioda aq, jdeboda qvis `meჴze” da elodeboda sikvdils~. 10 am Tqmulebidan

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa `meჴ”, rac wovaTuSurad niSnavs dabal magidas, taxts. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom akldamebi gvxvdeba CeCneT-inguSeTsa da saqarTvelos

mxolod im nawilSi, romelsac uSualo Sexeba hqonda vainaxur samyarosTan (xevsureTi)

an sadac uZvelesi droidan vainaxebi saxlobdnen (TuSeTi), SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

akldamebi vainaxuri kulturis nawilia.

wovaTis erT-erTi udidesi sofeli iyo indurTa. isic, waros msgavsad, mxolod

nangrevebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. indurTis Tavze ori mSrali wyobiT mkvidrad nagebi

koSkia aRmarTuli. koSkebidan mdinarisken sipi qviT mopirkeTebuli gvirabi Cadis,

romlis sigrZe 70-80 metria. ramdenime wlis win mxolod pirveli 10-12 metriRa iyo

SemorCenili, danarCeni nageboba ki alag-alag Caqceulia.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi niaRvarma sofeli sagirTa waleka. gadarCenili

mosaxleoba kaxeTSi, alvanSi Casaxlda. sagirTis mosaxleobis msgavsad, stiqiuri

katastrofiT, avadmoyofobebiT Tu mtris SemosevebiT datanjuli wovaTis danarCeni

mosaxleobac alvanSi gadasaxlda, wovaTas ki mxolod zafxulobiT akiTxavdnen. XX

saukuneSi wovaTaSi mxolod mesaqonleebi adiodnen da wovaTuSebi sabolood

damkvidrnen sofel zemo alvanSi (XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi alvanis velze meore

sofeli qvemo alvani gaSenda).

wovaTuSTa raodenoba 3 000-s ar aRemateba. maTi umetesoba Tavs wovaTuSad

miiCnevs, miuxedavad imisa, rom wovaTuSuri ena, romelic naxuri jgufis enebs

miekuTvneba, gaqrobis pirasaa. axalma Taobam wovaTuSuri TiTqmis aRar icis.

wovaTuSuri enis gaqrobas ramdenime mizezi gaaCnia. erT-erTi mTavari albaT is aris,

rom XX saukuneSi Sereuli ojaxebi momravlda (rodesac erT-erTi mSobeli ar aris

wovaTuSi), ganaTlebas xalxi qarTul enaze iRebs da nel-nela ojaxSi sasaubro enadac

qarTuli iqca, manamde ki es funqcia mxolod wovaTuSurs gaaCnda. am faqts adasturebs

sergi makalaTia: `wovaTuSebi TavianT wovur enaze metyveleben. maTi ena warmoSobiT

RliRuria da qisturis monaTesave. magram am wovur enaSi mravalia qarTulidan

nasesxebi da SeTvisebuli sityvebic. wovebs uyvarT TavianTi wovuri ena da Sin da

gareT erTmaneTSi wovurad saubroben. ojaxSi wovuri yvelam icis, misi ucodinaroba

sircxvilia. bavSvebi enas am wovuriT idgamen da Semdeg qarTuls swavloben. qarTuli,

bavSvebisa da zogierTi moxuci qalis garda, wovebSi yvelam icis”.11

XIX bevri iyo iseTi wovaTuSi, romelmac qarTuli ar icoda. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom qarTuli mxolod mamakacebis im nawilma icoda, romelic momTabare cxovrebas

eweoda da barTan kontaqti hqonda. am periodSi qarTuli iyo `sagareo~ ena, wovaTuSuri

ki `saSinao/ojaxuri~ ena.

wovaTuSuri `saojaxo~ enis funqcias XX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde inarCunebda.

mTxrobeli gela jimSeriSvili (dabadebuli 1970 wels) ixsenebs: `skolaSi,

10 vera bardaveliZe. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. II-2: TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 29. 11 sergi makalaTia. TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 109-110.

147

damamTavrebel klasebSi, klaselebi Sesvenebaze Tu skolis Semdeg wovaTuSurad

vsaubrobdiT~.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi mdgomareoba Seicvala da masiurad daiwyo

wovaTuSuri enis daviwyeba. dReisaTvis, rogorc aRvniSneT, is axali Taobis mxolod

mcire nawilma Tu icis.

erT-erTi iSviaTi gamonaklisia SemTxveva, romelic daviT ciskariSvils

(dabadebuli 1993 wels) gadaxda Tavs. rodesac misi skolaSi Seyvanis dro movida

gairkva, rom qarTuli ena ar icoda, radgan ojaxi Tu naTesav-mezoblebi mudam

wovaTuSurad saubrobdnen, skolaSi mxolod erTi wlis dagvianebiT Seiyvanes mas

Semdeg, rac qarTuli kargad iswavla.

wovaTuSTa gvarebic, enis msgavsad, SeiZleba iTqvas bilingvuri formis

matarebelia. gvarebi im TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rom qarTulad zogierTi gvari

saxecvlili formiT, zogi ki sruliad gansxavebuli saxiT gvxvdeba. pirveli jgufis

gvarebis magaliTebia: maCabliSvili _ meCri, meotiSvili – mevturi da sxv. meore jgufis

gvarebia: meiTRar, focxorRar _ ciskariSvili (ciskariSvilebis gvari yvelaze

mdidaria da aTze met qvegvars moicavs), bRujri _ uSarauli da sxva.

wovaTuSuri gvarebis ricxvi asze metia. gvxvdeba iseTi gvarebic, romlebic dRes

aRar arseboben, gamqralia. `s. garsevaniZis (garsevaniSvilis) Canawerebis mixedviT,

romlebic mkacri simwyobriT aris Sedgenili TiToeuli gvaris warmomadgenelebTan

mravalgzisi konsultaciebis safuZvelze, wovebis marto cocxali gvarebis raodenoba

140-mdea~.12

wovaTuSebis bilingvizmi damabneveli iyo mecnierTaTvis. isini ver xsnidnen, Tu

saidan hqonda wovaTuSTa patara Tems ori gansxvavebuli ena. es sakiTxi mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli wovaTuSTa eTnogenezTan, romelic dRemde aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba.

amas bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli ramdenime naSromic adasturebs.

sxvadasxva xalxis eTnikuri warmomavlobis dadgena Zalze rTulia,

gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu amis mcdeloba uaxloes warsulSi ar momxdara da ama Tu im

xalxis warmoSobis sakiTxi arc dokumenturadaa dazustebuli. xSirad gansazRvrebis

gakeTeba mxolod varaudis daSvebiT aris SesaZlebeli.

uZvelesi naSromi, romelSic TuSeTia moxseniebuli, aris II saukunis berZeni

geografis klavdius ptolemaiosis Sroma `kavkasiis mTas da kervanis mTebs Soris

(cxovroben) tuskebi da didurebi~.13

aseve erT-erTi Zvelia XI saukunis istorikosis leonti mrovelis cnoba TuSeTis

Sesaxeb: `fxovelTa dauteves qveyana maTi da gardavides TuSeTsa~, 14 magram es Tu sxva

uZvelesi cnobebi zogadad TuSeTis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, sadac sxvadasxva

Temis mosaxleobis konkretuli eTnikuri kuTvnileba ar Cans. arc wovaTuSebis Sesaxeb

raime miniSneba Cans.

wovaTuSTa dokumenturad daTariRebuli uZvelesi moxsenieba ganekuTvneba XVII

saukuneSi gacemul sigels òr qvazed dawerili gujari”, romelic kaxeTis mefe

arCilis (1664-1675) drosaa Seqmnili. masSi saubaria TuSebisTvis, konkretulad ki

èrTobiT TuSebisTvis, wovas da CaRmisTvis~ 15 alvnisa da mimdebare teritorebis

12 arsen berTlani. wovaTis nislebi (xandazmuli nafiqrali). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 114. 13 ptolemaiosi. geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmna n. lomourma. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 44. 14 qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 126. 15 eqvTime TayaiSvili. or qvazed dawerili gujari._ gazeTi `cnobis furceli”, 1901, #1362, gv. 4.

148

gadacemaze. XVII saukunemde `wova~ istoriul wyaroebSi ar figurirebs, rac ar

gamoricxavs mis adreul periodSi arsebobas.

marTalia, giorgi meliqiSvils wovaTuSTa warmoSobis sakiTxi sagangebod ar

ukvlevia, mas miaCnda, rom xalxis xsenebuli jgufi SuamdinareTidan ramdenime

aTaswleulis win gadmovida dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze. giorgi

meliqiSvilis mier redaqtirebul saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis pirvel tomSi

naTqvamia, rom termini `wofa~ (urartuli `cufa~, somxuri `wofq~, antikuri wyaroebis

`sofene~) pirdapir imeorebs wovaTuSebis saxels.16

aseve, abram SavxeliSvili miiCnevs, rom wovaTuSebi uZvelesi droidan TuSeTSi

mcxovrebi xalxia.

sergi makalaTia sakmaod zedapirulad exeba wovaTuSTa warmoSobis sakiTxs da

Tvlis, rom Crdilo kavkasiidan maTi gadmosaxleba araugvianes VIII-IX saukuneebiT

aTariRebs.17

didi raodenobiT vxvdebiT iseT naSromebsac, romlebSic wovaTuSebi CeCneT-

inguSeTidan gadmosaxlebulebad miiCnevian. roland TofCiSvili, valerian elaniZe,

natalia volkova da sxvani Tvlian, rom wovaTuSebis CeCneT-inguSeTidan gadmosaxleba

da TuSeTSi dasaxleba moxda XVI-XVII saukuneebSi.

roland TofCiSvilis monografiaSi `wova-TuSebi~, avtori wovaTuSebis TuSeTSi

XVII saukuneSi dasaxlebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. es versia roland TofCiSvilma

moismina erT-erTi wovaTuSis, adam CarxoSvilisgan, miiRo rogorc sruli WeSmariteba

da Tavisi Teoriis qvakuTxedad aqcia: Tu rogor gaemarTa xuTi qiziyeli da erTi

matneli mwyemsi ojaxebiT jer TianeTSi, Semdeg fSavis gomewris xeobaSi. iqidan isini

gadavidnen inguSeTSi, sadac erTi kaci kidev daemataT da... ase iSvnen wovaTuSebi (ufro

sworad, maTi winaprebi, vinaidan jer wovaTamde ar misulan). ramdenime Taobis Semdeg

xalxis es amorfuli gaerTianeba inguSebma Tavisi miwidan gandevnes (saZovrebis

dakavebis gamo) da jgufic CeCneTSi gadavida, sadac ramdenime adgili gamoicvala da

iqidan TuSeTSi, piriqiTis xeobis sam sofelSi: heRo-WonTio-girevSi gadasaxlda. ai,

mxolod aqedan gadavidnen isini wovaTaSi baxtrionis brZolidan mesame wels.18

roland TofCiSvils miaCnia, rom inguSeTidan gadmosuli wovaTuSebi jer

piriqiTis xeobaSi (WonTio, girevi) dasaxldnen (Semonaxulia wovaTuSTa sasaflaoc).

Semdeg ki, adgilebis simciris gamo, CaRmaTuSebma (piriqiTis xeobis mosaxleobam) isini

wovaTaSi gauSves. sxvaTa Soris, inguSeTidanac am mizeziT gamodevnes, CeCneTidanac da

piriqiTidanac. nuTu ase martivad gasadevn da gadasasaxlebel xalxs hgavdnen

wovaTuSebi? roland TofCiSvilis azriT, piriqiTis xeobaSi wovaTuSebis cxovrebis

versias amyarebs warsulSi arsebuli SemTxveva, rodesac wovaTuSebs micvalebulebi

WonTio-girevSi gadahyavdaT dasakrZalad. am faqtis arsebobas, rasakvirvelia,

vaRiarebT, magram sul sxva da ufro racionaluri mizezebiT vxsniT (SesaZloa, es

calkeul gvarTan iyos dakavSirebuli da mTel eTnosze ar vrceldebodes). Tuki

wovaTuSebi CeCneTidan gadmosaxldnen, e.i. maTi pirvandeli sasaflaoc CeCneTSi unda

iyos da Sesabamisad micvalebulic CeCneTSi unda waesvenebinaT. Sori gzis argumentad

moSvelieba ar gamogvadgeba, radgan arc wovaTidan piriqiTis xeobamdea mokle da

advilad gasavleli gza. garda amisa, XVIII-XIX saukuneSi uamravi SemTxvevaa

dafiqsirebuli, rodesac saqarTvelos barSi daRupul wovaTuSs wovaTaSi miasvenebdnen

(gadaWridnen da xurjinSi aTavsebdnen), rac did siZneleebTan da ramdnime dRis gzis

16 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. I. tomis redaqtori g. meliqiSvili. Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 154. 17 sergi makalaTia. TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 21. 18 roland TofCiSvili. wova-TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 28.

149

gavlasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ase rom, piriqiTis xeoba wovaTuSTa garkveuli

gvarebisTvis pirvandel sacxovrebels warmoadgenda da maT mxolod amis Semdeg

gadainacvles wovaTaSi.

zogadad, Tqmulebebi ar niSnavs, rom isini aucileblad WeSmaritebis Semcvelia.

amavdroulad, xSiria iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb sapirispiro

Sinaarsis matarebeli Tqmulebebi gvxvdeba. maTTan muSaobisas sifrTxilis gamoCenaa

saWiro da es exeba rogorc erTi poziciis, aseve sapirispiro mosazrebis gamamyarebel

gadmocemebsac, magaliTad, natalia volkovasaTvis aRmosavleT axielebs CauwerinebiaT

gadmocema, romlis mixedviT òdesRac axielebi, Samidan wamosulebi dasaxldnen

yazbegis mTis ZirSi, magram, bacavi-gurjebTan mtrobis gamo isini iZulebulni gaxdnen

gadasaxlebuliyvnen...~ 19 am Tqmulebidan gamomdinare, wovaTuSebi araTu sadme gandevnil

xalxad warmogvidgeba, piriqiT, isini TviTon devnian axielebs samosaxloebidan. rTuli

saTqmelia, Tu romel gadmocemas unda verwmunoT. orive xalxis mexsierebaSia

SemorCenili da imis gansazRvrac ki SeuZlebelia, romelime maTgani mainc Tu

Seesabameba simarTles, radgan msgavsi gadmocema Zalze bevri da xSirad erTmaneTisgan

sruliad gansxvavebulia. ase rom, mxolod erT gadmocemaze dayrdnobiT wovaTuSebis

calsaxad gadmosaxlebul xalxis jgufad gansazRvra didi Secdomaa.

roland TofCiSvilis varaudiT, wovaTuSebis winaprebi XVI saukuneSi jer

TuSeTSi piriqiTis xeobaSi saxldebian, xolo XVII saukuneSi _ wovaTaSi. es mosazreba

mcdaria da winaaRmdegobaSi modis wovaTuSTa im raodenobasTan, romelic XIX saukunis

aRwerebSia dafiqsirebuli.

davakvirdeT XIX saukuneSi wovaTaSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis kameraluri

aRweris Sedegebs: 1831 w. _ 1531; 1886 w. _ 153320

55 wlis manZilze wovaTis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba sul 2 suliT

gaizarda (aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi ramdenime ojaxi Cans wovaTaSi

migrirebuli), rac daaxloebiT 0.13%-iani zrdaa. SevadaroT am periodSi saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis zrdis dinamikas: 1832 w. _ 897 000; 1886 w. _ 1 512 00021

rogorc vxedavT, amave periodSi saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis zrdis 69%-iani

maCvenebeli (615 000 suli) fiqsirdeba.

bunebrivia, mTis pirobebSi barTan SedarebiT mosaxleoba ufro nela izrdeba

mkacri bunebrivi pirobebis, mterTan brZolis (am periodSi mimdinareobda Samilis

omebi) Tu sxva mizezebis gamo; amitom wovaTis mosaxleobis zrdis dabali tempic

gasakviri sulac araa. gasakviri isaa, Tu XV saukunidan (isic yvelaze adreul

SemTxvevaSi) 1831 wlamde periodSi rogor moaxerxa 7-ma mecxvarem, sakuTari ojaxebis

CaTvliT ocdaaTiode adamianma, qceuliyo 1500 (!) sulian Temad. gamodis, rom wova

TuSTa raodenoba 50-jer (!!!) gaizarda. es ki 5 000%-iani zrdaa.

msgavsi ricxvebis gacnobis Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva: Tuki XIX saukunemde wovaTuSebi

aseTi tempiT izrdebian, ratom Camovida es zrda XIX saukuneSi 5 000%-dan 0.13%-mde?

argumentad sxvadasxva kuTxidan wovaTaSi adamianebis Sekedleba ver gamodgeba, radgan,

aRwerebis mixedviT, XIX saukuneSic vxedavT axlad Casaxlebul qistur da xevsurul

ojaxebs da es 0.13%-iani zrda swored maTi CaTvliT gvaqvs. an mTis sxva kuTxeebis

mosaxleoba msgavsi siswrafiT ratom ar mravldeboda? gana xalxi marto wovaTaSi

garboda Tavis Sesafareblad? is ki ara, wovaTidan migrirebuli gvarebic arseboben da

esec mTis mosaxleobis mateba-klebis bunebrivi dinamikis maCvenebelia. yvela kuTxeSi

19 Н. Г. Волкова. Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII - начале XX в. Москва, 1974. стр. 143. 20 roland TofCiSvili. wova-TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 9. 21 http://www.geogen.ge/ge/main_nationalities_georgia/georgians/.

150

gvaqvs gaqceva/gadasaxleba-miRebis fenomeni da is zrdis saerTo maCvenebelze arsad

anomalur gavlenas ar axdens. Tuki XIX saukuneSi wovaTuSTa raodenobasa da TiTqmis

mTeli saukunis manZilze arsebul gamravlebis mxolod 0.13%-ian maCvenebels

gaviTvaliswinebT, araviTari safuZveli ar gveqneba, vivaraudoT, TiTqos es maCvenebeli

wina saukuneebSi ufro meti iyo (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi erT-erTi yvelaze mZime etapia

saqarTvelos istoriaSi, maT Soris, gamravlebis kuTxiT da araTu gamravleba,

mosaxleobis katastroful klebasTanac ki gvaqvs saqme). am faqts aRniSnavs roland

TofCiSvilic: `1830 wels sofeli sagirTa Rvarsa da mewyers waulekavs. Rvarcofsa da

mewyers sagirTis mosaxleobis didi nawili amouwyvetia. danarCeni soflebis

mosaxleoba ki imave periodSi Sav Wirs gaunaxevrebia~. 22 amdenad, gamodis, rom

wovaTuSTa raodenoba warsulSi ufro metic ki unda yofiliyo.

Sesabamisad, sruliad warmoudgenelia imaze laparaki, TiTqos amdeni wovaTuSi

piriqiTa TuSeTis mxolod sam sofelSi dasaxlda: nebismier sofels mTaSi gaaCnia

mosaxleobis raodenobis sakuTari potencialis maqsimumi, romelze mets is ubralod

ver daitevs da ver gamokvebavs. WonTio-heRo-girevis maqsimalur maCveneblad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos XIX saukunis bolos arsebuli monacemebi, radgan am dros mosaxleobis

gamravlebis kuTxiT TuSeTSic sakmaod maRali maCvenebeli fiqsirdeba. aRniSnul

periodSi zemoT xsenebul soflebSi cxovrobda 70-80 ojaxi da es adgili damatebiT

ramdenime aseul ojaxs namdvilad ver miiRebda. amrigad, CrdiloeTidan Semofarebuli

wovaTuSebisTvis droebiTi TavSesafris micema WonTiosa da girevSi arsebuli

sasaflaoebis arsebobiT ver aixsneba.

sayuradReboa XVI saukunis ruseTis elCobis mier naxsenebi toponimi fuZiT

`bac~, romelsac natalia volkovas naSromSi vxvdebiT: `1589-1590 wlebiT daTariRebul

ruseTis elCobas Tavad zvenigorodskis meTaurobiT rekomendacias uweven, rom

saqarTveloSi Semdegi marSrutiT wavides: на Метцкие гребни, на Шихово племя, на Амалееву землю, на Батцкие гребни (т. е. горы)~.23 amis gamo, natalia volkova Tvlis, rom bacbebi (wovaTuSebi) XVI saukunis

miwuruls ukve TuSeTSi cxovrobdnen. roland TofCiSvili xsenebuli msjelobis

Sesaxeb wers: `Cven vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli msjeloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba,

radgan `bacais~ vainaxebi uwodebdnen ara mxolod wova-TuSebs (bacbebs), aramed

qarTulenovan TuSebsac~, 24 rasac, Cveni mxriv, kategoriulad ar veTanxmebiT. ratom

eZaxdnen vainaxebi zogadad TuSebs `bacbebs~? da dRes ratom ewodebaT mxolod

wovaTuSebs `bacbebi~? xom unda hqondes yovelive amas axsna? am kiTxvaze pasuxis

gacemas ki roland TofCiSvili Tavs aridebs! xom ar gaCndeboda es dasaxeleba

SemTxveviT? savaraudod, TuSeTSi cxovrobda xalxi, romelsac vainaxebi `bacbebs~

eZaxdnen da es xalxi unda iyos wovaTuSebi, radgan arcerTi CaRmaTuSuri Temis mimarT

aravis arasodes uxmaria eTnonimi `bacavi~.

roland TofCiSvili iziarebs natalia volkovas mosazrebas da aRniSnavs: `n.

volkova kiTxvis niSnis qveS svams Sah-abas I-is dros wova-TuSebis (bacbebis) winaparTa

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gadmosaxlebis sakiTxs, radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, XVII

saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi iranelTa laSqrobebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ar dasturdeba.

misive mosazrebiT, gadmocemaSi Sah-abasis laSqrobisa da Zalismieri gziT

22 roland TofCiSvili. wova-TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 10. 23 Н. Г. Волкова. Бацбийцы Грузии (Этнографические Заметки). `Советская этнография~, #2, 1977, стр. 70. 24 roland TofCiSvili. wova-TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 31.

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gamahmadianebis siuJeti im dros CarTes, rodesac wova-TuSebi (bacbebi) ukve TuSeTSi

cxovrobdnen~.25

vaxuSti batoniSvilis naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `xolo romelni arian mxareTa

qistTa da RliRuTa, uwyian enani ufros maTgani. garna farsmanis xevisani sarwmunoebiT

da eniT Sereulni arian, viTarca qistni~.26 Tuki es xalxi gadmosaxlebulia, miT umetes

iseT gviandel periodSi, romelSic TviT vaxuSti cxovrobda da moRvaweobda, mas amis

Sesaxeb, savaraudod, eqneboda informacia. saubaria ramdenime aTasi adamianis

gadmosaxlebaze, rac uyuradRebod namdvilad ar darCeboda, miT umetes, rom vaxuSti

Seecdeboda, sxva xalxTa msgavsad aexsna maTi orenovneba Tu ucxoenovneba. Tumca, am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vaxuStis damokidebulebas mainc vxvdebiT didoeTis aRwerisas,

sadac igi wers, rom `TuSni da didoni, ukeTu arian wilni lekosisa, aramed Semdgomad

mefeTa qarTvelTa dapyrobili...~27aq mkvlevari TiTqos TuSebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis

sakiTxs wyvets kidec. SesaZloa, TuSebis mimarTac sulac ar iyos es swori Sefaseba da

isini ar ekuTvnodnen Crdilokavkasiur eTnikur erTobas, magram vaxuSti, misTvis

xelmisawvdomi masalidan gamomdinare, ase Tvlis.

RliRvelTagan wovebis warmomavlobis damamtkicebel sabuTad rafiel erisTavi

imowmebs Semdeg ambavs: wovebsa da gomewrelebs Soris dava yofila miwebiT

sargeblobis gamo. gomewris mamasaxlisisaTvis wovebs mouTxoviaT dokumenti im miwis

sakuTrebis Sesaxeb, romliTac wovebi sargeblobdnen. mamasaxliss uTqvams: ra sabuTi

unda gvqondes Cven? ramdenime aseuli wlis winaT Cven miviReT wovebi, rogorc

sxvagnidan mosulebi. sacxovreblad mivuCineT patara adgili _ da aseve neba davrTeT

saqoneli eZovebinaT adgilSi, romelic adre Cven gveWira. amJamad ar gvsurs, rom

wovebs Tundac mcire uflebebi hqondes am miwaze.28

CeCnur-inguSurad da wovaTuSurad molaparakeTa sakuTar enebze erTmaneTTan

komunikacia, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, sakmaod garTulebulia. aris Tu ara

SesaZlebeli, rom sul raRac 300 wlis win gadmosul wovaTuSebsa da danarCen vainaxur

enebs Soris msgavsi sxvaoba warmoqmniliyo? garda amisa, wovaTuSuri ar amJRavnebs

raime gansakuTrebul msgavsebas calke aRebul CeCnurTan da mis dialeqtebTan, aseve

inguSurTan. metnaklebi msgavseba gvxvdeba orive enasTan mimarTebaSi, rac gvaZlevs

safuZvels, ganvacxadoT: arc erTi am konkretuli teritoriidan (CeCneTi da inguSeTi)

wovaTuSebi ar wamosulan da enebs Soris kavSiri mxolod Soreuli naTesaobis

damadasturebelia da ara samiode saukunis win maTi romelimesgan gamoyofisa.

wovaTuSTa da CeCen-inguSTa enebs Soris sxvaobas xazs usvams gansxvaveba

aRniSnul xalxebSi miRebul eTnonimebSic. CeCnebi da inguSebi qarTvelebs eZaxian

`гуьржи~ (gurJi). SesaZloa, es forma ukavSirdebodes `gurjs~ da mxolod islamis

gavrcelebis Semdeg damkvidrebuliyo, magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom uZvelesi droidan

iyos miRebuli saSualo-sparsuli `varjan~ an arabuli `jurzan~. Tuki wovaTuSebi

mxolod XVI saukuneSi gadmosaxldnen TuSeTSi, (saqarTveloSi) maT saqarTvelosa da

qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimic CeCnur-inguSuri formiT unda hqonodaT, magram

vxvdebiT sruliad sxva sityvas, ise, rom Zvelis kvalic ki ar Cans. wovaTuSebi

qarTvelis aRmniSvnel sityvad xmaroben `koxiv~, rac SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes

sakuTriv kaxelis aRmniSvnel wovaTuSur sityvas `kaxlov~.

25 roland TofCiSvili. wova-TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 30. 26 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 555. 27 qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 552. 28 valerian iToniSvili. TuSeTi da TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 207.

152

xevsurebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimic uZvelesi formiTaa SemorCenili. wovaTuSebi

xevsurebs uwodeben `fxi~, rac exmianeba vainaxur sityvas `fxia~ da iqamde unda iyos

gaCenili, vidre fxovelebi fSavebad da xevsurebad daiyofodnen, rac, roland

TofCiSvilis azriT, XII saukuneSi unda momxdariyo.29

sainteresoa, rom wovaTuSebi sakuTar Tavs wovaTuSebs ar uwodeben, an uwodeben

im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki uSualod wovaTaSi mcxovrebzea saubari. iSviaTad xmaroben

termins `bacav”, yvelaze xSirad ki iyeneben `veRen”, rac niSnavs Cveneburs.

wovaTuSebis eTnogenezze saubrisas gverds verc CaRmaTuSebis TuSeTSi

dasaxlebis sakiTxs avuvliT.

vera bardaveliZis mier Cawerili CaRmaTuSi mTxrobelebis mier mowodebuli

informaciiT, CaRmaTuSuri gvarebis umetesoba TuSeTSi gvianaa Casaxlebuli da maTi

didi nawili piriqiTSi _ CeCnuri, CaRmis TemSi ki _ daRestnuri warmomavlobisaa.30

valerian elaniZes mohyavs T. oCiauris dakvirveba CaRmaTuSebis Sesaxeb: `TuSeTSi

yofnis dros adgilobriv mkvidrTa, gansakuTrebiT qalebis metyveleba gavigoneT da

xSirad gvegona, rom xevsuri diacebis saubars vismendiT~. 31 xevsurebTan kavSirze

miuTiTebs uamravi saerTo salocavi. rogorc Cans xevsurTa (fxovelTa) TuSeTSi

dasaxleba mTaSi qristianobis periodSi momxdara.N

gadmocemebis, meurneobis tipis Tu enobrivi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT,

CaRmaTuSebi TuSeTSi gvian dasaxlebulni Canan. CaRmaTuSebi sakuTar Tavs hyofen

Temuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT: gomewreli, piriqiTeli, CaRma; wovaTuSebi ki maT saerTo

saxeliT `CaRmebi~ moixsenieben. rogorc Cans, is adamianebi, romlebsac wovaTuSebi

CaRmebs uwodebdnen, jer CaRmis TemSi saxlobdnen, Semdeg ki piriqiTisa da gomewris

xeobaSic dasaxldnen. sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, gomewris da piriqiTis mezoblad

mcxovreb wovaTuSebs, ratom unda SeerqmiaT yvela danarCenisTvis CaRma.

TuSeTis mTels teritoriaze, maT Soris, CaRmis, gomewrisa da piriqiTis TemebSi

uamravi wovaTuSuri toponimi gvxvdeba. am faqtis Sesaxeb saubrobs valerian elaniZec:

`TuSeTSi aris mTeli rigi adgilebi, sasoflo Tu mTeli sazogadoebis miwa-wyali,

sadac qarTul geografiul saxelebTan erTad, gvxvdeba toponimebi, romelnic qistur-

wovur-CeCnur-didour da lekur enebze ixsneba~.32 valerian elaniZe wovaTuSurTan erTad

naxur da didour-lekur enebsac moixseniebs, rom mkiTxvels maincdamainc wovaTuSuri

ar moxvdes yurSi da es toponimebi maTs kuTvnilebad ar CaTvalos. mkvlevari

geografiuli adgilebis dasaxelebebis (cokalTa, dadikurTa, diklo, xiso da sxv.)

gavrcelebas keTilmegobruli da mezobluri urTierTobiT xsnis.

akaki SaniZes moyavs Tedo uTurgaiZis citata (rac exmianeba imave valerian

elaniZis Sexedulebas): ùdavoa, rom wovebis mezoblobas TuSur kiloze sakmaod

SesamCnevi kvali dautovebiao~ da agrZelebs: àra, mezoblobas ki ara, aramed qarTulad

moubari TuSebis mama-papebic Zvelad imave enaze laparakobdnen, romelic SemohrCa wova-

TuSebs da romelmac danarCen TuSeTSi adgili dauTmo qarTuls~.33

danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istoriaSi ar gvxvdeba SemTxveva, mezobeli

xalxis miwaze ucxo enaze arsebuli toponimebi mxolod keTilmezobluri

urTierTobebis safuZvelze Seqmniliyos. vimeorebT, saqme gvaqvs ara erT da or

toponimTan, aramed ramdenime aTeulTan. aseTi masobrivi gavrceleba mxolod im

29 http://khevsureti.ge/?p=615. 30 vera bardaveliZe. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. II-2: TuSeTi. Tbilisi, 1985. 31 valerian elaniZe. TuSeTis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 17. 32 valerian elaniZe. TuSeTis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 209. 33 akaki SaniZe. TuSebi._ Jurnali `mnaTobi~, 1972, #2, gv. 104.

153

konkretul enaze (am SemTxvevaSi, wovaTuSurze) mosaubre xalxis didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli.

akaki SaniZe sruliad naTlad da argumentirebulad asabuTebs, rom uZveles

droSi TuSeTis mTeli teritoria wovaTuSTa winaprebiT iyo dasaxlebuli: `CaRma-

TuSebis qarTulSi uxvad urevia elementebi, romlebic utyuvrad mowmobs, rom erT

dros maTi mama-papanic wova-TuSurad laparakobdnen da Semdeg TandaTan gadmovidnen

qarTulze. aseTi elementebia, upirveles yovlisa, adgilis saxelebi, fonetikuri

movlenebi da Semdeg calkeuli sityvebi”.34

akaki SaniZis mosazrebidan gamomdinare, TuSeTSi CaRmaTuSebis dasaxlebis

Semdegac ki istoriuli saxelebi rig adgilebSi kvlav ucvleli gvxvdeba. Tuki

piriqiTis xeobaSi amis axsna SeiZleba axlo mezoblobiT, Zalze mWidro kulturul-

ekonomikuri urTierTobiTa (es faqtoric, rasakvirvelia, gasaTvaliswinebelia) da

CeCneT-inguSeTidan gadmosulebis simravliT, amas namdvilad ver vityviT sxva ori Temis

_ gomewrisa da CaRmas Sesaxeb.

TuSeTis teritoriaze wovaTuSuri toponimebis Sesaxeb sayuradReboa arsen

berTlanis mosazrebac: `garda amisa, TuSeTis (da ara marto TuSeTis) toponimTa warmo-

ebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia -go, -lo, -Co mawarmoeblebs (xmovnis grZeli kore-

latiT), romlebic, T. uTurgaiZis azriT naxuri warmomavlobisaa~ da `TviT TuS- Ziris

semantika utoldeba CeCnur, maSasdame, naxur semantikas `Semogareni~.35

wovaTuSebi ar xmaroben CaRmaTuSur kiloze warmoTqmul qarTul sityvebs da

literaturuli qarTuliT saubroben. samagierod CaRmaTuSebi xmaroben wovaTuSur

sityvebs, anu aq saqme gvaqvs CaRmaTuSebis mier wovaTuSuridan aRebul kalkTan.

SevadaroT es faqti im mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT XVII saukuneSi TuSebi

(CaRmaTuSebi) ramdenime aseul/aTaseul wovaTuSs ifareben da mowyalebis saxiT aZleven

wovaTas. am SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeiZleboda, es faqti CaRmaTuSur

toponimikaze asaxuliyo.

CaRmaTuSur kiloze wovaTuSuris (naxuris) gavlena mxolod leqsikuri

erTeulebiT ar Semoifargleba. Tedo uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs: `naxuris kalkad migvaCnia

TuSurisa da xevsurulis sazogado da sakuTar saxelTa mimarTvis Taviseburi formebi,

riTic isini mkafiod ganirCevian literaturuli qarTulisa da danarCeni

kiloebisgan...” 36 amave dros, `mimarTvis TuSur da bacbur formebSi SeimCneva xmovanTa

dagrZelebisa da daviwroebis garkveuli kanonzomiereba...~37

wovaTuSebis meurnebis wamyvani dargi mecxvareoba iyo. amis dasadastureblad

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis sigel-gujrebi, agreTve, XIX saukunis kameraluri aRweris

Sedegebi SeiZleba moviSvelioT.

wovaTuSebi naxevrad momTabare tipis mecxvareobas misdevdnen. zafxulSi mTis

saZovrebze aZovebdnen cxvars, zamTarSi ki _ kaxeTis barSi, rac dResac aseTive saxiT

xdeba. uSualod wovaTuSebis moxseniebis pirveli SemTxveva dakavSirebulia zemoT Cven

mier ukve naxseneb sigelSi òr qvazed dawerili gujari~, romelSic saubaria kaxeTSi

sazafxulo saZovrebis TuSebisTvis gadacemaze.

XVIII saukuneSi kargad Cans, rom kaxeTis barSi gamosazamTreblad cxvari,

ZiriTadad, wovaTuSebs CahyavT. amis magaliTia giuldenStedtis dakvirveba, sadac igi

alvanis teritoriaze wovaTuSebTan Sexvedras aRwers.

34 akaki SaniZe. TuSebi._ Jurnali `mnaTobi~, 1972, #2, gv. 104. 35 arsen berTlani. wovaTis nislebi (xandazmuli nafiqrali). Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 32. 36 Tedo uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavisebureba. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 75. 37 Tedo uTurgaiZe. qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavisebureba. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 81.

154

XIX saukunis kameraluri aRwerebis Sedegad Cans, rom TuSeTSi arsebuli cxvris

udidesi nawili wovaTuSebis xelSi iyo. 1843 wlis aRweriT, wovaTuSebis 252 komls

hyavda 56189 suli cxvari; CaRmis TemSi mcxovreb 222 ojaxs _ 6850; piriqiTis 220 ojaxs _

7460.38

SedarebiT gansxvavebuli ricxvebi moaqvs roland TofCiSvils, magram saerTo

Sefardeba daaxloebiT igivea: 80% _ 20%ze wovaTuSebis sasargeblod.39

wovaTuSebis mier saukuneebis manZilze TuSeTis danarCeni teritoriidan

wovaTisken gadajgufebas ramdenime mizezi ganapirobebda. erT-erTi umTavresi iyo

mecxvareobis SenarCuneba. am kuTxiT wovaTa-alaznisTavis upiratesobas ganamtkicebs

maTi kaxeTis barTan siaxlove. alaznisTavidan cxvari or dReSi pankisis xeobaSia;

maSin, rodesac piriqiTidan da CaRmadan 3-4 dRe mainc sWirdeba kaxeTSi moxvedras.

alaznisTavi-wovaTa SedarebiT usafrTxocaa. rasakvirvelia, im periodSi mTis arc erTi

adgili ar iyo bolomde daculi, magram piriqiTis xeobas uSualod esazRvreba CeCneTi,

CaRmas ki _ daRestani da aoxrebis upirveles obieqts swored TuSeTis es teritoriebi

warmoadgendnen. mxolod amis Semdeg aRwevda Tavdamsxmeli TuSeTis siRrmeSi.

sayovelTaod cnobilia TuSuri cxvari, TuSuri yveli, TuSuri qudi, rac

mravalsaukunovan tradiciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es tradicia aseve saukuneebis

manZilze cxvris moSenebas gulisxmobs, rasac misdevdnen wovaTuSebi. CaRmaTuSebs ki

cxvari mcire raodenobiT hyavdaT, radgan zamTris pirobebSi TuSeTSi didi raodenobiT

cxvris Senaxva SeuZlebelia. samagierod, SesaZlebelia im raodenobiT Senaxva, rac 1843

wlis aRweraSi piriqiTsa da CaRmis TemSia dafiqsirebuli. savaraudod,

CaRmaTuSebisTvis cxvris moSenebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar hqonia, radgan XIX

saukuneSi CaRmaTuSur soflebSi didi raodenobiT msxvili rqosani pirutyvic

fiqsirdeba da mecxvareoba maTTvis mxolod erT-erT saqmianobas warmoadgenda da ara

ZiriTads.

rogorc Cans, saukuneebis manZilze Tavdasxmebis Sedegad Seviwrovebuli

wovaTuSebi nel-nela tovebdnen sakuTar sacxovrebels, razec wovaTuSuri saxelebis

simravlec metyvelebs (amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT) da saxldebian SedarebiT

ukeT dacul, kargi saZovrebiT gamorCeul da kaxeTis barTan axlos mdebare

teritoriebze, xolo mitovebul teritoriebs ikavebdnen Crdilokavkasiis mTianeTidan

da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Semoxiznuli gvarebi.

arsebuli wyaroebiT da informaciiT TuSeTSi wovaTuSTa gansaxlebis zusti

TariRis dadgena warmoudgenelia. erTi ramis Tqma ki danamdvilebiT SeiZleba:

lingvisturi, ekonomikuri da sxva maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, wovaTuSebi TuSeTis

mkvidri uZvelesi mosaxleobaa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini TuSeTSi CaRmaTuSebze ufro

adre arian mosulebi. Cvens kategoriulobas is arbilebs, rom aTasobiT wlis win

TuSeTSi mosaxle adamianebis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis dadgena praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.

38 valerian iToniSvili. TuSeTi da TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 72. 39 roland TofCiSvili. wova-TuSebi. Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 86.

155

Irakli Veshaguridze

Ts'ovata and the Ts'ova-Tushs

Summary

Novel studies in the origin and times of settlement of ethnic groups inhabiting the territory of Georgia, as well as research in interethnic relations between larger and minor ethnic communities have recently become increasingly essential with regard to positioning of Georgia in the Caucasus region. This article does not aim producing an explicit definition of the times and reasons theTs'ova-Tush people, a small ethnic group inhabiting the north-eastern region of Tusheti, came to settle current Georgian land. Rather, our objective has been to establish reasonable limits to the timeframe and area of their movements. This becomes particularly important given that historical documents regarding the origin of Ts'ova-Tushs, are scarce and often unreliable. We have scrutinized and critically analyzed contemporary historical works dedicated to the study of the Ts'ova on the one hand, and on the other hand, considered the scant historical texts that may be of help in this regard, with particular focus on demographic, economic and ethnolinguistic factors. While majority of authors share the view that Ts'ova-Tushs settled in Georgia as migrants at a relatively later stage, we consider this outlook to be largely erroneous. We have tried to make a first step to proving that Ts'ovas have inhabited the land of Tusheti since the ancient times and can be regarded as autochtonous population of this highland Georgian region. Given the broad range of components and factors to be considered in a study concerning the origin of an ethnicity, our comparatively short work as such could not have targeted at a final settlement of the dispute or arriving at a clear-cut conclusion. We hope, though, that the article will open the door to novel approaches and viewpoints in the problem of establishing the origins of Ts'ova-Tushs in Georgia.

156

konstantine guruli, politikur mecnierebaTa magistri

politikuri neitraliteti

(saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gamocdileba)

qarTveli eris, qarTuli saxelmwifos istoria Tavidanve ise ganviTarda, rom

saqarTvelos lavireba uxdeboda or did imperias Soris da qarTuli politikuri

elita iZulebuli iyo, kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi dapirispirebuli ori Zalidan

romelimes mxare daeWira, anu ori Zalidan erT-erTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSirSi

Sesuliyo. kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi Zlieri dapirispirebebi iyo romsa da

parTias, sparseTsa da roms, bizantiasa da sparseTs, arabeTis xalifatsa da bizantias,

bizantiasa da Turq-selCukebs Soris... 1 gansakuTrebiT mZime viTareba Seiqmna gviani

Suasaukuneebis epoqaSi (XVI-XVIII ss.), rodesac samxreT kavkasiaSi erTmaneTs

daupirispirdnen jer irani da osmaleTi, xolo Semdeg _ irani, osmaleTi da ruseTi. 2

1801-1917 wlebSi saqarTvelo ruseTis mier iyo dapyrobili da aqedan gamomdinare,

qveyanas arc saSinao da arc sagareo politika ar gaaCnda. qarTveli eri aqtiurad iyo

Cabmuli XIX saukuneSi mimdinare ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-osmaleTis omebSi da amdenad,

ruseTis samxedro politikuri gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi iRebda monawileobas.

saxelmwifoebriobadakargul, dapyrobil ers sxvagvarad arc SeeZlo emoqmeda.

saqarTvelos mier damoukidebeli politikis gatareba SesaZlebeli gaxda

ruseTis 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg, rodesac romanovebis imperia

daingra da qarTvel ers politikuri arCevnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba mieca.

1. damoukidebeli politikis SemuSavebis cdebi saqarTveloSi

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde

(1917 wlis gazafxuli _ 1918 wlis gazafxuli)

qarTul politikur elitas damoukidebeli politikis SemuSavebis mcdeloba 1917

wlis gazafxulze hqonda. 1917 wlis aprilSi Sedga saqarTvelos pirveli da meore

interpartiuli krebebi, magram am droisaTvis amierkavkasias (samxreT kavkasias)

ganagebda ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli samxareo xelisuflebis organo

_ amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakomi) da qarTuli politikuri elitac

iZulebuli iyo, angariSi gaewia imisaTvis, rom amierkavkasia da maT Soris

saqarTveloc, im droisaTvis ruseTis imperiis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.3

1 qarTuli diplomatiis istoria. akademikos roin metrevelis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 2003. 2 vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelo da garesamyaro. Tbilisi, 2011. 3 saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo (1917 wlis aprili-noemberi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzada da Sesavali sityva daurTo zaira gergedava-WeliZem. Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 11-21.

157

1917 wlis 12 agvistos Seiqmna saqarTvelos politikur partiaTa gaerTianeba _

saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo. am droisaTvis samxreT kavkasiaSi

viTardeba sul ufro iZabeboda. ruseT-osmaleTis frontis xazze, marTalia, didi

brZolebi aRar mimdinareobda, magram sul ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom ruseTis kavkasiis

armia osmaleTis Semotevisagan samxreT kavkasias didxans veRar daicavda. ruseTis

armiis gaxrwna gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT gagrZelda mas Semdeg, rac 1917 wlis 25

oqtombers bolSevikebma kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ganaxorcieles

da kanonieri droebiTi mTavroba daamxes. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli

interpartiuli sabWo did yuradRebas aqcevda qarTuli jaris Seqmnis saqmes, raTa

saqarTvelos sakuTari ZalebiT daecva Tavi. 4 saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli

sabWos msgavsad, arc saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobas (gaixsna 1917 wlis 19

noembers) gadaudgams praqtikuli nabijebi neitralitetis politikis SemuSavebis

mizniT. piriqiT, saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobis erovnul-politikuri

seqciis sxdomaze, iseve, rogorc TviT yrilobaze, ori pozicia gamoikveTa: erovnul-

demokratebi da socialist-federalistebis nawili mxars uWerdnen prodasavluri

orientaciis aRiarebas, anu dasavleT evropis qveynebTan samxedro-politikur kavSirs.

socialist-demokratebi da socialist-federalistebis nawili ki prorusul

orientacias aRiarebdnen, anu ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris momxreni iyvnen.

aqve garkveviT unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTSi igulisxmeboda ara sabWoTa ruseTi, aramed

demokratiuli ruseTi, romlis mTavroba saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobis

gaxsnamde daamxes bolSevikebma. 5 saqarTvelos pirvelma erovnulma yrilobam Tavis

rezoluciaSi Cawera: `qarTveli eri, dResac, rogorc mTels gasul saukunis

ganmavlobaSi, dgas ruseTis orientaciaze”. 6 rogorc saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli

yrilobis masalebidan irkveva, aseTi rezoluciis miReba sxva mizezebTan erTad

ganapiroba iman, rom ruseT-osmaleTis kavkasiis frontze idga ruseTis armia, ris gamoc

qarTul politikur elitas prodasavluri politikuri orientaciis yrilobis

rezoluciaSi dafiqsireba ar SeeZlo. aSkara antirusul politikaze uaris TqmiT

erovnulma yrilobam miaRwia imas, rom ruseTis kavkasiis armia ar Caeria saqarTvelos

saSinao saqmeebSi. meore mxriv, aSkara prodasavluri politikuri orintaciisagan Tavis

SekavebiT garkveulwilad unda Senelebuliyo sabWoTa ruseTis miswrafeba aRedgina

iurisdiqcia saqarTveloSi. amrigad, prorusuli orientaciis dadasturebiT qarTulma

politikurma elitam SeZlo droebiT mainc moexsna sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan samxedro

agresiis safrTxe da qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis metnaklebad normaluri pirobebi

Seeqmna. saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobas Seqnili samxedro-politikuri viTareba

rom realisturad ar Seefasebina, realisturad ar Seefasebina ruseTis kavkasiis

armiisagan momdinare safrTxe da sabWoTa ruseTis hegemonisturi miswrafebebi samxreT

kavkasiaSi, SeiZleboda sabediswero nabiji gadaedga _ gaerTulebina urTierToba

ruseTis kavkasiis armiasTan da gaeRizianebina saqarTveloSi movlenaTa ganviTarebiT

isedac ukmayofilo sabWoTa ruseTi. garda amisa, qarTuli politikuri elita Tvlida,

4 saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo (1917 wlis aprili-noemberi). dokumentebi da masalebi. gamosacemad moamzada da Sesavali sityva daurTo zaira gergedava-WeliZem. Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 30-62. 5 apolon silagaZe. vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. 1917-1918. Tbilisi, 1998. gv. 27-34. 6 apolon silagaZe. vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. 1917-1918. Tbilisi, 1998. gv. 28.

158

rom ruseTis kavkasiis armiisa da sabWoTa ruseTis gaRizianebisagan Tavis Sekaveba

imiTac iyo gamarTlebuli, rom ruseTis kavkasiis armia sabolood veRar SeinarCunebda

brZolis unars, xolo sabWoTa xelisufleba ruseTSi daemxoboda. am ori sasurveli

movlenis molodinSi qarTuli politikuri elita momaval demokratiul ruseTTan

urTierTobis damyarebaze fiqrobda. demokratiul ruseTTan urTierTobis ganviTareba

samomavlo perspeqtiva iyo. ufro swrafad da uaxloes xanebSi ruseTi saqarTvelos

osmaleTis osmaleTis agresiuli gegmebis aRkveTisaTvis dasWirdeboda. yovelive zemoT

Tqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli

yrilobis mier prorusuli orientaciis dadastureba samxreT kavkasiaSi ruseTsa da

evropaSi Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri viTarebis realistur analizs emyareboda.

Tumca pirveli msoflio omis meoTxe wlis dasawyisSi Seqmnili aramyari,

swrafadcvalebadi da araprognozirebadi samxedro-politikuri viTareba arTulebda

politikuri orientaciis gansazRvras. Secvlili viTareba dauyovnebliv iTxovda

politikuri orientaciis koreqtirebasac. sul male qarTuli politikuri elita

iZulebuli gaxda kvlav seriozulad emsjela politikuri orientaciis sakiTxze.

ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobisa da demokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebis

prognozi ar gamarTlda. ruseTSi bolSevikebma Zalaufleba SeinarCunes; kanonieri

mTavrobis aRdgenis Sansi sul ufro mcirdeboda. bolSevikebis agitaciis Sedegad

ruseTis kavkasiis armia praqtikulad brZolisuunaro gaxda. qarTuli politikuri

elita kargad xvdeboda, rom sabWoTa ruseTi samxreT kavkasiasa da maT Soris

saqarTveloze, Tavisi iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas Seecdeboda. erTi mxriv osmaleTis,

xolo meore mxriv sabWoTa ruseTis agresiis safrTxe saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos

ubiZgebda iqiTken, rom didi yuradReba daeTmo qarTuli jaris SeqmnisaTvis da amave

dros pirveli msoflio omis monawile or samxedro bloks (antanta, samTa kavSiri)

Soris samxedro-politikuri mokavSire eZebna. yovelive es ki advili saqme ar iyo.

1917 wlis 8 dekembers TbilisSi Camovidnen antantis (inglisis, safrangeTis, aSS-

s, italiis) elCebi da samxedro eqspertebi. qarTul politikur elitas imedi hqonda,

rom osmaleTis agresiisagan saqarTvelos antanta daicavda. Sexvedraze gairkva, rom

antantas saqarTvelosaTvis jariT, SeiaraRebiTa da fuliT daxmarebis aRmoCena ar

SeeZlo. antantis diplomatebi da samxedro eqspertebi imis garkvevas cdilobdnen,

qarTvelebi da somxebi ruseTis armiis wasvlis Semdeg Tavisi ZalebiT SeZlebdnen Tu

ara germaniis mokavSire osmaleTis agresiis mogeriebas. amrigad, antantasTan samxedro

politikuri kavSiris damyarebas sxva mizezebTan erTad arTulebda is, rom

jerjerobiT saqarTvelo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar iyo da arc saqarTvelos

erovnuli sabWo iyo sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis uflebebiT

aRWurvili organo. orive samxedro-politikuri bloki, antantac da samTa kavSiric,

saqarTvelos ganixilavda ruseTis Semadgenel nawilad.

1918 wlis ianvarSi ruseTis kavkasiis armiam saqarTvelos teritoria datova.

saqarTvelo osmaleTis agresiis realuri safrTxis winaSe dadga. qarTuli jari

mxolod Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda da mas osmaleTis agresiis mogerieba ar

SeeZlo. daZabul samxedro-politikur viTarebas amsubuqebda is, rom sabWoTa ruseTma

CrdiloeT kavkasiaze, kaspiispireTsa da SavizrvispireTze iurisdiqcia dakarga da

CrdiloeTidan saqarTveloSi ruseTis jarebis SemoWris safrTxe droebiT moixsna.

aseT rTul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis emzadeboda. saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda ori

mezobeli saxelmwifo, sabWoTa ruseTi da osmaleTi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis wina xanebSi (1918 wlis marti-aprili) osmaleTs

159

okupirebuli hqonda samxreT-dasavleT da samxreTi saqarTvelo (aWara, samcxe-

saaTabago). pirveli msoflio omis monawile ori samxedro-politikuri blokidan,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, antanta saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisadmi

interess ar iCenda. rac Seexeba meore samxedro blokis, samTa kavSiris, wamyvan

saxelmwifos, germanias, 1917-1918 wlebSi garkveuli interesebi gauCnda saqarTvelosadmi.

germanias saqarTvelo Wirdeboda aRmosavluri politikis forpostad. saqarTvelos

mdgomareobas aumjobesebda is, rom germania da ruseTi pirvel msoflio omSi

erTmaneTs ebrZodnen da amdenad, germania sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg samomavlo

mokavSiredac ganixileboda. imavdroulad, saqarTvelos mdgomareobas arTulebda is,

rom germania da osmaleTi erT samxedro blokSi Sediodnen da amdenad, saqarTvelos

garkveuli siZneleebi Seeqmneboda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg germaniis gamoyenebis

mcdelobisas. germania iZulebuli iqneboda Tavisi mokavSiris, osmaleTis, winaaRmdeg

raRac daTmobaze wasuliyo, rac SesaZloa saqarTvelosaTvis sabediswero gamxdariyo.

sabolood, saqarTvelo-germaniis samxedro-politikuri kavSiri Sedga. 1918 wlis 26

maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena germaniis aqtiuri da

qmediTi mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda. 1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi saqarTvelo-germaniis

xelSekruleba daido. male saqarTveloSi germaniis armiis erTi divizia (bavariis

divizia) Semovida da samxedro-politikuri kavSiric realur safuZvels daemyara.

2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena

da neitralitetis politikis deklarireba

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgena moxda uaRresad rTul samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi. 1918 wlis maisSi jer

kidev mimdinareobda pirveli msoflio omi. ori samxedro-politikuri bloki, antanta

da samTa kavSiri, ukanasknel Zalebs ikrebdnen. marTalia, 1917 wlis omSi antantis

mxareze Caeba aSS, magram 1918 wlis martSi antantis samxedro-politikur bloks

gamoeTiSa ruseTi, romelmac samTa kavSirTan separatiuli zavi dado. mZime viTareba

iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi. regionidan ruseTis armiis gasvlis Semdeg osmaleTma daipyro

TiTqmis mTeli somxeTi da saqarTvelos samxreT da samxreT-dasavleTi nawili. aseT

viTarebaSi logikurad Canda, rom qarTul politikur elitas romelime blokTan

mierTebaze ezruna. am varauds isic aZlierebda, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgena germaniis daxmarebiT moxda. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis me-3 punqti gvauwyebda:

“saerTaSorio omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitraluri saxelmwifoa~. 7 es iyo

qarTuli politikuri elitis mniSvnelovani ganacxadi neitralitetis politikis

TvalsazrisiT. aqve unda ganvmartoT, Tu ra saxis neitraliteti gamoacxada

saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam. neitralitetis tips, rodesac saxelmwifo

neitralurad acxadebs Tavs omianobis dros da arafers ambobs mSvidobiani periodis

Sesaxeb, Cveulebrivi (eventualuri, kazualuri) neitraliteti ewodeba. saqarTvelom

swored aseTi tipis neitraliteti gamoacxada. maSasadame, saqarTvelos demokratiuli

7 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 1990. gv. 4; guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001. gv. 41.

160

respublikis mier gamocxadebuli neitraliteti ar iyo dakavSirebuli mSvidobianobis

dros raime ufleba-movaleobebTan. Cveulebrivi neitraliteti warmoiSoba mesame

saxelmwifoebs Soris omis mdgomareobasTan erTad da mTavrdeba omis damTavrebiT an

Tavad neitraluri saxelmwifos omSi CarTviT. 1918 wlis 26 maisis saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtSi deklarirebuli saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi

neitralitetis dacvis politika ganagrZo saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam 1919 wlis

12 marts. am dRes axlad arCeulma saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam ucvlelad datova

aqtis me-3 muxli neitralitetis Sesaxeb. 8 bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: 1918 wlis 26 maisis

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqtiT neitralitetis deklarireba saerTaSoriso

omianobaSi idealisturi gadawyvetileba iyo Tu pragmatistuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis

gacema advili ar aris. igi moiTxovs 1918 wlis maisisaTvis pirveli msoflio omis

Sedegad evropasa da aziaSi Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri viTarebis analizs, kavkasiis

geopolitikur regionSi meomar mxareTa interesebisa da miswrafebebis, samxreT da

CrdiloeT kavkasiis erebisa da xalxebis sagareo-politikuri orientaciisa da

uSualod saqarTveloSi realur politikur ZalTa (politikur partiaTa)

ganwyobilebis gaTvaliswinebas. angariSgasawevi iyo isic, saqarTvelos mxridan

saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitralitetis dacva misaRebi iqneboda Tu ara

pirveli msoflio omis monawile samxedro blokebisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa ki ori

agresiuli mezobeli saxelmwifosaTvis _ sabWoTa ruseTisa da osmaleTisaTvis?

neitralitetis gamocxadeba da miswrafeba misi realizebisaTvis erTia, meore da

mTavari is aris, visTvis iqneboda es neitraliteti misaRebi da romeli qveyana (qveynebi)

iqnebodnen am neitralitetis garanti. garantis, faruli mokavSiris, gareSe

neitralitetis gamocxadebas azri ara aqvs, misi realobaSi ganxorcieleba

SeuZlebelia.

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mier saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi

neitralitetis gamocxadeba aseT viTarebaSi moxda:

pirveli. pirveli msoflio omi gadamwyvet fazaSi Sedioda. meomari

saxelmwifoebi adamianuri da materialuri resursebis amowurvis winaSe idgenen da

mainc agrZelebdnen oms. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo acxadebda, rom

igi aravis miemxroboda. saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitralitetis gamocxadebiT,

rasakvirvelia, saqarTvelosadmi interess dakargavda pirvel msoflio omSi Cabmuli

orive samxedro bloki. gamodis, rom saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam

saerTaSoriso asparezze sakuTari fasi TviTonve dasca. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ra

iseTi didi potenciali hqonda saqarTvelos, rom meomar mxareTa daintereseba

gamoewvia? saqarTvelos didi samxedro-ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi marTlac ar

gaaCnda, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi ram: 1918 wlis 26 maiss veravin ifiqrebda, rom

pirveli msoflio omi 1918 wlis 11 noembers damTavrdeboda. omi SeiZleboda ufro

xangrZlivi gamomdgariyo da veravin gamoricxavda imas, rom maxlobeli aRmosavleTi da

samxreT kavkasia mniSvnelovani sabrZolo operaciebis regionad qceuliyo. movlenebis

amgvari ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobiT orive

meomari mxaris cxoveli dainteresebis sferoSi moeqceoda. 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqti ki

saqarTvelos romelime samxedro blokisadmi mimxrobas ukrZalavda.

meore. 1918 wlis 26 maisisaTvis ukve kargad iyo cnobili sabWoTa ruseTisa da

osmaleTis agresiuli gegmebi saqarTvelos mimarT. ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom am ori

8 guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001. gv. 54.

161

saxelmwifodan saqarTvelo romelimes daepyro an orives misi teritoria

gadaenawilebina. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos arcerTi samxedro bloki ar daicavda.

mesame. mZime viTareba iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi. jer kidev 1918 wlis 26 maisamde

gairkva, rom somxeTi anglofilur orientacias adga, azerbaijani _ osmalofilurs,

saqarTvelom germanofiluri orientacia airCia. amis gareSec saqarTvelos, somxeTisa

da azerbaijanis urTierTobas momavalSi, yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, sadavo

sasazRvro teritoriebisaTvis brZola daZabavda. gamoricxuli ar iyo omic. SeiZleba

ise momxdariyo, rom mezoblebTan omSi Cabmuli saqarTvelo mokavSiris gareSe

darCeniliyo.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom SesaZlo iyo pirveli msoflio omis

mimdinareobis procesSi saqarTvelo mniSvnelovan forfostad qceuliyo romelime, an

orive mebrZoli mxarisaTvis. 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqti gamoricxavda saqarTvelos

teritoriaze romelime samxedro blokis jarebis Semosvlas.

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviTvaliswinebT, 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT

saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitralitetis gamocxadeba idealisturi politikis

gamoxatuleba iyo da moklebuli iyo realur safuZvels. amave TvalsazrisiT Tu

SevxedavT, 1919 wlis 12 marts saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1918 wlis 26

maisis damoukideblobis aqtis ucvlelad miRebac ar iyo pragmatuli politikis

gamovlineba da kvlav idealisturi politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. 1919 wlis

martisaTvis pirveli msoflio omi ukve dasrulebuli iyo, magram omi dasrulda

saqarTvelos mokavSire germaniis damarcxebiT. germaniis damarcxeba saqarTvelosaTvis

ori TvalsazrisiT iyo safrTxis Semcveli: 1) osmaleTi germaniis mokavSire iyo da

germaniis gavleniT iZulebuli xdeboda Seekveca agresiuli gegmebi saqarTvelos

mimarT. pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, osmaleTi germanias

angariSs aRar gauwevda. 2) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis germanofiluri

orientaciis gamo Riziandeboda antantis bloki da gansakuTrebiT _ inglisi. germaniis

damarcxebis Semdeg ingliss saqarTvelos dasjaSi xels veRaravin SeuSlida. yovelive

amis gaTvaliswineba 1919 wlis martisaTvis arc ise rTuli iyo, Tumca gasagebia

qarTuli politikuri elitis poziciac, 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtidan saerTaSoriso

omianobaSi mudmivi neitralitetis Sesaxeb muxlis amoReba garkveul uxerxulobasTan

iyo dakavSirebuli.

1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtSi deklarirebuli neitralitetis dacva rom realur

safuZvels moklebuli iyo, damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan 2 dRis Semdeg gaxda

cnobili. 1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi saqarTvelo-germaniis xelSekrulebis dadeba da

saqarTvelos teritoriaze germanuli diviziis ganlageba imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom

saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam TviTonve daarRvia saerTaSoriso omianobaSi

mudmivi neitralitetis principi.9 asea Tu ise, saqarTvelo germaniis mokavSire gaxda. am

SemTxvevaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, rom qarTul jars germaniis mxareze

ar ubrZolia.

saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelos mudmivi neitralitetis dacva ar SeeZlo

saerTaSoriso asparezze Seqmnili viTarebis gamo. osmaleTi pirvel msoflio omSi

damarcxda. mudrosis zaviT (1918 wlis oqtomberi) osmaleTs unda daetovebina samxreT

kavkasiis da maT Soris saqarTvelos, dapyrobili teritoriebi. saqarTvelo gamocxadda

inglisis saokupacio zonad. 1918 wlis dekembris bolosa da 1919 wlis damdegs baTumSi

inglisis samxedro kreiserebi Semovidnen da jarebi gadmosxes. saqarTvelos

9 zurab avaliSvili. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi. Tbilisi, 2011. gv. 86-90.

162

teritoriaze inglisis jari ganlagda. amrigad, 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos

erovnuli sabWos mier saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqtis me-3 muxlSi

gamocxadebuli saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitralitetis dacva, romelic

ucvlelad gadavida saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1919 wlis 12 marts

dadasturebul damoukideblobis aqtSi, moklebuli iyo realur safuZvels da

idealisturi politikis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda.

3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

moRvaweoba qveynis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mosapoveblad

1918 wlis 11 noembers germania da misi mokavSireebi pirvel msoflio omSi

damarcxdnen. antantis winaSe germaniam usityvo kapitulaciis aqts moawera xeli. omis

damTavrebis Semdeg msoflios axali politikuri ruka gamarjvebul qveynebs unda

daedginaT. 1919 wlis ianvarSi parizSi gaixsna sazavo konferecia. swored parizis

konferenciaze unda gadawyvetiliyo saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso aRiarebis sakiTxi.

unda gansazrvruliyo saqarTvelos adgili saerTaSoriso arenaze. parizis

konferenciam erTi weli, 1920 wlis ianvramde, imuSava. am xnis ganmavlobaSi

saerTaSoriso asparezze bevri ram Seicvala, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili ruseTis

imperiis sivrceze. TeTri moZraoba damarcxda. dasavleT evropis qveynebisa da sabWoTa

ruseTis urTierToba mSvidobian fazaSi Sedioda. parizis konferencias sxva

umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan erTad unda gadaeWra yofili ruseTis imperiis sivrceze

aRmocenebuli damoukidebeli qveynebis saerTaSoriso cnobis sakiTxi. 1920 wlis ianvars

parizis konferenciam mxolod de-faqto cno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika,

xolo de-iure cnobisagan Tavi Seikava. parizis konferenciaze xeli moewera

saerTaSoriso organizaciis _ erTa ligis -Seqmnis dokuments. 1920 wlis 14 dekembers

erTa ligam saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis wevrad ar miiRo. riT iyo

ganpirobebuli es warumatebloba? warumateblobas ramdenime mizezi hqonda da maT

Soris erT-erTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mier arCeuli neitralitetis

politika iyo. gamarjvebulma antantam da parizis konferenciam yofili ruseTis

imperiis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi or jgufad dayo.

pirvel jgufSi Sevidnen fineTi, litva, Llatvia, estoneTi da poloneTi. am qveynebma

damoukideblobis pirveli xanebidanve sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg daiwyes brZola.

fineTi, litva, latvia da estoneTi 1918-1919 wlebSi aqtiurad exmarebodnen TeTri

moZraobis erT-erT gamoCenil warmomadgenels general nikolai iudeniCs petrogradze

Setevis dros. sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan muqaris miuxedavad, am qveynebs iudeniCisaTvis

daxmareba ar SeuwyvetiaT, xolo damarcxebis Semdeg nikolai iudeniCis samxedro

nawilebi sakuTar teritoriaze Seifares. kidev ufro aSkarad daupirispirda sabWoTa

ruseTs poloneTi da misi lideri iuzef pilsucki. 1920-1921 wlebSi poloneTma omic ki

wamoiwyo sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg. gamarjvebulma antanta da saerTod evropis

qveynebma fineTs, litvas, latvias, estoneTsa da poloneTs es damsaxureba daufases, de-

iure aRiares da erTa ligaSi miiRes.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, neitralitetis politikidan

gamomdinare, mxars ar uWerda TeTr moZraobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelma

politikosebma kargad icodnen, rom dasavleTi sabWoTa ruseTis gasanadgureblad

swored TeTr moZraobaze amyarebda imeds. antantam dainaxa, rom saqarTvelom

163

praqtikulad araviTari daxmareba ar aRmouCina, xolo xSir SemTxvevaSi mtruli

pozicia daikava ruseTis moxaliseTa armiis mimarT, rogorc general anton denikinis,

ise general petre vrangelis sardlobis dros (1918-1920 ww.). swored amitom iyo, rom

dasavleTi saqarTvelos ar ganixilavda sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol

seriozul Zalad. cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom ruseTis moxaliseTa

armiisadmi politikuri da samxedro mxardaWeris aRmoCena did saSiSroebasTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. magram igive saSiSroeba emuqreboda fineTs, litvas, latvias, estoneTsa

da poloneTs. imis gamo, rom am qveynebma mxari dauWires ruseTis moxaliseTa armias,

evropam mxari dauWira maT damoukideblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam Secdoma dauSva, rodesac ar daexmara

moxaliseTa armias, radganac es erTaderTi saSualeba iyo imisaTvis, raTa saqarTvelos

Tavi warmoeCina rogorc evropis potenciur mokavSires. xolo neitralitetis

politikis momizezebiT moxaliseTa armiis ardaxmareba da bolSevikuri ruseTis

winaaRmdeg argamosvla dasavleTma saqarTvelos mxridan zurgis Seqcevad aRiqva. aqve

unda aRiniSnos, rom neitralitetis dacvis saSualeba saqarTvelos Tavad ar hqonda.

cxadi iyo, rom evropa da sabWoTa ruseTi TandaTan dapirispirebul mxareebad

isaxebodnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi neitraluri saqarTvelo ar Wirdeboda evropas, xolo

sabWoTa ruseTi saerTod Tavis teritoriad ganixilavda. saqarTvelos demokratiulma

respublikam 1918-1919 wlebSi ruseTis moxaliseTa armias neitralitetis momizezebiT

maSinac ki ar dauWira mxari, roca moxaliseTa armia moskovze salaSqrod emzadeboda.

am drosmTel CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da samxreT ruseTSi da sabWoTa mTavrobas

dakarguli hqonda yovelgvari pozicia _ am regionebSi sabWoTa ruseTs jari ar hyavda.

Tu ufro Rrmad CavukvirdebiT movlenebs aSkara gaxdeba: saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublika dasavleTis politikis winaaRmdeg midioda da moxaliseTa armias mxars ar

uWerda ori mizeziT: 1) moxaliseTa armiaze gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa ruseTi

dasjida saqarTvelos; 2) qarTul politikur elitas, romlis politikur orientacias

socialisturi partiebi gansazRvravdnen, ideuri mosazrebiT ar suqdaT monarqist

generlebTan, ruseTis moxaliseTa armiis sardlebTan, jer general anton denikinTan

(1918-1919 ww.), xolo Semdeg general petre vrangelTan (1919-1920 ww.) samxedro-

politikuri kavSiri hqonodaT. magram aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom monarqistobis gamo

moxaliseTa generlebisaTvis daxmarebaze uaris Tqma saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan

aralogikuri nabiji iyo. miT umetes, rom moxaliseTa armiis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi

ruseTSi monarqiis reinkarnacia ararealuri iyo. am SeTxvevaSi saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam win daayena socialisturi Rirebulebebi, riTac

angariSi ar gauwia imas, rom im periodSi sabWoTa ruseTis ganadgureba dasavleT

evropis qveynebis interesSi Sedioda. roca poloneTis lideri iuzef pilsucki

polonelTa sisxls Rvrida sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, igi mxolod

sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuflebis ganadgurebas eswrafvoda da imaze ar fiqrobda,

sabWoTa mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg ruseTSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mefe aRmoCndeboda

Tu prezidenti. bolSevizmisa da sabWoTa sistemis mospoba iyo im epoqis umTavresi

amocana. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom iuzef pilsuckic socialisti iyo, magram gadamwyvet

momentSi mas socialisturi doqtriniT ar uxelmZRvanelia. Tuki saqarTvelos

mTavrobam marTlac imis gamo ar dauWira mxari moxaliseTa armias, rom isini

monarqistebi iyvenen, es socialisturi Rirebulebebis saxelmwifoebriv interesebze

maRla dayenebad unda SevafasoT. aseve SeiZleba vivaraudodT, rom bolSevikuri

ruseTis winaaRmdeg gamosvlaze uaris Tqma gaubedaobis, saWiro momentSi saWiro

gadawyvetilebis vermiRebis Sedegi iyo. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobam ver gamoiyena xelsayreli momenti gamxdariyo evropuli banakis wevri. xolo

164

is, rom saqarTvelo damoukideblobis SenarCunebas sakuTari ZalebiT ver SeZlebda da

“saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitraliteti~ sabWoTa ruseTis velikoderJavul

politikas win ver aRudgeboda, es naTeli unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis mTavrobisaTvis.

neitralitetis politika moskovis zegavleniT aisaxa saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920

wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebaSi. am xelSekrulebis me-5 muxli saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas avaldebulebda dauyovnebliv ganeiraRebina da

sakoncentracio banakebSi moeTavsebina sabWoTa ruseTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili

samxedro SenaerTebi _ petre vranggelis moxaliseTa armiis nawilebi. amasTan erTad,

saqarTvelos dauyovnebliv unda daekavebina da ganeiaraRebina saqarTvelos

navsadgurebSi Sesuli ruseTis moxaliseTa armiis samxedro gemebi, xolo oficrebi da

jariskacebi sakoncentracio banakebSi moeTavsebina.10

amrigad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier omianobis

periodSi neitralitetis politikis gatarebis mcdelobam gamoiwvia is, rom dasavluri

samyaro saqarTvelos ar moiazrebda potenciur mokavSired, aramarto sabWoTa ruseTis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, aramed saerTod aRmosavlur politikaSi. amitom iyo, rom parizis

sazavo konferenciam saqarTvelo de-iure ar cno, ris uSualo gagrZelebasac

warmoadgenda is, rom saqarTvelo erTa ligaSi ar miiRes. cxadia, dasavleT evropis

qveynebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mier 1920 wlis 7 maisis

xelSekrulebiT zemoxsenebuli valdebulebebis aRebas mowonebiT ar Sexvdebodnen.

marTalia, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas ruseTis moxaliseTa

armiis jariskacebi sakoncentracio banakebSi ar mouTavsebia, magram isic naTelia, rom

1920 wlis 7 maisis me-5 muxls dasavleTi saqarTvelos mxridan mtrul moqmedebad

aRiqvamda.

4. didi mezoblis daSoSmineba

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde karga xniT adre

iyo cnobili, rom damoukideblobis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos or did

mezobelTan, osmaleTTan da ruseTTan urTierTobis mogvareba mouxdeboda. uSualod

1918 wlis 26 maisamde 2-3 TviT adre sabWoTa ruseTma kontroli dakarga mTel

CrdiloeT kavkasiaze, xolo TeTri moZaraobis dawyebisa da aRmavlobis procesSi –

saerTod mTel samxreT ruseTze. es ki imas niSnavda, rom sabWoTa ruseTs, survilis

miuxedavad, saqarTvelos mimarT samxedro agresiis ganxorcileba ar SeeZlo. sabWoTa

ruseTis iurisdiqcia CrdiloeT kavkasiaze 1920 wlis bolos gavcelda da ruseTis

mxridan saSiSroebac realuri gaxda.

sabWoTa ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT safrTxe osmaleTis mxridan arsebobda

rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis wina TveebSi, ise

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, vidre pirvel msoflio omSi

osmaleTis damarcxebamde (1918 wlis oqtomberi). amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikas pirvel rigSi osmaleTis daSoSmineba mouxda, rac Zalze

Zviri daujda qveyanas. 1918 wlis mart-aprilSi osmaleTma daipyro mTeli samxreT-

dasavleTi saqarTvelo (arTvini, aWara). osmaleTis jari mdinare Coloqze SeaCeres.

osmaleTma aseve daipyro mTeli samxreT saqarTvelo (axalqalaqi, aspinZa, axalcixe).

10 guram SaraZe, giorgi SaraZe. istoriuli relikviebis dabruneba. 1918-1921. Tbilisi, 2001. gv. 113-115.

165

osmaleTis jaris SeCereba mxolod borjomTan moxerxda. ase rom, damoukideblobis

aRdgenis dRisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeboda samxreT-

dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloze. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba

ar apirebda, Serigeboda osmaleTis mier qveynis nawilis okupacias. osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg brZolas Wirdeboda Zlieri samxedro mokavSire. axladSeqmnili qarTuli

jari osmaleTTan sabrZolvelad moumazadebeli iyo. saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respbulikis mokavSire germania saqarTvelos mTavrobas urCevda, Seqmnil samxedro-

politikur viTarebaSi osmaleTisaTvis daeTmo mis mier okupirebuli teritoriebi.

marTalia, germanias gulwrfeli survili amoZravebda daxmareboda saqarTvelos, magram

osmaleTi germaniis mokavSire iyo da es ukanaskneli valdebuli iyo angariSi gaewia

osmaleTis moTxovnisaTvis. osmaleTis mxridan angariSis gaweva imaSi gamoixata, rom

jarebi mdinare Coloqze da borjomTan SeaCera da Seteva aRar gaagrZela.

rasakvirvelia, Zlier osmaleTis saxelmwifos ufro didi angariSi gauwia germaniam,

vidre osmaleTma _saqarTvelos, rogorc Tavisi mokavSiris mokavSires. germanias

osmaleTTan saqarTvelos gamo urTierTobis gafuWeba ar awyobda, xolo saqarTvelos

germaniis garda sxva potenciuri mokavSirec ki ar hyavda. ase rom, saqarTvelos

mTavroba germaniis mxridan Tundac mcired daxmarebaze da osmaleTis jarebis mdinare

Coloqze da borjomTan gaCerebazec madlobeli iqneboda, radganac amaze met

daxmarebas veravisgan miiRebda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas sxva

gza ar hqonda, garda imisa, rom osmaleTis moTxovnebi daekmayofilebina. 1918 wlis 4

ivniss baTumSi xeli moewera saqarTvelo-osmaleTis xelSekrulebas, romlis ZaliaTac

saqarTvelo-osmaleTis sazRvari mdinare Coloqze dadginda. Zneli saTqmelia kidev ra

daTmobebiT mouxdeboda osmaleTis daSoSmineba saqaTvelos demokratiul respublikas,

rom ara pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis damarcxeba da osmaleTis jarebis gayvana

saqarTvelos teriotriidan. osmaleTTan urTierTobis mogvarebis problemam droebiT

simwvave dakarga. Tumca 1920 wlis bolodan da 1921 wlis damdegidan osmaleTis

daSoSminebis problema isev aqtualuri gaxda. es dakavSirebuli iyo 1920 wlis

zafxulSi saqarTvelodan inglisis jarebis gayvanasTan.

general anton denikinis moxaliseTa armiis damarcxebis Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTma

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi poziciebi aRidgina. cxadi gaxda, rom general petre vrangelis

moxaliseTa armiac male damarcxdeboda da sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro floti Sav

zRvaze gabatondeboda. dRis wesrigSi mTeli simwvaviT daisva sabWoTa ruseTis

daSoSminebis problema. am mizans emsaxureboda 1920 wlis 7 maisis saqarTvelo-ruseTis

xelSekruleba. xelSemkvreli mxareebi sxvadasxva mizans isaxavdnen. saqarTvelos surda

sabWoTa ruseTisagan de-iure aRiareba mieRo da miaRwia kidec amas. ufro

SorsmWvreteli miznebi hqonda ruseTs: 1) moskovs surda ar daeSva saqarTvelosa da

ruseTis moxaliseTa armiis kavSiri; 2) mieRwia saqarTveloSi moqmedi sabWoTa ruseTis

me-5 kolonis xelSeuxeblobisaTvis; 3) moedunebina saqarTvelos mTavrobis yuradReba; 4)

saerTaSoriso asparezze daemkvidrebina azri imis Taobaze, rom sabWoTa ruseTs

saqarTvelos mimarT agresiuli gegmebi ar gaaCnda. yvela am mizans sabWoTa ruseTma

miaRwia. es ki imas niSnavda, rom sabWoTa ruseTis dasaSoSmineblad gamiznuli

xelSekruleba ufro sasargeblo aRmoCnda ruseTisaTvis, vidre saqarTvelosaTvis.

xelSekrulebis me-5 muxliT saqarTvelos mTavrobam daakanona antiqarTuli

organizaciebis arseboba saqarTveloSi. sakiTxavia, ramdenad Rirda ruseTis mier de-

iure aRiarebis miReba, Tuki amis sanacvlod saqarTveloSi de-faqto

antisaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciebis arseboba dakanondeboda. amiT sabWoTa ruseTma

gviani moqmedebis naRmebi Cado saqarTveloSi. marTalia, sabWoTa ruseTma de-iure

aRiara saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, magram Zneli misaxvedri ar iyo, rom

166

xelSekrulebiT dakanonebuli bolSevikuri organizaciebi ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas

ganaxorcielebdnen saqarTveloSi. bolSevikuri organizaciebis dakanoneba niadagis

Semzadeba aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi momavali SeWrisaTvis. erTi welic ar iyo gasuli

xelSekrulebis dadebidan, rom sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo.

amrigad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam ori didi mezoblidan,

osmaleTidan da ruseTidan vercerTi ver daaSoSmina; erTis daSoSminebis mcdeloba

samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dakargvis fasad, xolo meorisa _

damoukideblobis dakargvis fasad daujda.

ori didi mezoblis daSoSmineba sabolood imiT damTavrda, rom osmaleTi da

sabWoTa ruseTi erTmaneTs mourigdnen. osmaleTma xeli ar SeuSala sabWoTa ruseTis

mier 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobas.

samagierod, 1921 wlis 16 martis sabWoTa ruseT-osmaleTis xelSekrulebiT ruseTma

osmaleTs dauTmo saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria (arTvini, lazeTi, tao-

klarjeTi).

* * *

pirveli msoflio omis dasasrulsa da omis Semdeg Seqmnil samxedro-politikur

viTarebaSi ruseTis imperiis yofilma koloniebma fineTma, estoneTma, latviam, litvam

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba moipoves da SeinarCunes kidec. ruseTs, germaniasa

da avstrias Soris gadanawilebulma poloneTmac ki saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba

moipova da SeinarCuna. istorikosebi da politologebi savsebiT sworad miiCneven, rom

fineTis, estoneTis, latviisa da litvis damoukideblobis SenarCuneba am erebis

Tavganwiruli brZolis garda ganapiroba kidev erTma obieqturma faqtorma _ sabWoTa

ruseTsa da dasavleT evropas Soris buferuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobis

aucileblobam. amasTan dakavSirebiT xSirad ismis kiTxva: SeeZlo Tu ara saqarTvelos

buferis roli Seesrulebina samxreT kavkasiaSi, sabWoTa ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris?

ruseTi xom mudam mieswrafoda bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi Cagdebas,

rac did safrTxes warmoadgenda dasavleT evropisaTvis. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema

unda daviwyoT imiT, rom fineTi, estoneTi, latvia da litva buferul saxelmwifoebad

iqcnen ara calke sabWoTa ruseTis an dasavleT evropis miswrafebiT, aramed orive

Zalis SeTanxmebiT. ase rom, am regionSi buferuli saxelmwifoebis arseboba ori Zalis

kompromisis Sedegi iyo, es kompromisi ki aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli. sul sxva

viTareba iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas kidec rom

moendomebina buferuli saxelmwifos rolis Sesruleba es SeuZlebeli iyo. dasavleT

evropis politikosebi Tvlidnen, rom sabWoTa ruseTi samxreT kavkasiis gavliT evropas

ori mizezis gamo safrTxes ver Seuqmnida: 1) sabWoTa ruseTisa da osmaleTis

daaxloeba, rac mogvianebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi teritoriebis kompromisuli gamijvniT

damTavrda, gamoricxavda osmaleTSi ruseTis SeWras. bosfor-dardanelis sruteebs igi

swrafad da advilad ver daikavebda. evropa osmaleTs daexmareboda da ruseTis

agresiac aRikveTeboda. ase rom, evropeli politikosebi sworad daaskvnidnen: samxreT

kavkasiidan sabWoTa ruseTi evropas realur safrTxes ver Seuqmnida. aqedan

gamomdinare, evropa dainteresebuli ar iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikisaTvis buferis rolis miniWebiT.

167

Konstantine Guruli

Political neutrality

(Experience of Democratic Republic of Georgia)

Summary Restoration of indipendance (26th May of 1918) and establishing of Democratic Republic of Georgia was

held in very difficult military-political situation. In this thesis there are shown activities of the government of Democratic Republic of Georgia and Georgian political elite for securing independence. In period of 1918-1921 there was a massive work done in Georgia to get status of neutral country. Discussions were held about transformation of Georgia into buffer state. While all this would turn into reality, the government of Democratic Republic of Georgia was realizing politic of avoidance of two big neighbours – Osman Empire and Russia. With the act of independence Georgia declared itself as neutral country during international wars. Democratic Republic of Georgia stuck to neutrality policy during whole time of its existence. However, Georgia was not able to become neutral state. Neutrality of Democratic Republic of Georgia did not match with interests of Russia and Osman Empire. Both states were preparing to capture Georgian territory. Establishing of neutral state in South Caucasus in face of Georgia was not supported by the victorious countries of the World War II – England, France, Italy. Even more, the big countries of Europe did not recognize independence of Georgia until January 1920. In January 1920 Georgia was recognized only de-facto. In Europe the matter of recognition of Georgia was discussed in context of relations with Soviet Russia. As for relations with Soviet Russia Europian countries were careful. As a result official recognition of democratic Republic of Georgia was delayed. The countries of Western Europe found necessary the existence of buffer states (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) between Soviet Russia and Europe. But they did not find necessary the existence of buffer state at south border of Soviet Russia. This meant, that Georgia was not able to find its place in international system – Georgia was not able to become neutral country and could not play the role of buffer state. The military-economic potential of Democratic Republic of Georgia was so weak, that it would not be able to create any kind of strong army and would not be able to protect itself from aggressive neigbours (Osman Empire, Soviet Russia). This was proven during the war between Georgia and Soviet Russia in February-March of 1921. Neutrality policy declared by Democratic Republic of Georgia, was not realized because of military-political situation.

168

f i l o l o g i a

169

giorgi alibegaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

terminebi `Teoria” da `fantazia” Sua

saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi

Sua saukuneebis mwerlobis literaturul-esTetikuri saazrovno sistema sam

ZiriTad aspeqts iTvaliswinebs: Ziebas RvTisa, romelic rwmenas gulisxmobs;

mSvenierebisa _ romelSic swrafvaa gansaxovnebisaken, saxismetyvelebisaken; dabolos,

WeSmaritebisa _ rac niSnavs filosofias.

tradiciulad Zvel qarTul mwerlobaze dakvirveba sami kuTxiT warimarTeba:

nawarmoebTa analizi Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, TxzulebaTa Seswavla mxatvrulobis

aspeqtiT da teqstebis kvleva Teoriul-literaturuli principebis gamovlenis mizniT.

mwerlobis am mimarTulebiT Seswavlas xels uwyobs Zvel avtorTa dakvirvebani

calkeul terminebze, romlebic gvexmareba nawarmoebTa analizisas da safuZvels

iZleva imisas, rom literaturul-Teoriuli azrovnebis Camoyalibebas gavadevnoT

Tvali.

am kuTxiT yuradRebas iqcevs ori termini - `Teoria” da `fantazia”.

Teoria

sityva `Teoria“ da am Ziris matarebeli sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTeuli Zvel

berZen avtorebs gansxvavebulad aqvT gaazrebuli vidre misi terminologiuri

daniSnulebiT gamoyenebamde. bunebrivia, termini `Teoria“ qarTvel avtorTa mierac

gagebulia rogorc leqsikuri, aseve terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT _ amosavali ki

bizantiel moRvaweTa dakvirvebaa.

vnaxoT, Tu rogor esmis sityva `Teoria“ sxvadasxva avtors: aristotele: dakvirveba, daTvaliereba, mimoxilva;

herodote da Tukidide: daTvaliereba, ucxo qveynis naxva, mogzauroba;

aristotele, aristofane, platoni: sanaxaoba (sadResaswaulo an Teatraluri);

magaliTad, dionises dResaswaulebi.

`Teoria“ etimologiurad ukavSirdeba sityva `Teoross~, romelic niSnavs

`mayurebels“, `mowmes“, `damkvirvebels~. `Teorosidanvea~ miRebuli zmnuri forma

`Teoreo”, rac niSnavs `yurebas~, `dacqerebas~, `daTvalierebas~, `mimoxilvas~.

amosavali sityva `Teorosisa” filosofiur-literaturaTmcodneobiTi SinaarsiT

araa datvirTuli. mas ufro politikur-sakulto mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen: `Teorosi~

niSnavda an saxelmwifo warmomadgenels, romelic sakulto xasiaTis davalebas

asrulebda, an saxelmwifos sruluflebian warmomadgenels, elCs. bizantiur periodSi

sityva `Teorosi~ kargavs Tavis aseT terminologiur mniSvnelobebs da saerTodac

170

aRar gvxvdeba. samagierod gansakuTrebul daniSnulebas iZens `Teoriisa~ da `Teoreos~

manamdec cnobili mniSvnelobebi:

`Teoreo~: Wvreta, ganxilva, fiqri (aristotelesTan);

`Teoria~: ganWvreta, gonebiT Wvreta, fiqri (aristotelesTan da platonTan) an

moZRvreba, Teoria (plutarqesTan da polibiusTan).

berZnuli enis erTi da imave sityvis mravalmniSvnelovneba Cvens winaprebs

siRrmiseulad hqondaT gaazrebuli. wm. efrem mciris SeniSvniT, berZnuli ena

ùfskruli Rrma ars da igive da erTi sityvaÁ mravalsa pirsa aRiarebs~; amitom

mTargmnelebma unda icodnen `zedmiwevniT rabamobaÁ berZenTa da qarTvelTa enebisao~.

ase rom, sityva `Teoria~ (teoria) antikur xanaSi filosofiuri azriT niSnavs

`ganWvretas~, TiTqmis `yurebas~, `fiqrs~. aseTive azriTaa datvirTuli zmna `Teoreoc~ (teoreo). s. averincevis SeniSvniT, sityva `Teoria~ berZnisaTvis gulisxmobda umoqmedo

da uangaro `dacqerebas~ sxeulebrivi da da usxeulo eidosTa anu saxe-ideaTa xazebSi,

anu `gonebiT Wvretas~ am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. berZnuli filosofiisaTvis

adamiani araa muSaki msoflio saxelosnoSi, magram arc asketia, romelic gandgomilia

`Tvalis cdunebis~ gamo; igi mayurebelia, xolo samyaro sanaxaobaa.1

mogvianebiT platonis, aristoteles da antikuri xanis sxva filosofosTa

SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobiT dainteresebam TavisTavad gaaaqtualura filosofiur-

esTetikuri terminologiac, magram is Sua saukuneTa wmida mamebma Taviseburi

SinaarsiT Seavses, rasac garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnda.

`Teoria~ da `Teoreo~ saxarebaSi ukve saRvTo Sinaarss atarebs. oTxTavSi

vkiTxulobT: `da yovelni maT Tana mosrulni da romelTa ixiles xilvaÁ ese, icemdes

mkerdsa maTsa da warvidodes~ (luka 23.48).

ìxiles xilvaÁ~ gulisxmobs im suraTs, rodesac xalxma jvarcmuli ieso

sakuTari TvaliT naxa. aq `xilva~ ara sakraluri `Cvenebis~ mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari,

aramed - `sanaxaobisa~, oRond es `sanaxaoba~ macxovars Seexeba da, amdenad, ukve

moiniSneba `xilva-sanaxaobis~ momavali, saRvTismetyvelo SinaarsiTYxmareba.

gavixsenoT ucnobi avtoris `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ erTi epizodi: svetis win

mlocavma netarma ninom ìxila Wabuki erTi naTliTa Semosili. da ninoÁsve gverdiT

dges SroSana da sidonia da ixiles maTca da etyodes ninos: - rai ars xilvaÁ ese?

xolo man xeli ganuxara da ubrZana ganSorebaÁ.

da kacman man naTliTa Semosilman aRhmarTa Zeli igi...

da viTarca iqmna ciskari, gamovida mefe urveuli svetisa misTvis da mieaxla

adgilsa mas da eynosa suli surnelisaÁ miuTxrobeli. da ixila xilvaÁ

saSineli da elvarebaÁ brwyinvale da sveti igi maRlad ze mdgomare~.2

`wmida ninos cxovrebis~ `xilvaÁc~ `sanaxaobiT~ mxares moicavs, oRond ukve

saswaulebriobis SinaarsiTaa Sevsebuli.

rogorc iTqva, asevea sityva `Teoreo~ saxarebaSic. qristes cxovrebasTan

dakavSirebis gamo is saRvTo azriTaa datvirTuli: `dadga eri igi da xedvida~, Tu

rogor Seuracxyofdnen iesos (luka 23. 35). `da dajda ieso wina Sefasis sacavsa mas da

hxedvida, viTar-igi eri dasdebda rvalsa fasis sacavsa mas~ (mark. 12. 41); `xolo iyvnes

dedanica, romelni SoriT xedavdes, romelTa Tana iyo mariam magdaleneli da mariam

1 С. С. Аверинцев. Поэтика ранней византийской литературы. Москва, 1977, გვ. 50-51. 2 qarTuli proza. t. I. Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 206.

171

iakobisi mcirisaÁ da iesos dedaÁ da salome~ (mark. 15. 40); ìyo mun mariam

magdalenel da mariam iosesi da hxedavdes, sada-igi dasdebdes” qristes (mark. 15. 47).

saxarebidan gamomdinare, qarTveli mwerlobis `xilvac~, erTi mxriv, niSnavs

`dacqerebas~ raime RvTaebriv saqmeze, xolo, meore mxriv, sakuTriv `xilvas~,

`Cvenebas~, `saswaulebriv sanaxaobas~.

`Teoriisa~ da `Teoreos~ aseT konteqstSi moqceva sityva `Teoriis~

terminologiur daniSnulebaSic povebs asaxvas. antikuri gaazreba `Teoriisa~ -

ganWvreta, gonebiT Wvreta, fiqri, moZRvreba mTlianad saRvTo SinaarsiTaa Sevsebuli.

wm. efrem mcire SeniSnavs: `Seiswave, rameTu yovelTa mxedvelad berZenTa eniTa

iTqumis RmerTi, vinaÁTgan xedvasa Teoria hrqvian da RmerTsa Teon. amisTvis xedvad

Targmaneben saxelsa RmrTisasa wesiTa etvimalogoobisa, ese igi ars mzapasuxobisaÁTa~.3

Tuki sityva `Teoria~ antikuri xanis filosofosTaTvis `ganWvretas~, `gonebiT

Wvretas~ da sxv. niSnavda, xolo qristianul mwerlobaSi `xilviT~ Seicvala, Teoriul-

literaturuli mniSvnelobiT isaa `xedva~. RvTis saxeli `Teonic~ `xedvad~ iTargmaneba,

vinaidan uzenaesi yovlismxedvelia.

sityvebi `Teoria~ da `Teon~ etimologiurad araviTar kavSirSi ar aris

erTmaneTTan. saerTo mxolod Ziris nawili `Teo” aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi wm. efrem mciris

ganmarteba arazustia; magram es ar aris mTavari. arsebiTi isaa, rom `Teoria~ _ `xedva~

uSualod RmerTisgan gamomdinareobs da masve miemarTeba. ase rom, wm. efremis

Tanaxmad, `Teoria~ aris qristologiuri Sinaarsis termini, Sevsebuli Teologiuri

mniSvnelobebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, RvTaebaze saubari mxolod `Teoriuladaa~

SesaZlebeli. aseTia termin `Teoriis~ saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarsi.

Tumca aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobas wm. efrem mcire kidev ufro aRrmavebs,

rac sxva niuansebiT avsebs am termins. wm. ioane damaskeli `gardamocemaSi~ wers: `xolo

Semdgomad da meored usakuTres saxeli RmrTisa ars RmerTi, romeli igi esreT i-

saxismetyvelebis, viTarmed igi xedavs yovelsa, anu amiT gulisxmisyofiTa, viTarmed igi

xedavs yovelsa, anu amiT gulisxmisyofiTa, viTarmed swuavs, rameTu RmerTi Cuen

cecxlSemwevel ars da ganmlevel yovlisa siborotisa~. 4 `Teoria~ _ `xedvis~

RvTismetyvelebiTi Sinaarsis gverdiT aq kidev ori aspeqti Semodis _

saxismetyvelebiTi da `xsniTi~ _ borotebisagan mokvdavTa daxsnisa anu WeSmaritebis

gzis swavlebisa.

wm. ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis~ erT-erTi Targmani wm. efrems ekuTvnis da

igi eklesiis mamis zemomoyvanil msjelobas aseT komentars urTavs: ùwyebaÁ jer

ars, viTarmed vinaÁTgan berZenTa eniTa aRuweria wmidasa ioane damaskelsa wigni

ese, amisTvisca berZulad saxismetyuelebs sityuaTa amaT, rameTu berZnulad RmerTsa

Teone ewodebis da xedvasa Teoria, xolo cecxlsa eTin saRramatikosoÁTa sityviTa,

amisTvisca saxeli RmrTisaÁ, romel ars Teon, msgavsebisaebr maT sityuaTaÁsa u-saxis-

metyuelebia da xedvisagan, romel ars eTin, cecxlad uTquams, viTarmed `RmerTi Cueni

cecxl Semwuvel ars~.5

rogor gavigoT termin `Teoriis~ saxismetyvelebiTi aspeqti? ioane sabanisZis

TqmiT, `saSinel da wmida ars da yovlad Zlier da sakvirvel da ufali da yovlisa

mpyrobel ars saxeli misi (RvTisa). ver SemZlebel varT Cven miwdomad simdidresa mas

3 m. SaniZe. Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa._ Tsu Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi. XI. Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 78. 4 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 118. 5 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 118.

172

saxelsa misisa, aramed uZlurebisamebr Cemisa da gulsmodginebisa Tqvenisa viwyo

Txrobad~6 da CamoTvlilia is simboloebi, romlebic uzenaess miemarTeba.

ase rom, uzenaesis saxeli `saSinel da wmida ars~ (ioane sabanisZe). igi aris

`yovelTa mxedveli~ (wm. efrem mcire). xolo `Teoria~ niSnavs `xedvas~, ris

saSualebiTac iTargmaneba, ganimarteba `yovlismxedvelis” saxeli. RmerTi ki aris

`sofelsa Sinad, soflisa gared, soflisa zeSTad, zeSTacad, zeSTaarsebisad, mzed,

varskulavad, cecxlad, wylad, qarad, cuarad, Rrublad, lodad da kidev yovelad-

yovelad da arca erTad maT yovelTaganad~.7

wm. ioane damaskelis naTqvami _ `RmerTi Cuen cecxl Semwuvel ars” da wm. efrem

mciris ganmarteba, _ aqedan gamomdinare, eklesiis mamas `saxeli RmrTisaÁ... cecxlad

uTqvamso~, _ emyareba bibliur da misgan SemuSavebul areopagitul saxismetyvelebiT

principebs. `yofa RvTisaÁ~ (wm. dionise areopageli) yvelgan da yvelaferSi, pirvel

yovlisa, bibliaSia dadasturebuli - am wignis sxvadasxva epizodSi. `RmerTi cecxl

Semwuvel ars~, _ weria meore rjulSi (4.24) (e.i. `mSTanTqmeli cecxlia ufali~).

`saRmrToTa saxelTaTvisaSi” miTiTebulia, rom RvTaebis `cnobaÁ yovelTa arsTagan

Seuval ars~8, rom igia `yovelTagan yovlad Seuxebeli, da arca grZnobaÁ ars misi, arca

ocnebaÁ, arca nebaÁ, arca saxelisdebaÁ, arca sityuaÁ, arca SexebaÁ, arca

xelovnebaÁ~ 9 , radgan RmerTi yvelgan da yvelaferSia da amasTanave arc aris iq, misi

saxelis gandideba da gamoxatva Teoriulad SeuZlebelicaa da SesaZlebelic.

kiTxvas – `raÁ ars saxeli Seni?” – wm. dionise areopagelis mixedviT, uflis

angelozi ase pasuxobs: `rasa ikiTxavT saxelsa Cemsa? da igi ars sakvirvel” (msaj. 13.

18); analogiurad eubneba uzenaesi mosesac: `me var, romeli var” (gamosvl. 3. 14). ase rom, am SemTxvevaSi uflis saxeli araa gacxadebuli.

xolo Tuki ufali aris `yovlad yovelTa Soris~ (I korinT. 15.28. am muxls

imowmebs wm. dionise Tavis TxzulebaSi `saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~. gv. 12), igi SeiZleba

iyos cecxlic, vinaidan ùxilavi igi (RmerTi) misi dabadebiTgan soflisaÁT qmnulTa

maT Sina sacnaurad ixilvebis, da samaradisoÁ igi Zali misi da RmrTeebaÁ~ (rom. 1.20).

amrigad, uzenaesis saqmeTagan, `romelni arian garemoÁs missa, sacnaur iqnebis Cuenda” 10

Tavad ufali, _ ganmartavs wm. efremi.

ase ivseba termini `Teoria~ gamomsaxevelobiTi, saxismetyvelebiTi SinaarsiT misi

RvTismetyvelebiTi gaazrebis paralelurad.

wm. efrem mciris mier naTargmn wm. dionise areopagelis naSromis -

`saeklesioÁsa mRdelT-mTavrobisaTvis~ - eqvs qveTavs: `saidumloÁ naTlis-RebaÁ~,

`saidumloÁ mihronis srul-yofisaÁ~, `saidumloÁ samRdeloTa srulebisaÁ~, `saidumloÁ

samonazunoÁsa srulebisaÁ~ da `saidumloÁ siwmidiT daZinebulTaÁ~ - cal-calke

mosdevs RvTismetyvelebiT-saxismetyvelebiTi Teoriuli msjeloba da axsna-ganmarteba

gamoyofili saTauriT _ `xedvaÁ~ (teoria). uflis Tu mis saxierebasTan ziarebuli sagnis an qmedebis `xedviTi~ warmosaxva,

pirvel rigSi, rwmenazea damokidebuli. pirveli safexuria `Teofiloni~ _ RvTis

siyvaruli, ris Semdegac iwyeba sagnis an qmedebis saxismetyvelebiTi aRqma.

6 ioane sabanisZe. habos wameba-qarTuli proza. t. 1. Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 122. 7 petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi. gamosca s. enuqaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 12. 8 petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi. gamosca s. enuqaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1961, gv.7

9 petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi. gamosca s. enuqaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1961, gv.10. 10 Sesavali, gv. 83

173

`gardamocemis~ IX TavSi wm. ioane damaskeli wers: `wmidaÁ dionisoÁs ityvis, viTarmed

`sikeTe~ ara kma ars RmrTisaTvis saTqmelad, rameTu pirvelad amisi jer ars TqumaÁ,

viTarmed ars da mermeRa viTarmed saxier ars~, 11 rac ganapirobebs `xedviTi~

msjelobisas sagnis an qmedebis binaruli Tvisebis gaTvaliswinebas: òrni gankuTvnani

arian: erTi bunebiTi da arsebiTi da meore _ TvisebiTi da pirobiTi~. ioane damaskeli

kidev ufro gamokveTs saTqmels konkretuli magaliTis moyvaniT: Tu `WamiTa da sumiT”

veziarebiT qristes `RmrTeebas~ da es aris sarwmunoebrivi aqti da amave dros,

saxismetyvelebiTi miniSneba macxovris xorcsa da sisxlTan ziarebaze, `mermesa mas

saukunesa arRara esreT, aramed mxolod xedviTa (noetos) oden misiTa ziar missa

viqmnebodiT”. 12 Noetos niSnavs gonebaWvretiTs, gonebisTvis miRwevads platonTan da

plutarqesTan; wm. efremi mas, rogorc vxedavT, sityva `xedviTs~ usadagebs.

es ukve aris termin `xedvaSi~ WeSmaritebis Ziebis aspeqti anu filosofia, rac

gulisxmobs filosofiis arc antikur da arc Tanamedrove gagebas, aramed

Suasaukunebriv Sinaarss - filo-sofias, sibrZnis anu `RvTis moyvareobas~ (wm. efrem

mcire). sibrZnisa da RvTis igiveobriobis damadasturebeli klasikuri formula ki

bibliis gaTvaliswinebiT medievalur ZeglebSi aris Semdegi gamoTqma: `sibrZneman iSena

Tavisa Tvisisa saxli~, rac, pirvel rigSi, samyaros dabadebas anu Sesaqmis aqts

gulisxmobs.

`Teoria~-`xedva~ sxva qarTvel avtorebsac analogiurad aqvT gaazrebuli. ioane WimWimeli berZnul winadadebas - kata de panta ton tropon teorias – ase Targmnis: `xolo

yovelTave amiT saxiTaebr xedvisa”.13

Tu rogor esmiT `Teoriul”-`xedviTi~ msjeloba Zvel avtorebs, sailustraciod

moviyvanT wm. efrem mciris vrcel komentars cxovrebisa da cnobadis xeze, romelsac

`gardamocemis~ xelmeored mTargmneli Rirsi arsen iyalToelic imeorebs: `vinaÁTgan

suliernica sityuani hqonan agebulebasa xilulTasa mzrdelni gonebisani da kualad

Zali bunebiTi grZnobisa ukue Suebul-myofeli, xolo sad saxel-edva, romelsa cnobaÁ

vidreme keTilisaÁ aqus gaxsnilsa survilad, xolo cnobaÁ borotisaÁ miRebulsa

xorcielad, vinaÁTgan moZRuar eqmnebis vnebaTa xorcielad mimRebelTa misTaTvis,

viTarca daviwyebisa saRmrToÁsa momzidveli maT zeda, romlisTvisca amcno RmerTman

kacTa jereT-yofaÁ miRebisa misisa... esreT ukue Tqua aqa xisaTvis yovelTa da

Sesatyvisad SesaZlebelisa saxis-metyuelebisa mier usaidumloesisa da uaRresisa

sityvisa damarxviTa mesaidumle qmnilTaTvis gonebiTa, xolo Cuen mier dumiliTa

pativis-cemiTa misiTa~.14

edemis baRSi aRmocenebuli xe cxovrebisa da cnobadisa TavisTavad

saRvTismetyvelo Sina-arsiT aris gasaazrebeli _ is aris `ganrCevaÁ keTilisa da

boritisa~; xisgan gamoTlili Zelebisagan Seqmnes jvari da zed acves macxovari,

romelmac Tavisi mowameobrivi aRsasruliT kidev erTxel aCvena adamis ZeT `ganrCevaÁ

keTilisaÁ da borotisaÁ~; xolo xisgan gamoTlili svetis saswaulma wmida ninos

locvis wyalobiT sabolood aswavla qarTvelT `ganrCevaÁ keTilisaÁ da borotisaÁ~.

borotebaa xis - sagnis `xedva~, `cnobaÁ... xorcielad~ (nayofis gasinjva), radgan: àra

nivTsa vhmsaxurebT, aramed saxesa oden juarisasa da saswaulsa Zisa kacisasa, rameTu

vidremdis saxe juarisaÁ iyo, Tayuani-vscemT, xolo raJams daixsnis saxisa misgan nivTi

11 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 82.

12 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 83; gv. 81

13 korneli kekeliZe. `Targmanebai eklesiastisaÁ mitrofane zmvirnel mitropolitisaÁ”._

etiudebi. t. XI. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 225-226. 14 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 141.

174

igi juarisaÁ, daRacaTu oqroÁ iyos, anu Tvalni patiosanni, mieriTgan arRara

Tayuanis-vscemT da numcaRa vin Tayuanissces~. 15 amitom saWiroa aRniSnuli sagnis ara

`nivTieri~, aramed sulieri `xedva”, rac aris RvTismetyvelebis, saxismetyvelebisa da

WeSmaritebis erTianobis saidumlo, romelsac `mesaidumloe-qmnilni~ daimarxaven, xolo

`Cuen mier dumiliTa~ pativicema.

dabolos, moviyvanT sulxan-saba orbelianiseuli sityva `RmerTis~ ganmartebas,

rac erTgvari Sejamebaa termin `Teoriis~ Suasaukunebrivi gaazrebisa: `RmerTi

gamoiTargmanebis xedva da wva~; sxva xelnaweris mixedviT: `RmrTaeba iTqmis yovelTa

mxedvelisa winagamgebelobisaTvis da yovlad srulisa saxierebisaTvis, viTar

yovelsave moixilavs da SemokrebiT ipyrobs da Tavisa mier Tavisa aRavsebs zeSTa maT

yovelTa garda-ra-efinebis, raodenica arian mimRebelni winagangebulebisa misisa...

RmerTi gamoiTargmanebis xedvad da wvad~ (`leqsikoni qarTuli~).

sityva `xedvis~ sabaseuli erT-erTi ganmarteba aseTia: `xedvad uwoden

filasofosni mecnierebasao~. `wvaze~ miTiTebulia - ix. RmerTi.

ase rom, `RmerTis~ gamoTargmaneba `xedvad~ da `wvad~ miuTiTebs, rom Sua

saukuneebSi termini `Teoria~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriuli msjuloba, esmodaT

rogorc uzenaesze fiqri - SesaZlebloba misi arsis wvdomisa RvTismtyvelebiTi,

saxismetyvelebiTi da filosofiuri Ziebis aspeqtiT. amitom xSirad `xedva~ sasuliero

mwerlobis ZeglebSi `saswaulebriv sanaxaobas~ ukavSirdeba da

literaturaTmcodneobiT terminologiaSic am gziT aris damkvidrebuli. adamians

RvTisagan imitom àsxen Tvalni xedvad~ (igulisxmeba gonebis Tvalnic), rom `xedavdes~

_ aseTia wmida mamebis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa erTgvari Sejameba aRniSnul

terminze.

`Teoria” _`xedvaze~ saubrisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, agreTve, Sua

saukuneTa epoqis ìgavis~ ganmarteba; wm. ioane oqropiris mixedviT, ìgavi~ aris: 1. `Sinagan mqonebeli dafarulisa ZalisaÁ” gamomacxadebeli;

2. msgavseba;

3. `saxis-metyueleba~;

4. `sityuaÁ ganmzavebeli gulis-xmissayofelebiTa grZnobadTa sityuaTa da

warmomadginebeli soflioTa mier da xilulTa zeSTa soflisaTa da uxilavTa~;

5. `sityua aCrdiloani da magaliTiani”;

6. `xedvaÁ Tana-Setyuebuli xedvisa da mecnierebisaÁ~.16

rogorc vxedavT, ìgavis~ CvenTvis saintereso mniSvnelobis ganmartebisas wm.

ioane oqropiri pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom `xedva~ `mecnierebasTanaa~ kavSirSi, anu esaa

azrovnebis im wesebis erToblioba (saRvTismetyvelo, saxismetyvelebiTi da

filosofiuri), romelic gvexmareba RvTis SecnobaSi.

fantazia `fantaziamac~, msgavsad `Teoriisa~, arsebiTi terminologiuri cvlileba

ganicada antikuri xanidan vidre Sua saukuneebamde. igi aris Sinagani xilviT

konstruirebuli `sanaxaoba~, `xedva~, zogjer ki wyaro saxe-idealis Seqmnisa. amdenad,

`fantazia~ ufro literaturul-esTetikuri terminia, oRond, ra Tqma unda, religiuri

mniSvnelobiT, saRvTismetyvelo Sina-arsiT datvirTuli.


16 simon yauxCiSvili. xronoRrafi giorgi monazonisaÁ. tfilisi, 1920, gv.69.

175

Fantasia - `fantazia~ antikuri epoqis avtorTa mier sxvadasxvagvaradaa

moazrebuli:

diodore sicilieli - Cveneba, demonstrireba;

polibiusi - brwyinvaleba, didebuleba, elvareba;

platoni, plutarqe, seqstus empirikusi - warmosaxvis nayofi, moCveneba, zmaneba.

`fantaziis” Ziridan nawarmoebi sxva leqsikuri erTeulebic analogiuri

mniSvnelobisaa. ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sityva `fantazma~ (fantasma): esqile - moCveneba, zmaneba, aCrdili, landi;

Teokrite - sizmari, zmaneba;

platoni, aristotele - anarekli, gamoxatuleba, arekvla, asaxva;

warmodgena, warmosaxva.

antikur moazrovneTaTvis `fantazia~ ZiriTadad warmosaxvis xelovnebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, Tumca, amasTanave, misi filosofiuri mniSvneloba fsiqologiur

aspeqtsac iTvaliswinebs. platonisa da aristoteles mixedviT, `fantazia~ aris

STabeWdileba, fsiqologiuri saxe, warmodgena.

sayuradReboa, rom antikuri xanis `fantazia~ amave epoqis sxva terminTan _

`mimesisTan” mimarTebiT ganixileboda. Mimesis - `mimesisi~ TukididesTan da

aristofanesTan niSnavs `wabaZvas”,`mibaZvas”, àRdgenas”, àsaxvas”, `ganmeorebas”,

`msgavsebas”, xolo herodotesTan _ `gamosaxvas”, `warmosaxvas”, àsaxvas”, `gamoxatvas”,

`gamosaxulebas”, `gamoxatulebas”.

àpolonios tianelis” avtori fლabiუs filostrate `fantazias” upirispirebs

`mimesiss”. misi azriT, `fantaზia” ufro brZeni `xelovania”, vidre `mimesisi”. radgan es

ukanaskneli formas aZlevs mxolod imas, rasac igi xedavs, xolo `fantazia” ki imasac,

rasac igi ver xedavs17.

Sua saukuneebSi `fantazia” sarwmunoebrivi SinaarsiT ivseba da aviwrovebs

antikuri esTetikis `mimesiss”. j. meTius SeniSvniT, am periodis bizantiur esTetikaSi

`phantasia” gaigeba ara mxolod rogorc warmosaxva an `xedviTi” xati, aramed

aucilebeli winapirobac grZnobiTi aRqmis unarisa (aisthesis).18 bibliaSi `fantazia” ukve gansxvavebul Sina-arss iZens. `saqme mociqulTas” erT-

erTi epizodi qarTulad asea naTargmni: `da xvalisagan movida aRripa da berenike

mravliTa saocrebiTa” (fantasia) (25. 23). qarTul TargmanSi berZnuli `fantazia”

`saocrebad” aris gadmotanili.

asevea oTxTavSic: `xolo mowafeTa viTarca ixiles, vidoda raÁ zRuasa zeda,

SeZrwundes da Tques, viTarmed saocar raÁme ars” (maT. 14. 26; mark. 6. 49), oRond am

SemTxvevaSi `saocarad” gadmotanilia `fantazma”.

ase rom, antikuri esTetikuri kategoria `fantazia” - gnebavT filosofiuri

mniSvnelobiT (STabeWdileba, fsiqologiuri saxe, warmodgena) - amave terminis

Suasakunebrivi gagebisagan principulad gansxvavdeba. ufro metic, qristianobis adreul

xanebSi igi diogene laertesTan `gamocxadebis”, `Cveulebis”, `sanaxaobis”

mniSvnelobasac iZens (ix.: sofokles `romauli da bizantiuri periodebis leqsikoni”,

qristes Sobamde 146 _ qristes Sobidan 1100 wlebis periodi, kembriji, 1914).

17 В. В. Бычков. Эстетика поздней античкости. Москва, 1981, стр. 208. 18 G.Маthew. Byzantineaesthetics. London, 1963, gv. 115.

176

wm. dionise areopagelis TxzulebaTa mTargmnels - wm. efre mcires berZnuli

`fantazia” gadmoaqvs òcnebad”.19 vnaxoT am sityvis gamoyenebis ramdenime konteqsti:

àrca grZnobaÁ ars misi (RmerTis), arca ocnebaÁ, arca vnebaÁ, arca saxelis-debaÁ,

arca sityuaÁ, arca SexebaÁ, arca xelovnebaÁ” (`saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis”);

uzenaesi `momaqcevelica ars arsisa mimarT, romlisa moaqcevs mraval saxeTagan

mogonebaTa da TiTo-ferTa CuenebaTa, gina Tu usakuTres ars Tqumad, viTarmed

ocnebaTa” („saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis”);

`saRmrToÁ kaci” `msgavsiTa msgavsTa daimkvidrebs, vinaÁca eseviTari araodes

SfoTian iyos winaaRmdgomTa ocnebaTa gina gonebaTagan” (`saeklesioÁsa mRdel-

mTavrobisaTvis”);

`mRdeli” ìjmnisa yovelTa ganmyofelTagan ara xolo cxovelTa, aramed

ocnebaTaÁ ganca maTTa” (`saeklesioÁsa mRdel-mTavrobisaTvis”);

`xolo ganyofilTa maTgan ara mxolod cxovelTa, aramed ocnebaTa maTTaganca

jmnaÁ srulsa mas gamoaCinebs monazonTa sibrZnis moyuarebasa xelovnebiT moqmedsa

erT-myofelTa mcnebaTasa” (`saeklesioÁsa mRdelT-mTavrobisaTvis”);

`kualad munve aRvalT da vityviT, viTarmed arca sul ars, arca goneba, arca

ocneba, arca neba, anu mqonebel sityvisa gina mogonebisa”... (`saidumlod RmrTis-

metyvelebisaTvis”).

moyvanil magaliTebSi `fantazia” - òcneba” grZobiT aRqmas gulisxmobs da

uaryofiT konteqstSia moqceuli, vinaidan xorciel, fizikur mgrZnobelobas niSnavs.

aseTi xorcieli òcneba” ki RvTaebis warmosasaxavad an misTvis gamiznuli qmedebis

gasaazreblad dauSvebelia.

rodisRa SeiZleba mivmarToT `fantazias” - `saocrebas” - `saocars”, -òcnebas”?

amis gasarkvevad moviyvanT wmida mamaTa ramdenime ganmartebas.

wm. basili kesarieli SeniSnavs: ùxilavi igi soflis dabadebiTgan dabadebulTa

mier cnobilni ixilvebian”; 20 wm. ioane damaskelis mixedviT, uzenaesi `Tu raÁ ars

arsebiT da bunebiT, ese miuwdomel ars arsebiT da bunebiT, ese miuwdomel ars da

yovlad ucnaur. da viTarmed uxorco ars, rameTu viTar xorc iyos miuwdomeli da

SeusazRvrebeli, gamousaxveli da Seuxebeli, martivi da Seuzavebeli?” radgan `bunebani

uflisani ara erT guam arian, arca erT gancxadeba, arca aso, arca adgil, arca Jam,

raTa raodenobad aRyvanebul iyvnen, rameTu eseni arian SekrebiT aRsaricxvelni”.21

RmerTisa da mis saqmeTa ùcnaureba” da `gamousaxveloba” srulebiTac ar

gamoricxavs òcnebas” da `gamosaxviTobas”, vinaidan ìs, rac uxilavia masSi, maradiuli

Zala da RvTaebrioba misi, samyaros Seqmnidan missave qmnilebaSi cnaurdeba da xiluli

xdeba” (rom. 1.20).

uzenaesis uxilavi arsis gacxadeba mis mierve Seqmnil xilul sagnebSi niSnavs,

rom òcneba” da saxeobrivi gamoxatva dasaSvebia. rogorc wm. efrem mcire SeniSnavs,

`ganmartebaÁ ara xolo SesaZlebel ars, aramed sacTurebaÁca”. 22 rac Seexeba

ganmartebis formebs, `romelime ganmartebiT Targmnis muxlsa da romelime saxis _

metyuelebiT”. nebismieri saxis ganmarteba àrs gamocxadebaÁ Zalsa sityuaTa

19 petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi. gamosca s. enuqaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1961, gv.

10, 35, 176, 205, 206, 228. 20

T. Wyonia. ioane petriwis `ganmartebis” axali wyaros SeswavlisaTvis._ k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutis krebuli: Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis oTxi Zegli. Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 91. 21 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 70, gv. 109.

22 efrem mcire. Sesavali, gv. 82.

177

dafarulebisasa“. 23 Tavis mxriv `saxis-metyuelebaÁ SesaZlebel ars ara erT saxed oden,

aramed mraval saxedca”. ganmartebaTa `sacTurebiTi” arsi ki isaa, rom `gonebiT oden

cnobili da TualiTa ara xiluli” sagnebi `RmrTisaTvis xorcielad iTqumian”, Tumca

`sulierad gulisxma-iyofian”. 24 arc is SeniSvna unda dagvaviwydes, rom ùzeSTaes ars

ganmartebiT Targmna saxismetyuelebiT Targmnisa”. 25 miuxedavad amisa, arcTu iSviaTad

SeuZlebelia raime sagnis, gansakuTrebiT ki uzenaesis, vTqvaT, mdgomareobis

ganmartebiTad Targmaneba. am dros upiratesoba ukve saxismetyvelebiT komentars

eniWeba. magaliTad: `jdomaÁ RmrTisaÁ saxismetyuelebiT iTqumis da ganmartebiT

gulisxmisayofelad uRono ars, rameTu igi Tavadi gare-Seuwerel ars: arc zis, arc

dgas, arc vals, aramed yovelive aRuvsies da Seucavs, da igi mxoloÁ araraÁsgan

Secvul ars, aramed pirad-piradad SecvalebisaTvis gangebulebaTa misTaÁsa kacobriv

mopovebul iqmnebian sityuani ese, amisTvisca jdoma saxel-edebis Seuryevelobasa

mSjavrTa da gankiTxvaTa misTasa”.26.

am citatidan mniSvnelovania ara mxolod is azri, rom rig SemTxvevaSi

upiratesoba saxismetyvelebiT Targmanebas eniWeba, aramed is TvalTaxedvac, rom,

kerZod, saxismetyvelebiTi TargmanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxeobrioba `kacobriv

mopovebulia” - anu mis Seqmnas garkveuli warmosaxvis unari sWirdeba.

ase rom, Sua saukuneTa avtorTaTvis uzenaesi yovlismomcvelia da, amave dros _

arastatikuri. saxismetyvelebaSi (`kacobriv mopovebul” warmosaxvaSi) igi aris `mTavari

sawauli”, mis irgvliv ganlagdeba yvela simbolur-alegoriuli saxe, romlebSic

konkretizirdeba kidec Tavad.

amitom netari avgustines mier dasmuli kiTxva da iqve gacemuli pasuxi ara

ritorikuli azriTaa datvirTuli, aramed gamoxatavs medievaluri azrovnebis wess -

antinomiurobas, adamianis bunebaSi maradiul Widils sulsa da xorcs Soris. `saerTod

risi Tqma ZalgviZs Senze? - svams kiTxvas netari avgustine, - magram vai maT, vinc

sduman Senze, rameTu mravlismetyvelnic dadumebulan”.27

nebismieri sagnis binaruloba ki Sesabamisad ganapirobebs saxeobrivi gamoxatvis

ormag gvareobas: saxe erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos `Tqmuli da gamouTqmeli, sacnauri

da ucnauri”,28 aqedan, ùmsgavso msgavseba” (wm. dionise areopageli).

rogorc iTqva, termin `fantazias” wm. dionises SromebSi wm. efrem mcire Targnis

òcnebad”. wm. ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis” Targmnisas ki fantasia gadmoaqvs

`saocrebaÁd”, arsen iyalToels - òcnebaÁd”. Fantasma arsenTan `saocaria”, xolo

efremi imave sityviT - `saocrebaÁT” Targmnis. 294.

`saocreba” - òcneba” (fantasia) da `saocreba” - `saocari” (fantasma) es ori

paraleluri asociaciuri leqsikuri erTeuli, romelic garkveul SemoqmedebiT

process gamoxatavs, iwvevs `sacTurebas” (`gamnarteba ara xolo SesaZlebel ars, aramed

sacTurebaÁca”) da ukavSirdeba `sacnaurs” (`gonebiTa oden cnobili da TualiTa ara

xiluli”).

amrigad, wm. efrem mcire `fantaziaSi” `sityviT mogonebiT” miRebul warmosaxviT

saxes gulisxmobs, romlis aRwera da gadmocema Secdomisgan araa dazRveuli, piriqiT,

23 z. sarjvelaZe. qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 199, gv. 229.

24efrem mcire. Sesavali. gv. 86.

25 efrem mcire. Sesavali. gv.82.

26 efrem mcire. Sesavali. gv. 96.

27 netari avgustine. aRsareba. saq. ekl. kalendari. Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 123.



178

àucilebelicaa”, radgan aqac antinomiuroba asrulebs gadamwyvet rols. ase rom,

mimetur gamosaxulebas enacvleba simbolur-alergiuli - òcnebiT” warmosaxuli.

biCkovis mixedviT, filostrate `fantaziaze” saubrisas gulisxmobs ara

ubralod nawarmoebis ìdeas”, aramed ìdeas”, romelic Seqmnilia xelovanis sibrZniT,

anu ramdenadme gamonagonsac, mxatvrul warmosaxvasac, ra Tqma unda, antikuri fantasia gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove `fantaziisagan” anu `warmosaxvisagan”, magram mainc mis

winamorbeds warmoadgenda.30

garda amisa, filostratesTan fantasia SekavSirebulia samyaros poetur

wvdomasTan; igi xSirad gvxvdeba sinonimad `sibrZnisa” da `warmodgenisa” (gnome), romelic dakavSirebulia adamianis sulis Rrma moZraobasTan. 31 xolo klimenti

aleqsandrieli `fantazias” xSirad xmarobs `xatis” (eicon) mniSvnelobiT.32

wm. efremi berZnul sityva gnome-s Targmnis xan `cnobad”, xan `mecnierebad”, xan

`ganzraxvad” (`dakvirveba”, goneba, goniereba, azri), xanac `ganCinebad” (gansazRvra,

dadgena),33 yvela SemTxvevaSi gnome ukavSirdeba an mecnierebas, sibrZnes, an `dadginebas”, `warmodginebas”, rac imas niSnavs, rom wm. efremisaTvis `fantazia” aris Serwyma

sibrZnisa da warmosaxvisa anu RvTismetyvelebisa da saxismetyvelebisa.

cnobilia, rom wm. dionise areopageli ganasxvavebs sulieri gamoxatvis or

meTods da Sesabamisad saxeTa or tips, romlebic ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan

izomorfizmis xarisxiTa da principebiT _ msgavsniT, `mgvanniT” da àramsgavsniT”,

àramgvanniT”. pirveli tipis saxe katafatikuri (warTqmiTi) aRniSvnis wesiT gamoixateba

da jer kidev klasikuri esTetikis wreSia moqceuli. misi arsi is aris, rom sulieri

arsebebi aRibeWdon da gamovlindnen saxeebSi, romlebic maT Seesabameba da

SeZlebisdagvarad enaTesaveba kidec; anu `mgvani” saxeebi unda warmoadgendnen pozitiur

TvisebaTa umaRles erTobliobas. wm. dionisesTan `mgvan” saxeebSi koncentrirebulia

samyaros yvela `xedviTi mSveniereba”.

ùmsgavso msgavsebebs” (romlebic miiReba `Tqmuli da gamouTqmeli, sacnauri da

ucnauri” saxisqmnadobis principis mixedviT) eklesiis mama ufro maRla ayenebs - esaa

RvTaebis apofatikuri (ukuTqmiTi) gamoxatva. misi winamorbedi moazrovne wm. klimenti

aleqsandrielic miiCnevda, rom analitikuri gziT ganuxorcielebelia RvTis

absoluturi Secnoba, radgan `misaRwevia SecnobisaTvis ara is, rasac is warmoadgens,

aramed mxolod is, rasac igi ar wamoadgens”.34 wm. dionises azriTac, uzenaesis uxilavi

da gamouxatavi Tvisebebis saCveneblad ufro mosaxerxebelia ùmsgavso” (aramgvani)

gamosaxva. am dros adamianma arqetipi uxeSi materialuri formebiT ar unda

warmoidginos.35

wm. efrem mcire iziarebs àRxsnis” wm dioniseseul meTods. TviT am termins igi

ase ganmartavs: àRxsna uwodes TargmanebiT ganmartebasa, romeli ars gamocxadebaÁ

Zalsa sityuaTa dafarulebisasa”.36

Tumca ùmsgavso” saxeebi ar aris mxolod pirobiTi niSnebi da racionalisturi

simboloebi. SeniSnulia: RvTis atributebi `RvTisaa” da RmerTSia. ar SeiZleba RmerTi

iyos TeTri, an maRali, an sxva ram. RmerTi absoluturia da ara imitom, rom uricxv

30 В. В. Бычков. Эстетика поздней античкости. Москва, 1981, стр. 208. 31 В. В. Бычков. Эстетика поздней античкости. Москва, 1981, стр. 263; 32 r. miminoSvili. `gardamocemis” qarTuli Targmanebi. Tbilisi, 1966, gv. 104-105. 33 В. В. Бычков. Эстетика поздней античкости. Москва, 1981, стр. 116. 34 В. В. Бычков. Византийская эстетика. Москва, 1977,стр.131-133. 35 z. sarjvelaZe. qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 229.

36 petre iberieli. გვ. 27.

179

niSan-Tvisebas atarebs, aramed imis gamo, rom maTze maRlamdgomia. igi absoluturia

TavisTavadobaSi, erTraobaSi. sxvagvarad: atributTa mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,

absoluturoba imaSia, rom igia ara saerTo, rac sxvadasxva atributs mistikuri gziT

erTze daiyvans. mistikuroba aq niSnavs, rom RvTaeba simravlisadmi araa mimarTuli

rogorc gvareobiTi cneba da is xdeba masze maRlamdgomeli `saerToobac”. esaa

SeuZlebelis metafizikur sinamdviled qceva. magram realurad amgvari raobis

sinamdviled qceva SeiZleboda mxolod poetur fantaziaSi.37

izomorfuli gamoxatvis am meTodTan dakavSirebiT wm. efrem mcire wm. dionise

areopagelis Txzulebebze darTul erT-erT komentarSi aseT azrs gamoTqvams: `RmerTis

mgalobelobaÁ wmidisa dionisis sityuaTaÁÒ ars. da kualad raJams monastersa ityodis,

odesme arved uxmobs, odesme – sibrZnis saswurTelad, odesme _ stadionad”38 (stadioni -

sulieri asparezi, sarbieli. Sdr. I korinT. 9. 24).

amitom, ase vTqvaT, saxeTa Seqmnis ùmsgavso msgavsebis” principiT xdeba RvTaebis

raobis warmosaxva--òcneba” (`fantazia”). òcnebiT” miRebuli saxis erTgvari klasikuri

magaliTia xati, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, portretisagan gansxvavebiT, Sinagani

xedviT konstruirebuli idealia. `xatisqmnadobis” procesSi ki aucilebelia òcnebis”

Serwyma `xedviT” codnasTan (anu Teoriul codnasTan).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ioane batoniSvilis SeniSvnasac, rom `xelovneba orgvaria”

- `saqmiTi da xedviTi” da `xedviTi xelovneba aris RvTismetyveleba” (`kalmasoba”),

xolo `xedviT xelovnebas” RvTismetyvelebis azrovnebis wesiT ukavSirdeba `fantazia” -

òcneba”, davaskvniT, rom es ukanaskneli termini aris esTetikuri, ufro zustad,

saxismetyvelebiTi kategoria, miT umetes, rom, `xedviTi xelovnebisgan” gansxvavebiT,

`saqmiTi xelovneba” niSnavs praqtikul saqmianobas - mecnierebas, filosofias.

Giorgi Alibegashvili

The Terms `Theory~ and `Fantasy~ in Medieval Georgian Literature

Summary

Medieval literary-aesthetic mentality system considers three aspects: search for God, which implies faith; for beauty, which is the quest to the reflection of reality by means of inner sense, to imagology; and for truth which means philosophy.

Traditionally, observation of Ancient Georgian Literature is carried out in three directions: analysis of writing in terms of theology; the artistry study of literary works; and the research of texts in order to reveal the theoretical and literary principles. Observations of some terms conducted by the ancient authors contributes to the study of literature within mentioned direction. It helps while analyzing and provides the possibility of tracing the formation of literary-theoretical mentality.

The terms `Theory~ and `Fantasy~ are considered exceptionally in this regard. In Medieval literary works `theory~ means God Contemplation, and “fantasy” means imaginary, imagological comprehension of Holy.

37 revaz siraZe. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 119.

38 z. sarjvelaZe.qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 1984,gv. 205.

180

tariel futkaraZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

eTnolingvisturi diversiebi saqarTveloSi

(rusuli konteqsti) dRes mTeli msoflio aqtiurad adevnebs Tvals kavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebs;

Sesabamisad, amJamad ufro realuria saqarTvelos demokratiuli saxelmwifos

aRorZinebis perspeqtiva (vidre es iyo me-20 saukuneSi) da saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenac. am gzaze arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa

da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis istoriuli dokumentebisa da obieqturi kvlevebis

miwodebas, rac xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqtis arsis garkvevasa da

postkonfliqtur periodSi mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis swraf aRdgenas. warmodgenili

statiis mizania ruseTis imperiis mier organizebul enobriv-kulturul diversiebze

Tvalis gadevneba.

sinamdvilis kvlevas didad uSlis xels samecniero asparezis politizeba, rac,

rogorc wesi, imperiuli saxelmwifoebis nebisamebr xorcieldeba. samwuxarod, bolo 80

wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca mecnieruli azri mTel msoflioSi STambeWdavad ganviTarda,

qarTveli eris cxovrebis, kulturis Tu enis istoria, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa imperiis

sqemiT iwereboda; mag., `ratomRac~ sabWoTa kavSirSi nakleb perspeqtiulad iTvleboda:

qarTveluri da Zveli winaaziuri kulturebis mimarTebis hipoTeza, ivane javaxiSvilisa

da arnold Ciqobavas mier argumentirebuli iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis

Teoria da sxva. samagierod, metismeti subieqturobiTa da intensivobiT Suqdeboda

ruseT-saqarTvelos `megobruli~ Tanacxovreba; qarTveli eris daSlis mizniT

qarTvelTa calkeul kiloebs acxadebdnen umwerlobo enebad; am kiloebs mflobelT

daCagrul `xalxebad~ acxadebdnen da uqmnidnen `samwignobro enebs~. qarTveloba

cxaddeboda ramdenime damoukidebel naciad: sakuTriv qarTvelebad, xevsurebad,

TuSebad, svanebad, lazebad, megrelebad, aWarlebad, mesxebad...

mecnierebis politizebis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso msjeloba aqvs g. meliqiSvils:

`qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba Zlierdeba XIX saukunis bolos; amave periodSi

gamoqveynda f. homelis axali samecniero Teoria, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelobis

winaprebad miiCneoda kavkasiaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropis did nawilSi ganfenili

winareindoevropuli mosaxleoba - `xalxTa alarodiuli ojaxi: elamelebi, kasitebi,

urartuelebi (maTi STamomavlebi arian qarTvelebi), pelazgebi, etruskebi, baskebi... f. homelis samecniero Teoriam gaaZliera qarTvelTa konsolidacia, magram am dros

qarTvelobis winaaRmdeg antagonisturad ganewyvnen ruseTis imperiis mesveurni da

amierkavkasiaSi arsebuli Zlieri somxuri burJuazia~.1

qarTvelTa istoriis mimarT Tvisobrivad amgvari (`gaTiSe da ibatone~)

interpretireba ruseTsa Tu zog sazRvargareTul wreSi grZeldeba dResac (ix.: mag., i.

koriakovis, j. hiuitis, i. zeirekis, v. foirStainisa da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba). gareSe Zalebi

1 g. meliqiSvili. narkvevebi. I. gv. 329.

181

axlac cdiloben saqarTveloSi enobriv-eTnikur umciresobad gamoacxadon da am gziT

did samwignobro kulturas mowyviton: lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi.2

ruseTis imperiis mizanic ucvlelia: saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisa Tu

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis dezorientirebiT saqarTvelos teritoriis TandaTanobiTi

okupacia da aneqsia, paralelurad, qarTvelobis enobriv-eTnikuri daSliT am

teritoriis istoriuli mflobeli eris sruli asimilacia.

ucvlelia qarTvel eris, zogadad, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mizanic: sakuTari

saxelmwifoebriobis gadarCeniT erovnuli identobisa da kulturis gadarCena.

Tanamedrove globalistur msoflioSi es mizani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

ganxorcieldeba, Tuki Tanamedrove meTodologiiT Seiqmneba qarTveli erisa da

saqarTvelos istoriis axali, depolitizebuli da akademiuri enobriv-eTnikuri

istoria.

XVI-XVIII saukunebSi iranisa da osmaleTis mudmivma agresiebma saqarTvelo aiZula

mokavSire eZebna dasavleT evropaSi, magram indoeTis gzis ZiebaSi amerikis povniT

aJitirebulma evropam aRar moisurva saqarTvelos gamo dapirispireboda Zlier

aRmosavlur imperiebs.

Tavdapirvelad, ruseTi erTmorwmuneobis motiviT cdilobda ndoba moepovebina

saqarTveloSi da am gziT damkvidrebuliyo kavkasiaSi; 3 Semdeg ki Ria agresiaze

gadavida da iaraRis ZaliT daifyro qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, saqarTvelos eklesia

da sxva kavkasiuri xalxebi.4

ruseTis imperiam 1864 wels gamoacxada kavakasiis 100-wliani omis damTavreba. amis

Semdeg ruseTi aaqtiurebs agresiis meore formas: kavkasiaSi `demografiuli

simZlavris~ arsebiTad Sesacvlelad, ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi enaTmecnierul-

eTnologiuri kvalifikaciebis gayalbebiT iwyeben kavkasiis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis,

pirvel rigSi qarTvelebis erovnuli identobis moSlas. amisTvis ruseTi adridanve

emzadeboda; am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Stabskapitan Saxovskis 1834 wlis moxseneba

mefisnacval g. rozenisadmi:

`CvenTvis yvelaze momgebiani iqneba, Tu sxvaTa Soris [svaneTSi] SemoviRebT rusul

RvTismsaxurebas, rac moajaWvebda am xalxs TqvenTan. amis Sesasruleblad aucileblad mimaCnia: gamovarTvaT ramdenime svan RvTismsaxurs Svilebi, vaswavloT maT saRvTo

sjuli rusul enaze, vakurTxoT mRvdlebad da gavgzavnoT TavianT xalxSi, romelic

maT sixaruliT miiRebs, xolo mamebi sakuTari nebiT dauTmoben adgils TavianT Svilebs~.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ruseTis imperia ukve intensiurad cdilobs,

saqarTveloSi daamkvidros rusuli ena; paralelurad, eswrafvis ra SezRudos

qarTuli enis gamoyenebis areali afxazeTSi, samegrloSi, svaneTSi, imperiis moxeleebi

afxazeTSi aaqtiureben rusuls, xolo samegreloSi oficialur dokumentebs gamoscems

megruli kilos (ènis~) mixedviTac. am TvalsazrisiT `sanimuSoa~ kavkasiaSi ruseTis

mefis warmomadgenlis - `namestnik~ Reneral-feldceixmeisteris, mixailis 1867 wlis 27

ianvris `kanonni uflebisaTvis, romelTaca moipoveben glexni ymobidan gamosulni

samegreloSi (zugdidisa, senakis da leCxumis mazrasa Sina)... xeli mowerilia:

2 vfiqrob, amgvari enobrivi diversia zogs uneburad gamosdis sakmarisi samecniero informaciis arflobis gamo; ix.: mag., http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html. 3 ix.: 1483 w. moskovSi kaxeTis mefis elCebis dokumenturi masala. 4vrclad ix.: merab vaCnaZe, vaxtang guruli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1801-1921). თბilisi,

2009; http://sangu.ge/images/vguruli/17geo.pdf.

http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html

http://sangu.ge/images/vguruli/17geo.pdf

182

naCalniki glavnis upravleniisa kavkasiis namestniki, senatori, statssekretari baroni

a. nikolai~.

Sdr., megruli variantis dasaxeleba:

`Ti ufleba Seni, namusoTi samargalos maxoruu (mazrefi: zugidi, senaki, leCxuma)

patronWyoraliSe gSuuliri yazaxefi... xe moWarili ren: naCalniki kavkasiasi

namestnikiSi dudi marTvelobaSi, senatori, statssekretari baroni a. nikolai~.

Sdr., aseve:

1899 wels gamocemuli megruli saanbano saxelmZRvanelos avtori al. greni am

wignis winasityvaobaSi acxadebs: àm anbanis Sedgenisas me miznad mqonda, rogorme, Tundac arapirdapir, gamomewvia nacionaluri brZolisaTvis megrelebi, romelnic

iTelebian ufro Zlieri qarTveli xalxisagan. aseTi brZola, WeSmaritad, sruliad

SeuZlebelia sakuTari erovnuli anbanis uqonlad, [im anbanisa], romliTac megreli Tavis azrebs iseve gamoxatavda, rogorc misi mteri, am SemTxvevaSi – qarTveli~ (s.

xundaZe, 1940, gv. 104).

ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, agreTve, quTaisis guberniis samxedro

gubernatoris, general-maior gerSelmanis 1900 wlis saidumlo werili, sadac

miTiTebulia, rom: `...указомгрузинско-имеретинскойсинодальнойконторыот 17-гомарта 1898 г. за№2771, преподавание грузынского языка вшколах Абхазиии Самурзакани совсем воспрещено...~; am dokumentiT rusebi samuzayanoel (galel!) megrelebs sxva erovnebad, xolo maT

metyvelebas sxva ènad~ warmoaCenen da upirispireben danarCen qarTvelebs.

1918-20 wlebSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis samwlian periodSi,

bunebrivia, qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur identobaze SeizRuda imperiis xelisuflebis

zewola da daiwyo qarTuli enis uflebebis aRdgena. paralelurad, saqarTvelos

xelisufleba tradiciuli qarTuli tolerantobiT moekida umciresobebis enobriv

uflebebs, rac imaSic gamoixata, rom saxelmwifos umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi

sxva erovnebis moqalaqeebs TavianT enaze SeeZloT sityviT gamosvla, xolo 1918-21

wlebis saqarTvelos parlamentSi arCeul delagats ufleba hqonda, Tavis enaze

warmoeTqva sityva, Tu es ena icoda prezidiumis erTma wevrma mainc. saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTs ganesazRvra avtonomiuri statusi da sxv.

1918-21 wlebSi momzadda bevri iuridiuli dokumenti damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

aRorZinebisaTvis.

rusuli imperiuli politika ufro agresiulad gagrZelda saqarTvelos 1921 wlis

bolSevikuri aneqsiis Semdeg. leninisa da Semdeg stalinis, xruSCovis, breJnevis,

gorbaCovis imperiac cdilobda saqarTvelos ara marto teritoriul danawevrebas,

aramed qarTvelTa calkeuli jgufebisTvis qarTveluri istoriis, kulturis da

erTiani enobrivi identobis gaucxoebas. stalinma da sxva bolSevikebmac kargad

icodnen, rom eris dasanawevreblad pirvel rigis amocanaa ènaTmecnieruli

diversiebiT~ (dialeqtebis damoukidebel enebad gamocxadebiT) eris Semqneli dedaenis

gaucxoeba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom amJamindeli ruseTis imperia (putin-medvedev-duginis

ruseTi) axla ufro daxvewili meTodebiT cdilobs Tavisi saukunovani miznis miRwevas

- qarTveli eris danawevrebis gziT kavkasiaSi samudamo gabatonebas.

ènaTmecnieruli diversiebi~ gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT ganxorcielda gasuli

saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi (Tumca am mxriv dRes ufro didi

riskfaqtorebi Cndeba!). es iyo erT-erTi umZimesi periodi qarTveli eris mTeli

istoriis manZilze:

bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos xelmeored dapyrobis Semdeg socialur-

politikuri terori mZvinvarebda. Tu mefis ruseTi Tavisi generlebis, sasuliero

183

pirebisa (ianovskebs, vostorgovebs, gerSelmanebs...) da TiTo-orola adgilobrivi

renegatis (aSordiebis) saSualebiT cdilobda qarTvelTa danawevrebas, bolSevikebis

taqtika ufro veraguli gaxldaT: demokratiisa da socialuri Tanasworebis lozungiT

mosuli dampyrobeli Tavis miznis aRsrulebas Seecada adgilobrivi boSlSevik-

komunistebis gamoyenebiT.

strategiuli gegma igive iyo:

grZeldeboda aramarto afxazebis, osebis, somxebis, azerbaijanelebisa da sxvaTa

amxedreba qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg, aramed gegmazomierad xorcieldeboda qarTvelTa

enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebac. mefis moxeleebis msgavsad, bolSevikebmac gamoacxades,

rom megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi, lazebi, imerlebi, xevsurebi, TuSebi da sxv.

qarTvelebi ar arian da qarTvelebisgan iCagrebiano. aqve erTi detalic unda aRiniSnos:

afxazebs Caagonebdnen, rom qarTveli maTi istoriuli mteria, rom TiTqos,

qarTvelebi itaceben afxazTa miwebs, Cum-Cumad saxldebian iq, xels uSlian afxazuri

kulturis ganviTarebas da surT mospon afxazi eri; zogi afxazi marTlac ijerebda am

sicrues. arada, ruseTis mier afxazTa genocidis SeCerebas swored qarveli

inteligencia cdilobda... dResac, pirvel rigSi qarTvelebs SeuZliaT, SeaCeron

ruseTis mier afxazTa ganadgurebac da, zogadad, kavkasiis sruli dapyrobac.

ruseTis imperia `gaTiSe da ibatones~ principiT moqmedebda samegreloSic; oRond

aq wina planze wamoswia sxva taqtikuri gegma; mag., „sovetizaciis“ periodSi rusebi

samegrelos mkvidr bolSevikebs imaves ver aTqmevinebdnen, rasac afxazebs, amitom sxva

ìdeologiuri~ foni moiZebna: wina planze wamoiwia mefis ruseTis (patkanian-ianovsk-

aSordia-vostorgovebis) mier damuSavebuli Tema - `davicvaT daCagruli megruli ena~;

am `moZraobis~ bolSevik liderad mogvevlina sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis

zugdidis raikomis pirveli mdivani isak Jvania.

1925 wels, zugdidis partiulma komitetma ganixila sakiTxi, xolo imave wels

saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis prezidiumis (kaxiani, okujava, eliava, gegeWkori,

orjonikiZe) sxdomam gamoitana dadgenileba samegrelos skolebsa da sasamarTloebSi

megruli enis SemoRebis, aseve megruli gazeTis gamocemis Sesaxeb. 1928 wels moskovidan

Camovida ck instruqtori pSenicini, romelmac Semoiara samegrelos soflebi da

daaskvna: `megrel glexebs unda mivceT skola, sasamarTlo da popularuli broSura

mSobliur enaze~. 1929 wlis 25 marts ck) mdivanma kaxianma miiRo dadgenileba megruli

enis privilegiebis aRsadgenad skolaSi, sasamarTlo saqmis warmoebis, gamoZiebis

saqmeSi. am dadgenilebis mixedviT im adgilebSi, sadac mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma

qarTuli ena ar icoda (!), saqmis warmoeba da sasamarTlos warmoeba megrul enaze unda

Sesrulebuliyo~... (i. Jvania, 1931, gv. 147). niSandoblivia: dadgenilebis I da II punqtebSi

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba qarTuli da megruli; IV punqtSi ki miTiTebulia, rom

dadgenilebebi, gankargulebebi unda gamoqveyndes rogorc saxelmwifo enaze, ise

megrul ènazec~.

amgvari enobrivi politikis dagegmva SeuZlebeli iyo ruseTis mTavrobis, kerZod

ki stalinis nebarTvis (an miTiTebis) gareSe. rusuli imperiuli manqana XVIII saukuneSi

dawyebul svlas ganagrZobda; `mavris~ rolis Semsrulebelni ki sxvebi iyvnen

(bolSevikebi: filipe maxaraZe, isak Jvania, mamanti kvirtia...).

1929 wlis am avbediTi dadgenilebis mere i. Jvanias da mis Tanamzraxvelebs xel-

fexi gaexsnaT. daiwyo megruli sityva-formebiT Jurnal-gazeTebis beWdva. 1931 w.

ibeWdeba i. Jvanias wignic: `rogor ibrZoda samegrelos mSromeli glexoba sabWoebis

xelisuflebisaTvis~. imperiis mesveurni am wigns rom did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, Cans

misi 30-aTasiani tiraJiTac.

184

samegreloSi bolSevikuri ènobrivi diversia~ aqtiurad xorcieldeboda 6 wlis

manZilze (1929-1934).LlavrentiBberiasa da arnold Ciqobavas aqtiurobiT 1934 wels

msgavsi publikaciebi Sewyda; imperiis xelisuflebam Tanamdebobidan gadaayena isak

Jvaniac, romelic maleve fizikuradac moiSores.

cnobilia, rom 30-iani wlebis Sua periodidan i. stalini cdilobs msoflios

daanaxos misi dabadebis adgilis - saqarTvelos - didi warsuli, rusTavelis geniosoba

da a.S. paralelurad, 1937 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis meTauri l. beria àRSoTebuli~

wers stalins, rom sakavSiro akademiis enaTmecnierebisa da anTropologiis

institutebis mecnierebi `Tavgzaabneulebi~ arian da `TavianTi daskvnebiT erTmaneTs

ewinaRmdegebian~ (werilis pirvel variantSi maT `velikoderJavuli~ suliT

gaJRenTilebad moixseniebs.5

sakiTxi exeba 1926 da 37 wlis aRwerebis Sedegad sakavSiro akademiuri wreebis

mier saqarTvelos dayofas sxvadasxva erovnebad. kerZod, 1926 wels ruseTis (igive

sabWoTa) akademiam saqarTvelo ase dayo: qarTvelebi (qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, TuSebi,

fSav-xevsurebi, somxebi, javaxebi, mesxebi, klarjebi, taoelebi, aWarlebi, gurulebi,

imerlebi, raWvelebi, leCxumelebi), megrelebi, Wanebi, svanebi, bacbebi.

sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis SexedulebiT

ki 1937 wels aseTi suraTi gvaqvs: qarTvelebi, megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi, bacbebi,

aWarlebi.

imave wels anTropologiis instituts Seudgenia Tavisi varianti, romelic Semdeg

safuZvlad dasdebia èrovnebaTa leqsikons~. aq ukve qarTvelebad arian miCneuli:

megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi da bacbebi, magram aWarlebi calke naciad aris

dasaxelebuli. l. beria yvela masalas icnobs, magram aqcents aWarlebze akeTebs da

Txovs stalins, Caerios da ar dauSvas aseTi Secdoma èrovnebaTa leqsikonSi~, radgan

erovnebaTa aseTi dayofa ewinaaRmdegeba beladis mosazrebebs naciis Sesaxeb.

ruseTis imperiis mier qarTveli eris identobis (TviTobis) moSla axali

intensivobiT igegmeba XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan. 1978 wlis 14 aprils sabWoTa

imperias hqonda mcdeloba, gaeuqmebina qarTuli enis - saqarTvelos respublikis

saxelmwifo enis - isedac dakninebuli statusi. ruseTs ufro `diadi~ gegmebi hqonda;

warmogidgenT mixeil suslovis (1902-1982) daxuruli moxsenebis fragments, romelic

gamoqveynda parizis erovnuli sabWos JurnalSi6:

`komunisturi partia ruseTis weboa da sanam es webo Tavis Zalas, Tavis Tvisebas ar dakargavs, manamde unda avamuSaoT ruseTis gadarCenis gegma, romelic sxvadasxva

respublikebSi sxvadasxva iqneba.

Soreul aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb generlebs unda mivceT cxovrebis normaluri saSualeba. maT Camosasaxleblad gvWirdeba Savi zRvis sasazRvro teritoria, sadac,

rogorc mogexsenebaT, qarTvelebi cxovroben. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qarTvelebi

Cvengan Zlier gansxvavdebian, adre Tu gvian, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs

daayeneben da Tavisuflebas moiTxoven. maTTan brZola unda daviwyoT afxazeTidan. afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos, svaneTs, aWarasa da sxva kuTxeebs unda

mivceT damoukidebloba. maTSi cal-calke unda gavaRvivoT kuTxur-erovnuli

grZnoba. dasavleT saqarTvelo unda davupirispiroT aRmosavleTs, amis Semdeg maT Soris momrigeblis funqcia unda SevasruloT. paralelurad qarTvelebi mecnierulad

unda davarwmunoT, rom isini sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosaxlebulni, sxvadasxva eris

5 Jurnali `saarqivo moambe~, VI, 2009, gv. 116. 6 `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~, 26 maisi, 2003.

185

warmomadgenlebi arian, rac maTi saqarTvelos teritoriidan sabolood gaZevebis saSua-

lebas mogvcems~. 1989 wlis 9 apriliT saqarTveloSi iwyeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

axali etapi, romelic damTavrda 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris mravalpartiuli,

demokratiuli da arasabWoTa arCevnebiT. am gziT xelisuflebaSi mosulma erovnulma

Zalebma (bloki: `mrgvali magida - Tavisufali saqarTvelo~) aRadgines saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos damoukidebloba da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebs mianiWes okupantis

statusi.

saqarTvelos kanonieri xelisufleba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda afxazTa

enobriv-kulturuli identobis SenarCunebasa da avtonomiur respublikaSi

saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis Camoyalibebis sakiTxs. erovnuli xelisufleba

zrunavda aseve, osTa da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebni sxva eTnikuri jgufebis

integraciisTvis. samwuxarod, rusulma propagandistulma manqanam gaayalba erovnuli

xelisuflebis saSinao politika da qarTveli renegatebis daxmarebiT ruseTis mier

Cadenili vandaluri faqtebi qarTvelebs gadmoabrala (mag., cxinvalis qarTul

soflebSi daxvretili qarTvelebi eTnikur osebad gamoacxades da sxv.).

saqarTvelos kanonierma xelisuflebam 1991 wlis 31 marts Caatara saerTo-saxalxo

referendumi da 9 aprils gamoacxada saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis

aRdgena. ruseTi mixvda rom zviad gamsaxurdias xelisufleba kavkasis samudamod

akargvinebda.

1991 wlis Semodgomaze ruseTma daiwyo damoukideblobisken mswrafavi da rusis

jarisTvis okupantis statusis mimniWebeli xelisuflebis damxobis gegmis

ganxorcieleba (samwuxarod, dasavleTs imxanad miznad hqonda aRmosavleT evropis, maT

Soris baltiis qveynebis gamoyvana ruseTis gavlenis velidan; kavkasia, ukraina,

moldova, Sua azia ruseTis gavlenis velSi darCa).

kremlis instruqciebis Sesabamisad, qarTvelma putCistebma moamzades saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis damxobis gegma da ganaxorcieles kidec.7

1991 wels ruseTi ar Seegua saqarTvelodan wasvlis perspeqtivas. miuxedavad

warmatebuli referendumisa da damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis gamocxadebisa, 1991-93

wlebSi saqarTvelo mainc aiZules rusul geopolitikur sivrceSi darCeniliyo.8

1991–1992 wlebis mijnaze ruseTma saqarTveloSi ZaladobiT Secvala kanonieri

xelisufleba; `Tavisad~ datovebul geopolitikur sivrceSi ruseTma iaraRis ZaliT

daamxo aseve azerbaijanisa da iCqeriis kanonieri xelisuflebebic (aRsaniSnavia, rom

garkveuli Zalebi dRemde Cqmalaven am movlenis arss da saqarTveloSi kremlis mier

ganxorcielebul samxedro gadatrialebas `samoqalaqo omad~ naTlaven).

1992-93 wlebSi afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxareSi konfliqtebis provocirebiT

ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma am istoriuli qarTuli miwebidan gandevna avtoqToni

mosaxleobis udidesi nawili (qarTvelebi, kremlis mowinaaRmdege afxazebi, kremlis

mowinaaRmdege osebi...).

amis miuxedavad, SevardnaZis xelisuflebam saokupacio jaris statusi mouxsna

ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebs; metic, dampyrobeli "megobar qveynad~ gamoacxada da

rusul jars e.w. qarTul-àfxazuri~ da e.w. `qarTul-osuri~ sinamdvileSi: qarTul-

rusuli konfliqtis zonaSi samSvidobo misia daekisra.

7 es dadasturebulia kidec irakli baTiaSvilis, jaba ioselianis da sxvaTa TviTaRiarebebiT, romlebic gamoqveynebulia wignebsa Tu interviuebis saxiT. 8 bevrisTvis imTaviTve cxadi iyo, rom 9 aprilis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis gamo ruseTi Seecdeboda, saqarTvelo daesaja; ix.:Mmag., t. futkaraZe. `raca RmerTsa ara swaddes, anu mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb~._ gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 28 seqtemberi, 1991.

186

1993 wlidan kavkasiaSi iwyeba rusuli eqspansiis axali etapi: genocidisa da

kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg rusuli kapitalis dro dgeba: okupirebul da

aneqsirebul teritoriebze arsebul saqarTvelos strategiul simZlavreebs ZiriTadad

ruseTi eufleba.

dRes dasavleTisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis da baqo-

Tbilisi-baTumis magistralebi. amerikisa da dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebisTvis Tu

aRmosavleTi evropa ufro Rirsebisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxi iyo, Sua aziis resursebi

da amierkavkasiis energomatareblebi maTTvisac da TurqeTisTvisac sasicocxlo

mniSvnelobisaa: mxolod amierkavkasiidan ruseTis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi iqneba evropa

energetikulad damoukidebeli.

SevardnaZis 10-wliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg am da sxva faqtorebma maleve

ganapiroba amierkavkasiaSi geopolitikuri balansis garkveuli koreqtirebis

aucilebloba:

2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis~ mxardaWeriT dasavleTma SesamCnevad gaaZliera

saqarTveloSi evroatlantikuri orientaciis Zalebi; Sedegad, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis, rogorc geopolitikuri moTamaSis roli gaizarda; aman ruseTSi kidev

ufro gaaZliera amierkavkasiaze gavlenis dabrunebis survili; Sedegad miviReT 2008

wlis agvistos agresia - rusuli revanSis morigi etapi, romelic saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg jer sainformacio omSi, Semdeg ki 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos

omSi gadaizarda.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSive gaaqtiurda enobriv-eTnikuri diversiebi; kerZod,

sammecniero asparezze Tu sainformacio velSi gaaqtiurdnen jgufebi, romlebic

cdiloben, araqartvelebad gamoacxadon aWarlebi, mesxebi, megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi

da sxv.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenidan - 1991 wlis 9 aprilidan -

19 weli gavida, magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebam dRemde ver SeZlo imperiuli

enaTmecnierul-eTnologiuri `naRmebis~ ganeitraleba; metic, saerTaSoriso asparezze

saqarTvelo axla ufro agebs sainformacio oms, vidre odesme. dRes ukve evropeli

hiutebi Tu foierStainebi afrialeben `yazaxiSi gazeTs~ da didi finansuri grantebiT

àRWurvilni~ atyueben msoflios, rom Turme qarTuli enis gavrcelebis areali ar

aris: samegrelo, svaneTi, lazeTi, imerxevi, cxinvalis mxare, afxazeTi da qarTvelebi

ar arian: megrelebi, lazebi, mesxebi, svanebi...

vfiqrobT, civilizebul samyarosTan saqarTvelos integraciis procesSi

arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis

akademiur, depolitizebul aRwerebsa da kvalifikaciebs. Tu saerTaSoriso

sainformacio veli ar gaTavisufldeba rusulimperiuli ideologemebisagan

(romlebic, sabWoTa `mecnierebis~ inerciiT, dResac dominanturia saerTaSoriso

sacnobaro qselSi), saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriul mTlianobasa da qarTveli

eris identobas dauZleveli safrTxeebi Seeqmneba.

daskvnis nacvlad:

or saukuneze metia, qarTveli eri keTilmezoblobas eswrafvis rus xalxTanac,

magram ruseTis amJamindeli xelisuflebac yvela aralegitimuri xerxiT cdilobs,

Tavisi geopolitikuri ambicia daikmayofilos saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebis

xarjze.

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba arasodes Seegueba Tavisi sasicocxlo interesebis

Selaxvas. es ruseTmac icis, amitomac, gamudmebiT cdilobs, Tvisobrivad Secvalos

demografiuli situacia saqarTveloSi da demografiuli simZlavris marTviT samudamod

187

damkvidrdes kavkasiaSi; am miznis misaRwevad ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba sami

mimarTulebiT muSaobs:

1. fsevdomecnieruli debulebebis saqarTveloSi propagandiT cdilobs, rom

qarTvelTa nawils mainc Seucvalos erovnuli meoba (identoba); mag., ruseTisgan

dafinansebuli pirebi dRemde warumateblad cdiloben daajeron svanebi, rom maTi

dedaena ar aris qarTuli ena, rom isini qarTvelebi ar arian;

2. mZlavri sainformacio propagandiT cdilobs, daajeros mTeli msoflio, rom

qarTvelebi ar arian: aWarlebi, megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi, xevsurebi, mesxebi, TuSebi da

a.S. maTi monacemebiT, saqarTvelod wodebul saxelmwifoSi es èTnikuri jgufebi~

ìCagrebian~ qarTvelebisgan (/qarTlelebisgan), ramdenadac maT sakuTari `dedaenebis~

mixedviT ara aqvT samwignobro kultura. am `xalxebs~ e.w. `qarTizaciiT~ Tavs

moxveuli aqvT `dampyrobeli~ qarTvelebis ena; msoflio unda daexmaros am `daCagrul~

èTnosebs~.

3. saeWvo Rirebulebis `samecniero kvlevebiT~ cdilobs, daajeros msoflios

elituri wreebi, rom ar arsebobs erTiani qarTuli kultura; rom saqarTvelo mcire

imperiaa; rom qarTvelebma (/qarTlelebma) Tavis droze daipyres da dResac Cagraven

ùmwignobro enebis~ mqone `xalxebs~: mesxebs, aWarlebs, megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs...

am fonis Seqmnis Semdeg ruseTisgan dafinansebuli politikuri Zalebis

daxmarebiT undaT qarTuli mxareebis avtonomizacia da e.w. federacia-konfederaciis

gziT - saqarTvelos daSla.

Tariel Putkaradze

Ethno-linguistic Diversions in the Georgia (Russian discourse)

Summary

1. Georgian identity and national culture (which incorporates centralized but tolerant state) have been

formed in the course of the century-old stuggle against various Invaders. Historically, some of them succeeded in their pursuit of fragmenting or partiallyannexing Georgia; during such times Georgian church remained to be the guarantor of integrity of the state established by the Georgians, and the Georgian nation never tolerated aggressors.

2. During the last 80 years when the scientific scholarship witnessed tremendous development in the whole world, unfortunately, the history of life, culture and language of Georgian nation was mainly written in accordance with the Soviet empire scheme; for instance, the hypothesis on interrelationship between Georgian and ancient Anterior Asian cultures, the relativity theory of Iberian-Caucasian languages cherished by Ivane Javakhishvili and Arnold Chikobava, etc. due to some reasons have been regarded as less promising. Instead, Russian-Georgian “friendly” co-existence has been excessively covered in a subjective manner and intensity; according to the ideology of the Russian Empire (disintegration of the nation – the owner of the territory in question!), “oppressed” nations have been offered “written languages” on the basis of Georgian dialects that were considered as unwritten languages. Besides, Georgians have been regarded as a combination of several independent nations, namely, Georgians, Khevsurs, Tushs, Svans, Laz, fians, Adjarians, Meskhs, etc.

3. External forces still attempt to declare Laz, Megrelians and Svans as Linguistic-ethnic minorities and thus separate them from extensive literary culture (I believe, due to the lack of scientific information some individuals involuntarily cause such linguistic diversion).

188

manana tabiZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

sakuTari saxelebi teqstobriv sivrceSi

Tanamedrove humanitaruli dargebis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba simboloebiT

(da maT Soris, leqsikuri simboloebiT) SemTxveviTi araa; samecniero azrma,

garkveulwilad, ukve miaRwia enobrivi masalis faqtobrivi aRwerisa da sistemuri

daxasiaTebis mwvervalebs, magram aRmoCnda, rom Turme enis sistemuri daTvaliereba ar

aris sakmarisi iseTi rTuli fenomenis Sesacnobad, rogoric enaa. saenaTmecniero

codnis amJamindelma donem Tavad moiTxova enobrivi masalis farTo konteqstSi danaxva

da Seswavla. Aase miadga lingvistika teqsts, romelic ukve axleburi meTodikiT unda

SevimecnoT da avxsnaT.

teqsti ormagi bunebisaa: jer erTi igi aris sinamdvilis amsaxveli konceptebisa

da koncefciebis erToblioba, da meorec, is Tavad warmoadgens sxva erTobliobaTa

(mag. diskursis) konceptsa da koncefciur Semadgenels. teqsti Zalze mgrZnobiarea

masSi asaxuli realuri da warmosaxviTi droisa da sivrcis TaviseburebaTa mimarT da

warmoadgens maT iseTi xerxebiT, rom xdeba ara mxolod realobis fotografireba,

aramed misi gasuliereba, individualuri specifikiT datvirTva. magaliTad,

konteqstis Semadgeneli yvela leqsikuri erTeulis mniSvnelobis codnac ki ar aris

sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom zustad SevigrZnoT teqsti, Tuki ar gaviTvaliswineT yoveli

leqsikuri erTeulis morfologiuri, sintaqsur-stilistikuri da, rac mTavaria,

teqsturi garemo.

swored Tanamedrove etapze gamoCnda, rom sakuTari saxelebi, romlebic didi

xnis manZilze usemantiko, Tumca ki funqciurad datvirTul leqsikad miiCneoda, arcTu

usemantiko yofila; Tumca maTi mniSvnelobis amokiTxva advili ar aris. TviT leqsema

`saxeli~, da masTan semantikurad Tu formalurad dakavSirebuli sxva leqsikuri

erTeulebi, qarTulSi gansakuTrebul mravalferovnebas ar gviCveneben. saxeli saxis

(saxieri) fuZesaa dayrdnobili da obieqtis gapirovnebas, gansaxierebas emsaxureba.

qarTulSi TiTqmis nebismieri saxeli, lingvisturi gagebiT, apelativic SeiZleba iyos

da onimic; amas uzrunvelyofs enis aglutinaciuroba. amjerad Cven swored apelativsa

da onims Soris arsebuli myife sazRvari gvainteresebs, romelSic sazRvrismimarTi

mxareebi swored teqstis meSveobiT gairCeva. qarTulSi sityva `saxeli~ mTeli

onomastikonis farglebSi moqmedebs, da misgan warmoebuli da imave semantikur velSi

moqceuli leqsikac maszea dafuZnebuli (Sdr. saxelwodeba, saxeldeba, saxeldebs,

nasaxelari, dasaxelebuli, saxelovani, daasaxela, mosaxele, saxelad uxmo, saxeli

daarqva, saxelad uwoda, saxels eZaxis da sxv).

sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi saxel- fuZesTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri

erTeulebi Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:

„saxeli - sawodebeli (n. gardasaxela, Tanamosaxele, isaxel-narTaula, meore

saxeli (layafTan), mravalsaxeli, saxeldeb, saxeldobr, saxelmodgami, saxelnarTauli,

saxelovani (saxeldidi).

saxelovani - saxeldidi, saxeli

189

saxeldeb (saxeldob) saxelwarmoTqmiT. saxelis warmoTqmiT. [saxeli];

saxeldobr igive: [saxeli]

saxelmodgam ukve arian saxeliTa vidremde ziarni, xolo sazRvriTa, anu

warweriTa ganyofilni, viTar-igi saxeli ZaRlisÁ saxel-modgam ars, rameTu cxad-hyofs

Ãmeli(sa)ca da zRvisa(as) ZaRlsa, garna sxva sazRvari aqvs Ãmelisasa da sxva –

zRvisasa. vinaÁTgan sxvadasxva ars buneba maTi; vina(ჲ)Tgan sxvadasxva ars buneba maTi;

xolo warsweren saxelmodgamTa esreT: saxelmodgam arian, romelTa saxeli zogadi

iyo(s) (+ T a n a m o s a x e l e vidreme arian, raodenni saxeliTa da sazRvriTa

warweriTa saxelisaTa ziar arian, viTar–igi cxo(v)eli cxadhyofs kacsaca da cxensa,

rameTu T(v)iToeuli maTi saxelsaca da sazRvarsa(ca) cxo(v)elisasa miiTvalavs; xolo

sxvaTave ganyofilTa anu Tu erTi qvemdebare aqvs da iTqmian sxva saxelad, viTar–igi

aRsavali da STasavali, rameTu aqvs maT erTi qvemdebare, romel ars kibe, anu ara aqvs

erTi qvemdebare da iTqmian sxvad, viTarca arsebaჲ da SemTxveviTi, amaT saxelica sxva

aqvs da warweraca sxva, arca aqvs erTi qvemdebare; xolo arian rame saSual

saxelmodgamisa da TanamosaxeleTa ziarnica da ganyofilni saxeliTaca da sazRvriTa,

romelni s a x e l n a r T a u l a d iwodebian, viTar–igi Rrammatikosobisagan

Rrammatikosi, rameTu ziar arian saxeliTa, xolo ganiwvalebian dasasruliTa

saxelebisaTa, romel ars marcvali ukanaskneli, da kvalad sazRv(a)riTa ziar arianca

da ganiyof(eb)ian, rameTu Rrammatikosobaჲ ukve mecnierebisa ars, xolo Rrammatikosi

arseba, romelsa Sina ars mecnierebaჲ.” saxelnarTauli - sxva saxeli momatebuli, romelsa msoflioni u k a n s a y i v

r a d uwoden meore saxelsa. sxva saxel momatebuli: isaxelnarTaula, saxelmodgami,

[rT, saxeli, ukan, ukansayivrad]

wodeba- daZaxili. Zaxeba. daZaxebasaviT. ewoda, miuwoda, mowodeba, mwodebeli,

uwoda, wodebuli

wodebuli (levit.) daZaxebuli. wodeba

uwoda (2, 8 gamosl.) dauZaxa. dauzaxa.”1

da Tumca qarTuli enis sityvawarmoebiTi unaris fonze saxelis fuZem

mosalodnelze naklebi odenobis leqsemebi Segviqmna, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, sityva

`saxelis” mniSvneloba qarTulSi (da ara marto) ganuzomlad didia. Aamas adasturebs

iseTi mniSvnelovani idiomuri Sesityvebebi, rogoricaa: saxelis gaTqma /saxelis moxveWa

/saxelis mopoveba (avtoritetis mopoveba, cnobil, saxelganTqmul adamianad gaxdoma).

saxelis gatexa /saxelis gafuWeba/ saxelis waxdena - Sercxvena, (avtoritetis

dakargva, Tavis moWra).

qarTul werilobiT teqstebSi Zalian xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac sityva `saxeli”

erTsa da imave teqstobriv monakveTSi gvxvdeba rogorc onimuri Sesityvebis nawili da

rogorc apelativi (Sdr. saxeli da saxelovani)

magaliTad:

`viwyo miTxrobad cxorebasa qarTvelTa mefeTasa da pirveliTganTa mamaTa da

naTesavTa amaT TÂsTa _ erTi iyo mamaÁ, saxeliT Targamos. xolo SvilTa Soris

TargamosisTa gamoCndes kacni rvani, gmirni, Zlierni da saxelovanni, romelTa saxelebi

ese ars: pirvelsa erqua haos, meoresa _ qarTlos, mesamesa _^bardos, meoTxesa _^movakan,

mexuTesa _ lek[an], meequsesa _ heros, meSÂdesa _^kavkas, mervesa _êgros~ (leonti

mroveli).

1 ganumartavia: wodeba.

190

`...Semdgomad amisa raodenTame weliwadTa aRmovida Ze sparsTa mefisa

vaSta|Sabisi, saxeliT spandiat rvali, goliaTi da saxelovani” (leonti mroveli).

cxadia, leqsema `saxeli~ apelativia, magram anTroponimebTan xSirad Sedis

SesityvebaSi da TandaTanobiT sintagmis aucilebel (TiTqmis aucilebel) wevrad

(zogjer mxolod nagulisxmev wevradac) moiazreba, es mudmivi `msazRvreluri~ funqcia

mas gansakuTrebul poziciaSi ayenebs, da onimTan aaxloebs. Aamas gvafiqrebinebs sityva

`saxelovani~, romelSic `saxel-~ fuZes konkretuli, pozitiuri Sinaarsis gadmocema

ekisreba da ara zogadad nominaciurobis gamoxatva. sityva `saxeli~ zogjer

neitralurad, zogjer ki eqspresiul-konotaciurad obieqtis nominacias

uzrunvelyofs.2

`da amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda TÂssa, ese ars armazi, da

farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua~ (leonti mroveli).

`da ese yoveli aRasrula farnavaz sibrZniTa da siqveliTa da simÃniTa da

simdidriTa, esua Ze da uwoda saxeli | saurmag~ (leonti mroveli).

àman farnajom umata yovelTa cixe-qa|laqTa SenebaÁ, da aman aRaSena cixe za|deni,

da Seqmna kerpi, saxeliT zaden...” (leonti mroveli).

`xolo amad raÁ Txrobad moviwive, vaebisa Rirsad Sevracxen didni igi da

saxelovanni gamometyuelni, vityÂ ukue umiross da aristovles ellinTa, xolo

iosipos ebraelsa;” (matiane qarTlisaÁ).

ìyo vinme kaci sparsi, SarvanSeT siZe, saxeliT mirmiran~ (matiane qarTlisaÁ).

`daipyra afxa|zeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa” (matiane

qarTlisaÁ).

`da liparit moirWuna zemosa kerZsa dauklebelad, da iyo moyuared

misaxuarasans doRlubeg sultani da saberZneTs _ berZenTa mefe, da zrdida bagratis

Zesa, giorgis mciresa, saxeliTa mefobisaÁTa~ (matiane qarTlisaÁ).

àmieriTgan iwyes niavTa cxorebisaTa mobervad da RrubelTa macxovarebisaTa

aRmoWÂrobad, vinaÁTgan aTormet wel amaT TÂTo-saxeTa WirTa gangrZobilTa bnelsa

ukunsa Sina iwyo aRmociskrebad mzeman yovelTa mefobaTaman, didman saxeliTa da

udidesman saqmiTa, saxelmodgamman daviT RmrTisa mamisaman, da TÂT

sameocdameaTormeteman Svilman amis daviTisman, daviT~ (matiane qarTlisaÁ).

sainteresoa iseT SemTxveva, rodesac “saxel-~ leqsema gansakuTrebulad

konkretdeba da faqtobriv enacvleba sakuTar saxels; aseTia `sxvisi saxeliT

laparakis~ magaliTi:

àra gasmiesa, rameTu yoveli crud mfucavi saxelsa RmrTisasa

mis mier aRiÃocos?” (matiane qarTlisaÁ).

`saxeliTa mamisaÁTa da ZisaÁTa da sulisa wmidisaÁTa...~

saxelis darqmevis, nominaciis funqciiT qarTulSi gamoiyeneba: xsenebuli, wodeba

(ewodeba, uwodes), rqmeva/darqmeva/erqva; hqvia:

`rameTu ese aRsarTan, kaxTa mefed Ãsenebuli, Seipyres herTa didebulTa,

ariSianman da bahram da dedis Zmaman maTman qavTar ba[h]ramis Zeman, da mosces mefesa~

(matiane qarTlisaÁ).

`da ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa mas, sada SeerTvis aragÂ mtkuarsa, da

ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa ewodebis armazi, da pirvel|ad Seqmna mun zeda simagre

da iSena mun zeda saxli, da vidre aRmarTebadmde mun zeda kerpi armazisi, erqua mTasa

mas qarTli. da mis gamo ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli _ xunaniTgan vidre zRuadmde

sperisa.” (leonti mroveli).

2 mag.: `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ `mamisagan saxeliT - vardan da siyuaruliT saxeli misi SuSanik~...

191

`Semdgomad misave qarTlos aRaSena cixe orbisaÁ, romelsa aw hqÂan samSÂlde, da

kualad aRaSena mtueriscixe, romelsa aw hqÂan xunani” (leonti mroveli).

`da dauteva maT zeda patrikad, saxeliT azon, Ze iaredosisi, naTesavi misi,

queyaniT hromiT, romelsa hqÂan frotaTos” (leonti mroveli).

`da man aRaSena qalaqi bizintiaÁ, romelsa aw hqÂan kostantinepole. xolo

platon dauteva aleqsandrias” (leonti mroveli).

`mama-Cemi jda meSvide, mefe mebrZolTa mzaravi,

saridan erqva saxelad, mterTa srvad daufaravi;

aw me mwads, Tqvensa winaSe meca vcna Zali gulisa,

saxeli darCes Cemisa erTgulad namsaxurisa».

sakuTar saxels, rogorc obieqtis makonkretizebel saSualebas, SeiZleba

miemagros axal-axali mniSvnelobebi an eqspresiuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SeiZleba

samudamod darCes am saxelis asociaciursivrceSi; konkretuli teqstidan SeZenili

Taviseburebebi amieridan am onimis mudmiv Tanamdevad gadaiqceva. aseTia, magaliTad,

venera miloseli – siyvaruli, apoloni –silamaze, an avTandili - megobari, tarieli -

gmiri da sxv. cxadia, aseTi gamZafrebuli mexsiereba ZiriTadad literaturul da

istoriul saxelebs axasiaTebs; Tumca yovel konkretul komunikaciur garemoSic

SeiZleba moqmedebdes e.w. lokaluri mexsierebis mqone sakuTari saxelebi.

teqstis sivrculi struqturis ukeT gasagebad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tavad

avtoris (mTqmelis) damokidebulebas, msjelobis/Txrobis agebisas amosavali adgilis,

drois, teqstSi gadmocemuli informaciisadmi; amitom, zemoTmoyvanil strofSi sityva

„saxeli“ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiTa da konotaciiTaa naxmari, da am mniSvnelobaTa

gansxvaveba swored teqstobrivma garemom ganapiroba.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba sxvadasxva funqciur

teqstSi saxeldebis organizacia. principuli mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu ras

davsaxavT amosaval wertilad: saxelis obieqtidan amovdivarT, saxelis damrqmevis Tu

am saxelis gamomyenebeli sazogadoebis poziciidan, aq Tavs iCens saxeldebis obieqtis

mimarT nominatoris, operatoris an korelatoris poziciis SefardebiToba am sakuTar

saxelSi Cadebuli sruli onimuri Sinaarsobriv/konotaciuri amplitudis calkeuli

Semadgenlisadmi, romelic konkretul teqstSia gaaqtiurebuli.

mTavari, rasac sakuTari saxelis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi, pirTa saxelebis) semantikuri

siviwrovis Taobaze aRniSnaven, isaa, rom pirTa saxelebs ar SeuZliaT saxeldebis

obieqtis bunebis gaxsna (gansxvavebiT apelativisagan, romelic gacilebiT met

damaxasiaTebel elements „amCnevs“ saganSi). Tumca es azri swori ar aris; xSir

SemTxvevaSi romelime erT onimTan (metadre anTroponimTan) dakavSirebuli simboluri

mniSvneloba da Sesabamisi konotacia bevrad aRemateba teqstSi mocemul uamrav

apelatiur maxasiaTebels.

magaliTisaTvis movixmobT lado asaTianis cnobil striqonebs:

`sxva rom ar iyos, Cven am lamazi

qalebis eSxi dagvifaravda,

Torem mtrebs isic ki SeaSinebs,

erTxel xmamaRla rom vTqvaT - marabda!”

poeti swored M”marabdis omTan” da ara toponim “marabdasTan” dakavSirebul

Sinaarssa da konotacias gulisxmobs, rodesac mTeli istoriuli epoqis

umniSvnelovanes movlenebs erTi sityviT Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels.

e.w. motivaciuri anTroponimebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia sakuTarma saxelma

araswori STabeWdilebac Segviqmnas saxeldebul pirze, Tuki Sinaarsis mqone saxeli ar

Seesabameba saxeldebuli piris na,dvil Tvisebebs: mag. sayovelTaod cnobili mzeWabuk

192

orbeliani (erekle meoris mdivanbegi da Tavisi drois gavleniani piri) sakmaod

Seuxedavi garegnobisa iyo. swored es Seusabamoba saxelsa da realobas Soris daudo

safuZvlad besik gabaSvilma Tavis leqss, romliTac mzeWabuk (Wabua) orbelianis

ganqiqeba surda:

„samarTalia, ar Rirs iyo mag saxelisa,

radgan giwvrTnia sicrue da qceva melisa,

Senni mijnurni velad rbian brolis yelisa,

Senma gaxeTqam, eSxi mohklavsT Senis welisa,

ra iqneba, rom Senis piriT mzes udarao?

RamiT eSmaksa Segadrian, dRisiT buao,

mag Senma saxem sicocxle xom dagamwarao,

me Seni qeba momeneba, ar davfarao”.

xdeba isec, rom swored sakuTari saxelis asociaciuri gamoyeneba teqstSi

tvirTavs am onimebs damatebiTi konotaciiT da sul ufro da ufro aSorebs

pirvelwyaroSi miniWebul Tvisebebs. rogorc cnobilia, riCard mesamis sazogadoeba

inglisSi qomagobs inglisis istoriisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani da udavod

sasargeblo politikuri reformatoris saxels, da aprotestebs, rom Seqspirma ziani

miayena mis avtoritets da istoriuli procesis obieqturad Sefasebis saqmes. asevea

medea, romelic evripides kalamma Svilebis mkvlelad gadaaqcia da, zogi

TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiasa da kolxeTTan arasasurveli asociacia gaaCina...

sakuTari saxelebis funqcia teqstSi (up. yovlisa mxatvrul teqstSi)

ganuyrelad ukavSirdeba teqstis mTlian Sinaarssa da stilistikas. 3 anTroponimTa

ganzogadebis unars mravali naSromi eZRvneba. umravlesobaSi swored teqstisa da

onimis urTierTobazea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. e. Sokenmaieris naSromSi ganxilulia

iseTi cneba, rogoricaa `forsaitizmis kompleqsi” jon golzuorTis `forsaitebis

sagas” mixedviT.4 avtori aRniSnavs, rom forsaitebi, gvari ganmazogadebeli formantiT

(rogoricaa mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli), aris koleqtiuri sakuTari saxeli, anu

`sazogado sakuTari saxeli”, romelic romanis dasawyisSi aris tabula rasa 5, TandaTan ki

igi itvirTeba informaciiTa da konotaciuri gamocdilebiT; am teqstobriv codnaSi

koleqtiuri sakuTar saxelSi Sedian jolionebi da somsebi, sxvadasxva xasiaTi da am

xasiaTTa gamomavlinebeli epizodebi. ase rom, gamonaTqvamebi `forsaitis dabadeba”,

`forsaitis qorwineba”, forsaitis sikvdili (an `forsaitebi ar kvdebian”) ukve ar

niSnavs erTi konkretuli adamianis bedisweras, es sagvareulo, koleqtiuri bedisweraa,

romelic romanis bolos ukve aRar gulisxmobs gvars, es ukve aris xasiaTi da xvedri,

es ukve aris `forsaitizmi”. am magaliTiT saukeTesod gamoCnda, rom teqstis analizma

SeiZleba agvixsnas nebismieri sakuTari saxelis onomastikuri gardaqmnebi. 6 amgvari

kvlevebi SeiZleba CavataroT nebismier enaSi. Tundac TaTqariZeobis uaRresad metyveli

magaliTi gavixsenoT. an akaki wereTlis `baSi-aCukidan” movixmoT erTi pasaJi: `tyuilad

ar sCioda Zvelad samRvdeloeba, rom „vefxistyaosani“ saxarebaze ufro gautkba

qveyanasao; saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, didi da patara, yvela imas ewafeboda; kacebi

tariel-avTandilsa hbaZavdnen, qalebi nestan-TinaTinobas scdilobdnen, mefe da

3 В. И. Постовалова. Герменевтика `Философии имени~; А. Ф. Лосева. философия языка и язык философии; http://www.nsu.ru/education/virtual/cs013postovalova.pdf. 4 Dr. E. Shokhenmayer.Name-based text analysis.Lab. MoDyCo, Paris West University Nanterre La Défensehttp://onomastics.co.uk/category/feature-of-the-month/page/8/?eo_month=2015-01. 5 Tabula rasa ( Latin: “scraped tablet”—i.e., `clean slate~). 6 Langendonck, Willy van . Theory and typology of proper names / Willy Van Langendonck. - Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, cop. 2007. - XVI, 378 c. ; 24 см. - (Trends in linguistics : studies and monographs, ISSN 1861-4302; 168).

http://www.nsu.ru/education/virtual/cs013postovalova.pdf

http://onomastics.co.uk/name-based-text-analysis/

http://onomastics.co.uk/category/feature-of-the-month/page/8/?eo_month=2015-01

http://91.151.182.200:8080/cgi-bin/irbis64r_11/cgiirbis_64.exe?LNG=&Z21ID=&I21DBN=BAN&P21DBN=BAN&S21STN=1&S21REF=5&S21FMT=fullwebrban&C21COM=S&S21CNR=10&S21P01=0&S21P02=1&S21P03=A=&S21STR=Langendonck,%20Willy%20van

193

kariskacebi – rostevan-sogratobaze sdebdnen Tavs, msaxurni Sermadinobdnen da moxele-

gamdelebi ki asmaTobas sCemobdnen. aqac, am SemTxvevaSi, wereTlis qals gamouCnda

asmaTi da gaimarTa miwer-mowera. siyvarulis umecarma axalgazrda baqraZem igrZno

pirvelad ucnauri ram, gaimsWvala sulian-xorcianad, mihyva siyvarulis mdinares,

gadahyva saCqefes da Setopa morevSi, guneba Seecvala, Cveulebriv rameebs Tavi daaneba

da marto xilvas eZleoda. „SoriT bneda, SoriT kvnesao“, - ambobda gunebaSi da

satrfos saidumlod iTvaliswinebda. im dros qalebi pirobas udebdnen sayvarlebs:

„gviCveneT saqmeni sagmironio“.

akakisTan `vefxistyaosnis” gmirebis Sesaxeb cnobilia is, rac jer kidev ar icis

TviT avTandilma (da am poemis pirvelwamkiTxvelma) avTandilisa da asmaTis pirveli

Sexvedris Jams, gavixsenoT:

`giTxra, Tu codna gwadian Cvenisa Sen saxelisa:

tariel aris saxeli ima moymisa xelisa;

me asmaT mqvian, romelsa wva maqvs cecxlisa cxelisa,

sulTqma sulTqmisa bevrisa, maSa Tu ar erTxelisa”.

mkiTxveli dagveTanxmeba, rom qarTul literaturaSi amgvari gaapelativebuli, an

teqstobrivad datvirTuli sakuTari saxeli mravlad moipoveba.7

swored saxelTan dakavSirebuli mexsiereba ganapirobebs bavSvisaTvis saxelis

SerCevis principebs. aseT dros ramdenime faqtors aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba:

1. saxelis `mexsierebas”;

2. mSoblebis religiurobas;

3. socialur-politikur tendenciebs;

4. kulturul tendenciebs;

5. modas.

saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavrcelebul saxelebs (SeiZleba iTqvas, drosa da

sivrceSi universalur saxelebs) warmoadgens: giorgi, daviTi, nino, Tamari da sxv.

qarTvelTaTvis savsebiT naTelia am saxelTa mexsierebiT-konotaciuri Zala da

popularulobis mizezebi.

saxelTa SerCevis principebi (am principTa CamonaTvali SeiZleba gaizardos)

universaluria yvela erisa da qveynisaTvis. magaliTad, rogorc statistika aCvenebs

XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi inglisis mosaxleobaSi mamakacTa saxelebis 70 procenti modioda

iseT onimebze, rogoricaa: joni, roberti, riCardi da uiliami. miuTiTeben 8 , pirTa

saxelebis garkveuli tipi gaaqtiurda. rac ukavSirdeboda meTeqvsmete saukuneSi

inglisis eklesiis wiaRSi mimdinare gardaqmnebs, rodesac puritanuli tendenciiT

upiratesoba mieniWa Zveli aRTqmidan moxmobil saxelebs (abrahami (abraami), aizeki

(ezekieli), semueli (samoeli), abigaili, an daiwyes saxelebis Seqmna (mowyaleba, sinaze,

keTilgoniereba, zomiereba (Charity, Grace, Prudence, Temperance); warsulSi TavisTavad

7 manana tabiZe. semantikuri gafarToeba-daviwroebis procesebi qarTul sakuTar da sazogado saxelebSi._qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi. t. X. Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 234-265. 8 Peter McClure. Personal names and the development of English, http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english da Peter Mc

Mahon, The Name Meaning, Etymology,http://www.namesdoor.com/h/name-meaning/peter-mc-mahon.

http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english

http://www.namesdoor.com/h/name-meaning/peter-mc-mahon

194

saxelTa raodenoba didi ar iyo (dRevandelTan SedarebiT), im droSi inglisi mxolod

aTasamde saxels icnobda da iyenebda.9

Tanamedrove mxatvruli teqsti gaurbis eqspresias, Cvens droSi dedamiwis

erTianobis, globaluri mTlianobis gancda (xSir SemTxvevaSi, iluzoruli) warsuls

damabrkolebel garemoebad warmoadgens; saxeli ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xsovna da

simboloa. iqneb amitomac moxSirda saxelTa Sekveca, atipuri gaformeba, mamis saxelis

gatana oficialuri dokumentebidan, saxelTa sesxeba... saiT mivyavarT amgvar

tendencias? umisamarTo da usaxelo adamianisaken xom ara?

Manana Tabidze

The Proper Names in Textual Space

Summary The proper name, as the definitive method, can bind to the new values or expressive characteristics, which

may forever remain in the name associative space.From now on this particular text of acquired distinctiveness onimis turn into a permanent attendant. Obviously, with such a strong memory are characterized historical and literature proper names. However, each particular communicative environment may apply to the local memory with their personal names.

To better understand the spatial structure of the text itself is of great importance to the author (speaker) approach to reasoning, narrative starting building the place, the time, the information conveyed in the text.

In many cases one of onim, especially related to the symbolic meaning and the connotation anthroponim much higher than the apelatiur characteristics given in text.

That's the name of the memory determines the name of the principles of selection. In such cases, several factors are significant:

1. Memory of the name; 2. Religiousness of parents; 3. Social – political tendencies; 4. Cultural tendencies; 5. Fashion.

9 samagierod, dRes nacionaluri statistikis mixedviT inglissa da uelsSi 60 800 sxvadasxva anTroponimia fiqsirebuli. mag.: 2009 wels inglissa da uelsSi 706 248 bavSvis dabadeba dafiqsirda, da maTgan 2 procents vaJebidan oliveri, xolo amdenives gogonebidan olivia ewoda.

195

lia kariWaSvili, filologiis doqtori

„lekvi lomisa sworia...“ socialuri Tu eTikuri konteqsti*

ara mxolod rusTvelologTa, mkiTxvelTa farTo wris interess yovelTvis

iwvevda `vefxistyaosnis~ taepi - `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia~ (40). 1

xSirad taepis Sinaarss Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv problemebs moargeben xolme da

yuradRebis miRma rCebais epoqa an Tundac konteqsti, romlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe

fraza Tavis realur Sinaarss mowyvetilia.

1. aRniSnuli taepis Tanamedrove interpretaciebi ZiriTadad aseTia: mas ukavSireben

genderuli Tanasworobis ideas, an fiqroben, rom taepSi saubaria mefis SvilTa, vaJisa

da qalis, uflebriv Tanasworobaze. rogorc Cans, orive mosazrebis argumentebi myifea

da avtorTa msjeloba Tavadve moicavs alogizmebs. magaliTad, Tanamedrove mediaSi

SesaZloa waikiTxoT amgvari ganmarteba: `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia~,

_ wers SoTa rusTaveli. es sityvebi XII saukuneSia naTqvami, maSin sityva genderi ar

arsebobda, magram idea qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobisa am sityvebSi aSkarad Cans.

Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom avtori am sityvebSi zogadad qalsa da kacs

namdvilad ar igulisxmebda, da arc maTi im saxiT Tanasworobaze isaubrebda, ra

Sinaarsis Tanasworobasac axla Cven vgulisxmobT. wina saukuneebSi aravin ar Tvlida,

rom qalsa da mamakacs erTnairi uflebebi hqonda. piriqiT, mTels msoflioSi

gavrcelebuli iyo patriarqati. am periodSi qalebs araviTari uflebebi ar gaaCndaT da

protestsac aravin gamoxatavda. am faqtis asaxsnelad SeiZleba moviSvelioT is faqti,

rom Tavad Cveni religia qadagebs imas, rom qalebi Tavmdablebi da mamakacis morCilni

unda iyvnen. mxolod mogvianebiT gauCndaT qalebs protestis grZnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom

isinic iseve sruluflebianebi arian, rogorc mamakacebi. demokratiis sayovelTao

gavrcelebam wamoWra sqesTa Tanasworobis sakiTxi anu e.w. genderuli simetria.~

cxadia, am msjelobiT avtori Tavadve aqarwylebs imas, ris damtkicebasac

cdilobs, rom ìdea qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobisa am sityvebSi aSkarad Cans”. arc

religiis moxmoba iqneboda am diskursSi gamarTlebuli, radganac qristianuli

morCilebis sakiTxi, kerZod, qalis morCileba meuRlisadmi, ar gulisxmobs mis

socialur diskriminacias da misi swori gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod qorwinebis

qristianuli sazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT.

taepis gagebis meore TvalsazisiT, `lomi~ mefes niSnavs da Tanasworobac mxolod

mefis Svilebs exeba: „lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia“. gulubryviloba

iqneboda, rusTavelis am aforizmSi Tanasworobis idea dagvenaxa da trabaxs

movyolodiT, Tu rogor win iyo qarTuli civilizacia, maSin roca evropeli velurebi

tyeebSi darbodnen. genderis da Tanasworobis modernuli gageba XII saukuneSi ar

arsebobda da arc SeeZlo rom earseba. aq mxolod lomis lekvebzea saubari da ara

* statia Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinasebuli proeqtis _ `termini, cneba da paradigm `fefxistyaosanSi (FR/399/1-20/13) – farglebSi. 1teqsti damowmebulia `vefxistyaosnis” 1966 wlis saiubileo gamocemidan.

196

katis knutebze. Tanasworni mxolod lomis lekvebi SeiZleba iyvnen, radgan raoden

gasakviric unda iyos, mefeebs sqesi ara aqvT; iseve rogorc ara aqvT erovneba da raime

saxis identoba. amis dasturad evropel mefeTa dinastiebis (burbonebis, hanoverebis,

luqsemburgebis Tu riurikebis) warmoSobis adgilisa da maT mierve marTuli

qveynebis Sedarebac kmara. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan mefeTa RvTaebrivi warmoSoba

misi raime niSniT mikuTvnebulobas da maT diferenciacias SeuZlebels xdis. mefis

mistikur, angelozur sxeuls sqesi da erovneba ara aqvs, rameTu qristes taxtze

mjdomi, ierarqiis mwvervali, yovelgvari ierarqiulobis da socialuri wesrigis miRma

imyofeba~ (giorgi xaribegaSvili).

Mmsgavsi Sexedulebaa gamoTqmuli gaioz mamalaZis naSromSi - `ras niSnavs

sinamdvileSi `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia”, anu samefo legitimizmis

principebi vefxistyaosanSi”. avtori wers: `rusTveliseuli aforizmi, `lekvi lomisa

sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~, didi xnis manZilze `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris mxolod

genderuli, feministuri Tanasworobis Segnebis gamomxatvel, maSasadame, qarTuli

ideologiisa da tradiciis `progresulobis~, `demokratiulobis~ damamtkicebel

sabuTad cxaddeboda. vazirebi amboben, rom TinaTini mefis Svilia, xelmwifed aris

danabadi. `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia~, niSnavs mefis Svili, mamrobiTi

Tu mdedrobiTi, aris Tanabari. rusTvels rom sdomoda eTqva, yvela mdedrobiTi da

mamrobiTi adamiani Tanabariao, ityoda sul sxvagvarad da sxva konteqstSi…...

radgan naxsenebia lomi, unda vicodeT, rom lomi niSnavs mefes. “

odnav qvemoT avtori exeba istoriul tradicias da aRniSnavs, rom, `Tu mefes

mxolod asuli hyavs, xolo dinastias hyavs mamrobiTi warmomadgeneli, Tundac

gverdiTi Stodan, maSin taxti ekuTvnis vaJs, Tumca sasurvelia (es mxatvrulad aris

gadmocemuli) gverdiTi Stos vaJi daqorwindes mefis asulze.” cxadia, es realoba

ewinaaRmdegeba zemogamoTqmul mefis Svilebis Tanabaruflebianobis Tvalsazriss.

marTlac aramxolod saqarTvelos, axlo aRmosavleTis istoriaSi, tradiciis Tanaxmad,

mefis SvilTa, qalsa da vaJs Soris, taxtis memkvidred calsaxad moiazreboda vaJi da

kiTxva, Tu romeli unda gamefebuliyo maT Soris, arc dadgeboda.Aarc vaJiSvilebi

arian Tanabaruflebianni am TvalsazisiT, tradiciulad mefoba gadadis ufros vaJze.

sul oriode SemTxveva aRiniSna saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rodesac iyo mcdeloba

memkvidreobis legitimuri ufleba gadascemoda umcros vaJs. Aamis dasturad movixmobT

daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZs, romelSic mefe Tavis memkvidred da momaval mefed

acxadebs ufros vaJs, demetres: `da mivandven Svilni da dedofalnica,

SuamdgomelobiTa RmrTisaiTa, raTa ZmaÁ misi gazardos. Dda Tu inebos RmerTman da

varg iyos cvata, Semdgomad missa mefe yos mamulsa zeda”.2 Aamdenad, daviT aRmaSeneblis

survili yofila demetres Semdgom misi umcrosi Zmis, cvatas, gamefeba.Kkidev erTi

SemTxveva taxtis memkvidreobis uflebis legitimizaciis mcdelobisa momdevno vaJze

ukavSirdeba mefe erekle meoris saxels, TumcaRa es SemTxvevebi gamonaklisebad

aRiqmeba istoriul tradiciaSi. rodesac saqme exeba mefis asuls, rogorc erTaderT

memkvidres, misi gamefebis precendenti (vgulisxmobT Tamar mefes) iyo uCveulo (da

pirveli) movlena, romlis ganxorcielebas win uZRvoda sakmaod rTuli da mtkivneuli

procesebi (dakavSirebuli demna ufliswulTan). qalis gamefeba arabeTis samefo taxtze

ar aris miCneuli Cveulebriv, tradiciul movlenad da mas axlavs Tavisi

gamamarTlebeli garemoebani, romelzec qvemoT visaubrebT.

2 daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. II. 1965.

197

rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli taepi adreve gamxdara rusTvelologTa polemikis

sagani. niko mari werda: „am leqss Zalian awvalebdnen, raTa gamoewuraT misgan imis

damamtkicebeli sabuTi, rom SoTa qalTa sworuflebianobis momxre iyo. namdvilad ki aq laparakia Tanasworobaze mefis ojaxis viwro wreSi, rogori

Tanasworobac nadirTa mefis ojaxSic aris“.3 korneli kekeliZe amgvar interpretacias ar eTanxmeboda: „n. mars, albaT,

yuradReba ar miuqcevia imisaTvis, rom mefe rostevani, es Seudareblad srulqmnilis,

umSvenieresi qaliSvilis-TinaTinis mama swuxs da godebs imis gamo, rom RmerTma mas

vaJiSvili ar misca. maSasadame, mefis ojaxisTvisac sul erTi ar yofila vaJisa da

qalis yola”.4 vukol beriZis azriT, aforizmSi qalTa Tanasworobaze laparaki ar iqneba swori.

`rostevan mefe damwuxrebulia: vaJi memkvidre ar hyavs, mxolod erTi qali uzis.

vezirebi anugeSeben: `Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RmrTisa danabadia..~ e.i. qali gyavs,

magram xelmwifed windawinvea dabadebuli (laparakia samefo uflebis RvTismierobaze).

pirSi ar geferebiT, icis mefoba, es uTqvenodac gviTqvams, sazogadod, misi saqmeebi

misi SuqiviT ganaTebulia. ratom? imitom, rom igi Seni, lomis, e.i. mefis Svilia da Seni

Svili, qali iqneba Tu vaJi - sul erTia. maSasadame, am meoTxe striqonSi, Tu vinmea

Seqebuli, isev mefe da arc SeiZleboda maSin, me-12 saukuneSi, amgvari sakiTxebis

wamoyeneba”.5 niko mars „lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia”, poemis sparsuli

originalidan gadmoRebulad miaCnda, msgavs aforizms nizami ganjelTanac vxvdebiT:

`lomi brZolaSi sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia”.

korneli kekeliZis Rrma rwmeniT ki es aforizmi qarTulma istoriulma

sinamdvilem warmoSva: „yvelaferi es SesaZlebeli da mosalodneli iyo imdroindel

saqarTveloSi, sadac qalSi xedavdnen ara „borotis sawyiss evas”, aramed „borotis

damTrgunvelis iesos dedas”, im `RvTismSobels~, romlis `wilxvdomilad~ rusTavelis

epoqis dasawyisSi, gamocxadebul iqna saqarTvelo. Ees mosalodneli iyo saqarTveloSi,

romlis `ganmanaTleblad~ ninos saxiT, qali iyo aRiarebuli... im saqarTveloSi, sadac

mefobda qali, Tamari, sadac ajanyebul didebul feodalebs, istorikosis cnobiT,

amSvidebdnen da morCilebaSi moiyvandnen xuaSaqi coqalisa da kravai jayelis msgavsi

mandilosnebi”.

Nam azrs niko maric iziarebda: „saqarTveloSi - XII saukunis bolos saTanado

pirobebi iyo literaturaSi am saintereso movlenis ganviTarebisaTvis,” - werda igi.

Daqve SeniSnavda, rom„qalis kulti” ar arsebobda aRmosavlur muslimanur

literaturaSi”.

sargis kakabaZem „qalis kulti”, rogorc qarTuli erovnuli movlena, „sxva

sabuTebTan erTad~ poemis siuJetis originalobis Teorias daukavSira.

`Rirseba dedaTa pativisa~ gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia nikoloz gulaberisZis

TxzulebaSi `sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisa, kuarTisa saufloÁsa da kaTolike

eklesiisaÁ~, romelSic avtori svams kiTxvas: „raÁsaTÂs ukue dedakaci aCina da

warmoavlina RmerTman Cuenda mimarT” da Tavadve asaxelebs mizezebs: saqarTvelo

„nawili iyo dedisa RmrTisa” da amitomac RvTismSobelma dedakaci warmoavlina

3 Н. Я. Марр. Грузинская поэма `Витязь в борсовой шкуре~ Шоты из Рустава и новая культурно-историческая проблема. ИАН, 1917. 4k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi, 1981. 5 v. beriZe. vefxistyaosnis garSemo. Tbilisi, 1936.

198

saqarTveloSi; RvTis gangebulebiT, warmarTi qarTvelebi sustma dedakacma moaqcia;

ufali TviT arCevs dedakacs, gansakuTrebul pativs sdebs mas, TviT macxovris

aRdgoma xom pirvelad euwya dedakacs da mis mier sxvebs exara.

Aamdenad, Tamaris epoqis saqarTveloSi rogorc politikuri, ise religiuri

TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs myari safuZveli `qalis kultisTvis~.

davubrundeT aforizms `lekvi lomisa sworia...~, romlis marTebulad gagebisaTvis

aucilebelia ramdenime sakiTxis Seswavla poemis faqtobrivi monacemebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.MmagaliTad, identuria Tu ara cnebebi `qali~ da `diaci~? PCans Tu ara

poemis siuJetis mixedviT qalisa da kacis Tanasworoba raime niSniT (socialuri,

moraluri ...)? ras niSnavs `lomi~ mocemul taepSi da zogadad poemaSi ra mxatvruli

funqcia aqvs mas? rogoria konteqsti sakvlevi taepisa?

qali da diaci:

poemaSi gamijnulia es cnebebi: diacad arc erTxel ar ixsenieba arc TinaTini, arc

nestan-darejani, arc asmaTi. `diaci~ ukavSirdeba fatmanis epizods an uSualod

miemarTeba mas. is ZiriTadad TiTqos sqess, qalur sisustes, emociurobas usvams xazs.

oriode SemTxvevaa, rodesac nestani Tavs adarebs diacs imedgacruebis an Tavmdablobis

gamo:

„xams diaci, diacurad, saqme dedlad,

didsa sisxlsa ver Segaqnev ver viqnebi Sua kedlad“ (542).

„diacurad rad movRordi“ (524,4).

ganrisxebuli davari moixseniebs nestans diacad, cxadia, misi damcirebis mizniT.

fatmanisa da avTandilis epizods uswrebs strofi, romelSic diacis muxanaTur

bunebazea saubari (unda SevniSnoT, rom amgvari Sinaarsis gamo specialistTa nawili am

strofs CanarTad miiCnevs, TumcaRa gamocemaTa umravlesobaSi is Sesulia):

„sjobs siSore diacisa, visgan viTa daiTmobis,

gilizRebs da SegikveTebs, migindobs da mogendobis,

marT anazdad giRalatebs, gahkveTs raca daesobis,

miT diacsa samalavi arasada ar eTxrobis“ (1092).

Ffatmani sakuTar saqciels ase gansazRvravs:

„ese ambavi mas Tana vTqvi diacurad, xelurad“ (1221).

avTandili fatmanis Sesaxeb:

„isi diaci aqa zis mnaxavi kacTa mravalTa,

mosadgure da moyvare mgzavrTa yovelgniT mavalTa“ (1105)

„Tqva, diacsa vinca uyvars gaeqsvis da miscems gulsa,

augi da moyivneba arad Seswons yola krulsa,

raca icis gaucxadebs, xvaSiadsa uTxrobs srulsa,

mijobs mivyve, ganRa same vscnob saqmesa dafarulsa“ (1106).

WaSnagiri mimarTavs fatmans:

„ar giSli, diaco, ferTa mi-da-mo krTomasa,

gamiTendebis, gananeb maga moymisa yolasa.“

qajTa xelmwife dularduxti moixsenieba diacad, TumcaRa iqve miniSnebulia misi

mtkice xasiaTi:

`dularduxt aris diaci, magra klde, viTa lodia...~ (1255).

avTandilisànderZSic~ Cans diaci da Tan Zalian sayuradRebo konteqstSi:

„ra uarea mamacsa omSigan piris mxmeWelsa,

Semdrkalsa. SeSinebulsa da sikvdilisa meWvelsa,

kaci jabani riTa sjobs diacsa qslisa mbeWvelsa,

sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa“ (799).

199

taepi „kaci jabani riTa sjobs... “ Tavis TavSi moiazrebs piruku Tezasac: Tu kaci

jabani ara aris, is Tavisi mniSvnelovnebiT aRemateba qslis mbeWvel qals, es, cxadia,

gamoricxavs, qalisa da kacis zogadi Tanasworobis ideas.

Llomi

samefo niSani, Zlierebis simbolo. qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo simbolikiT

loms binaruli semantika aqvs: pirveli gagebiT, is qristes saxes ukavSirdeba

(„gaimarjva lomma iudas tomidan“. lomis simbolur-alegoriuli mimarTeba macxovarTan

warmoCenilia basili didis naSromSi „saxisa sityvai“). meore mniSvnelobiT lomi

demonur Zalas, uxilav mters gulisxmobs, rogorc es dasturdeba fsalmunSic: „aRiRes

Cem zeda piri maTi viTarca lomman mtacebelman da myviralman” (3. 21. 12); `mixsen me

pirisagan lomisa da rqaTagan martorqisagan~ (3. 21. 20).

„vefxistyaosanSi“ `lomi~ erT-erTi aqtiuri saxelia. ara piradapiri, aramed

mxatvruli mniSvnelobiT, is gamoyenebulia 56-jer sxvadasxva mxatvrul saxeSi:

Sedareba, metafora, epiTeti. prologSi igi ukve Cans. sagulisxmoa, rom 1903 wlis

gamocemamde, romelic ganaxorciela daviT kariWaSvilma, mas ganmartavdnen, rogorc

macxovris simbolos. 1903 wlis gamocemis komentarebSi es saxe daukavSirda daviT

soslans da mtkiced damkvidrda rusTvelologiaSi. Zalze mniSvnelovania dadgena

imisa, Tu vis uwodebs rusTaveli loms, radganac taepis „lekvi lomisa sworia...“

gasaRebi swored lomis mxatvrul saxeSia.

vin aris lomi? mxolod mefe an samefo ojaxis wevri? konkretuli socialuri

fenis aRmniSvnelia Tu zogadi eTikur-esTetikuri saxe? poemis Sinaarsi cxadyofs, rom

lomma SeiZleba aRniSnos mefec (magaliTad, rostevani, fridoni, tarieli) da aramefec,

magaliTad avTandili, rodesac is mxolod da mxolod spaspetia. rogorc ki igi

gamoCndeba, poemis pirvelsave TavSi, Sedarebulia lomTan:

„Tavsa zis pirmze avTandil, mWvretTagan mosandomia,

spaTa spaspeti, Cauqi, viTa vefxi da lomia“.

aseve mas miemarTeba taepebi:

„mun dadga lomi avTandil“,

„ra fatmanissa Sevida lomi...“

„wavida lomi mis mzisa mZebnelad“,

„avTandilisTvis lomisa ZRveni fridonis qvelisa“.

rodesac tarieli pirvelad Cndeba mkiTxvelis Tvalsawierze da igi „ucxo moymea“, ukve loms uwodebs rusTaveli: „Savi cxeni sadaviTa hyva lomsa da viTa gmirsa“.

arc erTxel xataeTis mefe ramazs ar ukavSirdeba lomis saxe, Tundac misive

msaxurTa an mociqulTa mier. igi indoeTis moRalate qveSevrdomia, Tumca ibrZvis

Tavisi qveynis suverenitetisTvisa, magram brZolis miseuli meTodebi muxanaTuri,

raindisTvis Seuferebelia.

lomi, rogorc personaJis aRmniSvneli mxatvruli saxe, gamoyenebulia

àmirandarejanianSic~ da sayuradReboa, rom is miemarTeba, rogorc patrons, ise ymas.

ùbrZana ymasa missa, indo Wabuksa mas lomsa, da uTxra yoveli.” Bìgi lomni – ali

dilami da indo Wabuki…...~ - orive ymaa. badri iaminsiZe, indo Wabukis patroni, `lomTa

lomad~ iwodeba. Ggamodis, rom orive Txzulebis mixedviT, lomi ar aRniSnavs mxolod

da mxolod mefes an samefo ojaxis wevrs, is SeiZleba miemarTebodes raindsac,

personaJs, romelic aris aRmatebuli, Zlieri, mamaci da Rirseuli.

sayuradReboa, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ vazirebi lomis cnebas iyeneben qalTan

mimarTebaSi. Eese igi, sqesobrivi kuTvnileba aq gadamwyveti ar aris, raRac sxva

200

faqtoris xazgasma xdeba. davakvirdeT konteqsts, rodis warmoTqvamen isini „lekvi

lomisa sworia...“

am sityvebs win uswrebs taepebi:

„Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RvTisa danabadia;

ar gaTnevT, icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams kvla dia;

SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr ganacxadia ...~

am strofSiAvazirebi TinaTins axasiaTeben. „Tuca qalia“ki mianiSnebs, rom misi

gamefeba Cveulebrivi ambavi sulac ara aris. AtaepSi sityvasityviT naTqvamia: miuxedavad

imisa, rom qalia, xelmwifed dabada RmerTma. SesaZloa am taepis orgvari gageba: 1. xelmwifed daibada, viTarca Seni erTaderTi memkvidre. Tu mefis Sviloba, miuxedavad

imisa, memkvidre qalia Tu vaJi, momaval mefobas upirobod gulisxmobs, raRa saWiro iyo

sagangebo TaTbiri, an aRniSvna imisa, rom „Tuca qalia“, Aan dardi mefisa: `RmerTman ar

momca yma-Svili, - var sawuTrosa TmobiTa.”

am taepis meore da, Cveni azriT, ufro sagulisxmo Sinaarsia: TinaTini Tavisi

pirovnebiT, monoliTuri, Zlieri xasiaTiT, sibrZniT, samarTlianobiT Tu sxva, mefea,

mefuria, xelmwifed dabada RmerTma. marTlac, vazirebi swored mis Rirsebebsa da

mefobisTvis mzaobas usvamen xazs:

„ar gaTnevT, icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams, kvla dia,

SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr ganacxadia“.

amas mosdevs erTgvari daskvniTi xasiaTis metaforuli aforizmi: „lekvi lomisa

sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia“. Tu lomi aRmatebul, gamorCeul, mefuri Tvisebebis

adamians gulisxmobs, maSin lekvi, rogorc momavali lomi, ewodeba memkvidres, Tu is am

RirsebaTa matarebelia, am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, qalia Tu vaJi. aq

aqcentirebulia pirovnuli rangi (an arsebiTi, Tvisebrivi msgavseba mSobelTan) da ara

sqesi.Aam metaforas erTgvarad esadageba rusTavelis mier sxva epizodSi naTqvami:

`msgavsi yvelai msgavssa Sobs, ese brZenTagan Tqmulia~ (1323,4) gamodis, rom vazirebi

mefes eubnebian: TinaTini Seni ara mxolod biologiuri memkvidrea, aramed RirsebaTa

memkvidrec aris. Seni msgavsia. swored am niSniT Tanabaria is mamakacTan.

sulxan-saba orbelianis personaJi jumberi (`sibrZne sicruisa”) ambobs: `kargis

nergis xili var~. `kargi nergi~ aq imave mxatvruli funqciiTaa moxmobili, romliTac

`lomi~ rusTavelis taepSi. L`lekvi lomisa sworia ...~ Sinaarsobrivad axloa qarTuli

andazasTan: `qori qorsa sCeks da Zera Zerukasao~E(ese igi, qoris Svili qoria, amave

logikiT, lomis lekvi lomia, miuxedavad imisa, Zua Tu xvadi).

sainteresoa, rogor, ra analogiiT ganmarta ilia WavWavaZem es taepi:

`lekvi lomis sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadiao, UuTqvams rusTavels. Llomi lomia, erTia,

- Zu iyos, Tunda xvadiao, ambobs dResac glexkaci. marTalia, sworia, amas hmowmobs

Cveni qarTuli enac da ena xom erTob imisTana ram aris, rom marto imas amoiZaxebs

xolme, rasac kaci CasZaxebs. qarTveli dedasac kacad hxadis da amitom `deda-kacs~

eZaxis, rogorc mamas - `mama-kacs~.Ggansxvaveba marto imaSia, rom Tqven erTi sqesisani

xarT da Cven meorisani, Tqven dedobiTa xarT kacni da Cven mamobiT. Aarseba-ki erTia,

orniv kacni varT, orniv RvTis saxisa da msgavsebisani. ase Seunaxavs didi Rirseba

dedisa Cvens enas.Aara gvgonia romelsame sxva enaSi dedaca da mamac erTnairad kacad

wodebuliyo~ (`patara saubari~, ìveria~, 1898).

rogorc vxedavT, ilia `vefxistyaosnis~ taepis Sinaarss ukavSirebs enaSi

Semonaxuli Rrma sazrisis cnebaTa - mamakacisa da dedakacis -urTierTmimarTebas. orive

kacia, Ddedakacic da mamakacic, amaSi Cans maTi arsobrivi erToba – xatoba RvTisa.

201

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, meti safuZveli arsebobs imisaTvis, rom

taepi - „lekvi lomis sworia, Zu iyos Tunda xvadia“ - moiazrebodes ara genderuli

Tanasworobis ideis Semcvelad, an mefis Svilebis Tanabaruflebianobis xazgasmad,

aramed eTikuri konteqstis mqone metaforad, romelSic ganzogadebulia idea: lomis

(gamorCeuli, Rirseuli pirovnebis) lekvi (RirsebaTa memkvidre) lomia, miuxedavad

imisa, Zu (qali) aris Tu xvadi (vaJi).

Lia Karichashvili

Social and Ethical Context of: `The Lion’s Whelp is a Lion...~

Summary

Work offers analysis of the stance of the `Knight in the Panther’s Skin~: `The lion’s whelp is a lion, be it male or female~. It studies interpretations of the stance and states the view that according to the textual data the lion is not only king’s metaphor and it implies also supreme, distinguished person with king’s qualities, whelp, as a future lion is bearer of these qualities. In this case it does not matter whether it is male or female. I.e. metaphorically the viziers tell the King: Tinatin is not your biological successor, she is the successor of your qualities and by this she is equal to male.

Thus, it is reasonably regarded that the stance: `The lion’s whelp is a lion, be it male or female~ – should be regarded not as the one containing idea of gender equality or emphasizing equality of the King’s children but the metaphor with the ethical context generalizing the idea: lion’s (superior, kingly personality) whelp (child – similar to him, successor of his qualities) is a lion, whether male or female.

202

petre (paata) kvaracxelia, dekanozi

misticizmi da terenti graneli

,,iSviaTia poeti, iseve ecxovros poeziiT, rogorc terenti graneli cxovrobda,

amsityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. poezias SeeZlo yvelaferi Seecvala misTvis,

aramarto meore adamianTan urTierToba, aramed puric, wyalic, haeric… is poeziiT

sunTqavda da misi filtvebi, mTeli misi arseba ganuwyvetliv iJRinTeboda nisliani,

Rameuli sadgurebis suniT, sivrceSi garinduli samrekloebis dumiliT, yviTeli,

gamxmari yvavilisa da foTlis mtvriT, Soreuli wvimebisa da gamoRebuli sarkmlidan

moulodnelad gadmoRvrili roialis xmebiT… is Tu fiqrobda, leqsze fiqrobda da

sicocxleze, sikvdilze metad undoda kargi leqsis dawera. misTvis yvelaferi jer

leqsis saxes iRebda da mxolod mere xdeboda gasagebi, misaRebi an uarsayofi… is

Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo dasaRupad, radgan ar SeeZlo sakuTar arsebaSi poeti

gamoecalkevebina Cveulebrivi adamianisgan, romelsac Tbili oTaxi, cxeli kerZi, qalis

xeli, naTesavi da megobari sWirdeba – warmodgenili ki ara, namdvili!’’ werda oTar

WilaZe. rodesac terenti granelze vsaubrobT, upirveles yovlisa, misi datanjuli

suli, misi mistikuri poezia, misi RvTaebrivi, zeciuri mzera da misi imqveyniuri,

bodlerisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli miswrafeba gvagondeba.

terenti granelis poezia aris umanko, suliviT amaRlebuli, RvTaebrivi da

maradiuli melodia, is am bunebiT lamaz samyaroSi ukvdavi sulis da RvTis ZiebaSia1.

yovelTvis, roca cxovrebiseuli problemebi Semogawveba, rodesac geCveneba, rom

mijaWvuli xar am tanjul miwas da aranairi gamosavali TiTqos ar Cans, uceb poulob

gamosavals da is yovelTvis raRac amaRlebulSia, im zeciur sxivSi, romelsac terenti

graneli `mesame gzas” uwodebs: àra sicocxle, ara sikvdili, aramed raRac sxva”.

cnobili rusi poeti-filosofosi, vladimir soloviovi qadagebda, rom mxolod

silamaze gadaarCenda samyaros. dRes, rodesac samyaro ngrevisaken da terorisken

miiswrafvis, soloviovis filosofiis `maradiuli sofia, RvTis logosi da

kacobriobis silamaze” nadgurdeba, bednierebaa Seexo terenti granelis poezias, mis

umanko sulierebas, mis maradisobisaken swrafvas, mis gonebriv sidiades, romelic

adamians akeTilSobilebs da maRaliidealebisaken ubiZgebs.

misi poezia ar aris ezoTeruli an mxolod arCeuli esTetebisTvis, rogorc

malarmes poezia, mxolod sulierebiT savse adamiani Tu Caswvdeba da Seiyvarebs mis

esTetikas.

`Zamiko terenti!”, – etyoda CvenTvis yovlad sayvareli galaktioni. man yvelaze

ukeT icoda terenti granelis poeziis misteria, misi leqsis versifikacia,

ganumeorebeli riTmis melodia. galaktioni mxolod terentis Tvlida WeSmarit

mowinaaRmdeged poeziaSi. terenti granelis poezia akrZaluli iyo literaturul,

sabWour saqarTveloSi da mas aranair gasaqans ar aZlevdnen elementaruli, adamianuri

1 zaza abzianiZe. galaktion tabiZe. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 23.

203

arsebobisTvis. ufro metic, is gvevlineba, rogorc frangi mecnierebi ityodnen,

`dawyevlil”, devnil poetad2.

safrangeTSi sabWouri `poeturi pirveloba~ ar arsebobs, sityvas `poeti~ ar

uxdeba zedsarTavi saxeli `didi~, poeti xar an ara xar, mxolod dro aris misi

saboloo golgoTa. amaSi xSirad davrwmundebiT, rodesac Zvel krebulebSi ucxo,

arafrismTqmel saxelebs da propagandistul leqsebs wavikiTxavT. Kkonstantine

gamsaxurdia ase afasebda mis Semoqedebas - ,,Cveni Tanamedroveoba mistikis saniSnos

uyurebs. Cemze kargi STabeWdileba moaxdina axalgazrda poetis saocari gambedaobiT

gamocemulma wignma, romelic ufro saocar warweras atarebs: `t. graneli modis

sisxliani saflavidan”. Cven dros esaWiroeba qristes sisxliani saxis demonuri

Semoxedva. evropulis masStabiT moxda didi gardatexa, radikalizmidan marjvniv.

filosofiaSi mistika imarjvebs. poeziasac mistikuri qrolva eufleba. axalgazrda

terenti graneli simpaTiuria am mxriv. wignSi mravali gulwrfeli cremlia, didi

mWmunvareba, didi sevda, gauxarebel naRvelSi gamozrdili Taobisa. striqonebi aqa-iq

sevdiania, rogorc codvili qerubimebis TeTri frTebis Sriali.

leqsebis teqnikaSic didi winsvla etyoba poets. ar SegviZlia ar aRvniSnoT, rom

terenti graneli alag-alag daSinebas gvipirebs Tavis `mkvdrebis” fantomebiT. Cven

iseTi saSineli vakxanaliis ganmcdeli Taobis warmomadgenlebi varT, rom sisxliani

suraTebiT veravin dagvaSinebs. dRes realoba ufro met tragikul motivebs iZleva.

vurCevT axalgazrda poets, moizomos feradebi; feradebis naZaladevi damuqeba mxolod

imas mowmobs yovelTvis, rom avtors alag-alag feradebis harmonia aklia.

es wigni uaxles poeziaSi Zlier Tamami sityvaa, mas Cven Tavis droze, jerovan

yuradRebas mivaqcevT. saocari materialuri siRaribe etyoba wigns, magram es aorkecebs

im cremlian mWmunvarebas, romelic ase Zlierad hqris am minanqris striqonebidan”.

terenti graneli iyo damoukidebeli pirovneba da mas gaaCnda piradad misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sakuTari samyaro.

amave dros, misi adreuli Semoqmedeba miekuTvneba lirikul poezias, romelic

mxolod romantikosebs axasiaTebT. is umReris bunebis silamazes mZafri bukoliuri

(soflis silamazis trfiali) an pastoraluri miswrafebiT, romelic ase mZafrad

ipyrobs adamianis suls da gonebas.

,,aRar etyoba sofels cvlileba da walenjixa isev isea”... amave dros, is aris

Tanamedrove poeti, romelic `dawyevlili”, devnili poetebis beds mihyveba,

melanqoliuri simartovidan Jerar de nervalis `morbidul” (arajansaR) warmosaxvamde,

bedis ZiebaSia Ramis wuxilis napralebze. misi poezia aris saxeebiT datvirTuli,

rogorc bodleri ityoda, `simboloebis tye”. is ar miekuTvneboda `cisferyanwelebis”

simbolistur skolas, magram masze didi gavlena iqonia simbolizmis idealisturma

ideologiam. da, ufro metic, simbolizmis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa

saqarTveloSi.

terentis originaloba mZafr mistikur suliskveTebaSia. mis poezias bolomde is

pirovneba Cawvdeba, romelsac esmis idealisturi filosofia, gansakuTrebiT berZeni

filosofosis – platonis `gamoqvabulis~ Teoria, romelSic is aRniSnavs, rom adamiani

mijaWvulia im miwier gamoqvebulSi da is ver amCnevs samyaros silamazes, bunebas da

RvTiur Zalas, romelic dedamiwaze sufevs. igi gveubneba Cabnelebuli gamoqvabulis

Sesaxeb mas Semdeg rac isini, vinc gamoqvabulis gareT WeSmariti mzis sinaTle da

namdvilad arsebuli nivTebi dainaxes, dabrundebian gamoqvabulSi, maT aღar SeswevT

unari mzerisa, maTi Tvalebi gadaeCvivnen sibneleSi yofnas msgavsad im adamianisa,

2 Cveni mwerloba, 13.01. .2012, 1 (157).

204

romelic veRarafers xedavs xolme naTeli Suqis Sexedvis Semdeg da vinaidan isini, aq

dabla sworad veRar Seimecneben kedelze gamosaxul Crdilebis siluetebs, maT

sxvadasxva saxis sisuleebi emarTebaT, risTvisac isini abuCad hyavT agdebuli iq myof

danarCenebs, romlebic arasodes gamosulan im gamoqvabulidan da im xsenebuli

Crdilovani gamosaxulebebis garda araferi unaxavT. ტerenti granelis pirovneba,

rogorc misip oezia araerTgvarovania. mas brals sdebdnen imaSi, rom fsiqikurad iyo

Seryeuli da amitom iZulebiT ganaTavses suramis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi, sadac

garda leqsebisa, man aranakled Rirebuli naxatebi dagvitova. Man ferebiT gadmosca is

mdgomareoba, romelic Tan axlda suramSi yofnis dros. ,,mtkioda Tumc, vis davuZaxebdi,

ufro siTeTre elis Sens xelebs, SuaRamisas gareT gaxvedi da avadmyofma mTvares

Sexede”... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela geniosSi aris sigiJis marcvali... ,,RmerTo gamagiJe

da Senve damicav”... geniasa da sigiJis Soris arsebuli zRvari, ufro metic, geniis

gadasvla sigiJeSi aravis gadmoucia ise mkafiod da dawvrilebiT, rogorc es goeTem

warmogvidgina ,,torkvato tasoSi~, radgan man miznad daisaxa Caswvdomoda genioss,

rogorc aseTs, tragikuli mxridan da geniosis tanjva ufro metic, misi mowameoba

TvalnaTeli gaexada. genia vlindeba xelovnebis nawarmoebSi, romlebic adgeba da

arafrTovanebs adamianebs ara raRac drois monakveTSi, aramed yvela droSi, romlebic

samaradJamo, waruxocel Rirebulebas warmoadgenen saerTod adamianobisaTvis, anu sxva

qmnilebebiT ver Seicvlebian da ver ganidevnebian, aramed rCebian, rogorc erTaderTi,

ganumeorebeli, Seudarebeli da aqedan gamomdinare, marad axalgazrda nawarmoebebi.

martooden aseTi nawarmoebi warmoadgens geniis ucilobel niSans, radganac mxolod da

mxolod is aris ufro meti, vidre adamianis qmnileba da, aqedan gamomdinare miewereba

suls. ,,Cemi gvari graneli poezias darCeba~ poetis es winaTgrZnoba WeSmaritad axda.

mistikur labirinTebSi moxetiale poeti ,,grZnobs msoflios da usazRvros etrfis~… es

ki sakuTari tavis SecnobiT iwyeba. winaswarmetyveleba sakuTar gardacvalebaze,

uZirod lurji TvalebiT danaxuli uZilo sizmaria.

Tu ar gvesmis germaneli filosofosebis msoflmxedveloba, terentis mistikur

poezias ver CavwvdebiT. Sopenhaueris metafizikuri intuicia da `pesimisturi”

filosofia mSvenivrad xsnis terentis sevdian gulistkivils da miswrafebas.

terenti graneli bavSvobidanve iyo Sepyrobili zecis sxiviT, bunebis usazRvro

peizaJebiT, Semodgomis qariT, mindvris kolorituli yvavilebiT. 6 wlis iyo, rodesac

deda gardaecvala, saSineli Rame gaitacebs sayvarel arsebas. terenti Tavis

dedinacvals miuZRvnis simboloebiT datvirTul misteriul sonets: `mamis saflavTan

agatirebs tkbili warsuli…keTrovanebas religia SenSi asrulebs…mwuxris wirvebSi

ainTeba, rogorc kandeli… da kvlav gelaTis gesizmreba Sen monasteri” (`soneti

dedinacvals”). bavSvobidanve Seuyvardeba wigni da kiTxva, kilometrebs gaivlida, rom

dadianebis biblioTekaSi gaecno samyaro.3

axalgazrdobaSi gamoikveTa misi SemoqmedebiTi principebi da poeturi

laitmotivi. es aris Tanamedrove qalaqis spirali sabWouri elementebiT, konfrontacia

garemosTan, romelsac ver egueba misi suliereba.

Ramis napralebma didi kvali datova terentis poeziaSi. axalgazrdobidan igi

afeqturi grZnobiT iqneba Sepyrobili da misteria samudamod daikavebs adgils mis

fsiqikaSi. Ramis Temas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mis SemoqmedebaSi. erTi mxriv, is

aris wyvdiadi da sibnele, fantomebis da borotebis adgilsamyofeli, romelic poetSi

badebs Semzarav SiSs, (pesimisturi ganwyobilebiT imdroindel sazogadoebaSi), meore

mxriv, Semoqmedebis inspiracias axdens leqsis Sesaqmnelad. da aq, malarmes ìdumes”

3 g. cqitiSvili. vici dro mova Cemi gagebis. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 27.

205

saidumlos SevuerTdebiT. mis poeziaSi qalis Temas mTavari roli akisria. terentis

aqac gansxvavebuli xedva aqvs. rogorc namdvili Semoqmedi, sayvarel qalwuls

idealizebul, umanko arsebad xatavs. da aseT arsebas is sameulad: dedis, muzis da

RvTismSoblis saxiT warmoadgens.

sikvdilis Tema mTavari motivia terentis poeziisa. mTeli Tavisi cxovreba

sikvdilis maniiT iyo Sepyrobili, mas xSirad xedavdnen samgloviaro procesiebze,

dasaflavebaze da wirvis Semdeg eklesiis ezoebSi. es etapi mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis,

is xom `mesame gzis~ misterias qadagebda, romelic sicocxlesa da sikvdilis Soris

imyofeba Soreul, dausrulebel da astralur sivrceSi.,,isev mWirdeba miwis nayofi,

mWirdeba cecxli, wyali, haeri”... sikvdilis sazRvrebidan xSirad Semobrunebula

sicocxlisaken, Tavisi miwieri arseba rom daemkvidrebina da azri mieca. sikvdilis

arsis Ziebas mihyavda sicocxlis arsis Ziebisaken. sicocxlis azrs sikvdilis SiSiT

imecnebda.

misi Semoqmedeba aris mTliani, axali cxovrebis arsebobis winaswarmetyveli. is

daixsnis adamians, gardaiqmneba `poeti-RmerTis” liriT. misi reqviemi JRers

gamaJrJolebeli sidiadiT da vgrZnobT elviT dacemuli angelozis suls, zecisken rom

miiswrafvis: `Sen ver mixilav da nurc dameZeb, sadRac wamiRes bneli mklavebiT.me

wuxel movkvdi SuaRameze, rodesac krTodnen cis varskvlavebi” codnis gzaze didi

filosofia iRleba da isvenebs. misticizmi iwyebs iqidan, sadac filosofia mTavrdeba.

winaswarmetyvelT piradi gamocdilebiT Seicnes WeSmariteba da gaumxiles is samyaros.

isini mRerodnen: `me is Sevicani, - umaRlesi arseba, sxivmosili da manaTobeli viT mze,

sibnelis miRma myofi, miuwvdomeli STanTqmeli sibnelis klanWebisaTvis~.

winaswarmetyvelni gvaswavlian, rom transcendentaluri realoba da arseboba, romelic

yvelafers ganasaxierebs, erTi da igivea. mistikosi ar aris dabneuli adamiani, romelic

caSi dafrinavs, Tumca, samwuxarod, xalxi swored ase fiqrobs mistikosebze. mistikosi

maZiebelia, romelsac, dinamiuri energiiT, surs uswrafesad aRmoaCinos WeSmariteba

intuiciis ZaliT. mesame Tvalis gamoyenebiT, is xedavs WeSmaritebas yvelaze swrafad,

tyviaze swrafad, magram Tu adamians surs aseTi saxis iaraRi hqondes, maSin, bunebrivia,

mas mouwevs yvelafrisaTvis Tavis danebeba, rac masSi araRvTiuria. is miiRebs

yvelafers, rac RvTiuria da Seecdeba mis aRzrdas Tavis cxovrebaSi.

mistikosi is aris, visac surs, rac SeiZleba male dainaxos WeSmariteba,

mistikosi ar aris is, vinc abuCad agdebs yvelafers praqtikuls, magram dasavleTsa da

aseve indoeTSi adamianebi yuradRebas ar aqceven mistikoss. isini ubralod amboben: ìs

arapraqtikulia. mas mxolod RmerTi ainteresebs; mas ar adardebs msoflio. is mxolod

mzes gascqeris, ,,wiTeli mze aelvarda minebTan~, rogorc ximenesi ambobs: ,,Cven yovel

diliT xeliT vexebiT mzes, cocxali RmerTis guliviT wiTel mzes~, ,,jer saWiroa

movipovoT Wvretis organo, romelic msgavsi da analogiuria TviT Wvretis obieqtisa.

Tvali verasdros dainaxavda mzes, jer TviTon rom ar mieRo mzis forma~… mze, rogorc

RmerTkacis simbolo, rogorc brwyinavi wyvdiadi...'' graneli wiTeli mzis xilviT, isev

Ramis molodinSia, romelic cisken miaqanebs mistikos poets. usasruloba dagmanuli

sarkmlidan bevrad mimzidvelia, vidre Ria cis qveS… mze macxovris simboloa, samebis

hipostasis xiluli saxe. mamis, Zis da suliwmindisa. mzesTan ganSoreba, RvTisgan

gandgomis momaswavebelia, romliTac sibneles uaxlovdeba poeti.

gascqeris mTvares,

,,wamebis wami dadga,

nuTu iRbali aris.

erTad midian sadRac

Rame, mTvare da qari.

206

,,miwis cqeriT daiRala mTvare~.

qari, romelic iwvevda qveynis sxvanair Secnaurebas, mTvarian RameSi qmnida

dausrulebel fantasmagorias, iugivdeboda mTvares da gardaisaxeboda im Soreul

mistikad, romelsac unda gaenaTebina poetis mwuxare suli. TiTqos mTvare unda

moetaca, rogorc TeTri dedofali, da gadaelewa zRvaSi, TiTqos samyaros daundobeli

jalaTic gaxldaT da imavdroulad sayvarelic, rogorc uxilavi Zlierebis

matarebeli Zala. Ramis anTebasac rom niSnavs da anaTemasac, Tavis Sinagani wva da

koconi rom hqonda, da mZime iyo misi guguni, rogorc Savi zRvis Relva qariSxalSi, is

gaCeneliyo SemoqmedebisaTvis da ara ZilisTvis da yoveli geniosuri Txzuleba

mxolod RamiT Seqmniliyo, sulis sarkedac rom warmodgeboda da amiT gansxvavdeboda

dRisagan, rogorc niRbisgan. poezias Tu gamoakldeboda qari da Rame? darCeboda

mxolod sicariele. aTasgvari fiqriT datvirTuli poeti qars win udga viT qandakeba?

ager galaktion tabiZis: Tmas uwews qaris gaborotebao. qari arsebobda musikis da

orkestris, uCinar stiqias rom warmoadgenda da musikis udidesi agoniisas Cndeboda

jadosnuri qari, romelic cdilobda gaewyvita adamianis daWimuli nervebi?) rogorc

valerian gafrindaSvili ityoda, ,,da am orkestris gagiJeba msgavsia qaris~…erTad

Cndebodnen Semodgomis da mogonebis qarebi da masTan erTad gaSlili veli, foTlebis

cvena, gaZarcvul totebSi ucnauri qanaoba da tyis guguni da stvena, es yvelaferi

samyaros mistikur SegrZnebas rom qmnida? poetis suli nawilia Ramis, vin icis ramdeni

fiqri gabneula Ramis sivrceSio - isev sakuTari Tavi gaaxsendeboda:

,,Ramis sivrcem wveTobiT Cemi sisxli dalia~. …

mistikosi poetisTvis uxilavi samyaro bevrad ufro axlobelia, vidre

yoveldRiuri ganivTebuli mdgomareoba. is xedavs erTs da grZnobs meores. Rame misTvis

idealuri TavSesafaria, rogorc gandegilisTvis bneli gamoqvabuli, sadac sxva

sinaTle da sxivia., saidanac amodis mze, Soreuli ricxvis. is maradiulad gascqeris

mTebs, rogorc RmerTis savaraudo samyofels (,,sadRac sdums mTebi, sadRac nislia~…

mTa, moses da RmerTis Sexvedris adgili, uTxra ufalma moses: aha, gamogecxadebi

zrqel RrubelSi, raTa moisminos erma Cemi laparaki SenTan, da samudamod gerwmunos.

amcno mosem ufals xalxis naTqvami~. mTa, sulieri feriscvalebis adgili, RmerTTan

Sexvedris simbolo) is am samyaros ar ekuTvnis~. magram namdvili mistikosi aris is,

visac surs xedavdes RvTaebriv saidumlos yvelaferSi: bunebasa da adamianebSi. mas

surs Caswvdes dasabamis arss, ufro swrafad, vidre nebismieri adamiani Tavs uflebas

miscems warmoidgimos is. es aris namdvili mistikosi.,,SeiswavleT misticizmi Tu gsurT.

is guls sixaruls moutans, gonebas - miswrafebas, sicocxles namdvil, asrulebis

momtan da gasulierebul darwmunebas, magram nu ecdebiT gansazRvroT is. nu ecdebiT

ganmarteba misceT mas. Tu SeecdebiT gansazRvroT is, Tqven ver miaRwevT warmatebas. Tu

SeecdebiT ganmarteba misceT mas, Tqven sastikad damarcxdebiT4.''

Cven gamocdilebas viRebT: mecnierebidan - samecniero aRmoCenebidan; istoriidan -

istotiruli gamocxadebebisagan; filosofiidan - filosofiuri ideebidan, religiidan -

religiuri doqtrinebidan. am gamocdilebebSi Cven vxedavT subieqtis da obieqtis, arsis

da arsebobis, xilvis da realobis arsebobas, magram mistikuri gamocdileba, romelic

dauyovneblivi erTianobaa, scildeba yvela aseTi saxis gansxvavebas. es gamocdileba

mudmivi erTianobaa zezRvrulTan, romelic marad gadalaxavs sakuTar Tavs, romelic

yovelTvis auwereli rCeba. misticizmo, sawyalo misticizmo! rodesac mas amartiveben

da ver afaseben, is dabla eSveba Tavisi pirvelyofili sferodan da religias

uaxlovdeba, magram Tu gulwrfelebi viqnebiT, Cven mivxdebiT, rom is umaRlesi

4 d. gegeSiZe. misticizmis religiuri buneba. Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 76.

207

religiuri gancda araferia, Tu ara gaurkveveli, bundovani da misustebuli aRqma

WeSmaritebisa; maSin rodesac nebismieri mistikuri gancdis dros, Cven vigrZnobT

WeSmaritebis intensivobas, Tvaluwvdenlobas da darwmunebulobas.

Cven aseve unda vicodeT, rom religiuri eqstazi da mistiuri eqstazi erTsa da

imave rols ar TamaSoben Cvens Sida cxovrebaSi. religiuri eqstazi exeba adamianurs

CvenSi. es eqstazi Semoifargleba sxeulis cnobierebiT, disciplinirebuli an

udisciplino vitaliT, gasxivosnebuli an gausxivosnebeli gonebiT, sufTa an usufTao

guliT, magram mistikur eqstazs dauyovnebliv gadavyavarT zezRvrulSi, sadac Cven

maradi sicocxle gvexveva, gvkvebavs yovlis masazrdoebeli sinaTle da gvlocavs

transcendentaluri WeSmariteba.

primitiuli religia sTavazobda eqstazs vitals fizikur gonebaSi da mosurne

gulSi. sruliad ganviTarebuli misticizmi amJamad usasrulod sTavazobs Tavis

eqstazs gaTavisuflebul sulebs da usazRvrod maT, vinc ganTavisuflebis zRvarzea.

espaneTSi tereza avilielma (Teresa of Avila) SesTavaza msoflios raRac Rrmad

mistikuri. misi mistikuri gancdebi - miswrafebul sulsa da ganmanTavisuflebeli

qristes Soris RvTaebrivi kavSiris kulminaciaa. da zustad aseTnair kavSirSi adamianis

umweo Seuwynarebeli neba da RmerTis yovlisSemZle da yovlis-asrulebis momtani neba

gulSi ikraven erTmaneTs. ,,qveyana iseTivea, rogoric iyo, garemoebani meordebian, erTi

xalxi cxovrobs, uyvars da ganicdis iseve, rogorc meore. maS, ratom ar unda weros

erTma poetma iseve, rogorc meore wers?~ ase afasebda literaturis idumali kanonebis

Taviseburebas goeTe. ,,adamiani Sobilia ara imisTvis, rom msoflios problemebi

gadawyvitos, aramed imisTvis, rom eZios da miagnos am problemebs, Semdeg ki

misawvdomis farglebSi imoqmedos“, - ambobda goeTe.

patara adamiani uZluria raime Secvalos samyaros wyobaSi, Tundac gonivruli

CareviT, magram samoqmedo areali mainc aqvs. marTalia, mozomili, ,,misawvdomis

farglebSi~ Cateuli, magram mainc areali. samoqmedo asparezis Seqmnamde ki im

,,msoflio problemebs~ sWirdeba moZieba da povna, saguldagulo rom mimofantula,

gabneula da daleqila adamianTa cnobierebaSi.

samyaros wyobas rom verafers mouxerxeb, cxadia, magram masSi mofusfuse

adamianebs Tvalwin rom gadauSli im xilulsa Tu uxilav samyaros, romelsac

cxovrebis yvelaze didi saidumloeba, sicocxle hqvia, pirovnul survilebs rom

gaaukeTeseb, da sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis, sicocxlis tkbobis muxtiT aRavseb, sulis

sarkeSi Caaxedeb, CaaRrmaveb pirovnul arsSi da safiqreblad momarTav kacis gonebas.

amgvari samoqmedo arealis fargali lamis usazRvroebas itevs da mTel cxovrebas

iTvlis dasabamidan, vidre dResamomde. genialuri niWiT gasxivosnebuli marTali

sityvis sazRvari usazRvroebaze gadis, („suls swyuria sazRvari, rogorc

usazRvroebas“) radgan masSi mTeli samyaroa moqceuli im miRmier sibrZnesTan erTad,

romelic, rogorc saidumlo ram, uxilavia kacis TvalisaTvis, is unaria daunjebuli,

wuTisoflis oromtrialSi garkvevas, mis mravalsaxovan, yofiTi WeSmaritebis Secnobas

rom mieltvis. terenti graneli gamudmebiT maradiul, samSoblosa da mTeli

planetisTvis aqtualur problemebs, uzenaes WeSmaritebas emsaxureba. poets

naTelmxilveliviT da naTel msmeneliviT xelewifeba kavSiri planetis sainformacio

velTan, giwvevs kosmiur usazRvroebaSi. raTa amxilos warsuli, awmyo, momavlis

suraTebi. is yovelTvis gvaswavlis, rom sicocxle sikvdilisaTvis mzadebaa. mas sjera,

rom adamianSi mxolod xorcia xrwnadi da warmavali, suli ki maradisobis wilia.

konstantine gamsaxurdia werda: ,,ukvdaveba mxolod mas daumkvidrebia, vinc cocxali

ziarebia sikvdils. gza ukvdavebisken mimavali sikvdilis arkis qveS gaivlis~… terenti

granels hedesSi Wvretis unari gaaCnia. is winaswar xedavs Tavis ,,Ria samares~, samudamo

208

miZinebas, esmis debis locvebi. ucdomlad winaswarmetyvelebs Tavis gardacvalebis

wels, Tves, ricxvs, xedavs uceremonio gasvenebs. ,,movkvdebi RamiT, gaTenebisas, rodesac

gareT iqneba zamTris gacivebuli mTvare da yinva. sikvdilis win momagondeba Tbilisis

Rameebi da Cemi unazesi da: es ori SeerTebuli koconi, romelic mwvavda me yovelTvis…

ase gaTavdeba sinaTle, gaqrebian mogonebis wamebi, gadavecemi sikvdilis mdumare

xelebs. Cemi wamebuli sxeuli SeuerTdeba msoflio elementebs, da me vigrZnob umaRles

mosvenebas. Cemi kubo iqneba sada da procesia ucremlo. me damasaflaveben SuadRis or

saaTze Tbilisis axlo~…micvalebulad gardasaxuli poetis suli Tavis kubosTan

warmoidgens uzenaes arsebebs. serafimebs, mariam RvTismSobels angelozis TanxlebiT.

TviT ieso qristes winamZRolobiT miemarTeba saboloo gzaze:

,,mkvdari viyavi da ugrZnobeli,

Ria samare Cems guls ucdida

da ecemodnen sadRac wvimebi

Soreul Rrublis sanapirosTan,

kubosTan idgnen serafimebi

da RvTismSobeli Cemze tiroda,

mimasvenebdnen angelozebi

da kubos qriste win miuZRoda“.

poetis cxovreba, Semoqmedeba da sulieri mdgomareoba realur safuZvels

gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom is aris pirveli Tu ara erTerTi pirveli, vinc mistikis

WrilSi, poeziis eniT iqadaga RvTismetyveleba. RmrTismetyveli is aris, vinc pirdapiri

Tu iribi codniT da WvretiT (ωρία) Seicnobs naTlad da ganarCevs RvTiurTa da

mokvdavTa qmedebas, aseve eSmakisa da demonis qmedebebs. sxeulis Teologia Tavdacvis

saSualebaa sxeulisa da sulis mtrebisa da sneulebebis winaaRmdeg.

terenti granelma RmerTisgan zurgSeqceuli samyaro mTeli sicxadiT da

,,gulidan sisxlis wveTebiT“ RvTisken miabruna. man sworad gansazRvra misi

daniSnuleba ,,im talaxSi, romelsac ewodeba miwa“... rac metad icvleba dro-Jameuli Tu

sivrciseuli gageba, erTmaneTs ereva realuri Tu irealuri, ufro metad imatebs

siRrme, iSleba CarCoebi da Cvens Tvalwin ixateba cxovrebis aliaqoTშ i moqceuli

adamianis saxe, romelic cdilobs, ki ar Cahyves, aRma auyves cxovrebis mdinarebas; ki

ar gaiqces, ibrZolos; ki ar iviSviSos-gairindos.

,,dResac baRSi vimalebi,

rogorc TeTri mdumareba.

da mizidavs grigaliviT

siCume da mwuxareba,

maRla TeTri Tavania,

glova isev ainTeba.

axla Cemi savanea

siCume da garindeba~.''

Tavi daaRwios sulier siduxWires; Caswvdes yofierebis WeSmaritebas, ar

sseurigdes biwierebas da hqondes rwmena rwmenisa, adamianuri JiniT daZlios boroteba

Tu cxovrebis warmavaloba, SeigrZnos sicocxlis madli da gemo, apogeas sizmarsa Tu

xilvaSi aRwevs, radgan maradiuli survilebi, moralur-zneobrivi kanonebi, rac misi

sulis amouZirkvav sayrdens warmoadgenen, Tavs ar anebeben idumal zmanebebSi.

dafaruli rwmena es Tvalia WeSmaritebis mWvreti, gulia WeSmaritebis SemgrZnebeli da

suli WeSmaritebis Semmecnebeli.rwmenis wyalobiT samSvinveli mTlianad acnobierebs

209

sakuTar evolucias Tavis maradiul mogzaurobaSi. rwmenis meSveobiT Cven vxedavT Tu

rogor gardaiqmneba forma uformoSi, sasruli - usasruloSi da Tvals vadevnebT imas,

Tu rogor iZens uformo formas da usasrulo xdeba sasruli.5

RmerTs mindoba meyvelebs. is metyvelebs mdumarebaSi. is gvixsnis. is

miswrafebuls uxsnis imas, rom materia da samSvinveli, raodenoba da Tvisobrioba,

imanenturi da transcendentaluri erTiania. Sinagani rwmena xsnis, rom cxovreba ar

SeiZleba iyos ubralod arseboba, samocdaaTi an oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi,

dabadebasa da gardacvalebas Soris; sicocxle es TviT maradiulobaa. Cveni dabadeba,

ise rogorc Cveni gardacvaleba - mniSvnelovani movlenaa RmerTis arsebobaSi.

dabadebis Semdeg cxovreba miedineba sxeulSi. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki - sulSi… ,,rom

ver SevZeli gasvla miwidan, es ukve niSnavs gardacvalebas~. ,,ar gabedo sikvdili,

sanam cocxali xar~ miwidan gasvla ki mistikosTaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa. miwidan

caSi mogzauroba, daTovlili mwvervalebis dapyroba, garedan sakuTari Tavis yureba.

,,Sen dedamiwav ufro maSineb, roca ocnebiT zecas moviar~ swrafva usasrulobisken…

zecidan dabruneba ki isev codvebTan, sibnelesTan, gacrecil sxeultთn urTierTobas

niSnavs.

miswrafeba-Sinagani vedrebaa umaRlesi cnobierebis moxveWisa. Tu Cveni

adamianuri cnobiereba asvlas SeZlebda everestis simaRlemde miswrafebas samyaroSi,

ra warmoudgenel sixarulos movutandiT Cveni uzarmazari progresiT Cvens Semoqmeds!

everesti -TviT miuRwevelis simboloa. miznis, romelic SeiZleba miRweul iqnas

mxolod zeadamianuri grZmobiT da simtkiciT. miswrafeba-kacobriobis mgznebare

survilia, gavides Cveulebrivisa da yoveldRiuris sferos miRma. Tu Cveni Sinagani

vedreba miaRwevda Cveni yvelaze amaRlebuli, RvTiTboZebuli unaris piks, Cven everesti-

miswrafeba gveqneboda. es STamagonebeli saubrebi im adamianis, romelmac mwvervals

miaRwia, saukeTeso da saimedo orientiria imaTTvis, vinc miiswrafvis zeviT,

umaRlesisken, win, uSoresisken, SigniT, uRrmesisken. poeziis silamaziT, prozis

sicxadiT da wminda werilis siRrmiT-es saubrebi mimarTulia ara gonebisken, aramed

maZieblis gulisa da sulisken. aseTis ukvdavi yvavilebi-gzavnilebi arasdros Wkneba,

marad izrdeba, ifurCqneba, brwyindeba, yvavilobs mizanswrafuli mkiTxvelis Sinagan

ganxorcielebulobasTan erTad, romelic ufro Rrma da farTo xdeba. ,,guli wminda

dabade CemTana RmerTo da suli wrfeli ganmiaxle gvamsa Cemsa~ es igivea, rac ,,gulidan

sisxlis wveTebi~...

planetaTa mgosani wmida poezias da kosmiur azrovnebas zvarakad Seewira,

rogorc macxovari adamianTa Soris siyvarulis da RvTiuri sibrZne-sikeTis Tesvas.

zeciuri margalitebis mompovebel mgosans mware martviloba Seagebes da mxolod

ocdacameti wlis wamebuli sicocxle akmares.

me ar vwer leqsebs, leqsi TviTon mwers, Cemi sicocxle am leqss Tan

axlavsleqss me vuwodeb movardnil mewyers, rom gagitans da cocxlad dagmarxavs. ra

didebulia tician tabiZis leqsad naTqvami poeturi sibrZne: uTuod, terenti granelic

amgvari poeturi Rirsebis, sibrZnis da maRalmgosnuri zneobis gaxldaT. es iSviaTi

mxatvruli formis leqsi xom mxolod da mxolod RvTiuri fonis mqone da

niWgazavebuli mgosanTaganaa Seqmnili, romelic naRdi poeziis formulas

warmoadgens.xolo terenti granelis Rrmad fsiqologiuri leqsi `portreti~ genialuri

fermweris erTi amosunTqviT Seqmnili suraTiviTaa. aseve wmida poeziisTvis Sobili

mgosnis, gulis siTboseuli amoZaxilia, im mgosnisa, romelSic erTi misxalic araa ara

poetis…`Cemi cxovreba aris poema, Cemi cxovreba mxolod leqsia”.

5 Sri Cino. miswrafebis everesti. Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 9.

210

ramdenadac didi niWis patronia mwerali, is ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli

cxovrebasTan.… geniosi sdums da ixarSeba am wuTisoflis gaCaRebul quraSi da amave

dros, es wuTisofelic sduRs da naxevrad moxarSulicaa mis quraSi. genioss ar

SeuZlia igrZnos es cxovreba naxevrad, mesamedad an meoTxedad, aramed grZnobs mTelad,

erTobliv… warmoudgenelia niWieri mwerali, geniosi uimisod, rom imas ar awuxebdes

tkivili adamianTa cxovrebisa… mwerali adamianTa cxovrebis darajia~. jvarcmisTvis

ganwiruli poeti adamianis sulSi mogzaurobs da ixedeba im SreebSi, romelic mxolod

rCeulთa xvedria. cxovrebisgan uaryofili pirovnebis dalewili bedi arasworxazovnad

mihqris ,,uxilavi baRebisken~… maSin ki mwuxared ityvis _ ,,axla cemSi Znelia geniosis

danaxva, axla cemi gakilva yvelas epatieba~ ,,danaxva siyvarulis intuiciaa, danaxva

burusSi~, es ukanaskneli ki iseTi Znelia, rogorc Tomas mier mkvdreTiT aRmdgari

macxovris rwmena. yvela es naklovneba, romelic genialur individualobas moudis,

didi xania migviTiTebs imaze, rom genias da sigiJes aqvT iseTi mxare, sadac isini

erTmaneTs esazRvrebian, ufro metic _ genia nawilobriv SeSlilobaSi gadadis. mas

sul cota sigiJis kvali atyvia. TviT poetur STagonebas uwodes sigiJis erTgvari

saxeoba. horaciusi mas (amod saxilvel sigiJes) uwodebs. vilandi Semdeg sityvebs

warmoTqvams, òberonis~ SesavalSi. ,,saamuri sigiJe damTamaშ ebs Sublze~. senekas mohyavs

aristoteles gamonaTqvami (arc erTi didi moazrovne ar arsebula am qveynad sigiJis

garkveuli narevis gareSe). aristotele ambobs ,,yvela geniosi melanqolikia~. platoni

mraval adgilas laparakobs sigiJisa da geniis monaTesaobis Sesaxeb: ,,ferdosSi" igi

pirdapir ambobs, rom garkveuli sigiJis gareSe ar SeiZleba arsebobdes namdvili

mgosani. ambobs, rom yoveli is adamiani, vinc warmaval sagnebSi maradiul ideebs

Seimecnebs, SeSlilad gamoiyureba.

ai, ras wers konne sperelli (konstantine gaCeCilaZe) terenti granelis Sesaxeb:

,,cisferi Tvalebi, romelSiac ori miuwvdomeli samyaro ixedeboda, da amas xedavda

mxolod graneli. Cveulebrivi adamianebi, maTi yoveldRiurobiT, erTsac ver xedaven

kargad, amitomac granelis uaRresad moZrav TvalebSi Cawolili iyo sixaruli, rom man

gadaixeda amis gadaRma da daewafa netarebis iebs, rom man Seicno sakuTari sulis

simaRle da eziara ukvdavebas. iqve, im bednierebis gverdiT dakvirvebuli Tvali

SeamCnevs uzomo mwuxarebas, rac gamowveuli iyo imis SegnebiT, rom es maRali suli

momwyvdeulia xrwnad WurWelSi, rom sxeuli adamianis damZimebulia miwierebis JantiT

da biwierebis WuWyiT. graneli itanjeboda am materialur garemocvaSi, mas swadda

mxuTavi borkilebis damsxvreva da daxSuli karis garRveva-ver SeZlo poetma. misi

Rimili arasodes ar yofila mTliani, naxevari mudam aSkara sevdaSi ikargeboda. aqac ki

aerTebda igi xiluls uxilavTan. laparakis dros bageTa naxevari mudam daxSuli

hqonda, TiTqos bageTa saTanado ganwyobiT undoda msmenelis naTqvamidan uTqmelSi

gadayvana. nerviuli TiTebiT igi enamWevr oratorze mets metyvelebda usityvod. grZeli,

Txeli da xuWuWa Tma granelis arasodes ar yofila sagangebod dawyobili, rac

patronis aforiaqebul bunebas zedmiwevniT amJRavnebda. wsec yofnis amaoebaze

miuTiTebda. saucaria, aramcTu ar gaurboda igi, piriqiT, TviTon daeZebda SemTxvevas,

rom jvarze gaekraT, raTa uRmerToebs sakuTari TvaliT enaxaT ,,meore qriste~.

sityva terenti granelis SemoqmedebaSi mxolod wamowyebaa azris, mwuxarebis

siRrme da gancdis sidiade mis miRmaa gadatanili. misvlaa masTan saWiro. zogjer

mravalwertilSi miugnebeli azria Caxveuli. amas is amoikiTxavs, visac saTanado unari

mosdevs Sinagani Wvretis. es aris, erTi SexedviT, meterlinkiseuli dumilis

filosofia. poeti aq gvevlineba siCumisa da siSoris namdvil mexotbed ,,me sxva var,

xalxi sxvagvarad micnobs, da Cumad vitan wamebas amdens~… imediani gamoxedvac ar

211

yofila misTvis ucxo da uCveulo: ,,albaT odesme gaivlis Cemi aseTi wameba~. am

sityvebSi garkveulad ismis rwmenis xma, rom misi wamebac moZebnis sazRvars da tanjva-

dasasruls. ,,wvimda da isev mze gamovida da gaviSvire mzisken xelebi~,-es xom mibrunebaa

miwisken, poeti rom gaurboda, rogorc golgoTas. aq aSkarad Cans sicocxlesTan

Serigeba. miwasTan Serigebuli poeti mTeli xmiT acxadebs: ,,kmara cremlebi, meyo

wameba~. ,,me vqmni maSin, roca sakuTari gulis sadaflaoze davdivar" haine poeti

Seyvarebulia qarze, rogorc balmontim mzeze. Znelad moinaxeba poeti, romelic ise

xSirad axsenebdes qars, rogorc t.graneli. TiTqos mTeli misi Sinagani gancda qaris

frTebze ganisvenebs. misi ganwyobis mavlinebelia mainc da mainc qari. misi leqsebis or

mesamedSi qaria gamoyenebuli mwuxarebis simbolod; ,,o, yovelive rogor mombezrda,

qaria isev da saRamoa~ (mogoneba qarSi)6.

terenti granelis mistikuri poezia, tarigad Seewira im epiqas, romelSic RvTis

saxelis xseneba iseTi danaSauli iyo, rogorc romis warmarTi imperatoris

diokletianes dros marTlmadideblobis aRiareba. poetma golgoTaze jvarcmuli

suliT da leqsebiT iRvTismetyvela. ,,daval qveyanaze, rogorc Serisxuli, Seni

zvarakia, RmerTo Cemi suli”...

Peter ( Paata) Kvaratskhelia

Mysticizm in the poetry of Terenti Graneli

Summary

As time goes by the poetry by TerentiGraneli is getting more and more actual and interesting for broad masses. Once in his life the poet said: “I know, the time of my comprehension will come’’and now, we can boldly notice,that his words have come true_lots of researches and monographs have been made about him. Our goal is to show his poetic heritage in different view for final realizing his real poetic trend. Mysticism and TerentiGraneli is a loud statement of it and it will attract attention of broad masses.

6 m. qadagiZe. sivrceSi darCenili frazebi. Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 33.

212

avTandil arabuli, akademikosi

aleqsandre yazbegis „tanjvis“ eTika da esTetika

(`Semoval...didebiT~)

vaJa-fSavela or gulismier leqss uZRvnis aleqsandre yazbegis gardacvalebas.

es imas niSnavs, rom ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi igi mTlianad am gancdis tyveobaSi

imyofeba. orive leqsi „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynda aTi dRis intervaliT: pirveli – 1893 wlis

11 dekembers, meore _ 21 dekembers („a. m. yazbegis gastumrebis gamo“). meore leqsi

Sinaarsobrivadac momdevnoa - igi didi mwerlis mSobliur stefanwmidaSi dabrunebas,

anu gadasvenebas exeba, magram poeturi saTqmelis TvalsazrisiT iseTi STabeWdileba

rCeba, TiTqos isini Sebrunebuli TanamimdevrobiT Seiqmna: pirvel leqsSi metia im ideis

ganzogadeba, romlis gasamJRavnebladac es leqsebi Seiqmna. aseTi ganzogadebis Semdeg

ki imave Sexedulebis konkretizacia-lokalizacia bunebrivi ar aris (cxadia, Tu raRac

garemoeba ar moiTxovs amas).

raRac ucnauroba da mistikuroba aleqsandre yazbegis gardacvalebasa da

dakrZalvasac axlavs. 1893 wlis 10 dekembers gardaicvala mwerali mixeilis

saavadmyofoSi da mxolod 19 dekembers miasveneben Tbilisidan mis cxedars mSobliur

stefanwmidaSi. jer saavadmyofos samlocveloSi gadauxdis mas panaSvids alaverdis

episkoposi besarioni, Semdeg ki qaSveTSi gadaasveneben. aqedan emSvidobeba mas qarTveli

sazogadoeba: akaki wereTeli, gr. abaSiZe, v. gunia... waikiTxaven vaJas da sxvaTa leqsebs.

TviTmxilvelni gaocebas ver faraven xalxis sayovelTao aqtiurobis gamo. TiTqos

mmarTveli reJimic cdilobs, dekembris uamindobis miuxedavad, mwerali rac SeiZleba

Sors - „gadakargul“ mSobliur kuTxeSi „daabrunos“. iqneb amitomac iCens TvalsaCino

aqtiurobas gadasvenebis organizebaSi centraluri Jandarmeria...

swored uamindobis gamo, gasvenebidan mxolod mesame dRes Caasveneben mwerlis

cxedars stefanwmidaSi. aq daikrZaleba igi, ZiriTadad adgilobrivTa garemocvaSi,

tradiciis dacviT, sadad da farisevluri fonis gareSe...

davubrundeT vaJas or miZRvnas:

„iveriam“ gardacvalebis meore dRes samZimriT amcno qveyanas didi mwerlis

aRsasruli. aqve daibeWda vaJas xsenebuli pirveli leqsi! vaJas meore leqss aqveynebs

iveriis is nomeri (1893, #276, 21 dekemberi), romelic Tbilisidanac cxedris gadasvenebas

iuwyeba. Tavad vaJa am dros TbilisSi ara Cans...

magram es faqtobrivi kiTxvebi meorexarisxovania imasTan SedarebiT, rasac

Cargleli brZenis gulis amoZaxili gveubneba. vcadoT Tanamimdevrulad gavadevnoT

Tvali teqstebs.

sruliad aSkaraa, rom es ori leqsi erTi gancdiT, erTi suliskveTebiTa da, rac

mTavaria, erTi sunTqviT aris Seqmnili. èrTi sunTqviTo~ rom vambobT, amaSi ara

mxolod erTian paTossa da identur ritmul qargas vgulisxmobT, aramed imasac, rom

TiToeuli maTgani TiTqos èrTi amosunTqviTaa~ naTqvami. es èrTi amosunTqva~

raodenobrivadac identuria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom meore leqsis pirveli

strofi ufro winaTqmaa leqsisa, vidre misi paradigmatuli nawili. davakvirdeT:

mwerlisadmi mimarTva (II pirSi Txroba), romelic ZiriTadi makonstruirebeli elementia

213

pirveli leqsisa, aq mxolod pirveli strofis Semdeg realizdeba. ai, ras ambobs II

leqsis I strofi, romelic TiTqos xelovnurad (da dagvianebiT) aris mimatebuli

azrobrivad dasrulebul leqsze:

mTasac euwya ambavi:

dakargva pirmSo Svilisa. gamoiRviZe, bunebav,

dro aRar aris Zilisa!

am leqsis Semdgomi ganviTareba gviCvenebs, rom es ar aris leqsis ZiriTadi

diskursi. sulac ar aRmoCndeba aqtualuri, Tu ra euwya mTas da arc is, Tu buneba ra

mdgomareobaSia. arcerTi es èlementi~ ar aris organuli am leqsebis

arqiteqtonikisaTvis.

zusti SedarebisaTvis paralelurad moviyvanT orive leqsis teqsts (pirvels -

ukve damowmebuli I strofis gareSe), oRond qronologiuris sapirispiro

TanmimdevrobiT:

a. m. yazbegis gastumrebis gamo

mogegebeba aragvi,

yvavilT dagifens gzazeda, d

xomici, uyvars dedasa

Svili damdgari cdazeda.

guls gagigrilebs niavi,

roca Sasdgebi mTazeda.

gauxardebaT qedebsa,

mkvdars mainc gnaxven TvaliTa,

uabjrod ar gaggzavnian,

wels Segimkoben xmaliTa.

gicnoben Tavis erTgulsa

cremliT morwyulis kvaliTa.

eqnebaT dasabarebi, d

Senc daiswavli, mgonia, d

ambavi imaT yofnisa,

ambavi dasaRonia.

axlos gyavs beri myinvari,

qed-mouxreli gmiria;

is ganugeSebs, mxolodis, d

rjuli ar gauwiria.

aleqsandre yazbegs

Svilo tanjulis qveynisav,

suli dahlie tanjviTa,

miuxval mama-papaTa

amoRebulis xanjriTa,

cremlad damdnaris guliTa,

daRlili mtrisa javriTa!..

javri tans nabdad gexveva,

cremli migyveba sagZlada

da trfoba Senis qveynisa

uqms da xeluyrels abjrada.

Tavs dgmuli eklis gvirgvini

ferxT-windaugde gmirebsa,

mamulisaTvis gamwydarTa

im saqarTvelos Svilebsa.

cocxlad imediT mcxovrebo,

gTxov, imaTac sce nugeSi!

piroba qarTvelebisa,

vgoneb, migyveba ubeSi!..

uCvene Seni kalami,

nawebi sisxlis gubeSi!

strofi, romelic pirobiTad CamovacileT pirvel leqss, erTgvari poeturi

remarkaa. am strofSi avtori mimarTavs mTis bunebas, romelmac `pirmSo Svili~ unda

miiRos. Semdgom ki `dispozicia~ mTlianad icvleba da mimarTvis adresati gardacvlili

mweralia - vaJa meore pirSi esaubreba aRsrulebul Tanamokalmes. am stilistikiT vaJas

orive leqsi Seesatyviseba glovis poeziis xalxur tradicias: `mgosanni glovisani~,

Cveulebisamebr, uSualo dialogSi ìwvevdnen~ datirebis adresats da gansadidebel

sityvebs `dauTvlidnen~ mas (datirebis erT-erT formas swored `daTvla~ erqva).

Tu aRniSnuli pirveli leqsis `remarkas~ ar gaviTvaliswinebT, es ori poeturi

teqsti struqturulad faqtobriv identuria: striqonTa raodenoba Tanabaria, erTnairia

strofuli dayofac (oTxi strofi TiToeulSi), oRond sxvaobs Tanamimdevroba

214

sxvadasxva zomis strofebisa: I leqsSi pirveli ori strofi eqvsstriqoniania, bolo

ori - oTxstriqoniani; meore leqsSi ki eqvsstriqoniani strofebi TavSi da boloSia

moqceuli, xolo oTxstriqonianebi - SuaSi (Sdr.: zemoT - Cveneuli dayofa).1

amdenad, gansxvaveba am or leqss Soris Sinaarsis planSi unda veZeboT. marTlac,

es leqsebi mwerlis orgvar `dabrunebas~ asaxavs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi mwerali sakuTar

mamapapeul mTebs ubrundeba da ukan imave gzas gaivlis, ra gziTac mieaxla did

mwerlobas. meore leqsis mixedviT ki asaxulia mwerlis Sesvla sulTa sasufevelSi.

I leqsis `siuJeti~:

1. pirveli aragvi xvdeba samSoblo mxareSi pativiT `dabrunebul~ gmirs:

`mogegebeba aragvi, yvavilT dagifens gzazeda...~

aSkaraa, igulisxmeba mTiuleTis xeoba da aragvi, romelic bunebrivad egeba gzad

xevisaken mimavals da sakadris pativsac miagebs. realur drosa da sivrceSi (mTiuleTi -

dekembris bolos), cxadia, win dasafeni yvavilebi ver iqneba, magram im maradisobis

gzaze, romelsac poeti warmosaxavs, aseTi pirobiToba realobaze metia da ~yvavilebis

dafena~ didebiT Semosvas mianiSnebs.

2. `xom ici, uyvars dedasa Svili damdgari cdazeda...~

aq dedad warmogvidgeba `yvavilT damfeni~ aragvis xeoba. deda dedaa, magram, mTis

wesisamebr, aq xazi gaesmis imas, rom `dedismieri~ dafaseba mxolod saxelisaTvis

mebrZol Svils xvdeba. xalxuri poeturi formuliT - `cdaze damdgari~ - es saxelis

mosaxveWad asparezze (Cveulebisamebr, sabrZolvelad) gasuli vaJkacia.

3. da, ai, aragvis xeobis didebiT gavlis Semdeg mwerali `Sedgeba~ mTaze - xevis

(anu jvris) uReltexilze:

`guls gagigrilebs niavi, roca Sasdgebi mTazeda.~

(am pasaJis meti ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia, magram ara aucilebeli).

4. mSobliuri mTebis sixarulis sagani is aris, rom, bolos da bolos,

daubrundaT monatrebuli Svili:

`gauxardebaT qedebsa, mkvdars mainc gnaxven TvaliTa...~

5. mSobliuri mTebi, ra Tqma unda, ise Seamkoben Svils, rogorc qveynisaTvis

Tavdadebul, saxelovan Svils Seefereba:

ùabjrod ar gaggzavnian, wels Segimkoben xmaliTa...~

es detali dasamaxsovrebelia: mwerali fasdeba ise, rogorc meomari, amitomac

`Seimkoba~ igi ara mwerlis ~iaraRiT~, aramed saomari saWurvliT.

6. Semdeg taepSi - SesaniSnavi poeturi xatiT - xazi gaesmis mwerlis ~mgloviare~

biografias; rac mTavaria, qveynis bedis gamo aris cremliT morwyuli mwerlis mier

ganvlili gza:

`gicnoben Tavis erTgulsa cremliT morwyulis kvaliTa...~

7. èqnebaT dasabarebi, - Senc daiswavli, mgonia, - ambavi imaT yofnisa, ambavi

dasaRonia.~ maradisobaSi, winaprebTan mimaval saxelovan Svils dasaRonebel ambavs abareben

mSobeli mTebi. rad aris maTi yofa aseTi dasaRonebeli? cxadia, lelT Runiasa da

xevisberi goCas anderZisamebr, ara sazrdelis, aramed Tavisuflebis moklebis gamo...

8. dabolos, poetis sityviT, aRsrulebuli mwerali faqtobriv spetak myinvarTan

aris `gaTanabrebuli~; miniSnebulia isic, rac maT Soris saerToa - rjulis uRalatoba:

àxlos gyavs beri myinvari,

qed-mouxreli gmiria;

1 radganac vaJa, xalxuri tradiciisamebr, riTmis cvliT aregulirebs poeturi teqstis struqturas, bunebrivia, strofuli dayofisaTvis es umTavresi relevanturi niSani gamoviyenoT.

215

is ganugeSebs, mxolod is, -

rjuli ar gauwiria.~ II leqsSi Tavidanve ufro maRali registria aRebuli, aq saTqmelis vaJaseuli

poeturi Semzadeba (vTqvaT, bunebis gancda, rasac I leqsic misdevs) ar xdeba, pirdapir

glovis adresatis ~daundobeli~ SefasebiT iwyeba (rac organulia xalxuri

natirlebisaTvis):

1. `Svilo tanjulis qveynisav, suli dahlie tanjviTa...~

pirvelsave sityvebSi aqcentirebulia mwerlis tanjuli bedi (gavixsenoT pirveli

leqsis - `cremliT morwyulis kvaliTa~), magram ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom es tanjva

`tanjuli qveynis~ Svils ekuTvnis, rom qveynisa da misi erTguli Svilis bedi

ganuyofelia (tanjuli qveynis Rirseuli Svili dalxenili ver iqneba)...

2. aseve pirdapiri da uSualoa, xalxuri tradiciisamebr, mwerlis wardgoma

gardasul winaparTa winaSe:

`miuxval mama-papaTa amoRebulis xanjriTa,

cremlad damdnaris guliTa, daRlili mtrisa javriTa!..“ Cven kidev vnaxavT, rom àmoRebuli xanjliT~ mxolod mas SeuZlia Sesvla

sasufevelSi, vinc pirnaTlad ganvlo brZolis veli, vinc amqveyniuri vali pirnaTlad

moixada. amave dros, Sefaseba `daRlili mtrisa javriTa~ imaze miniSnebaa, rom,

marTalia, saglovi didebis adresatma xmalCaugeblad ibrZola, Tavisi misia aRasrula,

magram mtris javri jerac amosayrelia...

3. da, ai, es javri da dauwyveteli cremlis dena is erTaderTi `sagzalia~,

romelic mwerals saiqioSic Tan miaqvs:

`javri tans nabdad gexveva, cremli migyveba sagzlada...“

4. Semdgomi strofi didebuli suraTia gmiris didebiT wardgomisa mamuliSvilTa

marTal `samsjavroze~:

`Tavs dgmuli eklis gvirgvini ferxT-win daugde gmirebsa...“

5. àmoRebuli xanjrisa~ da èklis gvirgvinis~ TanxlebiT ra mTavari saTqmeli

miaqvs axalSesvenebuls mamuliSvlebTan? es aris nugeSi imisa, rom qarTvelebs ar

daviwyebiaT vali mamulisa da fici Tavisuflebisa; `piroba qarTvelebisa~ - es

qarTvelTa ficis wignia uflisa da samSoblos winaSe:

`cocxlad imediT mcxovrebo, gTxov, imaTac sce nugeSi!

piroba qarTvelebisa, vgoneb migyveba ubeSi!..“ 6. bolos ki ukve uSualod Cndeba mwerlis didebis sazomi da àmoRebuli

xanjali~, rogorc mTavari niSani misi tanjuli, magram pirnaTeli cxovrebisa:

ùCvene Seni kalami, nawebi sisxlis gubeSi!~ leqsi iseve mosxletiTa da maRali tonalobiT mTavrdeba, rogoriTac daiwyo da

esec garkveulad xalxuri tradiciis gamoZaxilia. am azriT pirveli leqsi ufro

literaturuli niSnebis matarebelia, vidre es ukanaskneli. vfiqrobT, ar aris aucilebeli am leqsebis teqstobrivi da qveteqstobrivi

struqturis ufro metad gaSla da ganvrcoba. erTi ram aSkaraa: am leqsebs pirdapiri

kavSiri aqvs qarTuli xalxuri (kerZod, glovisa da sagmiro) poeziis tradiciebTan;

ufro zustad ki - vaJas mier SemoqmedebiT farze azidul, tradiciul kai ymis kultTan.

diax, am leqsebis mixedviT, aleqsandre yazbegi vaJasTvis, pirvel rigSi, kai ymaa.

vaJaseuli kai ymis kodeqsi xalxis tradiciuli RirebulebebiT sazrdoobs da,

imave dros, poetis mier sruliad axal simaRlezea ayvanili. vaJas mixedviT, kai ymis

tituli ekuTvnis yvela imas, visac upirvelesad sulis simtkice aqvs, vinc Zleulic ar

nebdeba, vinc mtris mZlavrebaze imarjvebs gansacdelTa daTmeniT, visac fers ver

ucvlis sikvdilis SiSi...

216

am azriT, kai ymaa TviT daWrili arwivi, romelic cal mxarze waferdebulic ki

ar nebdeba yvav-yornebs...

kai ymaa poeti, romelic ulmobel warmavlobas Sehbmia samkvdro-sasicocxlod:

`rac unda Wiri momkerZo,

bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa, mcnebas ver Semacvlevineb

mozRvavebulis aviTa!~

amitomac ra gasakviria, Tu aleqsandre yazbegi `TanamebrZolisagan~ daitireba ise

Rirseulad da amaRlebulad, rogorc kai yma. namdvilad ekuTvnis `damaarseblisagan~ es

(„kai ymis“) tituli mas, vinc erTaderTi aRmoCnda maT Soris, visac pirdapir SeeZlo

mtrisTvis mteri ewodebina da moyvrisTvis moyvare da amiT qarTvelobisaTvis piri

moewminda!

raki vaJas leqsebi gamiznulad davanawevreT, Zneli ar iqneba ramdenime zusti

miniSneba gavakeToT misive poeturi saraindo kodeqsidan - `kai yma~:

`vina, vin aris kai yma?~ is, vinc:

1. „saxe-sisxlgadamdinari

tkivilsargamoityodes.“

2. „iqidgesxmal-amowvdili, sacZalaaRmarTshkvalavdes.

gabeCavebulssimarTles

usamarTlobasZalavdes.“ 3. „Tavissamarxad, sudrada

martosaxelsaswiravdes.“

4. „sworsfiqrsaZlevdesTem-sofels, cdunebaarasZiravdes.“

5. „suleTsSavidesxmliani

laRilaRisacxeniTa... qebauyivlongmirebma,

gadasrulebmaCveniTa.“

vfiqrobT, naTelia, Tu ra msoflxedvaa transformirebuli aleqsandre yazbegis

vaJaseul `datirebaSi~ (da am TvalsazrisiT aRniSnuli ori leqsi erTi mTliania).

magram am ori mwerlis (da `kai ymis~) Rrma Sinagani kavSiris Semdgomi ganviTarebis

mizniT aucilebelia gaviazroT aRniSnuli kodeqsis erTi upirobo piroba kai ymad

aRiarebisaTvis: tkivilis daTmena, gansacdelis daZleva, tanjviT amaRleba.

al. yazbegis gmirebi, ugamonaklisod, am savaldebulo gamocdas gaivlian da am

gamocdiT moimkian amqveyniur warmaval Sefasebasac da, rac mTavaria, saimsoflo

dafasebasac.

aq aris vaJasa da yazbegis gmirTa samyaros Sinagani naTesaoba.

xevisberis erTaderTi vaJi onise yovelmxriv sakargymod Semzadebuli Wabukia.

magram mis winaSe aRimarTa gansacdeli, romelTan WidilSic igi damarcxda.

is principebi, romelTa Sesaxebac zemoT iyo saubari, cxadia, onisemac Cinebulad

icis. amitomac zustad afasebs Tavis mdgomareobas gansacdelTan pirvelive Sejaxebis

dros:

ùlvaSi maqvs, qudi mxuravs da gulic unda dammorCildes!..~ magram erTia sityva (codna) da meore - misi Sesruleba (qmedeba). àra viqm, codna

ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa?!~

217

rac mTavaria, es kodeqsi sisxlxorceulia kaiymobaSi daWarmagebuli goCasTvis,

romelic erTi dawuruli fraziT zustad eubneba yvelafers pirmSo Svils:

- gaxsovdes, visi gorisa xar da kaci ki tanjvisTvis aris gaCenili!

es fraza struqturulad rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebaa, magram Semadgenel

winadadebebs Soris azrobrivi kavSiri aseTive `Tanwyobis~ ar aris. iqneb amanac

ganapiroba, rom misi pirveli nawili sruliad damoukideblad iqca frTian

gamonaTqvamad.

mainc ras mianiSnebs xevisberis am mkacr sentenciaSi sityva `tanjva~?

nakleb savaraudoa, igi amaSi fizikur tanjvas, anu SesaZlo sasjels

gulisxmobdes (mianiSnebdes). logikuri operaciiTac ver miiReba amgvari daskvna.

sazogadod, ra aris tanjva da satanjveli?

civilizebuli (Semmecnebeli) adamianis gamocdilebiT, tanjvad moiazreba

adamianis xorcieli arsebobis brZola sulier (moralur) valdebulebebTan, tanjva

aris survilTa da grZnobaTa daZleva, gulis Widili gonebasTan, tanjva aris araerT

amsofliur gansacdelTan brZola...

tanjvis daTmena aris ara mxolod is, rom `saxe sisxlgadamdinari tkivils ar

gamoityodes~ da `kvdebodes - ara gminavdes~, aramed isic, rom `cduneba ara sZiravdes~

(da Tundac isic, rom `miZRvnilsa saufrososa amxanagebsve swiravdes~)...

sacTurTa gadalaxva, gansacdelTa daZleva - anu tanjviT amaRleba - ayalibebs

kacobriul mcnebaTa ZiriTad nawils.

amas mianiSnebs xevisberi goCa Svils bibliuri simkacriT.

gasaocari damTxvevaa gansacdelTa (tanjvaTa) da daTmenaTamaradiuli xatis - iobis -

(TviT)SegonebasTan:

„aramed kaci iSvebis salmobad, marTueni yanCisani maRalsa frinven (iob. 5,7).

„iobis wignis“ erT-erTi redaqciis axalqarTul versiaSi es muxli ase JRers:

„adamiani satanjvelad ibadeba da naperwklebiviT maRla miiswrafis.“

dokumenturad gaWirdeba dadgena, iyo Tu ara aleqsandre yazbegis SemoqmedebiTi

wyaro „iobis wigni“, magram iobis bibliuri figura rom mwerlisaTvis, sakuTarive

biografiidan gamomdinare, ucxo da ugrZnobeli ar unda yofiliyo, es aSkaraa.

onisem vera, magram avtorma srulad daicva xevisberis anderZis orive sentencia:

„gaxsovdes, visi gorisa xar!“

„adamiani ki tanjvisTvis aris gaCenili!“ amitomac amaRlda igi didebiT.

nakleb cnobil mweralsa da publicists mixeil boWoriSvils ekuTvnis sityvebi:

„...da Tu mravalTaTvis SeumCnevlad darCa sandros danaqadi: „Semoval

saqarTvelos karebSi didebiT“, aRaravis Sehparvia eWvi, rom igi didebiT gascilda

saqarTvelos, miuxedavad imisa, rom sagiJeTSi amoxda suli“.2

2 „qarTuli sityva“, #4, 1923.

218

Avtandil Arabuli

Ethics and Aesthetics of `Suffering” in Alexander Kazbegiks Works

Summary

The characters of Al. Kazbegiks works establish themselves in their living environment through the peril (suffering). For example, Onise from `Khevisberi Gocha” who is warned in the decisive moment by his father with the following words: À man is born to suffer”.

As it seems, the comprehension of this admonition has deep roots and is related to the moral code of the mountain characters by the author.

This point is crucial in the assessment of the writerks deeds, e.g. the poems by Vazha-Pshavela dedicated to him.

219

giorgi gogolaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

xaTuna yandaSvili, doqtoranti

mravalgzisobis gamoxatva kaxurSi

1999 wels Tsu gamomcemlobam gamosca ,,dokumentebi“ kaxeTis 1812 wlis ajanyebis

istoriisaTvis“. es aris ajanyebul kaxelTa saCivrebi da Cvenebebi (dakiTxvis oqmebi).

kaxeTis cnobili ajanyeba 1812 wlis ianvris bolos daiwyo da moicva mTeli

kaxeTi (qiziyi, Signi da gare kaxeTi). ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg mTavarmarTeblis markiz

pauliCis gadawyvetilebiT daiwyo ajanyebis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla. Seiqmna

sagangebo komisia. Segrovda ocdaaTamde saCivari, aTeulobiT mowme daikiTxa. 1812 wlis

ivnisSi mTavarmarTebeli Seicvala, komisiam muSaoba Sewyvita da mopovebuli masalebi

peterburgSi gadaigzavna, Semdeg am masalam bina daido moskovis samxedro-istoriul

arqivSi. arqividan 1951 wels masala gadmowera da gamosacemad moamzada istorikosma

SoTa xanTaZem, gamosca kidec 1961 wels, Tumca ,,arasasurveli gamocema“ stambaSive

ganadgurda. 1999 wels SemTxveviT gadarCenili calis mixedviT xelaxali gamocema

moamzada istorikosma d. cincaZem. ,,dokumentebi“ sainteresoa ara marto istoriuli,

aramed enaTmecniereuli TvalsazrisiTac; kerZod, kaxuri dialeqtis istoriuli

viaTarebis gasarkvevad.

gamoqveynebuli dokumenturi masalis mixedviT irkveva, rom mTxrobelebi

Cveulebrivi glexebi arian, wera-kiTxvis ucodinari xalxi. maTze wignis gavlena

gamoricxulia, isini saubroben Cveulebrivi sasaubro eniT. Camwerebi sasuliero pirebi

arian, romlebsac zog SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli. masalis

gacnobisas aSkarad gamoikveTa anton I-is skolis gavlena marTlweraSi, magram arsebiTi

is aris, rom ambis gadmosacemad is morfologiuri formebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic

sworad aqvs miCneuli mTxrobels. Camweri morfologiur formebs ar cvlis. SeiZleba

teqsti fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT sando ar iyos, magram morfologiuri formebis

sandoobaSi Cven eWvs ver SevitanT.

Cven amjerad xolmeobiTis formebi gvainteresebs. ra viTarebaa amJamad

mravalgzisobis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT kaxur dialeqtSi:

qarTuli enis baris dialeqtTagan kaxuri dialeqtis qiziyuri kilokavi imiTaa

gamorCeuli, rom mravalgzisobis organuli warmoeba aq aris SemorCenili. Cveni

dakvirveba ZiriTadad emyareba qarTuli dialeqtologiis qrestomaTiasa 1 da a.

martirosvisa da gr. imnaiSvilis monografiSi2 warmodgenil teqstebSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, qiziyur kilokavSi organuli warmoeba met-naklebad

SemorCenilia (rogorc miuTiTeben, umetesad ufrosi asakis mTqmelebTan); gare da Signi

kaxurSi xolmeobiTebis kvali Cans, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es morfologiuri kategoria

cocxalia.

qiziyurSi dasturdeba rogorc pirveli, ase meore xolmeobiTs formebi:

1 i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe. qarTuli dialeqtologia. t. I. Tbilisi, 1961. 2 a. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili. qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti. Tbilisi, 1956.

220

,,mama maifSvnetamdis Tvaleb, SaiCmuCnis da ityodis“ (dial. 222);

,,grZel miwebSica gvqondis miwa“ (dial. 214);

,,oTxas-xuTas cxvari kvyvandis er binaSi“ (dial. 167);

,,Saabian gaTenebi xan urem, mama-Svili dawvian nabdqveS, me gamimZRvarian urem wina,

TiTon ki xvrinamdnen“ (dial. 211).

Tumca amgvari masalidan Cans, rom mravalgzisobis morfologiuri gamoxatva

aRweriTi warmoebiT icvleba. ,,gamovlindeba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac 1. xolmeobiTis

organul formebs daerTvis xolme nawilaki; 2. sxva mwkrivis formebTan erTad gvxvdeba

xolme nawilaki; 3. gamoiyeneba -ye / -ke nawilakTa saxesxvaobebi da 4. am mniSvenlobiT

gamoiyeneba uwyvetlis mwkirvi“. 3 daskvna qiziyuris mixedviT gakeTda. sxva kilokavebSi

organuli warmoeba TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba.

,,xandaxan qari maÁtexamdis xolme xi tot da zampa gaÁcviodis dabla“ (213; 14);

,,koleqtivSi exla igeTi vazi maÁyavT, ro sam-oT rqaÁ aZlvenxolme“ (216,24);

,,yofila SamTxveva, ro Rvinobi da giorgobiTveSi puri milewnia xolme“ (215; 25);

,,mamaCemi ityodaye: batoni Cveni wina mxarSi, gurjaanSi kyvandao“ (19; 30);

,,me rogorc patara, vexveveike, xan ubeSi uZvrebike, xan yelze vexveveike mamaTils,

dedamTils, mazlebs da mulebs“ (26; 29).

arsebobs aram martirosovis gamokvleva ,,dialeqtizmebi XV- XVI saukuneebis

kaxuri istoriul sabuTebSi“. 4 istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT saintereso daskvnebia

gakeTebuli, Tu ra viTareba gvqonda im periodis kaxur dialeqtSi. xolmeobiTis

organuli warmoebis Sesaxeb avtori mcire SeniSvnas akeTebs: ,,gvxvdeba II xolmeobiTis

formebi; mag: kacma coli gayidis da TavaT darCis“. 5 aq mxolod es erTi magaliTia

dasaxelebuli. rogorc Cans, avtoris mier Seswavlil sabuTebSi sxva magaliTi ar

dasturdeba. daskvna Sesabamisad is aris, rom XV-XVI saukuneebis kaxur dialeqtSi

xolmeobiTis organuli warmoeba iSviaTi faqtia. es daskvna kiTxvas aCens: Tu XX

saukuneSi xolmeobiTis organuli warmoeba faqtia, 4-5 saukuniT adrindel masalaSi es

faqti ugro metad unda iCendes Tavs.

am fonze Cveni sakvlevi masalis Cveneba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.

xolmeobiTi, rogorc morfologiuri kategoria cocxalia da aqtiurad gamoiyeneba

mTeli kaxeTis teritoriaze, ara aqvs mniSnveloba sad aris teqsti Cawerili, qiziySi,

gare kaxeTsa Tu SignikaxurSi. xolmeobiTs mwkrivebs yvelgan Tanabari sixSiriT

vxvdebiT mravalgzisobis gadmosacemad. sailustracio masalidan moviyvanT nimuSebs:

qiziyi: ,,kamiserisagan puri rom mogvarTvian, rogoriTac Cven erTmaneTSi

isyidebodes, srulebiT fasi ar mogvcian da iseTis litriT gvarTmevdian, rom

ToTxmeti litra kodaT miwyvian da begarasaganac Sewuxebulni viyaviT, romelsac xars

aRar SeZlis waReba“ (maRaro, nukriani);

,,roca imaTan mividiT da SavCivliT, ufro dids mwuxarebaSi migvcian raTa sTqvio“

(bodbe);

,,qiras dagvpirdian da mocema arsad iyvis“ (vaqiri);

,,Cven colebs Cven Tvalwin cian da Cven dagviWirian da Cven colebTan gvcian“

(jugaani);

,,vaSkaceb colebi waarTvian da TiTon daiWirian da unamusoT gaxdian“ (bodbisxevi)

3 x. yandaSvili. mravalgzisobis gamoxatva qarTuli enis kaxur dialeqtSi._ krebuli iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba. t. XXXIX. Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 202. 4 a. martirosovi. dialeqtizmebi XV-XVI saukuneebis kaxur istoriul sabuTebSi. krebuli iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1953. 5 a. martirosovi. dialeqtizmebi XV-XVI saukuneebis kaxur istoriul sabuTebSi._ krebuli iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 266.

221

Signikaxuri: ,,da odes mivarTmevdiT pursa, sams kaczed Cafs Rvinosa daTvrian da

sxva umjobesi Rvino iTxovian da ama siRaribesa Sina micemulni xalxni iSovnidnen

Rvinosa umjobesa, Semdgom sTxovian dedaTaganic mogvreTo“ (vejini, gurjaani);

,,ar iyo Cveni Sewyaleba, ra sagZali gvqondis SevsWamdiT da davrCebodiT mSierni“

(Telavis mazra);

,,kaci rom avaT gaxdeboda, cemas dauwyebdnen hstyuio da saca Ãari mokvdis, imis

magier uRelSi Cagvabemdnen“ (kardanaxi)

garekaxuri: ,,rac imaT gadarCis da qvevrSi CavasxemdiT isic qurdobiT agvixadian,

rac SeeZlebodaT waiRian da rac darCis sul miwiT aRavsian da wagvixdinian, rom

RvinoT aRar gamodgvadgis“ (kakabeTi)

am tipis magaliTebi ,,kaxeTis 1812 wlis ajanyebis dokumentebSi“ mravladaa.

TavisTavad teqstis Sinaarsi iseTia, swored mravalgzisobis gamomxatveli formebis

gamoyeneba xdeba aucilebeli. ase rom, am droisTvis kaxur dialeqtSi cocxalia

mravalgzisobis organuli warmoeba; Cveulebrivia I da II xolmeobiTebis gamoyeneba.

es daskvna rogor egueba XV-XVI saukuneebis masalis analizis Sedegad miRebul

daskvnas? winaaRmdegoba aris, magram am winaaRmdegobas axsna aqvs: is istoriuli

sabuTebi, romlis analizis safuZvlebzec iqna gamotanili daskvna, rogorc Cans, Tavisi

xasiaTiT im Sinaarsisaa, rom mravalgzisi moqmedebis gamomxatveli formebis gamoyeneba

ar iyo saWiro... es faqti imis dasturic aris, rom roca ama Tu im movlenis

gavrcelebaze anda gamoyenebis sixSireze vsaubrobT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT

saanalizo masalis Sinaarss, daniSnulebas.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ,,kaxeTis 1812 wlis ajanyebis dokumentebi“

kaxuri dialeqtis istoriis sando wyaroa. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis morfologiuri

faqtebisa da movlenebis Taobaze. konkretulad, am masalis mixedviT SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom mravalgzisobis morfologiuri kategoria kaxur dialeqtSi XIX

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cocxalia; I da II xolmeobiTis mwkrivebis gamoyeneba

Cveulebrivi movlenaa.

Giorgi Gogolashvili

Khatuna Kandashvili

Expressing Recurrence in Kakhetian Summary

Recurrence is no longer expressed by means of the iterative screeves in the Kakhetian dialect of the Georgian language. It is mainly expressed by the descriptive means and the continual screeve. Just in Kizik accent the iterative screeves are preserved as a rest. The situation was different in the nineteenth century. The screeves of iterative were used in Outer Kakhetian, Inner Kakhetian and Kizik. Those days they were actively used to express recurrence.

222

Tea burWulaZe, filologiis doqtori

rTuli Sedgenilobis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis

formawarmoebisaTvis

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsuri urTierToba samgvaria: SeTanxmebuli, marTuli

da marTul-SeTanxmebuli. es formebi qarTulSi sakmaodaa Seswavlili, magram zogi ram

mainc saWiroebs garkvevas an dazustebas. amjerad sakiTxi exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca

msazRvrelad gvaqvs garkveuli statusis aRmniSvneli ramdenimesityviani saxelwodebani.

samecniero literaturaSi tradiciulad gamoyofil erTgvar substantiur

gansazRvrebian winadadebaTa gverdiT gvxvdeba iseTisubstantiurgansazRvrebiani

konstruqciebic, romlebSic erTgvari wevrebi ar aris. mag., „es moxda romeliRac

TanamSromlis bavSvis dabadebis dReze“; „maTi Tujis zarbaznebis lulebis cqeras

araferi merCia“... aseT winadadebebSi substantiuri gansazRvrebebi

urTierTganmsazRvrelni arian. magaliTad, dRes gansazRvravs dabadebis, dabadebis –− bavSvis, bavSvis–−− TanamSromlis da a.S. aq eseni sazRvrulis (dRe) uSualo

gansazRvrebebi ki ara, aramed urTierTganmsazRvreli wevrebi arian. maSasadame, aq gvaqvs

marTul msazRvrelTa rigi.1

ra Tqma unda, aseT winadadebebs gamoyenebis Tavisi are gaaCnia, rac

stilistikuradaa Sepirobebuli. substantiur gansazRvrebaTa prepoziciuli rigi

msazRvrelTa Sinaarsobriv orazrovnebas Tavidan agvacilebs2.

msazRvrelis erT-erTi saxea danarTic, e.i. arsebiTi saxeli, romelic meore

arsebiTs sazRvravs, Cveulebriv sakuTars. 3 xazgasasmelia isic, rom

urTierTganmsazRvrel wevrTa gverdiT SeiZleba iyos e.w. substantiuri danarTi,

romelic warmoSobiT TviTaa substantiuri gansazRvreba. aseTi danarTi araa

gamoyofili da amiT, TiTqosda, iqmneba urTierTgansazRvrebian sintagmaTa mTeli jaWvi.

Tanac, arsebiTi saxeli da msazRvreli arsebiTi saxeli (danarTi) iseTsave

damokidebulebaSi arian erTmaneTTan, rogorSic Cveulebrivi msazRvrel-sazRvruli.4

aRniSnulia, rom Sesityvebis wevrebi ibrunvian sxvadasxvagvarad imisda mixedviT,

Tu rogor jgufdebian isini sintaqsurad. magaliTad, SesityvebaSi didi xis toti aris

gansazRvreba marTuli msazRvrelisa (didi xis), Tu sazRvrulisa (didi toti). Tu didi

marTul msazRvrels gansazRvravs, SeTanxmebulia, masTan aRar ibrunvis (didi xis toti,

didi xis totma...), xolo, Tu didi sazRvrulis (toti) msazRvrelia da pirvel adgilze

dgas, ibrunvis (didma xis totma). 5 aqedan Cans, rom am ori gansxvavebuli tipis

1 T. burWulaZe. erTi saxis urTierTganmsazRvrel wevrTa Sesaxeb._ saenaTmecniero Ziebani. IX. Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 85. 2 l. leJava. msazRvrelTa rigi ramdenime araerTgvar msazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi._krebuli qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi. wigni pirveli. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 91. 3 akaki SaniZe. Txzulebani. III. 1980, Tbilisi, gv.88. 4 n. cqitiSvili. danarTis ZiriTadi stilistikuri funqciebi da marTlwerasTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxi._ krebuli qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi. wigni mexuTe. Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 113. 5 l. leJava. msazRvrelTa rigi ramdenime araerTgvar msazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi._ krebuli qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi. wigni pirveli. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 78.

223

Sesityvebis sruli formaluri damTxveva gvaqvs saxelobiT, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiT

brunvebSi. rac Seexeba sxva brunvebs, isini atributuli msazRvrelis brunvis niSnebiT

am ori tipis Sesityvebis garCevis SesaZleblobas qmnian.

dakvirvebam aCvena, rom azrobrivi bundovaneba da orazrovneba msgavs

SemTxvevebSi enaSi mowesrigda imis meSveobiT, rom gamonaTqvamebi dajgufda garkveuli

wesis mixedviT. erTi mxriv, aris Sesityvebebi, romlebic garkveul simyares iCenen, ar

iTiSebian da maT SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis win dasvamen xolme, meore mxriv ki

gamonaTqvamebi, romelTac aseTi simyare ar gaaCniaT, iTiSebian da atributul,

SeTanxmebul msazRvrels SuaSi CarTaven.6

zogadad, naTesaobiTSi marTuli gansazRvreba ganxilulia araerT mkvlevarTa

SromaSi (v. Tofuria, a. kiziria, l. leJava...). Tumca substantiur gansazRvrebaze

dakvirvebam zogi Taviseburebani warmoaCina da Cveni yuradRebac miipyro.

rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTulSi xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi sintaqsuri

konstruqciebi, roca msazRvrelad gvaqvs garkveuli statusis aRmniSvneli

ramdenimesityviani saxelwodebani. magaliTad: arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli

piri `kulturis centri~, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri `mewarmeobis ganviTarebis

saagento”, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba èleqtronika~ da sxv.

sirTules qmnis aseTi tipis msazRvrel sazRvrulis brunvaSi SeTanxmebisa da

Tandebul darTuli formebis marTlweris sakiTxebi. msgavsi winadadebebis xvadasxvada

werilobiT gvxvdeba rogorc oficialur dokumentebSi, ise presaSi.

magaliTisaTvis Tavdapirvelad warmovadgenT naTesaobiT brunvisformian

Sesityvebebs: arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri `kulturis centris”

Sromis Sinaganawesi, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris `kulturis

centris” Sromis Sinaganawesi, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pir `kulturis

centris” Sromis Sinaganawesi... aseTi formebi xSiria aseve sakanonmdeblo saxis

dokumentebSi (dadgenilebebi, gankargulebebi, brZanebulebebi...): „sajaro samarTlis

iuridiuli piris – mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagentos mier saxelmwifo Sesyidvis

gamartivebuli Sesyidvis saSualebiT ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb“ (gankarguleba #130, 2015

w. 5 Tebervali); sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pir–saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis saagentos

Tavmjdomaris 2011 wlis 7 aprilis №9 brZanebiT damtkicebuli wesis me-19 muxlis me-12

punqtis Sesabamisad, am gankargulebis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SesyidvasTan

dakavSirebiT gasaformebeli xelSekrulebebis mimarT ar gavrceldes zemoaRniSnuli

brZanebiT damtkicebuli wesis me-19 muxlis me-7 punqtiT dadgenili moTxovna”

(dadgenileba #331, 2015 wlis 23 Tebervali); „saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxeliT

xelmoweris uflebamosileba mieniWos saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sajaro

samarTlis iuridiuli piris safinanso-analitikuri samsaxuris ufross giorgi

kurtaniZes“ (brZanebuleba #2666, 2014 wlis 31 dekemberi)...

cxadia, aq gamoikveTeba dasaxelebuli agebulebis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sxva

brunvebSi SeTanxmeba-Sewyobis sakiTxebic. Cans, rom garda azrobrivi bundovanebisa, aq

aseve stilia gasamarTi da dasaxvewi. TviTon dasaxelebul formaTa warmoebis

dadasturebuli siWrelec miuTiTebs araerTgvarovnebaze.

vfiqrobT, msgavsi agebulebis mqone msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierTobisas

upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT iseT konstruqcias, roca ramdenimesityviani msazRvreli

brunvaSi eTanxmeba aseve ramdenimesityvian sazRvruls. mxolod, mTliani konteqstis

6 l. leJava. msazRvrelTa rigi ramdenime araerTgvar msazRvrelebian SesityvebaSi._ krebuli qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi. wigni pirveli. Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 80-81.

224

gaTvaliswinebiT saWiro xdeba maT Soris tires dasma. paradigma ki aseTi saxiT

warmogvidgeba:

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri – „kulturis centri”

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciulma) iuridiulma pirma – „kulturis centrma”

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirs – „kulturis centrs”

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris – „kulturis centris

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piriT – „kulturis centriT”

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirad – „kulturis centrad”

msgavsi formawarmoeba iqneba ssip, Sps da sxva msgavsi statusis Semcvel

ramdenimewevrian saxelwodebebTanac:

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri – „mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagento“

sajaro samarTlis iuridiulma pirma – „mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagentom“

sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs – „mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagentos“

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris – „mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagentos“

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piriT – „mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagentoTi“

sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pir – „mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagentod“

moyvanil formebSi CvenTvis kompaniebis, dawesebulebebis ramdenimewevriani

saxelwodeba danarTi araa, is substantiuri sazRvrulis tipia da amitom ibrunvis ise,

rogorc Cveulebrivi msazRvrel-sazRvruli. raki sirTules swored ramdenimewevriani

Sesityvebebi qmnis, amitom agebulebis gasamartiveblad, azris cxadad gadmosacemad

tires gamoyenebaa marTebuli – mijnavs or rTul saxelwodebas da is ufro naTlad

aRsaqmels xdis mTlian konstruqcias.

rac Seexeba am rigis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis TandebuldarTul formebs, aqac

sxvadasxva forma dasturdeba: arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirSi

„kulturis centrSi” dasaqmebuli, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiul pir

„kulturis centrSi” dasaqmebuli, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris

„kulturis centrSi” dasaqmebuli, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiul pir

„kulturis centrSi” dasaqmebulSi... aseTi formebic xSiria sakanonmdeblo saxis

dokumentebSi: „sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pir – sursaTis erovnul saagentoSi

ganxorciledes msxvilfexa saqonlis identifikacia-regisracia...” (dadgenileba №367 4

ivnisi); „am dadgenilebis moqmedebidan 5 dRis vadaSi uzrunvelyos... gadacema

saministros saxelmwifo kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli

pirisaTvis socialuri momsaxurebis saagentosaTvis“ (gankarguleba №39, 2015 wlis 5

Tebervali)...

aseTi formawarmoeba gansakuTrebiT rTulia, radgan isedac sintaqsurad

gadatvirTul konstruqciebs Tan erTvis Tandebulebi. unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom

dasaxelebul formebSi uTuod unda gaviTvaliswinoT mTliani konteqsti. erTi

SexedviT, mxolod sazRvrulis Tandebuliani formebiT warmoeba SeiZleba stilurad

marTebuli yofiliyo: arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pir – „kulturis

centrSi”, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pir – „kulturis centrTan”, an

kidev, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pir – „kulturis centrisTvis” −– anu

msazRvrelis bolo wevri fuZis saxiT warmogvedgina, xolo sazRvruli –−

TandebuldarTuli formiT. Tumca, vfiqrobT, roca mas mTliani konteqstiT gaviazrebT,

gaumarTavi iqneba: arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pir – „kulturis centrTan”

arsebuli xarjTaRricxva, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pir – „kulturis

centrisTvis” dadgindes...

Cveni rekomendacia aseTia – Tandebuli daerTos msazRvrelsac da sazRvrulsac,

oRond maT Soris tire aucilebelia Sinaarsobriv-stilistikuri gamarTulobisa da

225

rTuli dasaxelebebis gamijvnisaTvis. garda amisa, aseTi formawarmoebisas daculia

erTgvarovneba yvela TandebuldarTuli formebis SemTxvevaSic:

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirSi – „kulturis centrSi”

dasaqmebuli pirebi;

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirze – „kulturis centrze”

mogaxsenebT;

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pirTan – „kulturis centrTan”

arsebuli xarjTaRricxva;

arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirisaTvis – „kulturis centrisTvis”

dadgindes.

Tea Burchuladze

Towards the formation of compound determinandum-determinatum

Summary

Georgian often uses such syntactic constructions when the names containing several words denoting a

certain status occur as a determinandum. Complication is made by the problem of agreement of typical determinandum-determinatum in a case as well as spelling of the forms with postpositions. I believe that in agreement of typical determinandum-determinatum a priority should be given to such a construction when a determinandum containing several words coordinates in case with a determinatum containing several words. Considering the entire context, it is required to put a dash between them. As regard the forms with postpositions, my recommendation is thus: a postposition should be added to a determinandum as well as determinatum, but a dash is required between them in order to make contents and stylistics well-done and to demarcate compound names. Additionally, similar forms with postposition are formed similarly, as well.

226

levan beburiSvili, doqtoranti

ori simarTlis sakiTxi vaJa-fSavelas

„stumar-maspinZelSi“

Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi samarTlianadaa aRiarebuli, rom vaJa-fSavelas

Semoqmedebis erT uZiriTades sakiTxad pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba

gvevlineba. aRniSnuli problema gansakuTrebuli simwvaviTaa dasmuli poema „stumar-

maspinZelSi“, Tumca kritikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis

urTierTobis fonze nawarmoebSi arsebiTad gadmocemulia or simarTles Soris

moqceuli adamianistragedia. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis dapirispireba ki

ganpirobebulia urTierTSeuTavsebeli, savaldebulo zneobrivi normebis konfliqtiT.

aseT Sexedulebas gamoTqvams iseTi avtoritetuli kritikosi, rogoricaa akaki baqraZe.

misi azriT, „vaJa-fSavelas sam poemaSi _ „stumar-maspinZeli, „aluda qeTelauri“ da

„gvelis mWameli“ _ daxatulia or simarTles Soris moqceuli adamianis tragedia“. 1

ufro detalurad ki kritikosi amgvarad aanalizebs nawarmoebSi wamoWril konfliqts:

„erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori zneobrivi wesi _ stumar-maspinZloba da SurisZieba.

orive, rogorc sazogadoebis, ise pirovnebis mier Tanabrad aris aRiarebuli... ra unda

hqnas, erTi mxriv, joyolam da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebam? orive adaTis dacva

SeuZlebeli da gamoricxulia... joyolam (pirovnebam) stumar-maspinZlobis wesis dacva

arCia, sazogadoebam _ SurisZiebisa. dairRva harmonia. ori simarTle daejaxa erTmaneTs.

marTalia joyola, igi icavs stumar-maspinZlobis adaTs, mtyuania joyola _ igi arRvevs

SurisZiebis adaTs. marTalia sazogadoebac. igi icavs SurisZiebis adaTs. mtyuania

sazogadoebac. igi arRvevs stumar-maspinZlobis adaTs. ori simarTlis da ori

simtyuanis brZolisas gaimarjva sazogadoebam“. 2 akaki baqraZe imasac sagangebod

akonkretebs, rom marTalia, sazogadoeba imarjvebs fizikurad, magram zneobrivi

gamarjveba pirovnebas rCeba.

imave Sexedulebas aviTarebs zaza SaTiriSvilic: „stumar-maspinZlisa“ da àluda

qeTelauris~ saerTo Tema pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis konfliqtia. magram saqme isaa,

rom, magaliTad, „stumar-maspinZelSi“ erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara „koleqtiuri“ da

„individualuri~, ara pirovneba da sazogadoeba (Temi), aramed ori kanoni stumar-

maspinZlobis „wesi“ (ojaxis kanoni) da „wesi“ sisxlis aRebisa (Temis kanoni). joyola da

aRaza icaven erT wess, xolo Temi meores da, cxadia, rom (rogorc WeSmarit

tragediaSi), orive mxare marTalia“.3

kritikosis azriT, nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli konfliqtebi calmxrivad

Sesrulebuli movaleobebis Sedegia: „stumar-maspinZelSi“ sami konfliqtia: joyola

upirispirdeba Tems, anu stumar-maspinZloba upirispirdeba sisxlis aRebas; aRazasagan

zviadauris datireba aseve, upirispirdeba Temis kanons, xolo sul bolos, joyola isev

upirispirdeba Tems, radgan „marto brZola“ saxlis, ojaxis, anu sakuTari Rirsebis

1 a. baqraZe. adamiani da ori simarTle._ Jurnali „skola da cxovreba“, 1983, N 8, gv. 51. 2 a. baqraZe. rwmena. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 194. 3 z. SaTiriSvili. vaJa-fSavela da poeziis sawyisi._ Jurnali „Cveni mwerloba“, 2006, N13, gv. 28.

227

dacvaa, xolo Temi, cxadia, sxvagvarad fiqrobs. samive SemTxvevaSi marTalia orive

mxare, radgan orive mxare oden erT „wess“, erT kanons icavs da aRasrulebs“.4

zemoT motanil SefasebebSi xazgasmulia is garemoeba, rom orive mxare (joyolac

da Temic) icavs mxolod erT savaldebulo adaTobriv normas (joyola _ stumar

maspinZlobis wess, Temi _ SurisZiebis adaTs) rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom msgavs

viTarebaSi orive adaTis dacva gamoricxulia. aq igulisxmeba isic, rom adaTobrivi

samarTlis mixedviT, araa gansazRvruli, Tu romel zneobriv Cveulebas eniWeba

upiratesoba msgavs SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, midian im daskvnamde, rom orive

mxares aqvs sakuTari simarTle. aRniSnuli mosazrebis sisworis dasadgenad unda

gairkves, ramdenad Tanmimdevrulia erTi mxriv, joyola, xolo meore mxriv _ Temi

kanonTa aRsrulebisas, marTlac dgas nawarmoebSi eTikuri dilema, Tu SesaZlebeli iyo

imgvarad moqceva, rom adaTobrivi samarTlis normebi ar darRveuliyo?

joyolas daxasiaTebisas miuTiTeben, rom igi upirispirdeba Tems, ramdenadac jer

maspinZlobas uwevs mters, Semdeg ki uaryofs sisxlis aRebis adaTs. g. qiqoZis mixedviT,

Temis poziciidan joyola moRalatea umTavresad imis gamo, rom mters maspinZlobs:

„vaJas gmirebis ubedureba iwyeba im wuTidan, roca isini scdiloben gadalaxon

bunebrivi da aTaswlovani tradiciebiT ganmtkicebuli sazogadoebrivi sazRvrebi...

tragikulia joyolasa da aRazas bedi „stumar-maspinZelSi“: maT uRalates TavianT Tems

da qistebis mosisxle mters maspinZloba da Wirisufloba gauwies“.5

upirveles yovlisa, unda gairkves, ramdenad ibrZvis joyola aTaswlovani

tradiciis (sisxlis aRebis) winaaRmdeg da SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tu ara igi moRalated

Temis poziciidan imis gamo, rom mters umaspinZla.

iuridiuli ganmartebis mixedviT, Ralati adamianis Segnebuli, gacnobierebuli,

winaswarganzraxuli saqcielia. Sesabamisad, joyolas Ralatze im SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleboda saubari, zviadauris vinaoba rom scodnonda da mainc stumrad daepatiJa igi.

nawarmoebSi ki moqmedeba imgvarad viTardeba, rom joyola misdauneburad, winaswari

ganxraxvis gareSe maspinZlobs mters. Tavis mxriv, qistebmac SesaniSnavad ician, rom

joyola ar aris moRalate da ubralod ver scnobs zviadaurs. maspinZlisagan gasuli

„drouli kaci“ ase xsnis joyolas saqciels:

„qistebo, Cveni mosisxle

Semogvepara RamiTa.

sCans, ro joyola ver icnobs,

ar unaxia TvaliTa

eg Cveni amomgdebeli,

Cveni mrbeveli ZaliTa“;

erTi sityviT, araviTari safuZveli ar gvaqvs, visaubroT joyolas mier Temis

Ralatze imis gamo, rom igi zviadaurs maspinZlobs. meore sakiTxia is, Tu ramdenad

upirispirdeba joyola sisxlis aRebis adaTs saerTod.

nawarmoebis Sesavlidanve vigebT, rom joyola araTu uaryofs sisxlis aRebis

adaTs, aramed sworedac rom SurisZiebis grZnobiT aRvsili daexeteba wyvdiadSi: „Zmis

mkvlelis sisxli swyuria, kaci ram modis gzazeda.“ arsad upirispirdeba joyola

SurisZiebis wess Semdegac. mas sruliadac ar aqvs miswrafeba romelime adaTis

darRvevisaken, ubralod Tanmimdevrulobis dacvis momxrea, rodesac eubneba musas: „me

gTxov gauSva, musao, nu stanjav udierada, roca gascdeba Cems ojaxs, iq moepyariT

avada“. samarTlianad aRniSnavs grigol kiknaZe: „joyola am SemTxvevaSic cnobs im

4 zaza SaTiriSvili.vaJa-fSavela da poeziis sawyisi._ Jurnali „Cveni mwerloba“, 2006, N13, gv. 28. 5 g. qiqoZe.. werilebi xelovnebaze. Tbilisi, 1936, gv. 50.

228

adaTs, romlis Tanaxmad ojaxidan gasuli stumris mimarT isev ZalaSi Sedis

sisxlisaRebis moTxovna. ase rom, joyola savsebiT Tanmimdevrulia adaTebis dacvis

TvalsazrisiT“.6

miuxedavad amisa, rogorc aRiniSna, miuTiTeben, rom marTalia, TemSi arsebobs

erTi mxriv, stumris xelSeuxeblobis moTxovna, xolo meore mxriv, SurisZiebis adaTi,

magram ar aris cxadad dadgenili, romel maTgans eniWeba upiratesoba im SemTxvevaSi,

roca mteria stumrad; rogor unda moiqces am dros maspinZeli, romeli adaTi unda

daicvas man, stumar-maspinZlobis, Tu sisxlis aRebis?

sinamdvileSi, vaJa-fSavelas gmirebisaTvis SesaniSnavad aris cnobili, Tu romel

adaTs unda misdios am dros maspinZelma. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba eniWeba

stumarmaspinZlobas. es mTielTa uzogadesi kanonia. aRniSnuli garemoeba kargad Cans

vaJa-fSavelas poemaSi „sisxlis Zieba“. nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi qiCiri apirebs, rom

mosisxle mters, aslans estumros. miuxedavad imisa, rom is SesaniSnavad icnobs

maspinZlis mzakvrul bunebas, mainc Znelad warmoudgenia, rom iseTi znewamxdari kacic

ki, rogoricaa aslani, gabedavs da daarRvevs stumar-maspinZlobis uwmindes movaleobas

da ojaxSi misul mowinaaRmdegeze xels aRmarTavs:

„me ki Cvens, CerqezT rjulzeda

saxlSi miuval Zmurada!..

arc me meqneba sanaRvlod,

arc Tavi dakargulada.

saRmrTo wess rogor daarRvevs,

isec gafuWda srulada?!“

mas Semdeg, rac aslani daarRvevs adaTs da stumrad misul mters Seipyrobs,

qiCiri sTxovs mas, rom ar gaaxmauros Tavisi uRirsi saqcieli, radgan adaTisadmi

esoden upativcemulo mopyrobis magaliTi xalxze araerTgvarovan zegavlenas moaxdens:

„nu gaagoneb CerqezTa,

rom momatyue zaviTa,

nu wahryvni moZmeT bunebas

Sxam-sawamlaviT, aviTa.

es Cveuleba mtkiced gvaqvs:

wmindad Senaxva kerisa,

pirobis daurRvevloba,

Zmad Sin Senaxva mterisa.“

Tavis eTnografiul werilSi „xevsurebi“, vaJa-fSavela xevsurTa wes-Cveulebis

daxasiaTebisas cxadad miuTiTebs, rom mTielis ojaxSi stumris xelSeuxebeloba

nebismier SemTxvevaSi saguldagulodaa daculi: „stumari xevsuris saxlSi

xelSeuxebelia. stumris mosisxle mters, maspinZlis mezobelic, Tunda Zmac rom iyos,

ar SeuZlian stumars xma gasces; Tu ki vinme gakadnierda, maSin TviTon maspinZeli

gascems pasuxs stumris modaves, sisxlis daqcevasac ar daerideba, oRond stumari

Seuracxyofisagan daicvas.“ 7 zemoT motanili magaliTebi ueWvelad cxadyofs im

garemoebas, rom stumris xelSeuxebloba mTielTaTvis „saRmrTo wesia“. Rirseuli kaci

arasodes umuxTlebs stumars, Tundac igi mosisxle mteri iyos. es garemoeba xalxur

poeziaSic saTanadod aris asaxuli.

6 g. kiknaZe. Txzulebani. t. 1. Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 130-131. 7 vaJa fSavela. eTnografiuli werilebi. Tbilisi, 1937, gv. 118.

229

erTi sityviT, mas Semdeg, rac mteri ojaxis zRurbls gadakveTda, rogorc

stumari, upiratesoba eniWeboda stumarmaspinZlobis wess da mis mimarT moqmedebas

wyvetda SurisZiebis adaTi. igi ZalaSi Sedioda mxolod maspinZlis ojaxis datovebis

Semdeg. maSasadame, darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom joyola alxastaisZe sruliad

Tanmimdevrulad iqceva da misi mxridan raime valdebulebis Seusruleblobis (anda

calmxrivobis) Taobaze saubari gaumarTlebelia.

sinamdvileSi sakuTar adaTs aq Tavad Temi arRvevs. Tundac is faqti, rom qistebi

cdiloben malulad daatyvevon joyolas stumari, ukve cxadad miuTiTebs, rom maT aqvT

danaSaulis grZnoba. Temi ver iTmens, mtris sisxli swyuria da joyolas ojaxis

Rirsebis Seuracxyofis xarjze surs sawadelis miRweva. samarTlianad SeniSnavs daviT

wowkolauri: „Temi TviTneburad iqceva, roca joyolas Tavisi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb

arafers amcnobs. piriqiT, joyolas ojaxSi migzavnil moTvalTvales Temi avalebs, rom

„soflis ganzraxva ara gziT mas ar Caugdos yurada.“ bunebrivad dgeba kiTxva: ratom

umalaven joyolas TavianT mizans? cxadia, imitom, rom adaTis darRvevas apireben.“8 Tu

sisxlis aRebis adaTs iseTive Zala hqonda, rogorc stumarmaspinZlobis tradicias,

maSin qistebs unda ecnobebinaT joyolasTvis zviadauris vinaoba da am SemTxvevaSi

joyolas SurisZiebas veravin daaswrebda, radgan masze metad aravis `swyuroda Zmis

mkvlelis sisxli~. magram saqmec isaa, rom radgan stumarmaspinZloba aRemateboda

sisxlis aRebis adaTs, qistebma kargad icodnen, joyola ar uRalatebda sauflo wess

da stumrad myof mowinaaRmdegeze xels ar aRmarTavda.

gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT is garemoeba, Tu vis mxaresaa am viTarebaSi simarTle,

Cans joyolasa da musas sityvieri dapirispirebis dros. joyola sruliad

samarTlianad adanaSaulebs TanamoZmeebs sakuTari rjulis ugulebelyofasa da sauflo

wesis gatexvaSi:

„– ras sCadiT? – SemouZaxa: –

vis stumars hboWavT TokiTa?

rad stexT sauflo Cvens wessa,

Tavs lafs rad masxamT kokiTa?..

vis gauyidav stumari?

qisteTs sad Tqmula ambada?..

Tvis rjuli dagviwyebiaT,

mitom iqceviT mcdarada;“

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Temsac aqvs Tavisi simarTle, rogorc amas kritikosebi

aRniSnaven, maSin joyolas mier naxseneb „sauflo wess“ mocemul SemTxvevaSi qistebma

sxva „sauflo wesi“ unda daupirispiron, magram imis gamo, rom isini adaTis damrRvevni

arian, ver axerxeben joyolas winaaRmdeg raime zneobrivi argumentis motanas. maTi

erTaderTi sabuTi Zalaa, Temis erTpirovnuli gadawyvetileba:

„Sen da Sens stumars, orives

erTad gadgisvriT beqiTa.

Tems rac swadian, mas izams

Tavis Temobis wesiTa...

Senac amasTan SagkonavT,

Temis pirs rom stex, Tavxedo!

Cvenis narCevis darRveva

Sen rogor unda gahbedo?“

8 d. wowkolauri. vaJa-fSavelas Teoriul-literaturuli naazrevi. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 227-228.

230

erTi sityviT, joyolas adanaSauleben „Temis piris gatexvasa“ da umravlesobis

TanxmobiT miRebuli erTiani gadawyvetilebisadmi daumorCileblobaSi. TemisaTvis am

SemTxvevaSi uzenaesi avtoriteti „sauflo wesi“ ki ar aris, aramed _ sakuTari Tavi

(„Tems rac swadian, mas izams Tavis Temobis wesiTa“). Temi ise cvlis kanons, rogorc

mocemul situaciaSi awyobs, anu iyenebs SerCeviT samarTals. uzenaes avtoritetad ki

gamocxadebulia umravlesobis, Tanamedrove terminiT rom vTqvaT „demokratiuli“ neba.

amitomac ar SeuZliaT qistebs, rom joyolas daupirispiron myari zneobrivi Tu

samarTlebrivi argumenti. Temis moqmedebis principi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc

moraluri relativizmi, eTikuri poziciis cvla situaciisda Sesabamisad.

Temisagan gansxvavebiT, joyola myari Rirebulebebis mqone pirovnebaa. zneobriv

kanons misTvis sayovelTao, imperatiuli mniSvneloba aqvs nebismier SemTxvevaSi da

pirnaTladac aRasrulebs mas, Tundac mTel TemTan dapirispireba mouxdes.

zaza SaTiriSvilis SexedulebiT, qistebis uRirsi saqcielis Semdeg joyola

eTiSeba Tems da bolos mxolod sakuTari Rirsebisa da ojaxis dasacavad iwyebs

brZolas: „...[joyola] gadawyvets, rom „martokam unda iomos». martokam unda iomos,

radgan misi stumari da Zma daumarxavia, xolo misi Rirseba Selaxulia. is unda

SeebrZolos mters, radgan unda daicvas ukve ara mTlianad Temi, aramed oden sakuTari

saxl-kari, ojaxi, ojaxis wesi, anu Rirseba“.9

aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi simarTles ar Seesabameba. poemis teqsti TvalnaTliv

adasturebs, rom miuxedavad Temis mier Cadenili uRirsi saqcielisa, joyola, rogorc

zneobrivi gmiri, TanamoZmeTa erTguli rCeba da sworedac rom Temis dasacavad ibrZvis

xevsurTa winaaRmdeg. misi „martoka“ brZolis motivi is ki ar aris, rom mas mxolod

sakuTari ojaxis keTildReoba anaRvlebs, aramed is, rom qistebi Tavs arideben mas,

aTvalwunebuli hyavT igi, rogorc Temis piris gamtexi da axlos ar gaikareben

laSqarSi:

„– gavyve?! ras ambob, Wkva-Txelo?

ar gamivleven axlosa!

martokam unda viomo,

mTelma jaregam mnaxosa;

vin erTgulia, vin ara,

qveyanam dainaxosa.“

miuxedavad Temis mier mravalgzisi uaryofisa, joyola, rogorc zneobrivi gmiri,

marto ibrZvis xevsurTa winaaRmdeg, raTa erTguleba daumtkicos qistebs. Temi ki kvlav

arasworad aRiqvams mis saqciels da sabolood aqcevs zurgs mas.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJa-fSavelas „stumar-maspinZelSi“

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara ori simarTle, aramed simarTle da usamarTloba. maSin,

rodesac mTeli Temi arRvevs sakralur adaTs, erTi adamiani, zneobrivi gmiri icavs

sakuTari ojaxis, Temisa da, saerTod, adamianobis Rirsebas. „stumar-maspinZelSi“

daxatulia im adamianis tragedia, romlisTvisac umravlesobis nebaze maRla zneobrivi

Rirebuleba, sindisis grZnoba dgas. praqtikul-utilitaruli miznebiT dabrmavebuli

sazogadoeba Zaladobs idealuri RirebulebebiT mcxovreb adamianze, visTvisac zneoba

ganyenebuli Teoria ki ar aris, aramed - cxovrebis wesi. miuxedavad imisa, rom joyola

fizikurad marcxdeba, igi sulierad imarjvebs da swored zneobrivi movaleobis

pirnaTlad aRsrulebaSi xedavs vaJa-fSavela adamianis cxovrebis umTavres sazriss.

9 z. SaTiriSvili. vaJa-fSavela da poeziis sawyisi._ Jurnali „Cveni mwerloba“, 2006, N13, gv. 29.

231

Levan Beburishvili

Two issues of truth in Vazha-Pshavela’s “Host and Guest”

Summary

In this work is discussed ethical problem, which is depicted in Vazha-Pshavela poem “Host and Guest”. One part of literary critics determine the conflict presented in the “Host and Guest” as a human tragedy arisen between two truth. In the work the mentioned view is analyzed in critical way and based on the relevant arguments is presented that the situation shouldn’t be considered as an ethical dilemma. In fact in accordance with the poem the society for the practical purposes infringes sacral (religious) traditions, a person (Jokola) resists to this tradition infringement, due to which the society excludes him, so we haven’t the reason to look any signs of fairness in the behavior of society. Therefore in the poem is not presented conflict of moral values but there is submitted moral personality tragedy, which is caused by social injustice.

232

Targmanmcodneoba

233

eka duRaSvili, filologiis doqtori, profesori

wminda giorgisadmi miZRvnili himnografiuli kanonis

uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanebi X saukunis qarTul iadgarebSi

wminda giorgis dResaswauls qarTul saeklesio tradiciaSi didi xnis istoria

aqvs. wminda giorgis xseneba gvxvdeba jer kidev ierusalimur leqcionarSi, romelic

palestinur kalendars eyrdnoba. misi uZvelesi fena V-VI saukuneebis saRvTismsaxuro

praqtikis gamomxatvelia, xolo Tavad qarTuli redaqcia VII saukuneSi Cans

Camoyalibebuli.1

leqcionarSi wminda giorgis xseneba or dReze 10 noembersa da 23 aprilze aris

dadebuli. es faqti ukve sakmarisia imis dasadastureblad, rom wminda giorgis xseneba

qarTul eklesiaSi sakmaod adre damkvidrda. ierusalimur kalendarSi Cans 23 aprili da

3 noembris dResaswauli. rac Seexeba 10 noembers, es giorgi mTawmidelis miTiTebiT

mxolod qarTul tradiciaSi gvxvdeba. am dRes wmindanis borbalze wamebas ixseneben.

aRmoCnda, rom realurad aRniSnuli dResaswauli 3 noembers ukavSirdeba, im dRes, roca

wminda giorgis mokveTili Tavi dakrZales ludiaSi da bunebrivia, dawesda wmindanis

xseneba da eklesiis satfurebac. qarTul saeklesio praqtikaSi 10 noemberi gaCnda 13

seqtembris aRdgomis eklesiis satfurebis (enkeniis) dResaswaulis (seqtemberi –

enkenisTve) analogiiT, 3 noembers ludiis eklesiis satfurebis msgebsze (noemberi-

giorgobisTve)2. ioane zosimes kalendarSi gvxvdeba orive 3 da 10 noemberi. sagulisxmoa,

rom X saukunis didi iadgaris nusxebSi Sin 1, Sin 14, Sin 64 wminda giorgis xseneba 10 noembers da 23 aprils aris. aqve Cans konstantinopoluri praqtikidan Semosuli 25

maisis dResaswauli. 3 amrigad, adreul qarTul himnografiul krebulebSi wminda

giorgis xseneba ramdenime dRes aRiniSneba.

am mokle mimoxilvis Semdgom SevniSnavT, rom X saukunis iadgaris nusxebSi kozma

ierusalimelis wminda giorgisadmi miZRvnili kanoni 23 aprils aris moTavsebuli.

kanonis Targmani Sin 1, Sin 64 wvirmisa da ielis iadgarebSi gvxvdeba. sinuri

nusxebisa da wvirmis krebulis Targmanebi teqstobrivad erTnairia, ielis iadgaris

Targmani ki ramdenadme sxvaobs maTgan, rogorc variantul doneze, aseve Targmanis

principiT. kerZod, es Seexeba teqstis metrul mxares. Zlispir-troparTa Tanafardobis

TvalsazrisiT Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmis Targmanebi erTad dgeba, xolo ielis krebulis

Targmani calke. es ukanaskneli ufro axlosaa teqstobrivad Sesabamis berZnul

dedanTan.

ganvixilavT orive Targmans himnografiuli kanonis originalTan mimarTebiT.

1 К. Кекелидзе. Иерусалимский КанонаръVIIвека. Тифлис, 1912, стр. 26. 2 К. Кекелидзе. Иерусалимский КанонаръVIIвека. Тифлис, 1912, стр. 282-286. 3 uZvelesi iadgari, gamosacemad moamzades. el. metrevelma, l. xevsurianma, c. Wankievma. Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 727.

234

moviyvanT berZnuli troparebis teqstebs da Sesabamis qarTul Targmanebs.

1)

(I1) morbedebaჲ RuawlTai raჲ moige, raJams miiswrafe zecisasa mas,

didebulo giorgi, ixilve gჳrgჳnSemosili

meufisagan da angelozTa Tana hRaRadebdi da

ityode: ugalobdeT RmerTsa Cuensa, rameTu didebul ars (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi) raJams moige morbedebaჲ

Ruawlisa rCulisaჲ da miiswrafe zecisasa mas, romelica Seiyuare,

ixilve gჳrgჳnosani, wmidao giorgi, da iqmen, viTarca morbedi

asparezisaჲ, pativcemul meufisagan da angelozTa Tana

ZnobiTa adidebd mas da ityode: ugalobdeT ufalsa rameTu didebul ars (ieli).

pirveli Targmani Semoklebulia. berZnuli troparis ` àr aris

Targmnili, maSin, roca ielis TargmanSi es fraza zustad aris gadmoRebuli `morbedi

asparezisaჲ~ kanonis meore strofis Targmanebi ufro axlosaa teqstobrivad dedanTan.

(I2) ofliTa vnebaTaჲTa gamosCndi zecisa ganwyobilsa

Soris, wmidao giorgi,

raJams iguemebode,

RuawliTa SeniTa

ganakჳrve uჴorconi da maT Tana ZnobiT hRaRadebdi da ityode: ugalobdeT RmerTsa

Cuensa, rameTu didebul ars (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi). ofliTa vnebiTa SenisaჲTa gamosCndi

ganbrwyinebulTa Soris zecisaTa, raJams iguemebode,

giorgi, da

RuawliTa guamisa SenisaiჲTa ganakჳrven uჴorconi

235

da maT Tana didebuli

RaRadebd da ityode: ugalobdeT ufalsa, rameTu didebul ars (ieli)

3)

(III1).

ganuyav sixaruliT simdidre Seni glaxakTa da dasTrgune

mrCobliTa saTnoebiTa mZlavrebaჲ borotisaჲ mis, didebulo giorgi,

da ჴma-hyav sixaruliT: wmida xar, ufalo (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi). es Targmani moklea. dednis `~ ar aris

gadmoRebuli.

ganuyavi simdidreჲ Seni sixaruliT glaxakTa,

raJams ganipoxen sulni da ჴorcni Senni zeTiTa

mowyalebisaჲTa, wmidao giorgi, da dasTrgune mrCobliTa

miT saTnoebiTa mZlavri igi boroti da Zliersa mas ugalobd da ityode: wmida xar

Sen, ufalo (ieli).

berZnulis erTi sityva „“ ielis TargmanSi gavrcobilia `mZlavri igi

boroti~, xolo pirvel TargmanSi gvaqvs `borotisaჲ~. meore Targmani metad uaxlovdeba

dedans teqstobrivad.

TargmanTa Soris sxvaoba ufro mkveTrad Cans Semdeg troparSi.

4)

(III2) ganZlierdi madliTa, raJams saRmrToჲTa SuriTa

SeiWure, Ruawlisa mZleo giorgi, da ganrisxen Sen qristesTჳs da sacTuri mZlavriTaჲ ganaqarve da ityode wmida xar Sen, ufalo (Sin 1, Sin 64,

wvirmi).

es ukanaskneli Targmani dedans scildeba Sinaarsobrivad. `Ruawlisa mZleo

giorgi~ qarTveli mTargmnelis Camatebulia, aseve gamotovebulia berZnuli dednis

mTeli taepi `…“. raJams gansZlierdi

madliTa da SeiWure SuriTa, gamouCndi maT, romelni

ara gakiTxvides

da epoe maT, romelni ara geZiebdes da ganhrisxen

qristesTuis, wmidao giorgi, da sacTuri uSjuloTaჲ ganaqarve ZaliTa uflisaჲTa

(ieli).

ielis Targmani adekvaturad imeorebs berZnuli troparis Sinaarss. analogiuri

nimuSi Cans IV odis meore troparis TargmanSi.

5)

236

(IV2) da RmerTni Seginebulni sastikad moiZulen sasoebiTa

miT samebisaჲTa (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi). es tropari sakmaod rTuli Sinaarsisaa (sofisturi moZRvrebis siyalbe

gaanadgure, Semoqmedi RmerTebis samarcxvino vnebebi moiZule samebis ZaliT

winambrZolo). axla vnaxoT, rogori Targmania ielis krebulSi:

RmerTni, romelTa vnebaჲ dahbades, sastikad moiZulen sasoebiTa wmidisa samebisaჲTa

da ityode: didebaჲ Zalsa Sensa (ieli).

iadgaris arc erTi Targmani ar miyveba zustad dedans, magram ielis Targmani

SedarebiT vrclad gadmoscems berZnuli troparis teqsts.

(VI1)RaRadebda uflisa mimarT wmidaჲ giorgi

da ityoda:

nu mimcem me, monasa Sensa,

ჴelTa usjuloTasa, saxiero RmerTo,

aramed Sen mier

davჴsna aRZrvaჲ maTi (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi) RaRad-yo kadnierad dambadebelisa mimarT wmidaman

giorgi da ityoda: nu mimcem monasa Sensa

xelTa usjuloTa, saxier, aramed momec me

Zali, raჲTa davhჴsne aRZrvaჲ igi maTi Sen

mier, kacTmoyuare (ieli)

ielis Targmani teqstobrivad am SemTxvevaSic miyveba pirvel Targmans. qarTveli

mTargmneli ielis Targmanis magaliTze berZnul teqsts avrcobs. umatebs `wmidaman

giorgi~ `~. Semoaqvs sityva `saxieri~ da bolos mTeli fraza `Sen mier

kacTmoyuare~ mTlianad mTargmnelis interpretaciaa. aqve sayuradReboa dednis sityvis `~ (siamaye, ampartavneba) orive TargmanSi dadasturebuli azrobrivi

gansaxvavebuli ekvivalenti àRZrvaჲ~.

(VI3). miicvalnes sakuirvelebad TqumiTa miT uSjuloni

igi Semdgomad saTnoebiTa SenTa gamocdisa,

netaro giorgi, ganukჳrda qriste cxorebis momcemeli (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi) miicvalnes sakuirvelebad TqumiTa miT uSjuloni

igi da ganukჳrda maT qriste cxovrebis momcemeli

romelsa Sen hqadagebd winaSe yovelTasa (ieli).

237

azrobrivad orive Targmani miyveba dedans, magram teqstobrivi cvlilebebsac

Seicavs. mag: „“ (risxva) ar aris Targmnili, xolo „“ (SurismaZiebeli tiranebi) Targmnilia rogorc ùSjuloni~. ielis Targmanis bolo

frazac `romelsa Sen hqadagebd winaSe yovelTa~ gavrcobili Targmanis dednis „“ (romelic iqadage). am SemTxvevaSic ielis krebulis Targmani teqstobrivad

emTxveva Sin 1, Sin 64, da wvirmis krebulis Targmans. mxolod erTaderTi sityva „“ (gamocdileba) ielis TargmanSi ar aris gadmoRebuli. pirveli TargmanSi ki Targmnilia.

`saTnoebaTa SenTa gamocdisa, netaro~.

(VII2)

gamoSCndi Sen brwyinvaled da hqadage xmamaRlad

sarwmunoebaჲ, Rirso giorgi da esreT hRaRadebdi; mamaTa CuenTa RmerTo

kurTxeul xar maradis (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi). gamosSCndi brwyinvaled da hqadagebd

sarwmunoebasa uSjuloTagan ganZebulsa da

gamoacxadebd sicbilsa sacTurisasa, wmidao giorgi, da ityode:

mamaTa CuenTa RmerTo kurTxeul xar maradis (ieli)

„“ (sicruis sibnele) Sin 1, Sin 64 da wvirmis krebulis TargmanSi es

fraza ugulebelyofilia. xolo ielis TargmanSi gadmotanilia, rogorc `sicbilsa

sacTurisasa~. amave dros gavrcobilia „“ `sarwmunoebasa uSjuloTagan

ganZebulsa~.

(VIII2). Sehracxe Sen soflisaჲ amis saSuebeli, viTarca

sixaruliT Tavs-idev mravalferi

satanjveli, ferჴTa Sesasჴmeli igi saSineli

simჴniTa arad Sehracxe (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi)

Sehracxe soflisa amis saSuebeli viTarca warmavali da

Tavs-idev sixaruliT, axovano giorgi, mravalferi satanjveli molodebiTa

cxorebisa mis saukunoჲsaჲTa da ferჴTa

Sesasxmeli igi saSineli Seuracx-hyav simჴ- niTa guamisaჲTa da ityode (ieli).

qarTul TargmanSi dednis is nawili, sadac dakonkretebulia wmida giorgis

wamebis epizodi „“ (arad miiCnie sazarel isarTa

satyorcni) orive qarTul TargmanSi sxvadasxvanairad aris gadmocemuli:

`mravalferi satanjveli, ferჴTa Sesasxmeli

igi saSineli arad Sehracxe~ (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi).

238

àxovano giorgi, mravalferi satanjveli …

ferჴTa da Sesasxmeli igi saSineli Seuracxyav~ (ieli).

aqve gamovyofT `“ (simtkice sulisa) Targmans. `simჴniTa guamisaჲTa~

(ieli). `simჴniTa~ (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi) mTargmnelis interpretaciaa. analogiuri

magaliTia „“ (saRmrTo sicocxlis) qarTul TargmanSi ki gvaqvs `cxorebisa mis

saukunoჲsa~ (ieli). pirvel TargmanSi ki es fraza ar aris gadmotanili.

(IX1).

mRdelni gigaloben Sen,

mefeni gadideben da erni miuTxroben Ruawlisa

Senisa simჴnesa, netaro giorgi, meox gueyav sulTa CuenTaTჳs Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi).

mRdelni gadideben, mefeni gigaloben da naTesavni miuTxroben

simჴnesa Ruawlisa Senisasa,

mowameo giorgi, amisTჳs yovelni erTobiT daucxromelad gadidebT (ieli).

berZnuli dednis „“ (Rirseulad) qarTul TargmanSi

Seesatyviseba èrTobiT daucxromelad gadidebT~. arc pirveli Targmanis bolo taepi

ar miyveba dednis Sinaarss. `meox gueyav sulTa CuenTaTჳs~. rogorc vxedavT, ielis

Targmani metad uaxlovdeba dednis teqsts.

(IX2)yovelni morwmuneni

dResaswaulsa Sensa qebiT pativ-scemen dRes

da yoveli sofeli ixarebs, netaro giorgi,

meox gueyav SemasxmelTa SenTa (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi).

es Targmani mniSvnelovnad scildeba dedans teqstobrivad. `~ Targmnilia rogorc `yovelni morwmuneni~, `yoveli sofeli ixarebs~ mTargmnelis

Camatebulia. aqve dednis `~ gadmoRebulia `netaro~, ielis TargmanSi ki zusti

adekvati aqvs `mowameo~. dednis bolo taepi `~ qarTul TargmanSi

gadmotanilia mTargmnelis interpretaciiT: `meox gueyav SemasxmelTa SenTa~.

yovelni dasni angelozTani aqeben Ruawlsa Sensa

moRuaweo, da Sen daikal da saTno-eyav

RmerTsa, mowameo giorgi, mas Cuenca yovelni

erTobiT daucxromelad vadidebT (ieli).

239

`~ (zecisa Zalni) mTargmneli Targmnis, rogorc `dasni

angelozTani~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom orive qarTul TargmanSi berZnuli teqstis erTi sityva

`~, gavrcobilia epiTetiT yolad qebulo giorgi~ (ieli VII1), `brZeno giorgi~ (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi), `wmidao giorgi~ (ieli VII1), `Rirso giorgi~ ( da wvirmi VIII1), wmidao

giorgi~ (ieli), `Rirso giorgi~ (Sin 1, Sin 64, wvirmi). iadgarebis qarTuli Targmanebis Sedarebam cxadyo, rom Sin 1, Sin 64, da wvirmis

krebulis Targmani berZnuli dednis teqsts ufro metad scildeba, vidre ielis

Targmani. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es faqti ganpirobebulia dednis Zlispir-troparis

Tanafardobis dacviT, rac kargad Cans orive tipis Targmanebis marcvalTa raodenobis

SedarebiT.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ielis iadgaris Targmani ar icavs arc berZnuli

dednis ZlispirTa marcvlebis raodenobas da ar miyveba arc ZlispirTa qarTul

Targmanebs. gamodis, rom ielis iadgaris Targmani metrulad anu saleqso sazomiT da

formiT dednis adekvaturi ar aris.

kozma ierusalimelis aRniSnuli kanonis Zlispirebi Taviseburebebs gviCvenebs. III

odis irmosi ioane damaskelis kuTvnilebaa, IV da V odebis ZlispirTa avtorebi ki

ucnobia. TviT berZnul dedanSic Zlispirebsa da troparebs Soris marcvalTa

Tanafardobac iseTi zusti ar aris, rogorc kozmas sxva kanonebSi. yovelive

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, kanonis Targmna qarTvel mTargmnels sirTules uqmnida. es

sirTule zustad metrul mxaresTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli, radgan

teqstobrivad kanoni kozmasTan damaxasiaTebeli neologizmebiT, kompozitebiT, an

arqauli leqsikiT ar gamoirCeva. rogor unda avxsnaT iadgaris nusxebs Soris

TargmanTa amgvari sxvaoba? es faqti, Cveni azriT, kidev erTi dadasturebaa Cvens mier

gamiTqmuli mosazrebisa, rom ielis iadgari sinuri iadgarebisagan redaqciulad

sxvaobs. garda amisa, aRniSnuli kanonis ori Targmanis Sedarebisas iqmneba iseTi

STabeWdileba, rom erTi maTgani (ieli) icnobs mis winamorbed Sin 1-is Targmans,

romelsac teqstobrivad emTxveva wvirmisa da Sin 64-is Targmani. am faqtze miuTiTebs

zogierTi troparis Targmanebis damTxveva teqstobrivad, roca mxolod sityvaTa

gadanacvleba SeimCneva. amitom kategoriulad Znelia Tqma, riTi aris ganpirobebuli

erTi mxriv, dednis metrulad adekvaturi da teqstobrivad dacilebuli, da meore mxriv,

teqstobrivad dednis adekvaturi, magram metrulad dacilebuli Targmanis arseboba.

Cveni azriT, aq mTargmnelis individualuri arCevani Cans. erT SemTxvevaSi (Sin 1,

Sin 64, wvirmi) mTargmneli dednis formas aniWebs upiratesobas, meore SemTxvevaSi ki,

(ieli) dednis teqsts. SesaZlebelia berZnuli dednis Sinaarsis adekvaturobis dacva

qarTul saeklesio tradiciaSi wm. giorgis kultis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT

aixsnas. Tumca es mxolod Cveni varaudia.

iadgarebis amgvari suraTis fonze, sainteresoa giorgi mTawmidelis pozicia.

giorgis TvenSi Cans kozmas kanonis sruliad sxva, mis mierve Sesrulebuli, axali

Targmani. masSi ugulebelyofilia kozmas originaluri Zlispirebi. igi ioane

damaskelis wminda giorgis kanonis Zlispirebzea gamarTuli, Tanac ioanes da kozmas

kanonebi gaerTianebulia da orive maTganis Targmans saerTo Zlispirebi aqvs. amgvari

gadawyvetiT moxsna giorgi mTawmidelma iadgarebis TargmanTa Soris arCevani. TvenSi

dadasturebuli faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom iadgaris qarTveli mTargmnelis winaSe

swored berZnuli dednis sazomis dacvis problema idga.

240

Eka Dughashvili

Old Georgian translation of St. George’s Hymnographical Canon

(According to X century Iadgari)

Summary In the tradition of Greek manuscript two Canons of Cosma Jerusalem and John Damascus dedicated to

St. George, which were known in Georgian church practice are confirmed, translation of the Canon of St. George is existed in the Iadgari. the translation of St. George’s Canon it is distinguished among other Canons of Cosma, because two of his different translations are confirmed in Iadgari.

In particular the translations of Iadgari of Tsvirmi and Sinaian collections are identical and the translation of Ieli Iadgari differs somehow from them. The latter is divorced from the original and distinguished with textual exactness.

Existence of two kinds of translations must be explained by keeping complexity of the form of the original. Translator of the Iadgari of Ieli can’t keep textual exactness, though comparison of two type translations show, that translator of Ieli knew translation of Tsvirmi and Sinain lists.

In later hymnographic collection in George Mtatsmindeli’s Minea interesting type of the translation of this Canon is met. George Mtatsmindeli, who compared Georgian translation with Greek originals by keeping their closeness to the original, translated canons of John and Cosma, joined and arranged them on the Heirmos of John. Thus compilated translation of the Canon of St. George appears in Minea.

241

Tamar mRebriSvili, filologiis doqtori, profesori

aleqsandre puSkinis ,,Zunwi raindis“ personaJ ivanis

saxelis TargmanSi SenarCunebisaTvis

Aaleqsandre puSkinis ,,mcire tragediebi“ (,,Zunwi raindi“, ,,mocarti da salieri“,

,,qvis stumari“ da ,,lxini Jamianobis dros“) mravalmxriv aris Seswavlili b.

gorodeckis, p. anenkovis, n. lerneris, v. manuilovis, l. arinSteinis, i. Cumakovis da

sxvaTa mier.Mmiuxedavad amisa, jer kidev bevri ram aris dasazustebeli da

siRrmiseulad gasaazrebeli _ maT Soris ,,Zunwi raindis“ erT-erTi personaJis, msaxur

ivanis saxelis specifika, romlis kvlevis aucileblobis sakiTxi m. murianovma wamoWra

da TargmanSi misi gadatanis problemazec SeaCera yuradReba.

Taviseburad gaiazra frangi baronis msaxuris rusuli saxeli cnobilma qarTvelma

mTargmnelma da literaturaTmcodnem Tamaz Cxenkelmac, 1 romelmac ,,Zunwi raindis“

garda puSkinis kidev ori mcire tragedia Targmna.2

m. murianovi ,,ucnaurad“ miiCnevs saxel ivans tragediis im ,,erovnuli

koloritisTvis”, romelsac, ,,upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari saxelebi alberi, delorJi,

klotilda, remoni, tibo qmnian“ da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom am ,,saxelis

transkrifciisaTvis araorazrovani pasuxi sWirdebaT mTargmnelebs _ pirvel rigSi,

frangul enaze”. misi azriT, dasazustebelia puSkiniseuli ivanis inglisuri

transkrifciac, radgan didma rusma poetma ,,Tavisi tragedia, garkveuli mosazrebiT,

inglisuridan naTargmnad“ gamoacxada da ,,Seqspiris msgavsad xuTterfiani TeTri iambi

gamoiyena“. 3 gamomdinare iqidan, rom frangul TargmanSi Иван ,,figurirebs, rogorc Jan, inglisurSi eyrdnoba imave frangul formas Jean, xolo germanulsa da italiurSi

gadasulia, rogorc Johann da Giovanni“, mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom mTargmnelebi

,,burgundieli baronis mesaidumles ruseTidan gadaxvewilad miiCneven, magram ver

gadauwyvetiaT, pirdapir uTxran es TavianT mkiTxvels“, radgan ,,raindTa wreSi, sadac

religiur sawyiss didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda”, ubralod, warmoudgenelia ,,ucxo

sarwmunoebis adamiani moskovis ruseTidan“.4

m. murianovisaTvis ivani ara ,,Tvistomebisgan Sors gadaxvewili slavi an

servantesis sanCo pansas analogia,“ aramed ,,ymawvili, romelsac aqvs socialuri

ufleba, iyos saraindo literaturis arturis ciklis cisfersisxliani gmiris mosaxele

da axalgazrda baronis Tanxlebi piri,romelic raindis wodebis mosapoveblad

1 T. Cxenkeli. recenzia T. mRebriSvilis sadisertacio naSromze ,,a. puSkinis ,,mcire tragediebi“ qarTul Targmanebsa da saliteraturo kritikaSi“. Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 2. Tamar mRebriSvilis

piradi arqivi; ix.: dis-is avtoreferati http://cheloveknauka.com/malenkie-tragedii-a-s-pushkina-v-gruzinskih-perevodah-i-literaturnoy-kritike. 2ix. a. s. puSkini. mcire tragediebi. ,,Zunwi raindi“, ,,mocarti da salieri“, ,,qvis stumari“ (Targm. T. Cxenkelma). Tbilisi, 1978. 3 Мурьянов. М. К реальному комментарию ,,Скупого рыцаря“, Временник Пушкинской комиссии. 1969, Ленинград: Наука. 1971, стр.101-102 http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v71/v71-101-.htm. 4 Мурьянов М. К реальному комментарию ,,Скупого рыцаря“, Временник Пушкинской комиссии. 1969, Ленинград: Наука. 1971, стр. 102 http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v71/v71-101-.htm.

http://cheloveknauka.com/malenkie-tragedii-a-s-pushkina-v-gruzinskih-perevodah-i-literaturnoy-kritike

http://cheloveknauka.com/malenkie-tragedii-a-s-pushkina-v-gruzinskih-perevodah-i-literaturnoy-kritike

242

emzadeba“. 5 amis dasabuTebamde mkvlevari yuradRebas ,,bibliur-qristianul Иоанн, Joannes-ze“ SeaCerebs, magram fiqrobs, rom raindul literaturaSi arsebobs ,,mxatvrulad

ufro damajerebeli prototipi, kretien de truasada hartman fon aues romanebis

personaJiiveni anu lomis raindi(frang. Yvain, ou le Chevalier au lion, ital. Ivano o il Cavaliere del Leone, Sved. Ivan Lejonriddaren, germ. Iwein, der Löwenritter)“, romelTanac puSkinis

Иванgrafikulad imdenad axlos dgas, rom maT identurobaze SeiZleba saubari. Tumca

iqve gamoricxavs puSkinze kretien de truas gavlenas, radgan ,,Zunwi raindis“ Seqmnis

periodSi, 1830 wels, garda imisa, rom ,,istoriuli fonetika, rogorc mecniereba, ar

arsebobda da Sua saukuneebis literaturisadmi interesma TviT safrangeTSiac ki is-is

iyo, gaiRviZa“, frangi mwerlis ,,romani mTlianad ar iyo gamoqveynebuli“. amitom

varaudobs, rom personaJis saxelis SerCevisas puSkinma sxva, ,,romeliRac

qrestomaTiuli wyaroTi“ isargebla.6

tragediis mixedviT ivani alberTan imdenad daaxloebuli piria, ar SeiZleba ar

daveTanxmoT m. murianovs, rom igi axalgazrda baronis ,,mesaidumlea“. alberi masTan

ara mxolod raindul orTabrZolaSi gamarjvebiT iwonebs Tavs, aramed Tavis

xelmokleobazec Civis _ ,,...О бедность, бедность! Как унижает сердце нам она!" _ ,,...o, siRaribev, rogor amcirebs Seni susxi raindis yofas!“7

marTalia, ivani Tavs uflebas aZlevs, urCios albers, rom fuli mevaxSe

solomonisagan isesxos, magram ver vityodiT, rom igi raindobis wodebis mosapoveblad

iRwvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtori amis Sesaxeb arafers gveubneba, magram sagangebod arc

imaze migviTiTebs, rom es personaJi axalgazrda baronis msaxuria.

g. wibaxaSvils ,,erTi saxelis sxvadasxvaenovani variantebis klasikur magaliTad”

mohyavs ,,Zvelebrauli ,,iohanaan“-idan xangrZlivi ,,mogzaurobiT” miRebuli” araerTi

forma: ,,iohan-ioan-iuxan-xuan-Jan-jon-ivan-ivane-ovanes-jani-ian-Joan”, maT Soris ivan da

svams ,,mTargmnelisaTvis Tavsatex kiTxvas: yvela es forma erTi saxelidan modis, magram

dRes es erTi da igive saxelia Tu sxvadasxva?“8

albaT ar unda gamovricxoT, rom puSkinis mier frangi baronis msaxurisaTvis

Serqmeuli saxeli ori sxvadasxva tradiciis erTgvari anareklia: klasikuri warmoSobis

evropulenovani saxelebi rusulad xSirad gadahqondaT ara gamoTqmis, aramed maTi

grafikuli gamosaxulebis, werilobiTi variantis mixedviT. magaliTad, ingliseli

mefeebis saxelebis Иоанн-ad gadmocema, aqvinelis saxelis Фома-d gadatana, rusuli

saxelebis gafranguleba _ Пьер, Жан, Мари da sxv. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom maSindel rusul yofaSi ivan sakmaod gavrcelebuli

saxeli iyo mdabioTa Soris. msaxuri ki, ZiriTadad, aseTi piri iyo da es saxeli mas

socialurad moergo. albaT garkveulwilad amanac ganapiroba, rom puSkinis es

personaJi imTaviTve baron alberis msaxurad aRiqmeba.

a. Starkmani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ,,alberis msaxuris saxeli ivan _ erTaderTi

rusuli saxeli tragediaSi, Segvaxsenebs an aSkarad migvaniSnebs”, rom TxzulebaSi

ganviTarebulი movlenebი ,,pirdapir kavSirSia ruseTTan“.9

5 Мурьянов М. К реальному комментарию ,,Скупого рыцаря“, Временник Пушкинской комиссии. 1969, Ленинград: Наука. 1971, стр. 103 http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v71/v71-101-.htm 6 Мурьянов М. К реальному комментарию ,,Скупого рыцаря“, Временник Пушкинской комиссии. 1969, Ленинград: Наука. 1971, стр. 102 http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v71/v71-101-.htm 7 a. s. puSkini. mcire tragediebi. ,,Zunwi raindi“, ,,mocarti da salieri“, ,,qvis stumari“ (Targmna T. Cxenkelma). Tbilisi, 1978. gv. 8-9. 8 g. wibaxaSvili. Targmanis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 75. 9 Штаркман А. Скупой рыцарь по драме Пушкина. Из новой книги Анатолия Штаркмана- Александр Сергеевич Пушкин, глава 10. http://www.proza.ru/2013/01/01/53.

243

erovnuli niSnis matarebelia igi v. kalinkinisaTvisac.10

Znelia dabejiTebiT imis mtkiceba, ra dgas am saxelis miRma, magram cxadia, rom

puSkini frangi baronis msaxurs SemTxveviT ar Searqmevda ivans, radgan rogorc m.

murianovi aRniSnavs, ,,daudevroba da gulmaviwyoba“ maincdamainc misi SerCevisas rom

gamoeCina, piesis ,,remarkebSi sxva personaJTa saxelebisagan gansxvavebiT ,,cametjer ar

gaiJRerebda~.11

amas arc T. Cxenkeli uaryofs, Tumca fiqrobs, rom piesis sxva personaJebisagan

gansxvavebiT msaxuris saxeli TargmanSi ar unda gadavides, radgan ,,roca pirwmindad

feodalur frangul garemocvaSi baronis msaxurs puSkini maincadamainc ivans arqmevs, es

istoriuli nonsensia; magram es ar aRiqmeba aseTad mxolod imis gamo, rom nawarmoebi

dawerilia ruseTSi didi rusi poetis mier. sxva enebze es, ra Tqma unda, uxerxulad

aJRerdeboda. da bolos, Tuki avtori Tavisi miznebis Sesaferisad wyvets

anTroponimikis sakiTxebs, mTargmnelsac aqvs ufleba, igive moimoqmedos im nawarmoebis

RirsebisaTvis, romelic axla ukve sxva enasa da sxva ers ekuTvnis“.12

msaxuris saxeli, ra Tqma unda, ar jdeba safrangeTis erovnul sazRvrebSi, magram

avtorma sxva anTroponimebis msgavsad masac garkveuli funqcia daakisra. amitom Sua

saukuneebis safrangeTSi personaJis rusuli saxeliT Semoyvana ufro avtoris nebaa da

erTgvari miniSnebaa imaze, rom siZunwis mankiereba da mama-Svils Soris konfliqti arc

ruseTisTvis iyo ucxo.

specialur literaturaSi (p. florenskis, iu. lotmanis, v. vino-gradovis, v.

girSmanis, n. vinogradovas da sxv. naSromebSi) personaJis saxeli mxatvruli nawarmoebis

erT-erT mniSvnelovan komponentad aris miCneuli da xazgasmulia misi roli personaJis

mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi, eTno Tu socio-fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis warmoCenaSi.

rogorc n. vinogradova aRniSnavs, personaJis saxelSi Tavmoyrilia iseTi mxatvruli

funqciebi, rogorebicaa ,,identifikacia, aRqmis erTianobis uzrunvelyofa, personaJis

daxasiaTeba, misi saxisa da nawarmoebis siuJetis formireba, nawarmoebis subieqtur-

obieqturi urTierTobebis, sivrcis, droisa da kompoziciuri organizaciis formireba,

interteqstualuri kavSirebis realizacia. imaze, Tu rogoraa gansazRvruli saxelis

wamyvani funqcia, bevradaa damokidebuli rogorc TviTon saxelis, ise personaJis saxisa

da mTlianad nawarmoebis interpretacia. saxelis mier Sesrulebuli funqciebi

nawarmoebis sxva saxelebTan urTierTqmedebaSi vlindeba“.13

swored aseT saxelTa ricxvs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT puSkiniseuli ivan, romelic

garkveul rols TamaSobs ara mxolod msaxuris mxatvruli saxis, aramed piesaSi

ganviTarebuli movlenebis warmoCenaSi.

marTalia, ,,Zunwi raindis“ Sua saukuneebis frangul kolorits, ZiriTadad, sxva

personaJTa saxelebi _ alberi, delorJi, klotilda, remoni, tibo qmnian, magram Tavisi

funqcia aqvs ivansac, romelsac erTgvari rusuli elferi Seaqvs piesaSi. amitom

aucilebelia misi araTu TargmanSi gadatana, aramed dedniseuli JReradobis

SenarCunebac. rac piesis qarTul TargmanTagan mxolod p. iaSviliseul TargmanSia

(1936) gaTvaliswinebuli, xolo r. erisTavisa (1899) da d. kesaSvilis TargmanebSi (1913)

10 Калинкин В. Поэтика онимов в Маленькой трагедии Пушкина Скупой рыцарь// Пушкин: Альманах. Магнитогорск: МаГУ, 2004. Вып. 4. стр. 57- 67. 11 Мурьянов М. К реальному комментарию ,,Скупого рыцаря“, Временник Пушкинской комиссии. 1969, Ленинград: Наука. 1971, стр.101-102 http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v71/v71-101-.htm. 12T. Cxenkeli. recenzia T. mRebriSvilis sadisertacio naSromze ,,a. puSkinis ,,mcire tragediebi“ qarTul Targmanebsa da saliteraturo kritikaSi“. 1990. gv. 2. T. mRebriSvilis piradi arqivi. 13 Виноградова Н. Имя персонажа в художественном тексте: Функционально-семантическая типология. Автореферат кандидатской диссертации. Тверь, 2001 - http://www.dissercat.com/content/imya-personazha-v-khudozhestvennom-tekste-funktsionalno-semanticheskaya-tipologiya.

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qarTulSi dadgenili normebis Tanaxmad, e daboloebiT (ivane) aris gadasuli. rac

Sexeba T. Cxenkeliseul usaxelo msaxurs, igi TiTqos met damajereblobas sZens piesis

frangul garemos, magram dakargulia mis saxelTan dakavSirebuli avtoriseuli

Canafiqri, misi ideur-mxatvruli daniSnuleba. Sesabamisad, saxes icvlis personaJi,

romlis sxva pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi dedanTan SesabamisobaSia, magram mTlianobaSi

puSkiniseul msaxurTan mainc daSorebuli _ mTargmnelis Sexedulebisamebr

koreqtirebuli da interpretirebuli. rac Teoriulad miuRebelia, radgan rogorc v.

komisarovi aRniSnavs, Targmanma srulfasovnad unda Caanacvlos originali rogorc

erTianobaSi, ise detalebSi da ganaxorcielos is amocanebi, ris gamoc Seiqmna

Targmani.14

g. wibaxaSvili pirdapir migviTiTebs, rom ,,avtori sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT

arCevs nawarmoebis Temas, Janrs, Sinaars, tipaJs, siuJets, stils, mocemulobas, saxeTa

sistemas, ideur mimarTulebas da sxva komponentebs. mTargmneli ki valdebulia

yvelaferi es maqsimaluri sisruliT asaxos TargmanSi. valdebulia, Tu is mTargmnelia

da ara gadamkeTebeli“. 15 amaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas l. bregaZec, romlis dakvirvebiT

,,yvela ver axerxebs gardasaxvas, saTargmneli mwerlis mxatvrul samyaroSi

gadasaxlebas, sakuTari enobriv-stilistikuri maneris droebiT daTrgunvas, rac saWiroa

imisaTvis, rom saTargmnel avtors Cveni gemovneba, Cveni stilistikuri Sexedulebebi ar

movaxvioT Tavs“.16 miT ufro Tu saqme puSkinis rangis avtors exeba.

albaT rigiTi mkiTxvelisTvis, gansjis sagani ar xdeba frangul yofaSi ivanis

saxeliT msaxuris Semoyvana. es mxolod TargmanmcodneTa dakvirvebis obieqtia.

mTargmneli Tu kritikosi, vinc ki puSkinis Semoqmedebas Sexebia, Taviseburad

cdilobda misi azrebis interpretacias, nebiT Tu uneblieT, raRacas azviadebda,

raRacas amartivebda, raTa Tavi didi rusi mgosnis Tanamoazred gamoecxadebina, Tavisi

ideebi misi avtoritetiT gaemyarebina. amis dadasturebaa m. murianovis versia da T.

Cxenkelis Targmani.

Tamar Mgebrishvili

On preserving character name Ivan in translation of A. Pushkin’s

The Covetous Knight

Summary

The paper deals with the analysis of a problem appearing during transfer of the only Russian anthroponym Ivan (Иван) in translation of Pushkin’s short tragedy The Covetous Knight. While determining the specific character of the name, M.Murianov’s, A. Shtarkman’s and V. Kalinkin’s views were taken into account. It has been suggested that by introducing the Baron’s servant with the Russian name in the medieval French circle the author indicates to the fact that viciousness of misery and conflict between father and son are not alien to Russia either. In connection with this T. Chkhenkeli’s viewpoint is also presented, namely, it is shown that for Georgian translator of The

14 Комиссаров В. Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты). Москва, 1990. стр. 233. 15 g. wibaxaSvili. Targmanis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 2000. gv. 15. 16 l. bregaZe. Targmani da originali. Tbilisi, 2014. gv. 91.

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Covetous Knight, the Russian name given to the French Baron by Pushkin is historical nonsense, which is not to be repeated in the translation, and this character must be rendered without name.

For the in-depth understanding of this issue the work focuses on the role of anthroponym in the creation of artistic image of the character, demonstration of his ethnic and socio-psychological characteristics and the name of the servant is considered to be that important component of the play which must reach the reader of the translation without loss in order to create an adequate impression of the source text not only concerning the character, but also the events developed in the composition.

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qeTevan nikolaZe, filologiis doqtori

okazionalizmebis Targmnis problema

xalxis ena da kultura Zalze mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. erTi

mxriv, ena erTgvarad asaxavs am enaze molaparake adamianebis azrovnebas, sinamdvilisad-

mi da samyarosadmi damokidebulebas da a.S. meore mxriv ki, swored mis irgvliv arse-

bul mikro Tu makro samyarosTan urTierTobiT uyalibdeba adamians samyaros sruliad

individualuri da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedva da interpretaciis unari. si-

namdvilis interpretacia yovelTvis im kulturiTaa anu istoriul-sazogadoebrivi kon-

teqstiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs; aseve istoriul-sazogadoebrivi

konteqstiTaa gansazRvruli is, Tu rogor gamoxatavs adamiani enis saSualebiT sinam-

dvilis miseul aRqmas. mokled rom vTqvaT, enaSi aisaxeba realobis Cveneuli aRqma da

ena aris saSualeba, romliTac samyaros Cveneul xedvas gadavcemT sxva adamianebs. ama

Tu im enaze laparaki an enis Seswavla, amave dros, niSnavs imas, rom enobrivi koleqti-

vis warmomadgeneli TandaTan iTvisebs enaSi damkvidrebul warmodgenebs, Sexedulebebs,

ganwyobebs.

sainteresoa, ra kavSirSia yovelive zemoTqmulTan Targmna? Tu gaviziarebT azrs

enisa da kulturis (farTo gagebiT) mWidro da urTierTqmediTi kavSiris Sesaxeb, Tar-

gmna SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc kulturuli da enobrivi emansipacia, romelic eW-

visQqveS ayenebs imas, rac miRebuli da damkvidrebulia enobriv koleqtivSi. Targmans Se-

uZlia enis sazRvrebis rRveva da gafarToeba, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi, ise enobri-

vi inovaciis kuTxiT da mTargmnels, Sesabamisad, uwevs ara mxolod enaTaSorisi, aramed

kulturaTaSorisi mediatoris rolis Sesruleba.

Tanamedrove tendenciebi TargmanmcodneobaSi

Targmanmcodneoba aris mecniereba Targmnisa da Targmanis Sesaxeb. is Tavisi ar-

siT fsiqolingvisturi da kognitur-fsiqologiuri xasiaTisaa da ikvlevs mTargmnelo-

biT process anu imas, Tu ra xdeba mTargmnelis TavSi Targmnis dros. meore mxriv, mec-

niereba Targmanis Sesaxeb ikvlevs Targmans anu mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis produqts;

rogorc vxedavT, mecnierebis es dargi rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli xasiaTisaa.

Targmanis Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris damokidebuleba ukve karga xania diskusi-

is sagania lingvistTa Soris. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul mosazrebaTa Soris yvelaze

sainteresod migvaCnia erT-erTi maTgani, romlis arsic mdgomarobs SemdegSi: Targmanis

Teoriis amocana ar unda iyos instruqciebisa da miTiTebebis gawera, romelze dayrdno-

biTac mTargmnelma unda warmarTos Targmnis procesi, arc iseTi koncefciebis SemuSave-

ba, romlebiTac yvela mTargmnelma unda ixelmZRvanelos. mTargmneli Tavisi Targmanebi-

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Ta da mTargmnelobiTi samuSaos Sesaxeb gakeTebuli komentarebiT gvawvdis empiriul ma-

salas, romlis gaaanalizeba, aRwera da axsna evaleba Targmanmcodnes. Targmanmcodneoba

ar aris normatiuli mecniereba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisi kvlevis obieqtis gansaz-

Rvris dros is ver cdeba normatiul regulaciebs, radgan uwevs sxvadasxva kiTxvaze pa-

suxis gacema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, romeli teqstebi miekuTvneba misi kvlevis sferos

da romeli _ ara.1 Tanamedrove TargmanmcodenobaSi Targmanisa da Targmnis bevri definicia arse-

bobs. Cven SevecdebiT, mokled mimovixiloT isini. a. g. oTingeris definicia statistiku-

ri xasiaTisaa, romelSic iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa teqsti da teqstis recipienti, sa-

erTod araa gaTvaliswinebuli. misTvis Targmna aris erTi enis niSnebis meore enis niS-

nebiT Canacvleba im pirobiT rom, am niSnebs Soris ekvivalentoba aris daculi 2 . i. c. qaTfordisa da h. vainrixis definiciebSi centraluri adgili teqsts uWiravs: mTargmne-

lobiTi saqmianobis dros xdeba ara calkeuli sityvebis, aramed winadadebebisa da teq-

stebis Targmna. Targmnis procesi unda mimdinareobdes ara sityvebis, aramed teqstis

doneze. e.i. Targmna komunikaciis konteqstSi unda ganvsazRvroT.3 v. vinTeriseul ganmar-

tebaSi Cndeba ara mxolod teqstis, aramed samyaros cnebac. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens

gareenobriv movlenas, romlic interpretaciac xdeba teqstis meSveobiT ama Tu im enis

specifikaze dayrdnobiT. anu aq ganmsazRvrelia enis struqturuli (sintaqsuri da seman-

tikuri) Taviseburebebi: `Targmna aris Cvens irgvliv da CvenSi arsebuli samyaros segmen-

tis interpretaciis, romelic teqstis saxiT arsebobs, Canacvleba meore, SeZlebisdagva-

rad ekvivalenturi, teqstiT”. 4 e. a. naida, romelic Targmnis procesisadmi lingvistur-

komunikaciuri midgomis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia, Targmans ganixilavs,

rogorc komunikaciis aqts, romlis drosac enis cvla, mxolod erT-erTi, magram mniS-

vnelovani faqtoria. yvelaze arsebiTi naidas SexedulebebSi aris ekvivalentobis ori

tipis gamoyofa: formalurad ekvivalenturi Targmani formisa da Sinaarsis Tvalsazri-

siT orientirebulia originalis enaze. dinamikuri ekvivalentobis dros ki _ saTargmn

enasa da Setyobinebis mimRebze. is, rom dinamikuri ekvivalentobis principis dros

xvedriTi wona mimRebze modis, kargad Cans im terminologiidanac, romelsac e. a. naida

iyenebs. is ar saubrobs saTargn enaze (sityvasityviT samizne ena target language), aramed _ mimRebis enaze (receptor language). Tu SevajamebT e. a. naidas Sexedulebebs, SegviZlia davas-

kvnaT, rom Targmani, erTi mxriv, orientirebuli unda iyos dedanze (mTargmnelis mova-

leobaa, pirvel rigSi, uzrunvelyos dednis Sinaarsis, meore rigSi ki, stilis gadmota-

na) da, meore mxriv, teqstis recipientis enaze ise, rom Targmanis enaSi mis mier SerCeu-

li enobrivi erTeuli ara mxolod zusti, aramed, amave dros, bunebrivic unda iyos. 5 v.

vilsisTvis `Targmna aris teqstis gadamuSavebisa da verbalizebis (formulirebis) pro-

cesi, romelsac dednidan SeZlebisadagvarad ekvivalentur Targmanamde mivyavarT da ro-

melic dednis Sinaarsobriv da stilur gagebas gulisxmobs. Targmna, Sesabamisad, or Zi-

riTad fazas moicavs: gagebis faza, romlis drosac mTargmneli dednis Sinaarssa da

stils aanalizebs da enobrivi rekonstruqciis faza, rodesac mTargmneli axdens Sina-

arsobrivi da stiluri TvalsazrisiT gaanalizebuli dednis reproduqcias komunikaciu-

1 W. Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2011, S. 7. 2 A. G. Oettinger. Automatic language translation. Lexical and technical aspects with particular reference to Russian. Cambridge, 1960, S. 104. 3 J. C. Catford. A linguistic theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965, 1. H. Weinrich. Ernlernbarkeit, Üersetzbarkeit, Formalisierbarkeit. Theorie und Empirie in der Sprachforschung. Basel, 1970, S. 5. 4 W. Winter. Impossibilities of translation. The Craft and Context of Translation. Austin/Texas, 1961, S. 68. 5 E. A. Nida . A. Science of translation. Language 45. Washington, 1969, S. 12.

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ri ekvivalentobis optimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT”. 6 g. iegeris azriT, Targmna mdgomare-

obs iseTi Targmanis momzadebaSi, romelic originalis ekvivalenturi iqneba komunikaci-

uri TvalsazrisiT7. Zalian saintereso Sexedulebas vawydebiT m. vaneremisa da m. snel-

hornbis naSromSi. isini Targmnis process ganixilaven mTargmnelis perspeqtividan, rome-

lic, pirvel rigSi, teqstis gagebiT da Semdeg producirebiT aris dakavebuli. Targmnis

procesi or fazas moicavs: pirvel fazaSi (analizi) mTargmneli Seiswavlis enobriv ma-

salas anu teqsts Tavisi lingvisturi komponentebiT (frames), romelic dednis mkiTxvel-

Si garkveul asociaciebs iwvevs (scenes). meore fazaSi (sinTezi) mTargmneli eZebs enob-

riv masalas saTargmn enaze (frames), romelic Targmanis mkiTxvelSi `sasurvel~ asocia-

cias (scenes) gamoiwvevs. 8 (terminebi scenes da frames sakmaod gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove

TargmanmcodneobaSi. scenes aRniSnavs asociacias, romelsac esa Tu is sityva an cneba

enis momxmarebelSi iwvevs _ asociacia, rogorc wesi, efuZneba enis momxmareblis codnas

samyaros Sesaxeb; am asociaciis gamomwvev mizezs, romelSidac, Cveulebriv, esa Tu is

teqsti igulisxmeba, frames ewodeba.) Tu SevajamebT zemoT mocemul definiciebs, Zneli SesamCnevi ar iqneba, rom arc

erTi maTgani ar aris wminda deskrifciuli xasiaTis. yvela maTgani Seicavs normatiul

elements anu yvela definiciaSi naTqvamia ara mxolod is, Tu ras warmoadgens mTargmne-

lobiTi saqmianoba, aramed rogori unda iyos is. normatiul aspeqts moicavs, magaliTad,

ekvivalentobis cneba. garda amisa, ganmartebebSi yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli sakiTxebze,

romlebic Targmnis procesSi garkveul rols TamaSoben. esenia: dedani, Targmani, teq-

sti, Sinaarsi, stili, teqstis recipienti da a.S.

Tanamedrove Targmanmcodneoba Tavisi definiciebisTvis xSirad iyenebs modelis

saxis grafikul saSualebebs. saerTod, verbaluri ganmarteba xSirad rTuli da araT-

valsaCinoa, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca masSi ori an meti faqtori Tu pirobaa integ-

rirebuli. modelebis funqciaa, asaRweri fenomenis mniSvnelovani elementebis abstraq-

tuli, magram amave dros, TvalsaCino formiT warmodgena. Targmanis modelebi, iseve ro-

gorc definiciebi, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian TavianTi kompleqsurobiTa da mTargmne-

lobiTi saqmianobisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba-argaTvaliswinebiT.

arsebobs enobriv niSnebze orientirebuli modeli, romelic didwilad a. g. oTin-

geris Sexedulebas emTxveva. am modelis Tanaxmad, Targmnis procesSi xdeba dednis enis

niSanTa gardaqmna saTargmni enis niSnebad interlingvisturad mudmivi (ucvleli) sidi-

dis safuZvelze, romelic dednis enasa da Targmanis enaSi gansxvavebulad aRiniSneba. am

modelis nakli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Targmnis dros xdeba ara damoukideblad arsebu-

li niSnebis anu sityvebis Targmna, aramed (kon)teqstSi mocemuli sityvebis Targmna.

modelebSi, romlebic generatiuli transformaciis gramatikis farglebSi Seimu-

Saves, Targmna ganixileba, rogorc analizisa da sinTezis procesi. Tumca amaSi ar igu-

lisxmeba Targmnis procesis mkacri formalur-sintaqsuri aRwera, aramed intuiciaze da-

fuZnebuli ukutransformacia, romelic am modelis SemqmnelTa azriT, imeorebs Tar-

gmnis dros mTargmnelis TavSi warmarTul process. es ukanaskneli, maTi varaudiT, Sem-

degnairad unda gamoiyurebodes: Tavdapirvelad xdeba dednis enis rTuli zedapiruli

struqturis dayvana ufro martiv zedapirul struqturamde, romelic saTargmn enaze

gardaiqmneba jer martiv struqturad, xolo Semdeg _ teqstad. aRniSnul models Tavisi

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs. mis naklad unda CaiTvalos is, rom gadaumowmebe-

6 W. Wills. Zur Produktion und Rezeption sprachlicher Zeichen. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik. Band 13, Heft 3, 2009, S. 72. 7 G. Jäger. Translation und Translationslinguistik. Halle, 1975, S. 36. 8 M. Vannerem.M. Snell-Hornby. Die Szene hinter dem Text: „scenes-and-frames semantics“ in der Übersetzung. Übersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung. Tübingen, 1986, S. 189.

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lia da Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs is, Tu ra xdeba mTargmnelis TavSi Targmnis dros,

Tumca kargi isaa, rom rekonstruqciis da sinTezis procesi sakmaod mkacrad kontrol-

deba: elementaruli struqturebis ufro rTuli struqturebiT Canacvlebis dros xdeba

maTi stiluri damuSaveba ise, rom isini optimalurad aRweven Targmanis mkiTxvelamde.

models, romelic e.w. translaciur lingvistikaSi SeimuSaves, safuZvlad daedo

Setyobinebebis teqnikasa da informaciis TeoriaSi gamoyenebuli cnebebi da terminebi _

kodi da kodis Secvla. kodSi igulisxmeba sakomunikacio arxis niSanTa erToblioba da

am niSanTa Soris kavSiris maregulirebeli meqanizmi. niSanTa erToblioba lingvistika-

Si moiazreba rogorc enis leqsikuri maragi, xolo maT Soris kavSiris maregulirebeli

meqanizmi rogorc sintaqsi. enobrivi komunikaciis dros kodi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom

gamgzavnma moaxdinos informaciis kodireba, xolo mimRebma, romelic imave kodis mflo-

belia, Setyobinebis dekodirebis Sedegad SeZlos Sesabamisi informaciis miReba. Tumca

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianuri komunikacia bevrad ufro rTulia: 1. uSualo komu-

nikaciis dros kiTxva-pasuxi ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed aucilebelic aris. amitom

aq komunikatori SeiZleba erTsa da imave dros gamgzavnic iyos da mimRebic:. 2. garda

amisa, adamianuri komunikacia yovelTvis romelime socialur konteqstSi mimdinareobs,

sadac garkveul rols TamaSobs mosaubris/mesmenelis gamocdileba da ganaTlebis done,

socio-kulturuli da ekonomikuri baza, komunikatorebis socialuri rolebi, sivrcob-

riv-droiTi situaciuri konteqsti da a.S. 3. niSanTa repertuari xanadaxan erTsa da imave

enaze molaparakeTaTvisac ki ar aris identuri. rogorc viciT, erT enobriv koleqtivSi

ori adamianic ki ar arsebobs, erTsa da imave sityvasTan zustad erTi da imave mniSvne-

lobas an asociacias rom akavSirebdes. 4. adamianTa komunikaciis mizani ar aris mxolod

informaciis gadacema, aramed misi Sefasebac. enas aseve iyeneben aseve kontaqtis dasamya-

reblad, brZanebebisa da gankargulebebis gasacemad, kiTxvebis dasasmelad da a.S. enas

aseve SeiZleba qondes wminda esTetikuri funqcia (mag., mxatvrul literaturaSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT _ poeziaSi).

rac Seexeba mTargmnelis rols mTel am procesSi, is Suamavalia gamgzavnsa da

mimRebs Soris da axorcielebs kodis cvlas. misi movaleobaa, kodis Secvlis miuxeda-

vad, SeZlos teqstis Sinaarsis, rogorc invariantis, SenarCuneba. Targmanis komunikacias

sam fazad yofen: 1. komunikacia gamgzavnsa da mTargmnels Soris, romelic warmoadgens

originalis teqstis mimRebs; 2. gadasvla dednis enidan Targmanis enaze, romelsac axor-

cielebs mTargmneli; 3. komunikacia mTargmnelsa da saTargmn enaze molaparake mimRebs

Soris. am modelis nakli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is ver akmayofilebs Targmanis komuni-

kaciis specifikas da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis kompleqsur xasiaTs. es gansakuTrebiT

exeba mTargmnels, romlis rolic, am modelis Tanaxmad, mxolod kodis SecvliT gani-

sazRvreba. garda amisa, mTargmneli sul sxva tipis mimRebia, vidre originalis teqstis

„Cveulebrivi“ mimRebi. is, rogorc dednis enis, am enaze molaparakeTa kulturis da teq-

stSi warmodgenili samyaros met-naklebad mcodne, dedans sul sxvagvarad aRiqvams, vid-

re Targmanis mkiTxveli, romelsac Sexeba mxolod TargmanTan aqvs. mTargmneli sruliad

sxva tipis gamgzavnia, vidre originalis avtori. mTargmneli qmnis ara produqcias, ara-

med reproduqcias anu produqtiuli aspeqti aq daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSia.

daskvnis saxiT gvsurs vTqvaT Semdegi: Cveni azriT, Zalian kargia, Targmnisa da

Targmanis Sesaxeb amdeni erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli definicia rom arsebobs. mTar-

gmneli yvela maTgans unda icnobdes, radgan Tavisi miznebidan gamomdinare mas SeuZlia

yvela maTganSi ipovos WeSmaritebis patara marcvali (mag. Tu mTargmnelis mizania, rac

SeiZleba mokle droSi, miawodos dainteresebul pirs romelime eleqtronuli xelsaw-

yos moxmarebis insrtuqcia, maSin is sxva xerxs mimarTavs, vidre mTargneli, romelic

muSaobs prozauli Tu poeturi nawarmoebis mxatvrul Targmanze. am ukanasknelisaTvis,

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rasakvirvelia, mniSvnelovani iqneba ekvivalentobis miRweva ara mxolod denotaciur

doneze). rac Seexeba Cvens pirad mosazrebas, is Semdegnairad SegviZlia CamovayaliboT:

imisaTvis, raTa mTargmnelma Seqmnas maRali xarisxis Targmani, misi mizani unda iyos,

dednisa da Targmanis teqstebs Soris daamyaros dinamikuri ekvivalentoba, rac imTaviT-

ve gamoricxavs ekvivalentobas iseTi mcire enobrivi elementebis doneze, rogoricaa

sityvebi, sintagmebi Tu winadadebebi. (gamoricxavs ara imitom, rom es sasurveli ar

aris, aramed imitom, rom es SeuZlebelia TviT struqturulad erTmaneTTan yvelaze ax-

lo mdgomi enebis pirobebSic ki.) garda amisa, ekvivalentoba mcire enobrivi elementebis

doneze sulac ar aris teqstebs Soris dinamikuri ekvivalentobis uzrunvelyofis ga-

ranti, radgan teqsti ar warmodgens mxolod enobrivi saSualebebis erTobas; masSi asa-

xulia da masze gavlenas axdnen gareenobrivi faqtorebic. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

esa Tu is teqsti enobriv koleqtivSi ar arsebobs izolirebulad, is Tanarsebobs sxva

teqstebTan erTad da Seqmnilia enobrivi individis mier, romlis azrovnebac da, Sesaba-

misad, enac determinirebulia konkretuli kulturuli garemoTi (am sityvis farTo ga-

gebiT). anu teqsti atarebs, rogorc misi avtoris individualur, ise avtoris mSobliuri

kulturis maxasiaTeblebs. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mTargmnelisTvis amosa-

vali wertili unda iyos teqsti, rogorc individualuri da kulturuli fenomeni da

misi upirvelesi amocana saTargmn enaze imave Rirebulebis mqone teqstis SeqmnaSi unda

mdgomareobdes.

mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis faqtorebi da pirobebi

Targmanis mkiTxveli da misi molodini Targmanisadmi

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic unda gaviTvaliswinoT mTargmnelo-

biTi saqmianobis dros, aris Targmanis mkiTxveli da misi molodini Targmanisadmi.

avtoris mier teqstisGgaTvla mkiTxvelze da is, Tu ras elodeba es am ukanaskne-

li teqstisagan, ormxrivi da urTierTqmediTi procesia: mkiTxvelis molodini garkveul

zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra saxis teqsts Seqmnis avtori; teqstic, Tavis mxriv, gan-

sazRvravs mkiTxvelis molodins, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom xdeba am molodinis mTlia-

nad an nawilobriv dakmayofileba an misi gacrueba. sxvadasxva Janris teqsti sxvadasxva

xarisxiT aris gaTvlili mkiTxvelze: stilurad neitraluri teqstebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZ-

leba moxdes molodinis sruli dakmayofileba, normidan gadaxrili teqstebis SemTxve-

vaSi ki _ ara;

aRsaniSnavia aseve is garemoeba, rom dednisa da Targmanis mkiTxvels gansxvave-

bul pirobebSi uwevT teqstTan urTierToba. Targmanis mkiTxveli ecnoba teqsts, rome-

lic sruliad sxva enobriv samyaros miekuTvneba, radgan masSi saTargmni enis enobriv-

stiluri saSualebebia gamoyenebuli. garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sa-

Targmn enaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT arseboben originaluri nawarmoebebi da erTi da imave

enidan an sxvadasxva enidan Sesrulebuli Targmanebi, romlebic amkvidreben axali Tar-

gmanebis Seqmnisa da recepciis normebs.

Tu movaxdenT mimRebis molodinis diferenciacias Targmanis perspeqtividan, aq

eqvsi aspeqti unda gamovyoT:

1. Tematuri sfero,

2. makroagebuleba,

3. mikroagebuleba,

4. teqstis funqcia,

5. enobriv-stiluri gaformeba,

251

6. teqstis gageba da interpretacia.9 Tu ra Temas exeba teqsti, amis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelma misi saTauridan da teqstis

Janridan gamomdinare SeuZlia daaskvnas. Tumca Tematur-Sinaarsobrivma aspeqtma SesaZ-

loa zogjer ukana planze gadainacvlos. es gansakuTrebiT exeba poetur teqstebs, rom-

lebSic esTetikuri da vizualuri mxare (konkretuli poezia) xandaxan ufro relevantu-

ri aRmoCndeba xolme. teqstis Tematur mxaresTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos kidev er-

Ti garemoeba _ arcTu ise iSviaTad mTargmneli metismetad ereva teqstis SinaarsSi. saq-

me SeiZleba ise Sors wavides, rom mTargmnelma dednidan mTeli pasaJi amoiRos, radgan

es ukanaskneli saTargmni enis kulturaSi miRebul politikur, ideologiur Tu mora-

lur normebs ewinaaRmdegeba. aq dgeba sakiTxi, principulad unda uarvyoT Tu ara mTar-

gmnelis Careva teqstis SinaarsSi, razec erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis gacema Wirs. saqme is

aris, rom Targmanis aRqma konkretul socio-kulturul garemoSi xdeba, romelic gan-

sxvavdeba im socio-kulturuli garemosagan, sadac originali Seiqmna. Sesabamisad, ori-

ginalis mkiTxvelisa da Targmanis mkiTxvelis zogadi codna Tu teqstis gagebis winapi-

robebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. xSirad originalSi impliciturad Cadebuli infor-

macia, romelic aRniSnul kulturaSi TavisTavad cxadia da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis na-

wils warmoadgens, TargmanSi eqspliciturad unda gamoixatos. aseT SemTxvevaSi mTar-

gmneli teqsts urTavs komentarebs da amgvarad cdilobs Seavsos mkiTxvelis codnis de-

ficiti.

rac Seexeba makroagebulebas, rogorc viciT, teqstis agebisas avtori met-nakle-

bad emorCileba im wesebs, romlebic ama Tu im Janris teqstis struqturirebisaTvis aris

aucilebeli. mkacrad dadgenili wesebi arsebobs miznobrivi teqstebisa da specteqstebi-

saTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mecnierul-teqnikuri teqsti, biografia, instruqcia, gan-

cxadeba, horoskopi, sagazeTo statia da a.S. Tumca literaturuli teqstebic eqvemdeba-

reba teqstis agebis garkveul principebs. gavixsenoT Tundac deteqtiuri romani, zRapa-

ri, aforizmi, soneti. teqstis agebis wesebi xSirad gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveyanasa

da kulturaSi da xandaxan erTi kulturis miznobrvi teqstebis farglebSic. aRsaniSna-

via isic, rom drosTan erTad icvleba teqstis agebisa da struqturirebis modelebic.

Targmnis dros Cndeba kiTxva, unda moargos Tu ara an ramdenad unda moargos mTar-

gmnelma Targmani saTargmn enaSi arsebul normebs, aqvs Tu ara ufleba mTargmnels, Sec-

valos teqstis agebuleba da struqtura da a.S.

Semdegi punqti _ teqstis mikroagebuleba gulisxmobs misi siRrmiseuli da

struqturis bmis saSualebebs, romlebic mTargmnelma ise unda gadmoitanos saTargmn

enaze, rom mkiTxvels problemebi ar Seeqmnas teqstis gagebis dros. problema Tavs iCens

maSin, roca originalis avtors teqsti gaTvlili aqvs originalis mkiTxvelis iseT zo-

gad Tu yoveldRiur codnaze, romelic saTargmni enis mkiTxvels ar gaaCnia. originalis

avtorma SeiZleba bevri rame ar Tqvas, „igulisxmos“, rac gaugebari darCeba Targmanis

mkiTxvelisaTvis. am dros mTargmneli dgas sakmaod mniSvnelovani amocanis winaSe, teq-

stis implicituri infomacia gaxados eqsplicituri, raTa teqsti gasagebi gaxdes Tar-

gmanis mkiTxvelisaTvisac.

rac Seexeba teqstis funqcias, unda aRiniSnos, rom ganasxvaveben teqstis pirve-

lad da meorad funqciebs10. mag., poetur teqstebs ara mxolod esTetikuri funqcia gaaC-

niaT, aramed xSirad sainformacio da (an) persuasiulic. h. rosipali am movlenas uwo-

9 W. Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2011, S. 107. 10 W. Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2011, S. 11, 114.

252

debs „enebi enaSi“. 11 aqedan gamomdinare, ganasxvaveben samecniero, politikur, sareklamo

da a.S. enebs. yvela am enas aqvs gansxvavebuli funqcia, rac maTSi gamoyenebul gamomsax-

velobiT saSualebebzec aisaxeba. magaliTad, eqspresiuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi samec-

niero-teqnikur teqstebSi, rogorc weri, ar ixmareba. specialuri terminologia, marTa-

lia, literaturul teqstebSic SeiZleba Segvxvdes, magram isini ZiriTadad mainc spec-

teqstebSi gamoiyeneba da a.S. teqstis funqciebTan dakavSirebiT mTargmneli Semdegi

problemebis winaSe dgas:

• originalSi miakvlios pirvelad da meorad funqciebs;

• daadginos, savaldebuloa an SesaZlebelia Tu ara TargmanSi am ierarqiis

SenarCuneba;

• gamoikvlios, saTargmn enaSi romeli Janris teqstSi romeli enobriv-sti-

luri saSualebebi gamoiyeneba.

Semdegi punqti _ teqstis enobriv-stiluri gaformeba, sakmaod mniSvnelovani sa-

kiTxia. sxvadasxva Janris teqstebisaTvis sxvadasxva funqcionaluri stilis gamoyenebaa

saWiro. gansxvavebuli funqcionaluri stili niSnavs stiluri elementebis/saSualebebis

gansxvavebul arCevans, kombinacias da gamoyenebis sixSires. mTargmnelis movaleobaa,

originalis enobriv da stilur elementebs Seuxamos iseTi elementebi, romlebic sa-

Targmn enaSi Sesabamisi funqcionluri stilis enobriv da stilur elementebs Seesabame-

bian.

bolo da sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakiTxia teqstis gageba da interpretacia. mkiT-

xveli nebismieri teqstis kiTxvas iwyebs im imediT, rom mas gaigebs anu SeZlebs sakuTa-

ri codnaze dayrdnobiT teqstidan informaciis mopovebas. mecnieruli teqstisagan ama

Tu im sferos specialisti elodeba, rom mas teqstis gagebaSi xels ar SeuSlis azris

xatovani gamoxatva da sityvebis polisemiuroba. piriqiT, samecniero terminebis gamoyene-

bam unda gamoricxos orazrovneba da gaurkvevloba. literaturuli teqstebis SemTxveva-

Sic elodeba mkiTxveli, rom is maT (trivialuri TvalsazrisiT mainc) gaigebs. Tumca

mecnieruli teqstebisagan gansxvavebiT, literaturuli teqstebi swored imiT gamoirCe-

vian, rom mravalgvari interpretaciis saSualebas iZlevian. yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiT-

xva, romelic aseT dros mTargmnels uCndeba, aris is, Tu am interpretaciebidan romeli

Seesabameba originalis intencias da romeli _ ara. amis gasarkvevad mTargmnels SeuZ-

lia Caataros dednis analizi, romelic teqstis sazrisis dadgenas emsaxureba. rasakvir-

velia, es kvleva verasodes iqneba absoluturad obieqturi, radgan teqstis interpreta-

cia yovelTvis aris Sedegi, erTi mxriv, teqstis avtoris intenciisa da, meore mxriv, im

situaciisa Tu istoriuli epoqisa, romelSic mkiTxveli anu mTargmneli teqsts ecnoba.

Targmnadobis, invariantisa da ekvivalentobis problema

sakiTxi, romelic Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi xangrZlivi da cxare diskusiis sa-

gans warmoadgenda da warmoadgens, aris Targmnis Teoriuli da praqtikuli SesaZleb-

loba/SeuZleblobis problema. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs pasuxTa far-

To speqtri, sadac warmodgenilia absoluturad urTierTsawinaaRmdego da urTierTga-

momricxavi Sexedulebebi: erTni saubroben Targmnaze, rogorc principulad SeuZlebeli

amocanaze, meoreni Targmans SeuZleblad miiCneven garkveuli Janris teqstebisaTvis, me-

11 H. Rossipal. Konnotationsbereiche, Stiloppositionen und die sogenannten „Sprachen“ in der Sprache.Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 4, 1973, S. 15.

253

same jgufs miaCnia, rom Targmnas eqvmdebareba mxolod teqstis racionaluri komponen-

tebi anu denotaciuri mniSvneloba.

Cven zemoT vimsjeleT kulturisa da enis mWidro urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. am

urTierTkavSirs bevri mecniereba ikvlevda da ikvlevs. esenia filosofia, fsiqologia,

antropologia, eTnologia, lingvistika da a.S. Targmanmcodneoba kulturas aigivebs ko-

munikaciur konteqstTan da erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs komunikaciur konteqstebs, ro-

melSic dedania warmodgenili da romelSidac Targmania warmodgenili. Tu dednisa da

Targmanis enis komunikaciuri konteqstebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, maSin saubroben Targmnis

absoluturi SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. Tu dednis enisa da saTargmni enis komunikaciuri

konteqstebi aranair msgavsebas ar avlenen. am dros dgeba Targmnis absoluturi SeuZ-

leblobis problema, xolo dednisa da saTargmni enis komunikaciuri konteqstebis nawi-

lobriv Tanxvedris SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs nawilobrivi Targmnadobis problemasTan 12 . sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom v. koleri eWvqveS ayenebs mosazrebas Targmnis absolutu-

ri SesaZleblobis da SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb da gvTavazobs fardobiTi Targmnadobis

Tezas (relative Übersetzbarkeit), romelic warmoadgens Sualedur Sexedulebas Targmnadobis

Sesaxeb arsebul or eqstremalur mosazrebas Soris. esenia Targmnadobis racionalis-

turi xedva da Sinaarsze orientirebuli gramatikis warmomadgenelTa xedva Targmnis

SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. pirvelni aviTareben azrs, rom, Tu yvelaferi, risi gafiqrebac

adamians SeuZlia, SeiZleba enis meSveobiT gamoixatos, maSin principulad SesaZlebeli

unda iyos isic, rom is, rac erT enaSi gamoixateba, meore enaSi Targmnas daeqvemdebare-

ba; meoreni ki fiqroben, rom enobrivi koleqtivis warmomadgenelTa mier sinamdvilis aR-

qma met-naklebad determinirebulia enis struqturiT, enebi ki, maTi arsidan gamomdinare,

ar eqvemdebarebian Targmans (am azrs iziareben l. vaisgerberi, b. l. vorfi da a.S).

fardobiTi Targmnadoba Semdeg principebs emyareba:

1. warmatebuli komunikacia Targmanebis meSveobiT, TviT enebs Soris didi gasxva-

vebis pirobebSic ki, niSania imisa, rom adamianuri ena bevrad ufro moqnili, dinamikuri

da mravalSriania, vidre es warmogvidgenia. aseve dinamikuria enas, sinamdvilesa da si-

namdvilis aRqmas Soris damokidebuleba: drosTan erTad icvleba kultura, komunikaci-

is pirobebi, enis gamoyeneba. yvela Targmani garkveulwilad cvlis rogorc saTargmn

enas, ise saTargmni enis komunikaciur pirobebs da rac ufro didia gansxvaveba ori enis

kulturebs Soris, miT ufro mouwevs enas Tavisi dinamikuri da cvalebadi xasiaTis ga-

movlena.

2. or enas Soris gansxvavebebi SeiZleba daiZlios sworedac rom enis meSveobiT.

am dros enas SeuZlia gamoiyenos Tavisi komunikaciuri Tu metakomunikaciuri funqciebi:

magaliTad, sqolioSi Catanili komentarebis, wina - Tu bolosityvaobis, teqstSi CarTu-

li SeniSvnebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia Znelad saTargmni sityvebisa da cnebebis, aseve

konotaciuri mniSvnelobebis ganmarteba.

3. marTalia, ena kulturulad ganpirobebuli fenomenia da is garkveulwilad

gansazRvravs eris azrovnebas, magram isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom adamianur azrovne-

bas enisgan damoukidebeli universaluri xasiaTic aqvs, ramac unda uzrunvelyos ori

enis warmomadgenelTa Soris komunikaciuri urTierToba.

4. is mosazreba, rom ena aris mTlianad kulturulad ganpirobebuli fenomeni

aris, SegviZlia gavabaTiloT im argumentiT, rom erTsa da imave enaze SeiZleba sxvadas-

xva kulturul garemoSic laparakobdnen (mag. SegviZlia gavixsenoT safrangeTisa da in-

glisis yofili koloniebi). garda amisa, mTargmnelobiTi praqtika gviCvenebs, rom Tar-

12 W. Kolle. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2011, S. 166.

254

gmnis procesi kulturulad Tu struqturulad msgavs enebs Soris araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar aris ufro martivi, vidre am TvalsazrisiT gasxvavebul enebs Soris.

5. principuli uTargmnelobis Tezis gasamyareblad magaliTis saxiT xSirad moh-

yavT calkeuli, e.w. uTargmneli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi. aseTebi marTlac arseboben, mag-

ram isini gamoiyenebian ara izolirebulad, aramed yovelTvis sxva sityvebTan erTad

garkveul komunikaciur situaciaSi. MmTargmenlis movaleoba ara calkeuli sityvebis,

aramed teqstis Targmnaa. amasTanave, iseve rogorc teqstis gageba ar SeiZleba iyos ab-

soluturi (Tundac mSobliur enaze), aramed mxolod cvalebadi (progresirebadi) da Se-

darebiTi, aseve teqstis Targmnadobac fardobiTi cnebaa.

meore sakiTxi, romelsac SevexebiT, es aris invariantis cneba, romelsac m. Srai-

beri Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `Targmani, upirveles yovlisa, invariantis arsebobis au-

cileblobas efuZneba e.i. aucileblobas dednis garkveuli niSnebis SenarCunebisa~. 13 is

Targmanis or tips gamoyofs: pirveli, romelSic Sidateqsturi invarianti (Sinaarsi da

forma) dgas wina planze da meore, romelSidac upiratesoba gareteqstur invariants

(mag. mxatvrul efeqts) eniWeba upiratesoba. sainteresoa, rom is saubrobs invariantis

SenarCunebis sirTuleebze sxvadasxva enobriv doneze da gvTavazobs sirTuleebis gadaW-

ris gzebsac. es doneebia: 1. fonetika da fonologia (aq igulisxmeba xmabaZviTi sityve-

bi, leqsis riTma da a.S.), 2. grafemika (aq erTiandeba tipografia, garegnuli forma, rom-

lebic zogierTi Janris teqstebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, aseve sakuTari saxele-

bis transliteracia, sasveni niSnebis dasma da a.S.) 3. morfologia, 4. sityvawarmoeba (aq

Semodis CvenTvis saintereso okazionalizmebi), 5. leqsikuri semantika (aq igulisxmeba

sxvadasxva enaSi gareenobrivi realobis gansxvavebuli semantikuri Sefaseba, aseve kul-

turuli sxvaobebi, metafora, sityvaTa TamaSi da a.S.), 6. onomastika, 7. sintaqsi, 8. teq-

stis lingvistika da pragmatika, 9. enis àrqiteqtura” (regionaluri, socialuri da si-

tuaciuri variaciebi) da 10. Sorisdebulebi.14 u. eko Sidateqstur da gareteqstur inva-

riantebs moixseniebs terminebiT ènobrivi” da `gareenobrivi fenomenebi”.15 Targmnadobisa da invariantis cnebebTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Targmanis

ekvivalentobis cneba. i. albrexti am ukanasknelis ganmartebis dros xazs usvams erT

mniSvnelovan garemoebas, rom èkvivalentoba ar niSnavs identurobas, aramed tolfaso-

bas (Tanabarfasianobas)” 16 (misi azriT, identurobas invariantis cneba moicavs). nivTebis

an movlenebis tolfasoba gulisxmobs, magaliTad, imas, rom identuria maTi erTi an

ramdenime, konkretul situaciaSi relevanturi niSan-Tviseba da ara TviTon sagnebi an

movlenebi.

dednisa da Targmanis identuroba imTaviTve gamoricxulia im garemoebebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, rom mTargnelobiTi saqmianobis dros saqme gvaqvs (minimum) ori gansxvave-

bul enasa da kulturasTan. swored amis gamo saWiroa ekvivalentobis cnebis ufro far-

To speqtrSi moazreba, rasac akeTeben q. raisi da h. i. vermeeri: èkvivalentoba aris de-

dansa da Targmans Soris iseTi damokidebuleba, romelsac Sesabamis kulturaSi SeuZ-

lia imave xarisxis komunikaciuri funqciis Sesruleba“. 17 TiTqmis imaves imeorebs g. vo-

tiaki: saTargmn enaze Seqmnili teqsti maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos Targmanad, Tu is ori-

ginalis ekvivalenturia komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT. e.i. roca mas msgavsi an, rogorc

minimum, TiTqmis igive kongruentuli komunikaciuri Rirebuleba gaaCnia, rogorc dednis

13 M. Schreiber. Grundlagen der Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2006, S. 12. 14 M. Schreiber. Grundlagen der Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2006, S. 74. 15 U. Eco.Quasi dasselbe mit anderen Worten. Über das Übersetzen. München Wien, 2006, S. 303. 16 J. Albrecht.Übersetzung und Linguistik. Grundlagen der Überstzungsforschung II.Tübingen, 2013, S. 33. 17 K. Reiß.Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen, 1984, S. 139.

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teqsts18. e. a. naida ganasxvavebs ekvivalentobis or tips: formaluri da dinamikuri ekvi-

valentoba: formaluri ekvivalentobis dros mTargmneli maqsimalurad aris orientire-

buli dednis teqstze da cdilobs maqsimaluri sizustiT gadmosces dednis teqstis ze-

dapiruli struqturis elementebi. dinamikuri ekvivalentoba gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu

mTargmneli Targmans ise argebs saTargmni enis kulturul garemos, rom dednis Setyo-

bineba ar ikargeba da saTargmn enaze identuri efeqti miiRweva. formaluri Sesatyviso-

ba, rogorc wesi, ar aris sakmarisi, rom dednis teqstis Setyobineba adekvaturad gadmo-

ices saTargmni enis (gansxvavebul) kulturul garemoSi. amitomac e.a. niadas ufro mniS-

vnelovnad miaCnia dinamikuri ekvivalentobis miRweva, romlis warmatebuli realizaciac

dednis da saTargmn enaze komunikaciuri efeqtis identurobaSi gamoixateba.19 v. koleri gvTavazobs erTgvar Skalas, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia gadava-

mowmoT, arian Tu ara dedani da Targmani erTmaneTis ekvivalenturebi da ra saxis ekvi-

valentobaa TargmanSi warmodgenili. kerZod, is ganasxvavebs xuT SemTxvevas:

1. denotaciuri ekvivalentoba, romelic orientirebulia teqstSi gareenobrivi

movlenebis gadmocemaze;

2. konotaciuri ekvivalentoba, romlis drosac mTavaria iseTi kategoriebis gad-

motana, rogoricaa, stili, socioleqturi da geografiuli elementebi;

3. teqstualur-normatiuli ekvivalentoba, romlis drosac mTavaria teqstis ama

Tu im Janris specifikuri elemetebis gadmocema;

4. pragmatuli ekvivalentoba, romelic teqstis mimRebze aris mimarTuli;

5. da formalur-esTetikuri ekvivalentoba, romelis orientirebulia dednis es-

Tetikur, formalur da individualisturi Tvisebebis gadmocemaze.20

rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia ekvivalentobis yvela am saxeobis SenarCuneba da

gadmotana TargmanSi. mTargmnels mouwevs, miiRos gadawyvetileba erTi da ramdenime in-

variantis sasargeblod. aseT SemTxvevaSi i. albrexti sasargeblod miiCnevs erTgvar ie-

rarqiul Skalas, romelic SemuSavebul iqneba ama Tu im teqstSi invariantebis mniSvne-

lobis gaTvaliswinebiT, radgan mTargmnelma `kargad icis, rom yvelafris erTad Senar-

Cuneba SeuZlebelia”.21

mxatvruli teqstebis Targmna

teqstis lingvistikaSi teqstebis diferenciaciis uamravi mcdeloba arsebobs,

Tumca Cven amjerad es sakiTxi Targmanmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT gvainterebs. v. koleri

ganasxvavebs teqstebis or ZiriTad saxeobas: mxatvruli da specialuri teqstebi. 22 es,

rasakvirvelia, Zalze zogadi diferenciaciaa da Tu sxva kriteriumebsac moviSveliebT,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, lingvisturi, komunikaciuri, mxatvrul-esTetikuri da a.S. SesaZ-

lebelia sxva jgufebis gamoyofac.

18 G. Wotjak. Äquivalenz, Entsprechungstypen und Techniken der Übersetzung. Äquivalenz bei der Translation. Leipzig, 1982, S. 113. 19 E. A. Nida.Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bibel translating. Leidenl, 1964, S. 158. 20 W. Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2011, S. 219. 21 J. Albrecht. Literarische Übersetzung. Geschichte. Theorie. Kulturelle Wirkung. Darmstadt, 1998, S. 266. 22 W. Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft. Tübingen, 2011, S. 278.

256

Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgenen mxatvruli teqstebi, romlebSic, specialuri

teqstebisagan gansxvebiT, realobis gansakuTrebuli, specifiuri xedva anu sruliad in-

dividualisturi samyaroa warmodgenili. pirveli, rac mTargmnelma unda gaiTvaliswi-

nos, swored es aspeqtia _ mas absoluturad sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba unda hqon-

des mxatvrul da specalur teqstebSi asaxel realobasTan. Tu specialuri teqstis

mTargmneli teqstSi gadmocemul informaciasa da sinamdviles Soris garkveul winaaR-

mdegobas waawydeba, misi movaleobaa, teqsti gaasworos. amas ver gaakeTebs mxatvruli

teqstis mTargmneli, radgan aseT „cdomilebas“ gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqon-

des Sinaarsobrivi, formaluri Tu esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT. gansxvavebulad unda mo-

eqces aseve mTargmneli specialur da mxatvrul teqstebSi asaxul dargobriv informa-

cias. Tu specialuri teqstis Targmnis dros mTargmnelis movaleobaa, upirveles yovli-

sa, izrunos informaciis maqsimalurad zustad gadmotanaze, anu denotaciuri Rirebule-

bebis SenarCunebaze, mxatvrul teqstebSi SeiZleba moxdes konotaciuri mniSvnelobis Se-

narCunebis mizniT, denotaciuri mniSvnelobis „gawirva“.

mxatvruli teqtebSi Zalze mniSvnelovania esTetikuri aspeqti, radgan mxatvruli

teqstebi, rogorc viciT, iqmneba ara mxolod enaSi arsebuli enobriv-stiluri, aramed

esTetikuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiTac. literaturuli teqstebis esTetikuri xasiaTi

gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT Cans mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT inovaciur teqstebSi, romleb-

Sic darRveulia literaturuli an/da enobrivi normebi. esTetikurobas ukavSirdeba ase-

ve Sefaruli an aSkara orazrovneba, romelTa interpretaciac mkiTxvelis individualur

aRqmazea mTlianad damokidebuli. mTargmnelma teqstis analizis dros erTmaneTisagan

unda ganasxvavos esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT efeqturi (avtoris mier winaswar dagegmili)

da araefeqturi (SemTxveviTi) orazrovneba. aseTi diferenciacia martivi ar aris, magram

calkeul SemTxvevebSi mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, magaliTad, sityva-

Ta TamaSis SemTxvevaSi. literaturuli Targmanis dros Cven velodebiT, rom maqsimalu-

rad daculi iqneba dednis esTetikuri mxare Sesabamisi enobrivi saSualebebis gamoyene-

biT, xolo am ukanasknelTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi maTi sagangebo SeqmniT. lingvistebi

q. raisi da h. i. vermeeri Targmnis am saxeobas „SemoqmedebiT Targmans“ (sprachschöpferische Übersetzung) uwodeben.23

mniSvnelovania aseve mxatvruli teqstis Janrisa da tipis dadgena, radgan ama Tu

im Janris teqstTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli garkveuli enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiTi

Tu teqstualuri saSualebebi, romlebic xSirad gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva enaSi. imisaT-

vis, rom mTargmnelma (romelic erTsa da imave dros teqstis recipientic aris da avto-

ric) warmatebiT moaxerxos dinamikuri ekvivalentobis miRweva, mas SesaZloa mouwios

dednis enis Janrobrivi konvenciebis Secvla saTargmni enis Janrobrivi konvenciebiT.

teqstis tips rac Seexeba, aq sam saxeobas gamoyofen: informaciuli, eqspresiuli

da operatiuli (anu persuasiuli). informaciuli teqstis mTavari daniSnuleba informa-

ciis gadacemaa, eqspresiulis _ informaciis gadacema da mxatvruli saSualebebis orga-

nizeba, operatiulisa ki _ informaciis gadacema da darwmuneba (aq aseve SeiZleba daema-

tos mxatvruli saSualebebis organizebac). mTargmnelma aucileblad unda moaxdinos am

saxeobebis ierarqia, anu ganalagos isini teqstSi ekvivalentobis realizaciisaTvis re-

levanturi TvalsazrisiT da amis gaTvaliswinebiT warmarTos Tavisi mTargmnelobiTi

saqmianoba. mxatvruli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi warmmarTveli, ra Tqma unda, eqspresiuli

funqcia iqneba: „eqspresiuli teqstis SemTxvevaSi, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia ekvi-

valentobis miRweva mxatvruli saSualebebis organizebisa da formaze orientireuli

23 K. Reiß. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen, 1984, S. 136.

257

enis doneze“, 24 rac niSnavs imas, rom unda moxdes teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocema mxatvru-li saSualebebis analogiuri organizebiT. analogiuri ki gulisxmobs imas, rom ekviva-

lentoba miRweeul unda iqnes saTargmni enis struqturuli Taviseburebebis, kulturaSi

arsebuli konvenciebisa da literaturuli tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. zogierTi lin-

gvisti aq erTgvari „mTargmnelobiTi poetikis“ SemuSavebasac ki miiCnevs mizanSewonilad.

am sakiTxs ukavSirdeba dednis teqstis avtoris faqtoric, romlis individualuri sti-

lis kvleva-Seswavla da TargmanSi gadmotana mTargmnelis erT-erTi upirvelesi amoca-

naa: „literaturuli Targmani, romelic imiT kmayofildeba da Semoifargleba, rom gad-

moscems teqstis semantikis gamomsaxvel formebs, Tavis mizans ver miaRwevs, radgan is

mxatvruli nawarmoebis yvelaze arsebiTs tovebs yuradRebis miRma - es aris avtoris in-

dividualuri stili“.25 ra qmnis avtoris stils? _ es SeiZleba iyos Txrobis stili, teq-

noleqtebis, socioleqtebis, dialeqtebis, ucxo sityvebis gamoyeneba, aseve ritmi da xmo-

vanTa harmonia. marTlweris wesebis dacva/ugulvbelyofa, punqtuaciis gamoyenebis forma

da a.S.

garda amisa, qarTveli lingvisti d. fanjikiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs erT Zalian

mniSvnelovan garemoebaze, kerZod imaze, rom dednisa da avtoris stilis erTguleba Ta-

visTavad gamoricxavs mTargmnelis individualuri stilis arsebobas.: „individualuri

stili mwerlis sakuTrebaa, mTargmnels ki mxolod imis ufleba aqvs, gamoamJRavnos am

stilis obieqturad SesaZlebeli sizustiT reproduqciis individualuri stili“.26 swo-

red es iqneba Targmanis warmatebuli ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapiro-

ba.

okazionalizmebis Targmnis problema

rogorc ukve erTxel aRvniSneT, dedansa da Targmans Soris ekvivalenturi urTi-

erToba SesaZloa damyardes teqstis, rogorc sakomunikacio saSualebis, sxvadasxva do-

neze. radgan enebsa da kulturebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobebis gamo teqstis calkeuli

elementebis invariantis SenarCuneba da ekvivalentobis miRweva erTdroulad ramdenime

doneze SeuZlebelia, mTargmnels mouwevs, pirvel rigSi, Caataros teqstis Zirfesviani

analizi. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs rogorc teqstis enobrivi elementebis Seswavlas,

ise gareenobrivi faqtorebis kvlevasac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, epoqa, romelSic avtori

cxovrobda an cxovrobs, literaturuli mimdinareoba, romlis warmomadgenelic is gax-

lavT, teqstis Janri da tipi da a.S. aRniSnuli analizis safuZvelze mTargmnelma unda

gadawyvitos, teqstis romeli elementebi aris konkretul situaciaSi relevanturi da

amis safuZvelze Seadginos prioritetebis Skala. man unda gansazRvros, ra SemTxvevaSi

mouwevs romelime elementis ekvivalentur gadmocemaze kategoriuli uaris Tqma da ro-

gor moaxerxebs dakargulis kompensacias (e.w. „gadaadgilebuli eqvivalenti“ _ versetzte Äquivalente) an reproduqcias, raTa amgvarad ganaxorcielos ekvivalentoba teqstis done-

ze. am seleqciasa da ierarqias, rasakvirvelia, Tan axlavs erTgvari subieqturoba, Tum-

ca Cven ver vityviT, rom es subieqturoba nebismierobas utoldeba. is imarTeba teqstSi

manifestirebuli enobrivi niSnebiT da obieqturi faqtorebiT, romlebic gansazRvraven

MmTargmnelobiT process. esenia: mocemuli enobrivi konteqsi, situaciuri konteqsti,

24 K. Reiß. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen, 1984, S. 157 . 25 M. Walter.Stilistische Probleme der Übersetzung. Stilfragen. Tübingen, 1992, S. 305 26 dali fanjikiZe. Targmanis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 47.

258

teqstis socio-kulturuli integracia, teqstis kuTvnileba ama Tu im Janrisa da tipi-

sadmi, saTargmni enis struqturuli TaviseburebebiT da a.S.

im teqstis analizi, romelic okazionalizmebs Seicavs, upirveles yovlisa, unda

gamoixatebodes misi leqsikuri safaris SeswavliT. aqve davazustebT okazionalizmis

Cveneul gagebas: okazionalizmi aris zepir sametyvelo situaciaSi spontanurad

warmoqmnili, werilobiT enaSi ki, mag., beletristikaSi, Jurnalistikasa da sareklamo

enaSi sagangebod nawarmoebi erTjeradi gamoyenebis sityva, romlis swori gageba da

interpretacia xSirad mxolod konteqstis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. zepir

sametyvelo situaciaSi misi warmoeba sametyvelo xarvezis aRmofxvras emsaxureba,

werilobiT enaSi ki, ZiriTadad, enis ekonomias, stiluri efeqtis miRwvas da subieqturi

ganwyobis gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad.

sadavo ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom ama Tu im teqstSi sityvebis arCevani arasode-

saa SemTxveviTi _ mas bevriSidateqsturi da gareteqsturi faqtori gansazRvravs, es ar-

Cevani ki, Tavis mxriv, iZleva saSualebas, gavakeToT daskvnebi teqstis SinaarsTan, Tema-

tikasTan, presupoziciasa da sintaqsur struqturebTan dakavSirebiT. yovel leqsikur

erTeuls avtori sagangebod irCevs da im garemoebas, rom avtori Tavis arCevans ara mxo-

lod enis uzualur, aramed okazionalur nawilzec akeTebs, mTargmnelma saTanado

yuradReba unda miaqcios. pirveli procedura, romelic mTargmnelma unda Caataros,

aris konkretul teqstSi uzualuri da okazionaluri leqsikuri erTeulebis gamijvna.

meore safexuri ukve imis Seswavlaa, romeli okazionalizmebi gamoxataven avtoris gan-

wyobas, mis stilur interess da, Sesabamisad, romeli maTganis gadmotanaa TargmanSi au-

cilebeli. amis Semdeg mTargmneli ukve iwyebs mis mier relevanturad miCneuli okazio-

nalizmebis Tvisebebisa da funqciebis kvlevas: anu ra xarisxiT avlenen isini spontanu-

robas, araleqsikalizebulobas, normidan gadaxras an konteqstze damokidebulebas. is

aseve adgens, ra misia ekisrebaT okazionalizmebs saTargmni teqstis farglebSi: enis

ekonomia, leqsikuri xarvezis Sevseba, stiluri efeqtis miRweva, avtoris subieqturi gan-

wyobis gamoxatva Tu teqstualuri funqcia. meoTxe etapze ukve unda moxdes okazona-

lizmebis Tvisebebisa da funqcebis seleqcia da ierarqia. aq mTargmnels mouwevs pasuxi

gasces mTel rig SekiTxvebs:

1. okazionalizmis romeli Tvisebebi da funqciebi aris teqstis sazrisisa da av-

toris intenciis gadmosacemad pirvelxarisxovani?

2. romeli meorexarisxovani Tvisebisa Tu funqciis daTmoba mouwevs mas ufro

mniSvnelovanis gadmocemis xarjze?

3. SesaZlebelia Tu ara am danakargis kompensacia an reproduqcia teqstis done-

ze?

sakiTxi, romelic mTargmnelma aseve unda Seiswavlos, aris okazionalizmis

struqturuli Semadgenloba. man, pirvel rigSi, unda daadginos, saTargmni erTeulis sa-

warmoeblad sityvawarmoebis romeli tipia gamoyenebuli: kompozicia, derivacia, konver-

sia Tu sxva da, meore rigSi, gaarkvios, SesaZlebelia Tu ara dednis okazionalizmis ga-

datana saTargmn enaze sityvawarmoebis imave tipis meSveobiT, radgan okazionalizmis

struqturas zogjer SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondes ekvivalentobis misaRwe-

vad teqstis doneze.

rogorc vxedavT, okazionalizmebis Targmnis dros mTargmnelma sakmaod bevri as-

peqti unda gaiTvaliswinos. esenia: 1. okazionalizmis semantika anu denotaciuri mniSvne-

loba, 2. okazionalizmis Tvisebebi da funqciebi anu misi konotaciuri mniSvneloba da

3. okazionalizmis struqtura. aqve unda iTqvas, rac ufro didia okazionalizmis kono-

taciuri potencia, miT ufro SezRudulia misi eqvivalentis moZiebis saSualebebi, rad-

gan konotacia, zogadad, Zalze rTuli gadasatania erTi enidan meoreSi. Tumca vinaidan

259

Cveni interesis sagans is okazionalizmebi warmoadgenen, romelebic mxatvrul litara-

turaSi, kerZod ki poeziaSi gvxvdeba, „poeturi teqtebis mizani ki, upirveles yovlisa,

esTetikuri efeqtia~, 27 vfiqrobT, rom okazionalizmebis Targmnis dros yuradReba maTi

swored maT konotaciuri mniSvnelobaze unda gamaxvildes.

Tanamedrove TargmanmcodneobaSi leqsikuri erTeulebis ekvivalentobis sam saxe-

obas ganasxvaveben: sruli ekvivalentoba, nawilobrivi ekvivalentoba da ekvivalentobis

ararseboba. sruli ekvivalentoba okazionalizmebis SemTxvevaSi niSnavs maT Sinaarsob-

riv, formalur, funqciur Tanxvedras da dednisa da saTargmni enis leqsikuri erTeule-

bis komunikaciur TanabarRirebulebianobas. nawilobrivi ekvivalentobis dros oTx sxva-

dasxva formas ganasxvaveben: 1. identuri denotaciur-signifiqaturi mniSvnelobebi, iden-

turi referenci da nawilobriv identuri an araidenturi konotaciuri mniSvnelobebi, 2.

identuri denotaciur-signifiqaturi da konotaciuri mniSvnelobebi da araidenturi re-

ferenci, 3. nawilobriv identuri denotaciur-signifiqaturi mniSvnelobebi da identuri

pragmatul-konataciuri mniSvnelobebi, 4. nawilobriv identuri denotaciuri mniSvnelo-

ba da nawilobriv identuri pragmatul-konotaciuri mniSvnelobebi 28 . rogorc vxedavT,

nawilobrivi ekvivalentobis pirobebSi mTargmnels erT an ramdenime komponentze uwevs

uaris Tqma. Cven vfiqrobT, rom es uaris Tqma yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi unda iyos

mTargmnelis individualuri arCevani da mTlianad unda iyos gansazRvruli TargmanSi

komunikaciuri ekvivalentobis miRwevis surviliT.

nulovani ekvivalentoba niSnavs imas, rom dednis enis leqsikuri erTeulebi sa-

Targmn enaSi saerTod ar arsebobs. ganasxvaveben referencialur, leqsikur-semantikur

da stilur-pragmatul nulovan ekvivalentobas. yvelaze did sirTuleebs mTargmneli

swored aseTi ekvivalentobis SemTxvevaSi awydeba, Tumca enebs Soris, ZiriTadad, nawi-

lobriv ekvivalenturi urTierTobebi arsebobs da amitomac mTargmnelisaTvis Targmna

optimizaciis procesi unda iyos da mTargmnelic saTargm erTeulebs Soris SeZlebis-

dagvarad optomalur idnturobas unda eswrafvodes.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs, ra strategia unda airCios mTargmnelma okazionalizmebis

Targmnisas, aq a. Siuleri xuT punqts gamoyofs:

1. okazionalizmis gadatana saTargmni enis teqstSi;

2. axali okazionalizmis warmoeba dedanSi gamoyenebuli okazionalizmis mixed-

viT;

3. axali okazionalizmis warmoeba dedanSi gamoyenebuli okazionalizmis formi-

sa da Sinaarsis sruli ugulvebelyofiT;

4. gamotoveba;

5. okazionalizmis gamoyeneba Targmanis teqstis sxva monakveTSi kompensaciis

mizniT.29 Cven SevecdebiT zemoT CamoTvlili strategiebis vizualizacias qristian morgen-

Sternis leqsebis Cvens xelT arsebuli qarTuli Targmanebis meSveobiT. okazionalizmis

gadatana dednidan TargmanSi SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, terminologiis an sakuTari saxe-

lebis SemTxvevaSi. morgenSternis erT-erTi okazionalizmi Exaktfutur leqsidan Ùnter Zeiten” (`droTa Soris”) mTargmnel i. jioevs formiT ègzaqTfuT” aqvs SemoTavazebuli:

27 U. Eco. Quasi dasselbe mit anderen Worten. Über das Übersetzen. München Wien, 2006, S. 347. 28 R. G. Gataullin. Probleme der Übersetzung stilistisch markierter und okkasioneller Wortbildungskonstruktionen. Germanistisches Jahrbuch der GUS „Das Wort“, 2000/2001, S. 54. 29 A. Schüler. Neologismen als Übersetzungsproblem. Lebende Sprachen 51, 2006, S. 64.

260

Das Perfekt und das Imperfekt tranken Sekt. Sie stießen aufs Futurum an (was man wohl gelten lassen kann).

Plusquamper und Exaktfutur blinzten nur.

perfeqti da imperfeqti

Tvrebodnen Cumad seqtiT.

futurumis sadRegrZelo

saTqmelia, _ ra gavwelo.

egzaqTfut da pluskuamper

mxolod isxdnen, Tvals ukravdnen.

rac Seexeba saTargmn enaSi axali okazionalizmis warmoebas dedanSi gamoyenebu-

li okazionalizmis formisa da Sinaarsis sruli ugulebelyofiT, amis araCveulebriv

magaliTs vawydebiT morgenSternis leqsis `Werwolf” TargmanSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

calkeuli sityvebisa Tu frazebis SemTxvevaSi mTargmneli uars ambobs (an uwevs uaris

Tqma) denotaciuri mniSvnelobis SenarCunebaze, mag., sityvas Dorfschullehrer is Targmnis,

ara rogorc `soflis skolis maswavlebels”, aramed rogorc `soflis moZRvars”, xolo

frazas der seine Pfoten geduldig kreuzte vor dem Toten, romelic sityvastyviT iTargmneba, rogorc

`Tavisi TaTebi moTminebiT gadaijvaredina micvalebulis winaSe”, is anacvlebs fraziT

`romelic mis sityvas morCil moelis” da a.S. unda iTqvas, rom Targmani namdvilad aris

dednis ekvivalenturi. mTargmneli amas axerxebs teqstis sakvanZo sityvisaTvis araCveu-

lebrivi eqvivalentis gamoZebniT, romelic, marTalia, ar emTxveva mis denotaciur mniS-

vnelobas, magram, samagierod, didi wvlili Seaqvs leqsis stiluri efeqturobis, avto-

ris intenciisa da teqstis sazrisis realizaciaSi. saqme is aris, rom sityva Werwolf or-Semadgenliania _ kiTxviTi sityva wer (vin) da martivi arsebiTi saxeli Wolf. is sagangebo-daa SerCeuli teqstis avtoris mier misi struqturis gamo _ aRniSnuli kompozitis pir-

veli uSualo Semadgeneli ibrunvis, magram ar gaaCnia mravlobiTi ricxvis forma _ amas

ki avtoris intenciis gadmocemisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tu mTargmneli

upiratesobas mianiWebda sakvanZo sityvis denotaciur mniSvnelobas da sityvasityviT ga-

daTargmnida mas, teqsti dakargavda yvelaze mniSvnelovans _ mxatvrul Rirebulebas.

mTargmnelma arCevani SeaCera sityvaze `kentavri”, romelic, garda imisa, rom maqciis

msgavsad (Werwolf `maqcias” niSnavs) miTiuri arsebaa, sityvis struqturidan gamomdinare

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom misi pirveli uSualo Semadgeneli Seicvalos brunvis, mag-

ram ara ricxvis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, mTargmneli axerxebs, teqstSi SesaniSnavad gad-

mosces dednis Sinaarsi da garda amisa, miaRwios imave emociur efeqts, rac originalis-

Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli:

Ein Werwolf eines Nachts entwich von Weib und Kind, und sich begab an eines Dorfschullehrers Grab und bat ihn: Bitte, beuge mich!

Der Dorfschulmeister stieg hinauf auf seines Blechschilds Messingknauf und sprach zum Wolf, der seine Pfoten

èrT Rames erTi kentavri

cols da Svils gaeparao,

soflis moZRvarsa saflavSi

SesTxovs: „mabrune, ra, Zmao!“

261

geduldig kreuzte vor dem Toten:

`Der Werwolf~, - sprach der gute Mann, `des Weswolfs~- Genitiv sodann,

`dem Wemwolf~ - Dativ, wie man's nennt, `den Wenwolf~ - damit hat's ein End.'

Dem Werwolf schmeichelten die Fälle, er rollte seine Augenbälle. Indessen, bat er, füge doch zur Einzahl auch die Mehrzahl noch!

Der Dorfschulmeister aber mußte gestehn, daß er von ihr nichts wußte. Zwar Wölfe gäb's in großer Schar, doch "Wer" gäb's nur im Singular.

Der Wolf erhob sich tränenblind - er hatte ja doch Weib und Kind!! Doch da er kein Gelehrter eben, so schied er dankend und ergeben.

soflis moZRvari aRmoxda,

saflavis qvaze Camoxda,

miugo kentavrs, romelic

mis sityvas morCil moelis:

kentavri, kentavrma, kentsaurs,

kentisauris, kentiTauriT, kentadaurad,

da he, Sen kentoaurav!

saxe aswia kentavrma,

gabrwyineboda Tvalia,

uTxra: ès erTi, axla ki

bevri mibrune, madlia!”

aq ki moZRvari dafiqrda,

Cafiqrda metad, gafiTrda:

`Tumc aurebi bevria metad,

kenti kvlav ise darCeba kentad!”

kentavrs guli daeTuTqa, -

coli, Svili aRar unda?!

Tavad ganuswavlelobiT

ras izamda?! madli uTxra.“

unda iTqvas, rom lingvisti l. bregaZe àmarTlebs” saTargmni erTeulis denotaciu-

ri mniSvnelobis gadmotanaze uaris Tqmas, Tu es mxatvruli teqstis sazrisisa da esTeti-

kuri Rirebulebis SenarCunebisaTvis aris aucilebeli. Tavis wignSi `personaJebi xvdebian

erTmaneTs~ mas swored q. morgenSternis poeziidan moaqvs magaliTi:

262

Ein Wiesel

sindiofala

saß auf einem Kiesel

ijda riyis qvaze

inmitten Bachgeriesel.

SuaSi nakaduli mowanwkarebs.

Wißt ihr

iciT,

weshalb?

ratom?

Das Mondkalb

xepre adamianma (sityvasityviT: mTvaris xbom)

verriet es mir

gamimJRavna es

im Stillen:

saidumlod:

Das raffinier-

rafini-

te Tier

rebuli cxoveli

tat´s um des Reimes willen.

263

amas riTmis gamo akeTebda1.

l. bregaZe am leqsis TargmnasTan dakavSirebiT wers: „sruliad aSkaraa, rom am leqsis

uriTmoT Targmnas azri ara aqvs. irJi levi Tavis wignSi „Targmnis xelovneba“ mohyavs mor-

genSternis am leqsis sami inglisuri Targmani. samiveSi originalis sindiofalas nacvlad

sxvadasxva cxovelebi sxedan riyis qvaze, da mainc samive Targmani sworia, radgan umTavresi

am leqsSi _ misi riTmaTa sistema _ sworadaa gadatanili inglisurad“.2

okazionalizmi saerTodaa gamotovebulia leqsis `Geburtsakt der Philosophie” („filosofiis

dabadebis aqti“) qarTul TargmanSi: orSemadgenliani kompozitis nacvlad Menschenmann (adami-ani mamakaci) mTargmneli iyenebs martiv sityvas `kaci~. Sedegad, teqsti aRar aris stilurad

markirebuli da miniSnebac, rom saubaria pirvel adamianze, romelic wminda werilis mixed-

viT mamakaci iyo, ikargeba, magram, vfiqrobT, rom Targmani mainc aris dednis ekvivalenturi

komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT (Cveni rekomendacia iqneboda, mTargmnel i. jioevs neitraluri

sityvis `kaci~ nacvlad gamoeyenebina, magaliTad, okazionaluri leqsikuri erTeuli àdamis-

Ze~, rac uzrunvelyofda teqstis stilur Seferilobas):

Erschrocken schaut der Heide Schaf mich an,

als säh‘s in mir den ersten Menschenmann.

Sein Blick steckt an; wir stehen wie im Schlaf;

mir isr, ich säh zum ersten Mal ein Schaf.

warmarTuli cxvari, me rom mindvrad mnaxa,

Sedga, TiTqos kaci mxolod axla naxa.

mzera gadmomedo. sizmaria? cxadi?

cxadi! mxolod, TiTqos, axla vnaxe cxva-

ri.~

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Targmani warmoadgens enobriv da kulturul

transfers, xolo mTargmneli or enasa da kulturas Soris Suamavalia. misi umTavresi

movaleobaa originalsa da Targmans Soris daamyaros dinamikuri ekvivalentoba, rac, Cveni

azriT, saTargmn enaze imave komunikaciuri Rirebulebis testis SeqmnaSi gamoixateba.

Ketevan Nikoladze

Das Problem der Übersetzung von Okkasionalismen

Resümee

Das Übersetzen stellt sprachlichen und kulturellen Transfer dar, während man den Übersetzer als Vermittler zwischen zwei Sprachen und Kulturen bezeichnen kann. Die wichtigste Aufgabe des Übersetzers besteht darin zwischen dem Ausgangs- und dem Zieltext eine dynamische Äquivalenz herzustellen also in der Zielsprache einen kommunikativ gleichwertigen Text anzufertigen. Beim Übersetzen fiktiver Texte sollte der Wiedergabe von expressiven und ästhetischen Aspekten des Textes eine große Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden. Was die Übersetzung von Okkasionalismen angeht, so hat sich der Übersetzer für eine der fünf Strategien zu entscheiden: Übernahme des Okkasionalismus in den Zieltext, Nachbildung des Okkasionalimus im Zieltext mit den Mitteln der Zielsprache, Neubildung des Okkasionalismus in der Zielsprache unabhängig von Form und Inhalt des Okkasionalismus im Ausgangstext, Weglassung und Einfügung eines Okkasionalismus an einer anderen Stelle als kompensatorisches Mittel der versetzten Äquivalenz.

1 leqsis qarTuli versia warmoadgens bwkaredul Targmans. 2 l. bregaZe. personaJebi xvdebian erTmaneTs. Tbilisi, 1982, gv.6.

264

s a m a r T a l i

265

eka luaSvili, samarTlis magistri

korporaciuli marTva qarTul samarTalSi (SedarebiTi analizi)

Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTali, globaluri da kapitaluri bazrebis

transformaciisa da ekonomikuri procesebis mzardi dinamikis paralelurad, ganicdis

sagrZnob cvlilebas da modernizebas. globalizaciis yovlismomcveli procesi ganapirobebs

samarTlis homogenizacias, msgavsi principebisa da normebis danergvas socialuri cxovrebis

sxvadasxva sferoSi. Tumca nacionalur kanonmdeblobasa da doqtrinas kvlavindeburad didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba samarTlis mecnierebis calkeuli dargebis, maT Soris sakorporacio

samarTlis ganviTarebaSi. globaluri kapitalizmis epoqaSi yalibdeba axali

organizaciuli formebi, icvleba oraganizaciaTa marTvisa da TviTregulirebis meqanizmebi.

saerTaSoriso da transnacionaluri procesebi gavlenas axdens nacionaluri

kanonmdeblobis, iuridiuli dogmatikisa da samarTlebrivi praqtikis modernizebaze.

adamianTa organizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis safuZvels swored sakorporacio samarTali

iZleva, Sesabamisad, samarTlis mecnierebis mocemul dargs konkretuli qveynis ekonomikuri,

samrTlebrivi Tu politikuri sisitemis gamarTuli funqcionirebis saqmeSi udidesi

mniSvneloba eniWeba.

sakorporacio samarTlis qvakuTxeds korporaciuli marTvis sistema warmoadgens,

korporaciuli marTvis mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis

manZilze gaxda. korporaciebis mier biznesis, marTva sul ufro did zegavlenas axdens,

rogorc bazrebis ekonomikur maCveneblebze, ise socialur problematikaze, moqalaqeTa

keTildReobaze.

2008 wlis finansurma krizisma daadastura, rom kompania, romelic ar imarTeba

aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad, ar aris orientirebuli zrdaze da aqvs

gamWvirvalobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, ara mxolod ganwirulia marcxisTvis, is

safrTxes uqmnis TiToeuli TanamSromlis, kreditor–debitorisa da sxva dainteresebuli

piris keTildReobas.

korporaciuli marTvis aucilebloba xSirad kompaniaSi warmoqmnili problemebiTaa

ganpirobebuli. kerZod, rodesac Cndeba xelmZRvanel pirTa pasuxismgeblobis, saqmis

gamWvirvaled warmoebis, interesTa konfliqtis, aqcionerTa uflebebis dacvis,

maregulirebel organoebTan urTierTobis da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.

ganviTarebadi Tu ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da bazrebis, rogorc didi, aseve mcire

moTamaSeebi, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze analogiur problemebs awydebian. am mxriv

gamonakliss arc saqarTvelos samewarmeo sivrce warmoadgens, aRniSnuli problematika

kanonmdeblobiT ar aris saTanadod gawerili. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRemde moRweuli cnobebidan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom korporaciuli marTvis formebi da maTi regulirebis

sakiTxebi samarTlebrivi regulirebis CarCoSi eqceva ukve feodalur saqarTveloSi. me-12

saukunis qarTuli sasamarTlo iyo samsafexuriani da damoukidebeli samefo

xelisuflebisagan. garda amisa, qarTuli sasamarTlos kolegiebi ikribeboda regionuli,

ierarqiuli, da profesiuli niSniT. calke arsebobda aznaurTa, moqalaqeTa (vaWar-xelosanTa)

da glexTa sasamarTlo kolegiebi. aseve saasamarTlo kolegiebi kuTxeebis mixedviT da rac

mTavaria, korporaciuli gaerTianebebis mixedviT (mevenaxeTa, feiqarTa, mesaqonleTa,

miwadmoqmedTa da sxva).

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi arsebobs korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi normebi. Tumca zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom qarTuli

kanonmdebloba aRniSnuli sakiTxis regulaciis nawilSi sakmaod mwiria. korporaciuli

266

marTvis maregulirebel ZiriTad normatiul aqts warmoadgens saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTa

Sesaxeb“. aRniSnuli kanoniT gansazRvrulia korporaciuli marTvis subieqtebi maTi

dafuZnebis da marTvis zogadi wesebi. am mxriv gansxvavebuli viTarebaa evropul samrTalSi,

kerZod, evropuli qveynebis umravlesobas korporaciuli marTvis maregulirebel ZiriTad

normatiul aqtTan erTad SemuSavebuli aqvs specialuri kanonebi, romelic ufro detalurad

aregulireben korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebul Taviseburebebs. samwuxaroa is faqti,

rom amgvari sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic evropaSi ukve wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs da

amarTlebs Tavis funqcias, saqarTveloSi jer ar damkvidrebula, xolo damkvidrebis procesi

neli tempebiT mimdinareobs.

Temis aqtualuroba, erTis mxriv ganpirobebulia korporaciuli marTvis institutis

mniSvnelovani adgiliT qarTul da evropul samarTalSi, aseve ekonomikaSi, socialur

urTierTobebSi da meores mxriv, dasaxelebuli institutis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi

normebis dRes moqmedi SinaarsiT arseboba, rolebic sxvadasxva saxis problemebiT

xasiaTdebian da cvlilebebs, damatebebs, an SesaZloa gauqmebas saWiroeben.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi, roca metoqeoba

msxvil Tu mcire korporaciebs Soris dRiTi dRe mwvavdeba, winamdebre statia svams

problemas - korporaciuli marTvis mouwesrigeblobis saxiT Tanamedrove qarTul

samrTalSi, xolo statiis ZiriTadi mizania - korporaciuli marTvis qarTuli da evropuli

samarTlebrivi normebis gaSuqeba, rac xels Seuwyobs am institutTan dakavSirebuli

problemebis gadaWrisaTvis adekvaturi miTiTebebis SemuSavebas, romlebsac qarTveli

kanonmdeblisaTvis sarekomendacio xasiaTi eqneba. es mizani Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia

gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnis motivTan, romlis saboloo mizania _ korporaciuli

marTvis sistemis gaumjobeseba da miaxloeba saerTaSoriso standartebTan, misi subieqtebis

funqciuri daniSnulebis zrda, marTvis Tanamedrove modelebis, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mmarTvelobiTi struqturis, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis

principebis da masStabebis gansazRvra.

1. korporaciuli marTvis ganviTarebis zogadi mimoxilva

korporaciuli marTva ar warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo cnebas saqarTveloSi iseve,

rogorc germaniaSi, did britaneTSi da aSS-Si. es saxelwodeba ukanasknel 20-30 wlis

ganmavlobaSi, upirveles yovlisa, aSS-is mecnierebam da Teoriam SeimuSava. igi amJamad fexs

ikidebs evropasa da iaponiaSi. am formulirebaSi igulisxmeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

normaTa erToblioba. agreTve birJebisa da sazedamxedvelo uwyebebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli

normebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komitetis (SEC) wesdebebisa da sawarmoTa debulebebSi dadgenili wesebi, romelic Seexeba pasuxismgebel, warmatebaze

orientrirebul, grZelvadiani periodis ganmavlobaSi faseulobis Seqmnaze orientirebul

xelmZRvanelobasa da kontrols am sawarmoebze. korporaciuli marTva Tanamedrove

sakorporacio samrTlis yvelaze popularuli Temaa. Znelia sakorporacio samarTlidan sxva

romelime Temis dasaxeleba, romelsac aseTi didi yuradReba miepyros rogorc samrTlis

mecnierebis, ise ekonomikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan. interesi korporaciuli

marTvis mimarT ar Semoifargleba mxolod mecnierebiT. magaliTad, germaniaSi korporaciuli

marTvis principebis danergvis mizniT specialuri federaluri samTavrobo komisiac ki

arsebobs, romelic periodulad aqveynebs Tavisi saqmianobis angariSs3. SesaZlebelia mravali

3 Baums Theodor (Hrsg). Bericht der Regisrungskommission Corporate Governance. 2001.0.Schmidt.

267

rogroc saerTaSoriso 4 ,ise nacionaluri 5 aqtis dasaxeleba, romelTa sagansac Seadgens

korporaciuli marTvis problematika.

korporaciuli marTvis mimarT aseTi gamorCeulad didi interesis mizezi mravalia da

isini umTavresad dasavleTis ganviTarebuli ekonomikisa da sakorporacio samarTlis mqone

qveynebSi arsebuli sawarmos marTvis sakiTxebs ukvSirdeba.

yuradRebas iqcevs is faqtic, rom cneba „korporaciuli marTva (Corporate Governance) TxuTmeti wlis win dasavleT evropis zogierT qveynis sakorporacio samarTalSi saerTaod

ar arsebobda 6 . rogorc es Tanamedrove sakorporacio da sazogadod biznes samarTalSi

xdeba, tonis mimcemi im saerTaSoriso diskusiebisa, romlebic korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebiT warmoiSva da dResac mimdinareobs, iyo inglisur-amerikuli mecniereba da

praqtika 7 amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did britaneTSi es diskusiebi calsaxad

ukavSirdeba korporaciebis mmarTveli organos - bordis - saqmianobas, mis pasuxismgeblobasa

da masze kontrolis ganxorcielebas aqcionerebis mxridan8

germanul iuridiul literaturaSi amerikuli korporaciuli marTvis sinonimad

„sawarmos kontrols“9, an „sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis sistemas“10 miiCneven.

korporaciuli marTvis mravali definicia arsebobs Tumca, yvela definiciisaTvis saerTo

aris is, rom korporaciuli marTva warmoadgens.

„korporaciebis xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis sistemas“ 11 . ufro vrcel definicias

Seicavs ekonomikuri TanmSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis principebi korporaciuli

marTvis Taobaze, romelic aqcents akeTebs korporaciis menejments, mis bords, aqcionerebsa

da sawarmos sxva monawileebs (e.w. Stakeholders) 12 Soris urTierTobebis sistemaze, im

saSualebebsa da gzebze, romlebiTac miiRweva korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTadi miznebi 13

korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTad mizans ki warmoadgens korporaciebis mmarTveli organoebis

kontrolis uzrunvelyofa, raTa maT borotad ar gamoiyenon Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba da

samarTavad mindobili qonebis gankargvis uflebamosileba, rac praqtikaSi arcTu iSviaTad

xdeba.14

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben Sida korporaciul marTvasa da gare korporaciul

marTvas, anu Sida kontrolsa (insaider control) da gare kontrols (outsaider control).15

4 magaliTad „evropis kavSirSi sakorporacio samarTlis modernizaciisa da korporaciuli marTvis

gaumjobesebis moqmedebaTa gegma“ e.w. EU EU Action plan: (21.05.2003), anda ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis organizaciis principebi: OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. 5 magaliTad germanuli korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi (Deutscher Corporate Givernansce Kodex) 6 Frentrop, paul, A histori of corporate governance.1602-2002.Deminor.Brussels.2003 7 Corporate Governance and Directors’ LiabiliTitis.Ed.by Hopt and Teubner.berlin. 8 Hopt,Klaus,Corporate Governance in Europa:Neue Regelungasaufgaben und soft law.GesRZ 2002,S.4-5 9 Hopt,Klaus,Corporate Governance in Europa:Neue Regelungasaufgaben und soft law. S.4 10 Marsch-barner. 11 aseT mokle definicias iyenebs moqmedebaTa gegma: Modernising Company Law and Enhancing Corporate Governance in the European union –A plan to Move Forward.Brussels,21.05.2003 12 rusul sakorporacio samarTalSi dainteresebuli pirebi ewodebaT 13 „Corporate Governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management,iTs board,its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate Governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set,and the means of attaining those objectives end monitorning performance are determined” OECD Principles of Corporate Govenance.OECD.2004. preamble.P.11. 14

korporaciebis qonebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi sakmarisze metia. ukanaskneli periodis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTad gamodgeba msoflioSi cnobili germanuli avtokoncernisa da germanelebis erovnuli siamayis „folksvagenis~ menejerebis mier sawarmos xarjze sxvadasxva kerZo gasarTobi RonisZiebebis dafinanseba. 15 Hopt,Klaus,Corporate Governance in Europa: Neue Regelungasaufgaben und soft law.,S.5.

268

Sida kontrols ganekuTvneba kontroli aqcionerebis mxridan. am sferoSi Tanamedrove

sakorporacio samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aqcionerTa uflebebis gazrda,

gansakuTrebiT korporaciebis xelmZRvaneli (marTvis) organoebis mimarT.16

gare kontrolis umniSvnelovanes elementebad miiCneva kontroli birJebis an bankebis,

aseve masmediis mxridan da a.S. is rom korporaciac „kargi moqalaqe~ (Good citizen) unda iyos dRes Cveulebriv ambavs warmoadgens. 17 msxvili korporaciebi presisa da eleqtronuli mediis

mudmivi meTvalyureobis qveS imyofebian. gamoqveynebuli informaciebi arc Tu iSviaTad did

gavlenas axdens sawarmoTa aqciebis kursze. 18 sagareo kontrolis am instrumentebis roli

da mniSvneloba gansakuTrebulad swrafad izrdeba.

aRiarebulia, rom korporaciebi, romelTa korporaciuli marTvis kargi sistema, e.i.

Sida da gare kontrolis kargi meqanizmebi aqvT, saerTaSoriso konkurenciaSi didi

upiratesobiT sargebloben, instituciuri investorebisaTvis mimzidvelni arian da

Sesabamisad amisa, iReben finansur, ekonomikur da sxva SeRavaTebsac.19

sakorporacio samarTali mTel msoflioSi aregulirebs sazogadoebis organizaciis

ZiriTad momentebs. rac iZleva SesaZleblobas pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas, Tu rogor SeiZleba

moewyos TanamSromloba sawarmos (sazogadoebis) organoebs, mis wevrebsa da partniorebs

Soris imisaTvis, rom sawarmom maqsimalurad isargeblos.

istoriulad korporaciebisa da saaqcio sazogadoebebis organoTa samarTlebrivi

regulirebis sakiTxSi kontinenturi evropis qveynebi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

gansxvavebuli gzebiT wavidnen. evropam airCia sakanonmdeblo regulirebis gza, rom amiT

bolo moeRo sakorporacio samarTlis normebis borotad gamoyenebisaTvis. magaliTad, am

mizniT gatarda germaniaSi 1884 wels saaqcio reforma, ris Sedegad gadanawilda funqciebi

saerTo krebas, sameTvalyureo sabWosa da gamgeobas Soris da es funqciebi kanoniT zustad

ganisazRvra. 20 saerTo kreba miCneul iqna sazogadoebis umaRles organod, Tumca

sameTvalyureo sabWo kvlavac rCeboda saaqcio sazogadoebis gavlenian aSkarad gabatonebul

organod.21

1937 wels, germaniaSi miRebul iqna axali saaqcio kanoni, romelmac eWvqveS daayena

saerTo krebis, rogorc marTvis umaRlesi organos mizanSewoniloba da mTeli Zalaufleba

praqtikulad gamgeobas gadasca. gamgeoba am kanoniT, gaTavisuflda saerTo krebisa da

sameTvalyureo sabWos miTiTebebisgan. 22 am cvlilebiT rogroc literaturaSi aRniSnaven,

kanonmdebeli miznad isaxavda mkveTrad gaemijna erTmaneTisgan xelmZRvaneloba da

kontroli.23

Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT mcire da umniSvnelo cvlilebebs, romlebic germaniis saaqcio

kanonSi 1965 wels Sevida, konstruqcia - sameTvalyureo sabWo, gaamgeoba 1937 wlis

16 amgvar uflebebs ganekuTvneba direqtorebis winaaRmdeg sarCelis Setanis ufleba, saerTo krebebis mowvevis ufleba da a.S. korporaciuli marTvis saerTaSoriso diskusiebis Sedegad es uflebebi Tanabrad mkvidrdeba rogorc ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi, ise gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi. 17 Hopt, Klaus, Corporate Governance in Europa: Neue Regelungasaufgaben und soft law.,S.5. 18 magaliTad, daimler - kraisleris gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris Srempis gadadgomis Sesaxeb 2005 wlis agvistoSi gakeTebulma gancxadebam dadebiTad imoqmeda daimler - kraisleris aqciaTa kursze. am informaciis gamoqveynebidan meore dResve aiwia aqciebis kursma. es aixsneba im molodiniT, romelic dakavSirebiuli iyo koncernis saqmianobis politikis ganaxlebasTan. 19 Modernising Company Law and Enhancing Corporate Governance in the European union –A plan to Move Forward.Brussels,21.05.2003. Hopt, Corporate Governance in Europa:Neue Regelungasaufgaben und Soft law. S.5. 20 დაწვრილებით:Hopt Klaus J.,The german Two-Tier Board:Experience,Theories,reforms.In: Comparative corporate Governance –The State of the Art Emerging Resarch. 21 Kindler, Der amerikanische Aufsichtsrat.S.18-19. 22 Fleischer, legal Transplants im deutschen Aktienrecht.NZG,24/2004.S.1132. 23 Kindler, Der amerikanische Aufsichtsrat.S.19.

269

koncefciis mixedviT dRemde SenarCunebulia. mxolod 1951-1952 wlebis kanonebma Seitanes am

koncefciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlielbebi. kerZod, im saaqcio sazogadoebebSi, romelTac 2000-ze

meti TanamSromeli hyavT, sameTvalyureo sabWos Semadgenlobis 1/3-s unda Seadgendnen muSa -

mosamsaxureTa warmomadgenlebi.24

gansxvavebiT germaneli kanonmdeblisa Tu germanuli sakanonmdeblo politikisgan,

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kanonmdebloba naklebad ereoda Sida korporaciuli

urTierTobebis, kerZod ki, marTvis organoebis kompetencis gansazRvraSi gansakuTrebuli

imperatiuli normebis SemuSavebis gziT. piriqiT dRemde am urTierTobebis imperatiuli

saxelmwifo mowesrigeba uaryofiTad fasdeba, xolo moqniloba amerikuli sakorporacio

samrTlis erT-erT dadebiT Tvisebad miiCneva.25

Tanamedrove korporaciebis marTvis organoTa sistema, maTi uflebamosilebebi,

kompetenciaTa gamijvna calkeul organoebs Soris, pasuxismgeblobis gadanawileba

Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva mravali sakiTxi korporaciuli

marTvis Taobaze arsebuli saerTaSoriso diskusiebis mudmivi Temebia.

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavdeba marTvis monisturi, anu erTsafesuriani (e.w. One-tier system),

romelsac aseve monistur sistemas an bodris modelsac uwodeben da dualisturi, anu

orsafexuriani (e.w. Two-tier system), romelsac aseve orsafexurian sisitemas an sameTvalyureo

sabWos modelasac uwodeben pirvels ganamtkicebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

sakorporacio samarTali, am sistemas ganamtkiceben Semdegi evropuli saxelmwifoebi: didi

britaneTi, dania, saberZneTi, irlandia, italia, luqsemburgi, Svecia, espaneTi.

meores - germaniis sakorporacio samarTali, dualisturi sistema ganmtkicebulia aseve

avstriaSi, SveicariaSi. 26 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis SemoRebiT

erTsafexuriani sistemis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba germaniaSic damkviddrda. 27 zogierTi

qveyana ganamtkicebs Sereul sistemas. magaliTad safrangeTi, belgia, niderlandebi, fineTi

portugalia iZlevian arCevis SesaZleblobas bordisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos modelebs

Soris. post sabWoTa qveynebis samarTali icnobs rogroc erT, ise meore sistemasac

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT.28

korporaciuli marTvis sisitema, romelic qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSia

ganmtkicebuli, umeteswilad eyrdnoba germanul gamocdilebasa da germanul sakorporacio

24 Kindler,Der amerikanische Aufsichtsrat.S.20. 25 Kindler,Der amerikanische Aufsichtsrat.S.22 26 Hopt, The german Two-Tier Board:Experience,Theories,reforms.p.228. 27 2004 8 oqtombers evropis kavSiris teritoriaze ZalSi Sevida dadgenileba (Regulation) evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis (Societas Europea) statutis Sesaxeb.am dadgenilebiT, romeloic evropis kavSiris ministrTa sabWom 2001 wlis 8 oqtombers miiRo, ganisazRvra evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis (SemoklebiT - ess) samarTlebrivi statusi.aRniSnuli dadgenileba kavSiris wevr-saxelmwifoebSi pirdapir moqmedebs da misi danergvisaTvis raime specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtis miReba savaldebulo ar aris, magram imis gamo, rom dadgenileba wevr-saxelmwifoebs akisrebs garkveuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielbis valdebulebas,Sesabamisad miRebul iqna specialuri kanonebic.magaliTad, 2004 wlis 27 maiss avstriaSi miRebul iqna kanoni evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis organoTa daxasiaTebisas yvelaze TvalsaCinod Cans is Taviseburebebi, romlebiTac gamoirCeva evropis kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis korporaciuli marTvis sitemebi.maTSi gavrcelebulia rogroc dualisturi, ise monisturi sistemebi.am samarTlebrivi realobisTvis kanonmdebels angariSi unda gaewia amitom dadgenileba ess-is marTvis organoebis gansazRvrisas orive sistemis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas uSvebs. evropis saaqcio sazogadoebas unda hqondes Semdegi organoebi: a)aqcionerTa saerTao kreba b)sameTvalyureo oragno da xelmZRvaneli organo (dualisturi sistema) anda erTi mmarTveli organo (monisturi sistema). 28 „es Taviseburebebi ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom am qveynebis kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi sxvadasxva qveynis eqspertebi monawileobdnen.“- lado Wanturia. korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 110.

270

samarTalSi arsebul marTvis sitemas. Tumca zogierT sakiTxSi SeimCneva amerikuli

sakorporacio samarTlis gavlena.29

amitom vidre vrclad ganvixilav qarTuli korporaciuli marTvis sitemas, Sevexebi

korporaciuli marTvis monistur sistemas, romelic, rogroc ukve aRvniSne ZiriTadad

amerikuli korporaciuli marTvisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da dualistur sistemas

germanul sakorporacio samarTalSi.

korporaciebis xelmZRvanelobisa da marTvis aRsaniSnavad amerikul sakorporacio

samarTalSi gamoiyeneba cneba korporaciuli marTva (corporate governance) aRniSnuli cnebis

definicicis Taobaze Sexedeulebebisa da diskusiebis Taobaze zemoT ukve aRvniSne, aq ki

davamateb, rom aSkaraa, rom am cnebis gavrceleba Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad misi

mravali definiciisa, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan iRebs saTaves.

korporaciebis marTvis erTsafexuriani sistemisaTvis, romelasac amerikuli

sakorporacio samarTali ganekuTvneba, damaxasiaTebelia is, rom korporaciis

xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis funqciebi Tavmoyrilia erT organos - bordis 30 -

direqtorTa sabWos xelSi,Tumca is araa erTaderTi organo, romelic amerikul korporacias

aqvs.

amerikul korporaciebSi xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis funqciebi gadanawilebulia

aqcionerTa saerTo krebas, bords anu direqtorTa sabWos da menejerebs Soris. korporaciis

marTvas axorcielbs - bordi, romelic imavdroulad sameTvalyureo sabWos funqciebsac

iTavsebs. praqtikulad bordi, Tu ar CavTvliT korporaciis aqcionerTa krebas, korporaciis

marTvis umTavres organos warmoadgens. amerikuli sakorporacio samarTali erTamaneTisgan

ar ganasxvavebs sameTvalyureo sabWosa da gamgeobas, rogorc es qarTul an germanul

samarTalSia.

2. saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis ganviTarebis zogadi mimoxilva

yvela erTxmad aRiarebs, rom Cvens qveyanaSi korporaciuli marTvis instituti sakmaod

sustadaa ganviTarebuli. am sferos saerTaSoriso safisa¬safinanso korporaciam (IFC) 2004 wlidan ikvlevs .

sferos saerTaSoriso safisa¬safinanso korporaci¬am (IFC) msoflio bankis jgufis

wevrma, warmatebiT daasrula korporaciuli marTvis proeqti saqarTveloSi da misi muSaobis

SedegebiSeajama.

proeqtis mizani korporaciuli marTvis praqtikis gaumjobesebaSi qarTuli kompaniebis

daxmareba iyo. pasuxismgeblobis, angariSvaldebulebisa da gamWvirvalobis principebis

danergva kompaniis saqmianobaSi misi momgebianobis zrdasa da investiciebis mozidvas uwyobs

xels.

(IFC)-is proeqtma korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo

garemos gaumjobesebas da saqarTvelos bankebis asociaciis mier korporaciuli marTvis

nebayoflobiTi kodeqsis miRebas Seuwyo xeli. IFC-im aseve Caatara seminarebi da

individualuri konsultaciebi korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebis iuridiuli da finansuri

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb da ganaxorciela piloturi programa SerCeuli kompaniebisTvis da

bankebisTvis. Sedegad, ocdaerT kompaniasa da bankSi 50 procedura gaumjobesda da

29 magaliTad sawesdebo kapitalis arasavaldebulooba, marTvis organoebis funqciaTa araimperatiuloba. 30 inglisur-amerikul samarTalSi mas ewodeba board of direqtors - direqtorTa bordi, anu direqtorTa sabWo da saTaves iRebs inglisur samarTalSi.

271

korporaciuli marTvis praqtikis gaumjobesebis Sedegad yvela maTganSi saqmianobis

efeqtianobis zrda aRiniSna.

saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaci¬am 2011 wels dabeWda korporaciuli marTvis

saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic siRrmiseulad aris ganxiluli korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba. publikacia IFC - is proeqtis dasrulebis

Semdegac daexmareba qarTul kompaniebs, gaaumjobeson korporaciuli marTvis standartebi da

praqtika.

,,Zlieri korporaciuli marTvis sistema erT-erTi mTavari winapirobaa investorebis

mosazidad, IFC-is proeqtma xeli Seuwyo qarTul kompaniebs, ufro mimzidvelni gamxdariyvnen

investorebisTvis. IFC-is publikaciebi, gansakuTrebiT korporaciuli marTvis

saxelmZRvanelo, momavalSic praqtikuli rCevebiT Seuwyobs xels korporaciuli marTvis

standartebis amaRlebas."

2006 wlidan 2011 wlis ianvramde IFC - is korporaciuli marTvis proeqti saqarTveloSi

B BP-sa da misi navTobis da gazis partniorebTan da kanadis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis

saagentosTan (CIDA) TanamSromlobiT xorcieldeboda. IFC-is investiciebma saqarTveloSi

TiTqmis 500 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina sxvadasxva seqtoris 35 proeqtSi. garda amisa,

sakonsultacio programis farglebSi IFC muSaobs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis

reformirebis mimarTulebiT, rac mcire biznesis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. IFC - is

sakonsultacio proeqti kompaniebs sursaTis uvneblobis standartebis amaRlebaSic exmareba.

saqarTvelo IFC -is wevri 1995 wels gaxda.

IFC msoflio bankis jgufis wevri, ganviTarebaze orientirebuli yvelaze msxvili

saerTaSoriso institutia, romelic ganviTarebad qveynebSi kerZo seqtors uWers mxars.

saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia exmareba xalxs siRaribis daZlevasa da cxovrebis

pirobebis gaumjobesebaSi, uzrunvelyofs kerZo sawarmoebs dafinansebiT, raTa maT mieceT

saSualeba, meti adamiani daasaqmon da aucilebeli momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyon sazogadoeba.

aseve IFC sxva organizaciebis kapitalis mobilizebas da sakonsultacio momsaxurebis

meSveobiT mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs qmnis. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dros,

2010 finansur wels maT mier ganxorcielebulma axalma investiciebma rekordulad maRal

monacems - 18 miliard aSS dolars miaRwia.

IFC-ma saqarTveloSi koproraciuli marTvis segmentis meore safuZvliani kvleva 2008

wels Catarda. rogorc IFC - is korporaciuli marTvis proeqtis menejeri maia TevzaZe gazeT

24 saaTSi ganmartavs, qarTul kompaniebSi saerTaSoriso finansuri korporaciis mier

Catarebuli kvleva (korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTad komponentebSi) bolo oTx weliwadSi

miRweul mniSvnelovan progress adasturebs. `Tumca gasakeTebeli jer kidev bevria da imedi

maqvs, rom IFC - is seminarebi da konsultaciebi qarTul kompaniebs kidev ufro ukeTesi

Sedegebis miRwevaSi daexmareba,~ - ambobs maia TevzaZe.

IFC-is mier Seswavlili kompaniebis 77 procentma korporaciuli marTvis saukeTeso

praqtikis kargi codna aCvena. amave kvlevis Tanaxmad, bevr kompanias SeuZlia, am praqtikis

ganxorcielebiT Tavisi saqmianoba ufro efeqturi gaxados.

2004 wlis kvlevis SedegebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda im kompaniebis

ricxvi, romlebic korporaciuli marTvis mniSvnelobas aRiarebs. kerZod, korporaciuli

marTva Zalze mniSvnelovnad miiCnia gamokiTxulTa 22 procentma. es maCvenebeli 2004 wels 13,8

procents Seadgenda.

gamokiTxuli respondentebis 30,7 procentma ganacxada, rom bolo sami wlis

ganmavlobaSi korporaciuli marTva maT kompaniebSi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, xolo 27,3

procenti miiCnevs, rom korporaciuli marTvis xarisxi ar gaumjobesebula. bolo wlebis

ganmavlobaSi gaizarda im kompaniebis ricxvi, romlebic dainteresebulia korporaciuli

marTvis sakiTxebze informaciis miRebiT an gare konsultantebis momsaxurebiT. rogorc

kvlevis Sedegebi cxadyofs, im kompaniebis ricxvma, romelmac korporaciuli marTvis

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sakiTxebSi gare konsultantebis momsaxurebas mimarTa, 17,3 procenti Seadgina, maSin rodesac

2004 wels respondentTa mxolod 3,2 procentma ganacxada amis Sesaxeb.

kompaniebi yvelaze xSirad korporaciul marTvas ukavSireben iseTi amocanebis

gadawyvetas, rogorebicaa: investiciebis mozidva, strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

efeqturobis amaRleba, aqcionerebsa da mmarTvelobiT organoebs Soris urTierTobebis

efeqturobis amaRleba, kompaniaze efeqturi zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba da Sida

kontrolis efeqturobis amaRleba. gamokiTxulTa SedarebiT naklebma raodenobam

korporaciuli marTva iseT garemoebebs daukavSira, rogorebicaa - mmarTveli organoebis

angriSvaldebulebis amaRleba, korporaciuli konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba da aqcionerTa

uflebebis dacva, radgan aRniSnuli faqtorebi kargi korporaciuli marTvis aucilebel

elementebs warmoadgens.

kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, rac Tqvens kompanias korporaciuli

marTvis gaumjobesebisaken ubiZgebs, kompaniebis mier Semdegi faqtorebi dasaxelda: finansuri

maCveneblebis gaumjobesebis, konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisa da ucxouri investiciebis

gazrdis survili.

„korporaciuli marTvis Tema safondo bazris moTxovnebidan wamovida. kerZod, am Temis

aqtualuroba mcire aqcionerebis problemebma ganapiroba. rac ufro kargad muSaobs saaqcio

sazogadoeba da efeqturia korporaciuli marTva, miT ufro meti investiciebis mozidva xdeba

sawarmoSi. rac ufro ganviTarebulia qveyana, premiumi miT ufro metia korporaciul

marTvaSi. mimaCnia, rom qveyanaSi fulis mozidva safondo bazris meSveobiT unda xdebodes.

unda moxdes safondo bazris ganviTarebis stimulireba, rac kargi korporaciuli marTvis

SemTxvevaSi, kompaniebisaTvis damatebiT kapitals moizidavs," - ambobs safondo birJis

xelmZRvaneli gogi lolaZe.

korporaciuli marTvis praqtikis gaumjobeseba damokidebulia rogorc saxelmwifoze,

ise kerZo seqtorze. Tu pirvelis roli Sesabamisi korporaciuli marTvis xelSemwyobi

maregulirebeli garemos CamoyalibebaSi gamoixateba, maSin kerZo seqtori SeimuSavebs

korporaciuli marTvis efeqtur praqtikas, rac kompaniebis calkeul Sida dokumentebSi

aisaxeba.

saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli biznesgaremos yvelaze popularuli tendenciaa ucxouri

investiciebis mozidva da IPO-ze (pirveladi sajaro SeTavazeba) gasvlis perspeqtivebis

uzrunvelyofa. aqedan gamomdinare, kompaniebisTvis mniSvnelovani unda iyos im sakiTxebis

daregulireba, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa investorebisTvis.

marTalia, investors ainteresebs, Tu ramdenad gamarTuli finansuri mdgomareoba aqvs

kompanias, magram, agreTve mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad gamWvirvalea informacia. magaliTad,

Tu kompania ver axerxebs daudasturos investors kompaniis beneficiari mewileebis vinaoba,

ramdenad daculia TiToeuli aqcioneris ufleba da ramdenad efeqturad imarTeba kompania,

rTuli iqneba potenciur investorTan garigebis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom ar arsebobs korporaciuli marTvis erTi saukeTeso modeli.

korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebuli problematika gansxvavebulia dasavleTis qveynebsa

da saqarTveloSi. dasavleT qveynebSi korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTadi problemebia:

aqcionerTa daqsaqsulobisa dainertulobis gamo menejmentis gakontrolebis problema;

aqcionerebs ZiriTadad, saaqcio sazogadoebis kapitalis mxolod mcire nawili

ekuTvniT,amitom Znelia maTi mxridan menejmentis gadawyvetilebebsa da saqmianobaze

zegavlenis moxdena. aseve did problemas warmoadgens menejerTa mravalmilioniani

kontraqtebi, pasuxisgebaSi micemis siZnele da insaideruli informaciis darRveviT

gamoyeneba.

saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis amaRlebis dones aferxebs informaciis,

finansebis, kvalificiur specialistTa da mmarTveli organoebis mxridan interesis

nakleboba. aseve mniSvnelovania korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebuli normatiuli aqtebis

273

arasrulfasovneba da xarvezebi kanonmdeblobaSi. ar aris sakmarisi kompaniaSi sakiTxebis

mxolod Sida debulebiT daregulireba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom aucilebelia

arsebobdes kanonmdeblobiT daregulirebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic mouwodebs

kompanias Seasrulos korporaciuli marTvis minimaluri moTxovnebi. aseve umniSvnelovanesia

koproraciuli davebis efeqturad gadawyvetis meqanizmebisa da praqtis arseboba.am mxriv

saqarTveloSi rTuli viTarebaa.

da mainc, ra aris mTavari problema korporaciul marTvaSi?

• aqcionerTa mier TavianTi uflebebis arcodna da maTidarRveva;

• kanonmdeblobiTa da Sida debulebebiT dadgenili wesebis ugulvebelyofa;

• araefeqturi mmarTvelobis organoebi da formaluri gakontroleba;

• garigebebi dakavSirebul mxareebTan;

• informaciis arasajarooba;

• xarvezebi kanonmdeblobaSi;

• kanonismoTxovnaTa aRsrulebis problema.

90-iani wlebSi ganxorcielebuli masStaburi privatizaciis Sedegad Seiqmna sawarmoebi,

sadac TanamSromlebi imave sawarmos aqcionerebi gaxdnen. bunebrivia, maT ar hqondaT

sawarmos marTvis gamocdileba da arc Sesabamisi codna TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad. ar

iwvevdnen maT aqcionerTa saerTo krebebze da arc aqcionerebs gaaCndaT imis problema, rom

irRveoda maTi uflebebi. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca irRveva aqcionerTa ufleba - miiRon

informacia kompaniis mmarTvelobis organoebisagan. mizezi sxvadasxvaa: maT ar ician TavianTi

uflebebis Sesaxeb, rom miwveulni unda yofiliyvnen saerTo krebaze procedurebis dacviT, an

uimedoba, rom sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi, isini SeZleben am uflebebis dacvas.

gamonaklisia is aqcionerebi, romlebmac mizanmimarTulad Seisyides aqciebi da kargad aqvT

gaTviTcnobierebuli TavianTi ufleba-movaleobebis arsi.

rogorc wesi, saerTo krebis mowvevis Setyobineba unda Seicavdes:

• saerTo krebis mowvevis adgils, TariRsa da dros;

• saaRricxvo dRis TariRs;

• saerTo krebis saxeobas;

• dRis wesrigs;

• direqtorebisa da sameTvalyureo sabWos rekomendaciebs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad;

• sawarmos wesdebaSi SesaZlo cvlilebebs.

im SemTvevaSi, rodesac xdeba mowveva saerTo krebaze, xSiria proceduruli sakiTxebis

darRvevis SemTxvevebi. mowvevis Setyobineba ar Seicavs kanoniT moTxovnil savaldebulo

informacias. saerTo krebis oqmebi iseve, rogorc sameTvalyureo sabWos oqmebi, ar moicavs

srul informacias da ar aris Sedgenili saTanadod. informacia mwiria da realurad ar

asaxavs sxdomis mimdinareobas, diskusiebsa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dasabuTebas.

aucilebelia, rom sxdomis oqmi faravdes minimum Semdeg sakiTxebs:

• srul informacias gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT;

• wevrTaSorisgamarTuli diskusiebis Canawerebs;

• gadawyvetilebis miRebis dasabuTebas;

• wevrTapoziciebs ama Tu im gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT;

• detalurad gaweril miTiTebebs konkretul sakiTxebze samomavlo moqmedebebTan

dakavSirebiT.

sameTvalyureo sabWos funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCens sami ZiriTadi

problema:

• formaluri arseboba;

• naTesavebi da megobrebi;

• arakvalificiuri wevrebi.

274

korporaciuli marTvis TiTqmis yvela kodeqsi moiTxovs, rom muSaobis efeqturobis

asamaRleblad sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa da direqtorTa saqmianoba yovelwliurad

Sefasdes. sameTvalyureo sabWos Sefaseba aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac kompania afasebs

misi sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebis xarisxsa da saqmianobas.

warmoudgenelia sameTvalyureo sabWo axorcielebdes dakisrebul movaleobebs

miukerZoeblad, rodesac wevrebi ZiriTadad iniSnebian msxvili aqcionerebis mier, romlebic

xSir SemTxvevebSi kompaniis direqtorebic arian. yvelaze kargi gamosavali iqneboda

sameTvalyureo sabWoSi damoukidebeli wevrebis daniSvna, sameTvalyureo sabWos saqmianobis

Sefasebis ganxorcieleba da komitetebis Seqmna. saukeTeso praqtikis mixedviT, xSiria

moTxovna, rom garkveuli komitetebi mxolod damoukidebeli wevrebisgan Sedgebodes da

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi maTi umravlesobis TanxmobiT miiRebodes. sabWoSi

damoukidebeli wevris arseboba investors matebs rwmenas, rom mis mier ganxorcielebul

investiciebs kompaniis erTmaneTTan Sexmatkbilebuli mmarTvelebi sakuTari interesebisa da

Sexedulebebisamebr ar gamoiyeneben.

komiteti sabWos damxmare organoa, romelic iqmneba sabWos mier, raTa winaswar

ganixilos yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi da rekomendaciebi misces sabWos.

• komitets ar SeiZleba gadaeces sabWos uflebamosilebebi;

• komiteti,rogorcwesi,Sedgeba 2-3 an, meti wevrisagan;

• komiteti SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi.

komiteti saWiroa imdenad, ramdenadac mobiluri da operatiulia igi, gaaCnia viwro

specializacia, amcirebs sameurneo xarjebs, zrdis sabWoSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis

operatiulobas.

problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia interesTa konfliqtsa da dakavSirebul

mxaresTan dadebul garigebebTan, ar warmoadgens mxolod saqarTvelos realobas. igi

problematuria rogorc dasavleTis qveynebSi, aseve ganviTarebadi samyarosTvis. interesTa

konfliqti aris situacia, rodesac pirs, an korporacias ukavia iseTi mdgomareoba, romlis

gamoyenebiTac SesaZlebelia piradi, an korporaciuli sargebelis miReba. SeiZleba iyos

interesTa konfliqtis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi. esenia magaliTad, piradi da sazogadoebis

interesebis Sejaxeba, erTi piris or sxva da sxva samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli interesTa

konfliqti, ojaxuri interesebi da a.S. dainteresebul pirebad SeiZleba CaiTvalon:

direqtori, sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri, msxvili aqcioneri,erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul

pirTawre. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia praqtika, rom garigebebi daidos im kompaniebTan,

sadac xelmZRvanelebi, an aqcionerebi, maTi naTesavebi, megobrebi, an biznespartniorebi arian.

miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad momgebiani SeiZleba iyos aseTi garigeba kompaniisTvis,

aucilebelia, rom aseTi informacia gamJRavndes kompaniis winaSe. amave dros, daculi unda

iyos interesTa konfliqtTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procedurac.

kompaniis dainteresebuli xelmZRvaneli, Tu sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri ar unda iRebdes

monawileobas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. informacia dakavSirebul mxaresTan

dadebuli garigebis Sesaxeb unda gamoqveyndes, raTa yvela aqcionerma Tu mesame mxarem

icodes aseTis arseboba.

aseve gavrcelebuli problemaa informaciis arasajarooba. ZiriTadad kompaniebi ar

axdenen wliuri angariSebis gamoqveynebas, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda. informacia xSir

SemTxvevaSi ar aris xelmisawvdomi mcire aqcionerebisTvisac.

niSandoblivia isic, rom saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo baza Zalian mwiria im

normatiuli aqtebis CamonaTvaliT, romlebic aregulirebs korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, xolo, is debulebebi, romlebic arsebobs, ar aris sakmarisi da ver

asaxavs dRevandel mdgomareobas. saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis principebis

wyaroebia: normatiuli aqtebi (saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTaSesaxeb“, saqarTvelos kanoni

„fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb“, saqarTvelos kanoni „fasiani qaRaldebis erovnuli

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komisiis Sesaxeb“), saerTaSoriso standartebi (OECD-is - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis organizaciis korporaciuli marTvis principebi, TviTregulirebadi

organizaciebis wesebi), korporaciuli kultura (saaqcio sazogadoebis Sida dokumentebi,

saqmiani urTierTobebis praqtika, korporaciuli precendentebi). aseve novacia „korporaciuli

kodeqsis“ saxiT, romelic ar warmadgens normatiul aqts, Tumc Zalian mniSvnelovania

saqaraTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis.

„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT ar aris detalurad daregulirebuli

xelmZRvanel pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi da amdenad, arsebuli debulebebi bundovania.

aseve, sagulisxmoa imis aRniSvnac, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gaauqma muxli

savaldebulo gamosyidvasTan dakavSirebiT, magram kanonmdebelma miiRo igive muxli

gansxvavebuli numeraciiT da umniSvnelo cvlilebiT, rac ver agvarebs savaldebulo

miyidvasTan dakavSirebul realur problemas. aseve, garkveuli mniSvnelovani debulebebi

gaTvaliswinebulia fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb kanonSic, Tumca am kanonis moqmedeba

vrceldeba mxolod angariSvaldebul sawarmoebze. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi

iTvaliswinebs xelmZRvanel pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs, Tumca Znelia dasaxeldes

SemTxveva, roca am muxlebis gamoyenebiT pasuxi egos kompaniis xelmZRvanelobas.

imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi gaumjobesdes korporaciuli marTvis praqtika da

problemebi minimumamde iqnes dayvanili, sasurvelia, gadaiWras Semdegi sakiTxebi:

gaumjobesdes mmarTveli organoebis funqcionireba, kerZod: erTi piris mier sameTvalyureo

sabWoSi wardgenili wevrebi sraodenobis SezRudva dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad

gamoyenebisTavidan asacileblad. damoukidebeli wevrebis wardgena. sameTvalyureo sabWoSi

damoukidebeli wevrebis arseboba investorisTvis, garkveulwilad, garantias warmoadgens,

rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebi mizanmimarTulad iqneba gamoyenebuli da amasTan,

piradi interesebisTvis ar gamoiyenebs romelime msxvili aqcioneri Tu kompaniis direqtori.

kompaniis mmarTvelobis organoebs Soris ufleba-movaleobaTa gadanawileba Sida debulebis

meSveobiT, raTa yvela struqturuli danayofisTvis naTeli iyos maTTvis dakisrebuli

movaleobebi, romlis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSic daekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba. kompaniis

rTuli Sida struqturuli eqanizmis gamo SeiZleba am yovelives kanoniT daregulireba

araefeqturi aRmoCndes, amitom kompaniam Tavad unda izrunos kompaniis wesdebaSi aseTi

debulebebis gaTvaliswinebaze, an gaiTvaliswinon damxmare debulebebi.aucilebelia

gaZlierdes kompaniis Sida kontroli, rac ukavSirdeba Zlieri Sida auditisa da

monitoringis sistemis gamarTul funqcionirebas (Sida kontroli aris procesi, romelsac

axorcielebs kompaniis sameTvalyureo sabWo, direqtorati da sxva personali. misi

daniSnulebaa operaciebis efeqturobis, finansuri angariSgebis saimedoobis, kanonebis da

wesebis saTanado Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa). marto debulebebis, wesebisa da

instruqciebis miReba sakmarisi ar aris imisTvis, rom kompania muSaobdes gamarTulad, Tu ar

xorcieldeba efeqturi kontroli mis dacvaze. aseve, saWiroebidangamomdinare, SesaZlebelia

kompaniebma iseTi damxmare organoebi an institutebi daaarson, rogorebicaa: komitetebida

korporaciuli mdivani.

dasavleTSi korporaciuli mdivnis instituts xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. korporaciuli

mdivnebi organulad Seerwynen korporaciuli marTvis sistemas, myarad moikides fexi da

asruleben rig umniSvnelovanes funqciebs. zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, magaliTad

inglisSi, korporaciuli mdivnis Tanamdeboba savaldebuloc ki aris yvela saaqcio

sazogadoebisaTvis. korporaciuli mdivani aris Tanamdeboba, romlis meSveobiTac erTi

adamiani korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebul mraval funqcias iTavsebs. is, rogorc wesi,

ar aris mxolod mdivani, romelic oqmebis SedgeniT Semoifargleba - piriqiT, igi kompaniis

erT-erTi wamyvani Tanamdebobis piria, romelic pasuxs agebs umniSvnelovanesi dokumentebis

Sedgenaze. korporaciuli mdivani uzrunvelyofs kompaniis sami mTavari mmarTveli rgolis

informaciul urTierTqmedebas. igi pasuxismgebelia kompaniis winaSe Zlieri korporaciuli

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marTvis SenarCunebaze. korporaciuli mdivnis es ukanaskneli funqcia ufro da ufro did

mniSvnelobas iZens. mas unda hqondes umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba, Tumca es moTxovna

aucilebelia mxolod zogierT qveyanaSi. imisaTvis, rom pirovneba korporaciuli mdivani

gaxdes, unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg kriteriumebs:

• man unda icodes korporaciuli da fasiani qaRaldebis samarTlis safuZvlebi da

erkveodes kompaniis biznesSi;

• unda hqondes komunikaciis unari da ganviTarebuli intuicia;

• unda SeeZlos konfliqtebis mediacia da konsensusis miRweva;

• iyos detalebze orientirebuli, magram amave dros, moqnili;

• korporaciuli mdivani unda iyos absoluturad miukerZoebeli da moqmedebdes

kompaniis interesebSi.

korporaciuli mdivnis funqciebia: sameTvalyureo sabWosa da saerTo krebis sxdomebis

proceduruli uzrunvelyofa, pasuxismgebelia korporaciul dokumentaciaze, Tu kompanias 50-

ze naklebi aqcioneri hyavs, korporaciul mdivans registratoris funqciac ekisreba.mas aseve

evaleba birJis yvela moTxovnis dacvaze zedamxedveloba.erTi sityviT, igi centraluri

figuraa, romelsac daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs yvela aqcioneri, sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri

da direqtori. mdivani pasuxismgebelia korporaciuli normebis dacvasa da nebismieri

saxelmwifo organosTvis yvela saWiro dokumentaciis droul da srulyofil miwodebaze.

korporaciuli mdivani iniSneba sameTvalyureo sabWos mier da arc erT wevrs ara aqvs

ufleba damoukideblad gaanTavisuflos igi. is pasuxismgebelia mTlianad sabWosa da

zogadad kompaniis winaSe.

amasTan, Sefasebis meqanizmis danergva sakmaod efeqturi meTodia dasavleTis qveynebis

praqtikaSi, raTa kompaniebma gansazRvron, Tu ramdenad nayofieria mmarTvelobis organoebis

muSaoba da ra xarvezebi gaaCnia maT. korporaciuli marTvis TiTqmis yvela kodeqsi moiTxovs,

rom muSaobis efeqturobis asamaRleblad sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa da direqtorTa

saqmianoba yovelwliurad Sefasdes. sameTvalyureo sabWos Sefaseba aris procesi, romlis

meSveobiTac kompania afasebs misi sameTvalyureo sabWo swevrebis saqmianobis xarisxsa da

saqmianobas. mmarTvelobis organoTa Sefaseba saWiroa, radgan, igi zrdis am organoTa

saqmianobis efeqturobas, ukeTgansazRvravs movaleobebs, aumjobesebs Sida procedurebs,

aumjobeseb sangariSvaldebulebas, ufro mizidvels xdis kompanias investorebisTvis. aseve

mmarTvelobis organoTa Sefasebisas SeiZleba wavawydeT uaryofiT Sedegebs. magaliTad,

wevrebi amboben uars da gariyulad grZnoben Tavs. SeiZleba warmoiqmnas Sida gaTiSuloba,

ris Semdegac Znelia axali wevrebis moZebna.

aseve unda moxdes interesTa konfliqtis daregulireba Sida debulebebis meSveobiT.

unda moxdes sazogadoebisaTvis wliuri angariSis wardgena. saqarTvelos moqmedi

kanonmdebloba saWiroebs daxvewas korporaciuli marTvis kuTxiT, kerZod, unda moxdes

maregulirebeli normebis gaZliereba, korporaciuli marTvis kodeqs(eb)is miRebis waxaliseba

da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, unda xdebodes dadgenili normebis aRsruleba. yovelive

zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, sasurvelia saxelmwifomac daafiqsiros Tavisi neba

korporaciuli praqtikis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebiT da danergos ufro moqnili,

efeqturi maregulirebeli normebi, romlebic SeiZleba kompaniebisaTvis korporaciuli

marTvis minimalur standartebs mainc gansazRvravdes.

sagulisxmoa, rom kargi korporaciuli marTvis upiratesoba ikargeba, Tu ar gvaqvs davis

gadawyvetis kargi saSualeba. marTlac davis gadawyvetis saTanado saSualebis arCeva xSirad

seriozul Tavsatexsac ki warmoadgens dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis. arsebobs sami ZiriTadi

gza, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba saxelSekrulebo davebis ganxilva: sasamarTlo, arbitraJi da

davis gadawyvetis sxva alternatiuli saSualebebi.

sasamarTlo da arbitraJi davis gadawyvetis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saSualebaa.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom iuristebs urCevniaT davis ganxilva sasamarTloSi, xolo

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biznesmenebi upiratesobas arbitraJs aniWeben. marTlac arbitraJi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Tumca es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom arbitraJi apriori sjobs

sasamarTlos. bevri ram damokidebulia calkeuli saqmis garemoebebze. aseve bevria naTqvami

da dawerili TiToeuli saSualebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT mxareebze, magram udavoa, rom

arbitraJs aqvs garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic marTlac sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa

biznesmenebisTvis. magaliTad, mxareebma SeiZleba amoirCion arbitri an arbitrebi, romlebsac

isini miandoben TavianTi davis gadawyvetas (an gansazRvraven organos, romelsac miandoben

davis gadamwyveti tribunalis arCevas) da romlebic floben saTanado informacias im dargis

an sakiTxis Sesaxeb, razec warmoiSva dava. arbitraJSi procedurebi ufro moqnili da

naklebad daZabulia, vidre sasamarTloSi, mxareebs ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvT

akontrolon maTi msvleloba. saqmis ganxilva konfidencialuria, iseve rogorc saqmeze

miRebuli gadawyvetileba. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis sakiTxi - rogorc statistika cxadyofs, sul ufro da ufro izrdeba im

saxelmwifoTa ricxvi, romlebic SeuerTdnen niu-iorkis 1958 wlis konvencias „ucxo qveynebSi

gamotanili saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb” maSin, rodesac im

saxelmwifoTa ricxvi, romlebmac moaxdines haagis 1971 wlis konvenciis ratificireba

„ucxoeTSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba samoqalaqo da komerciul

saqmeebze“,gacilebiT mcirea. aseve arbitraJis upiratesobad xSirad asaxeleben mis

siswrafesa da nakleb Rirebulebas, Tumca xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTi sasamarTlo

procesi ramdenime dReSi dasrulebula, xolo xarjebs rac Seexeba, aSS-Si arbitraJis

iuristebis anazRaureba gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre sasamarTloSi momuSave iuristebisa.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Zalze bevri ram aris damokidebuli calkeuli saqmis garemoebebze.

Tumca rogorc ukanaskneli tendenciebi cxadyofs, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli

saSualebebi sul ufro da ufro popularuli xdeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si, daaxloebiT 800

kompania, maT Soris Time Warner, UPS, General Electric, the Prudential da Coca-Cola. sasamarTloSi

sarCelis Setanamde cdilobs gamoiyenos davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebi.

aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom aseve mniSvnelovani raodenoba korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebuli davebisa wydeba arasasamarTlo gziT - 2001-2006 wlebSi ICC-is mier ganxilul

samewarmeo samarTlis davebidan 20 procents Seadgenda korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebuli davebi. aseve niSandoblivia, rom korporaciuli davebis gadasawyvetad

arbitraJTan erTad xSirad gamoiyeneba davis gadawyvetis iseTi alternatiuli saSualeba,

rogoricaa: mediacia. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT bosnia, sadac 300 samediacio

xelSekrulebidan 220 aqcionerebisa da investorebis davebze modioda. mniSnvnelovania

ganvazogadoT ras warmoadgens mediacia da ra korporaciuli davebis gadawyveta SeiZleba

misi meSveobiT? mediacia Sedis zemoaRniSnuli davebis gadawyvetis mesame kategoriaSi

(romelsac, aseve, miekuTvneba konsilicia da eqspertis daskvna) da davebis gadawyvetis

yvelaze gavrcelebuli alternatiuli saSualebaa. Tanaxmad 2008 wlis 21 maisis

evrogaerTianebis direqtivisa „komerciul da samoqalaqo saqmeebze mediaciis garkveuli

aspeqtebis Sesaxeb“,mediacia ganisazRvra rogorc „struqturuli procesi, romelSic ori an

meti mxare nebayoflobiT safuZvelze cdilobs mediatoris meSveobiT miaRwios SeTanxmebas

maT Soris warmoSobil davaze. es procesi SeiZleba inicirebul iqnes mxareebis mier an

SemoTavazebuli/nakarnaxevi sasamarTlos mier. `msgavs ganmartebas iZleva aseve CEDR

„mediacia es aris moqnili procesi, romelic warimarTeba konfidencialurad da sadac

neitraluri piri exmareba mxareebs miaRwion SeTanxmebas maT Soris warmoSobil davaze,

magram warmarTavs process mxareTa kontrolis qveS davis gadawyvetis saSualebebsa da

pirobebze.“

mediacias aqvs Semdegi upiratesobebi arbitraJsa da sasamarTlosTan SedarebiT:

procesis naklebi Rirebuleba - procedurebis Rirebuleba, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT naklebia,

vidre sasamarTloSi an arbitraJSi; procedurebis siswrafe - mxareebi SeiZleba Seudgnen

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molaparakebas, rogorc ki miaRweven Tanxmobas mediaciis gamoyenebaze (molaparakeba, rogorc

wesi, ramdenime dRe grZeldeba); xarisxi - mediatorebi airCevian maTi unar- Cvevebisa da

gamocdilebis mixedviT; mosalodneloba - miRebuli gadawyvetileba ar aris savaldebulo

Sesasrulebeli mxareebisaTvis; moqniloba - mxareebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen mediaciis

saxeobasa da gamosayenebel procedurebze (magaliTad, e.w. “mini trial”, rodesac erTmaneTs

mosalaparakeblad xvdebian ori kompaniis umaRlesi pirebi, an mediaciisa da arbitraJis

erToblioba, im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu mxareebi ver miaRweven SeTanxmebas, mediatori ikisrebs

arbitris rols), iseve rogorc procedurebis Catarebis drosa da adgilze;

konfidencialuroba - mxareebs SeuZliaT gaumJRavnon erTmaneTs mxolod is informacia, rac

maT surT (molaparakebis Sinaarsi da gacvlili informacia konfidencialuria, mxareebs

SeuZliaT gaamJRavnon miRweuli SeTanxmebis Sedegebi); Semcirebuli riskebi - mxareebi ar

arian valdebulni daeTanxmon molaparakebas an SemoTavazebul davis gadawyvetas, da

mimarTon davis gadawyvetis sxva xerxs, maT Soris sasamarTlos; pasuxismgebloba - ar aris

winaswar savaldebulod gansazRvruli, rom mxareebma aucileblad unda miaRwion

SeTanxmebas; arasavaldebuloba - marTalia, mediacia ar aris Sinaarsobrivad savaldebulo

procesi, misi Sedegebidan gamomdinare, molaparakebis Sedegi SeiZleba gaxdes Sesrulebis

sagani, rogorc xelSekruleba an SeTanxmeba; nebayoflobiToba - Tu ar arsebobs

sasamarTlos moTxovna, mxareebi ar arian valdebulni mimarTon mediacias. yvela SemTxvevaSi,

mxareebs ar moeTxovebaT, rom miaRwion SeTanxmebas; xedva - mediaciisas mxareebma SeiZleba

miiRon TavianTi poziciebis ufro obieqturi da damoukidebeli Sefaseba davis dawyebamde,

miT ufro, rom bevri ram, aseve SeiZleba Seicvalos davis warmoSobis Semdgom.

miuxedavad mediaciis siaxlisa, is ukve aRiarebul iqna, rogorc davis gadawyvetis

efeqturi saSualeba. amis dasturia is faqti, rom rigi saxelmwifoebis korporaciuli

marTvis kodeqsebi uSvebs aqcionerebis mier davis gadawyvetas alternatiuli saSualebebis

gamoyenebas. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT iordaniis, kolumbiis da braziliis

korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebi. ufro metic, aziis umetes saxelmwifoebSi, mediacia davis

gadawyvetis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da gamoyenebadi saSualebaa, rac ganpirobebulia am

regionis specifikiTa da tradiciebiT, sadac upiratesoba eniWeba mxaresTan konsensusis

miRwevas da ara dapirispirebas. savaraudod, aman ganapiroba is, rom iseT saxelmwifoebSi,

rogoricaa: CineTi, iaponia, korea, taivani, indonezia, singapuri, indoeTi da bangladeSi,

davis gadasawyvetad Zalze xSirad gamoiyeneba mediaciisa da arbitraJis kombinacia.

rac Seexeba davebs, romelTa gadasawyvetad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mediacia, rogorc

sxvadasxva monacemebi cxadyofs, davis gadawyvetis es saxeoba warmatebiT gamoiyeneba

komerciuli, SromiTi da ucxoel investorebTan davebis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, ucxoeTSi

mediacia efeqturad gamoiyeneba korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davebis

gadasawyvetad, rac garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom bevri korporaciuli

marTvis principi mocemulia korporaciuli kodeqsis an kompaniis Sida aqtebiT - Sesabamisad,

davebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic arc ki iyos gaTvaliswinebuli

moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadqveynebSi, sadac adgilobrivi

kanonmdebloba xSirad ar pasuxobs korporaciuli marTvis Tanamedrove standartebs). aseT

SemTxvevaSi mediacias SeuZlia moagvaros iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic arasaTanadod, an

saerTod ar aris daregulirebuli moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT da amiT xeli Seuwyos efeqturi

korporaciuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas.

zogadad, mediacia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebuli iseTi davebis gadasawyvetad, rogoricaa: piradi interesis Semcveli

garigebebi - garigebebi dakavSirebul mxareebTan, bordis wevrebis interesTa konfliqti,

insaideruli operaciebi; wliuri angariSebi - davebi aqcionerebsa da bords an/ da auditors

Soris, aqcionerebis mier angariSis damtkicebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi; bordis wevrebis

arCeva an daniSvna - davebi aqcionerebsa da bordis daniSvnis komitetis wevrebs Soris

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warmodgenil kandidaturebze, an arCevis/ daniSvnis kriteriumebze; bordis anazRaureba da

bonusebi - davebi aqcionerebsa da bordis anazRaurebis komitetTan an bordTan anazRaurebis

moculobaze an kriteriumebze; aqciaTa Rirebulebis dadgena - davebi aqcionerebsa da bords

Soris aqciebis Sefasebis meTodze (magaliTad, aqciaTa savaldebulo miyidvisas an aqciaTa an

bondebis gamoSvebisas); kompaniis STanTqmis procesi - davebi aqcionerebsa da bords Soris

SemoTavazebuli STanTqmis gegmis pirobebis da Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb kompaniis Sida wesebTan

(wesdeba an aqcionerTa SeTanxmeba) da gare maregulirebel normebTan (magaliTad, listingis

wesebi, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi da a.S.); informaciis gamJRavneba - davebi

aqcionerebsa da bords Soris Sesabamisi informaciis miuwodeblobis an/da arasaTanado

gamJRavnebis gamo; umciresobaSi myof aqcionerTa uflebebis dacva - davebi umciresobaSi

myof da umravlesobis mqone aqcionerebs Soris bordis wevrTa wardgenasTan/ daniSvnasTan

dakavSirebiT, an aqciaTa savaldebulo miyidvisas; bordis mier uflebamosilebaTa

arasaTanado ganxorcieleba - davebi aqcionerebsa da bords Soris ukanasknelis mier Cadenil

darRvevebze an marTvaSi daSvebul Secdomebsa Tu gadacdomebze; araSesabamisoba

korporaciuli kodeqsebisa da moqmedi kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebTan - davebi aqcionerebsa da

bords Soris kodeqsiT dadgenili moTxovnebis arSesrulebis gamo da moqmedi

kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa darRvevaze.

mediacias xSirad uwodeben arbitraJis nairsaxeobas, romelsac warmarTaven iuristebi,

isini SeiZleba mogvevlinon rogorc kargi mediatorebi. Tumca, iuristebi metwilad

orientirebulni arian meore mxareze gamarjvebis mopovebaze. mediaciisas ki mTavaria

SeTanxmebis miRweva. amdenad, Zalze mniSvnelovania, potenciur mediators gaaCndes Tvisebebi,

romlebic aucilebelia mxareebisaTvis saerTo poziciis sapovnelad korporaciuli marTvis

davebze. maT Soris, gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania: miukerZoebloba, pasuxismgebloba,

taqti, kargi metyveleba, gamocdileba aseTi kategoriis davebis gadawyvetisa da am dargis

saTanado codna.

rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, dava korporaciuli marTvis TiTqmis

yvela sakiTxze SeiZleba gadawydes mediaciis meSveobiT. Tumca, rogorc yvela movlenas,

mediaciasac aqvs garkveuli uaryofiTi mxareebi. upirveles yovlisa, mediacia iqneba efeqturi

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mxares surs droulad da efeqturad gadawyvitos dava -

Sesabamisad, erT-erTi mxaris mier mediaciis procesSi monawileobisgan Tavis Sekaveba an

gaWianureba daakargvinebs mediaciis process efeqturobas da mZime tvirTad daawveba mxareebs.

mediaciisTvis problemur sakiTxad xSirad asaxeleben mxareTa fsiqologiur moumzadeblobas

dauTmon garkveuli pozicia meore mxares da morigebiT daamTavron dava (miuxedavad imisa,

rom aseTi ganzraxva, Tavis droze, xelSekrulebaSi an sxvagvarad gancxadebul iqna mxareTa

mier).

miuxedavad im garkveuli winaaRmdegobebisa, rac SeiZleba Tan axldes mediaciis

process, gvsurs aRvniSnoT, rom davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebi, maT Soris

mediacia, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo sistema ar aris

mowodebis simaRleze mikerZoeblobis an saTanado gamocdilebis naklebobis gamo. aseT

SemTxvevebSi, kompaniis sasicocxlo interesebidan gamomdinare, xeli unda Seewyos davis

gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas. es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens,

aseve, potenciur investorTan urTierTobebSi, vinaidan isini, rogorc wesi, yuradRebas

aqceven or ZiriTad moments - qveyanaSi da calkeul kompaniaSi maTi investiciis dasacavad

arsebul saimedo garemos (rac miiRweva kargi korporaciuli marTvis kulturiT da

mimdevrobiT) da kompaniis marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davebis efeqturad gadawyvetis

SesaZleblobebis arsebobas. Sesabamisad, Tu saxelmwifo ver uzrunvelyofs saTanado

pirobebs, kompaniam saamisod unda miiRos yvela SesaZlo zoma.

zemoT ganxiululi korporacill marTvasTan dakavaSirebuli davebis gadawyvetis

saSualebebidan mediacia, rogorc aseTi, siaxles warmoadgens saqarTvelosTvis, rasac ver

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vityviT arbitraJze, romelsac gamoyenebis sakmaod didi praqtika aqvs Cvens qveyanaSi. Tumca,

saqarTveloSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs korporaciuli davebis ganxilvis praqtika. SeiZleba

iTqvas, am bolo xanebSi ukve ikveTeba tendencia, rodesac partniorebs (aqcionerebs) wesdebiT

SeuZliaT gaiTvaliswinon, rom davis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, is unda gadawydes arbitraJis

an mediaciis meSveobiT. es tendencia, ra Tqma unda, dadebiTia da misasalmebeli, miT ufro im

fonze, rodesac moqmedi samewarmeo kanonmdebloba aniWebs srul Tavisuflebas kompaniebs

TavianTi wesdebiT gaiTvaliswinon kanonisgan gansxvavebuli wesebi iseve, rogorc

SesaZleblobas, rom kompanias ar hyavdes sameTvalyureo sabWo da misi funqciebi

gadanawildes saerTo krebasa da direqtorats Soris, ramac SeiZleba bevri gaugebroba

gamoiwvios da mniSvnelovnad gazardos davebi mxareebs Soris. vfiqrob, Tu saxelmwifos mier

sasamarTlo sistemis reformirebasTan erTad gadadgmuli iqneba nabijebi davis gadawyvetis

damoukidebeli da efeqturi alternatiuli saSualebebis (iseTi, rogorc arbitraJi da

mediaciaa) gansaviTareblad, es xels Seuwyobs ufro stabiluri da liberaluri samewarmeo

garemos damkvidrebas saqarTveloSi.

„korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi“ siaxles warmoadgens qarTul sakorporacio

urTierTibebSi, kodeqsis damkvidrebis mTavari flagmanebi ki safondo birJebi arian.

cnobilia, rom sabanko seqtori metad saTuTi da amave dros, mowinave seqtoria

qveyanaSi. mis gansaviTareblad saxelmwifo valdebulia, rom drodadro igi garkveuli

proeqtebiTa da kodeqsebiT uzrunvelyos. swored komerciul bankTa daxmarebas

iTvaliswinebs zemoTxsenebuli kodeqsic. Tumca, es ukanaskneli ar iqneba normatiuli

dokumenti.

am kodeqsiT korporaciuli marTvis xarisxis amaRleba da saerTaSoriso standartebSi

`Cajdomaa~ SesaZlebeli. kodeqsis Sinaarsi rogorc aqcionerTa uflebebs, ise mmarTvelobiT

organoebsac iTvaliswinebs. saerTo jamSi ki misi mizani bankebSi kargi korporaciuli

principebis danergvaa. am principebis aTviseba, rasakvirvelia, savaldebulo ar iqneba.

korporciuli marTvis kodeqsis naTeli magaliTi da SeiZleba iTqvas, korporaciuli marTvis

samSoblo didi britaneTia. kodeqsis Sesruleba investorTa gadasawyvetia. kodeqss

akontrolebs Comply or Explain - `Seasrule da axseni~, romelic korporaciul bankebs

Soris sakmaod popularulia.

bankebi mTeli qveynisTvis finansebis mimwodeblebi arian. swored maT SeiZleba

daaqcion an aaSenon qveyana, rac faqtiurad `liman brazers~-is magaliTzec aSkaraa. es

ukanaskneli swored cudi da araadekvaturi praqtikis gamo gakotrda, rac krizisis erT-erTi

amomavali wertili gaxda. marTvis kodeqsi aseve iTvaliswinebs Sida debulebebsa da

samuSaos aRwerilobasac. mowinave sakiTxebia aqcionerTa uflebebic, romelic aqcionerebTan

efeqtur, samarTlian urTierTobasa da Tanabar mopyrobas iTvaliswinebs.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kodeqsi ar niSnavs garkveul SezRudvebs. garda amisa,

aucilebelia, rom aranairi preferencia ar iyos adgilobrivsa da ucxoel aqcionerTa Soris.

meore da aranakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iTvaliswinebs sameTvalyureo sabWos,

romelic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs komerciuli bankebis politikis CamoyalibebaSi.

sameTvalyureo sabWo damoukidebeli wevrebisagan unda Sedgebodes, isini ar unda

warmoadgendnen bankis administracias, an Tundac mciredi Sexeba hqondeT mis gadamwyvet

organoebTan. maT unda SesZinon banks axali xedva da rac mTavaria, ar damalon rogorc

kargi, aseve araefeqturi faqtorebi. kodeqsi aseve iTvaliswinebs funqciebis swor da

adekvatur gadanawilebas, Sereul sameTvalyureo sabWosa da Canacvlebis funqciebsac.

aRmasrulebeli sabWo did rols TamaSobs bankebis ganviTarebaze; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi

warmarTavs bankis mimarTulebas da pasuxismgebelia uflebamosilebis adekvatur

gadanawilebaze.

korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis SemmuSaveblebma gaiTvaliswines Sida kontrolis

funqcia da riskebis marTvac. kodeqsis ufro efeqturad gansaxorcieleblad bankebSi

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Seiqmneba Sida saqmeTa makontrolebeli komitetebi. maT Soris iqneba auditisa da riskebis

marTvis komiteti. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTSi menejmentis Careva dauSvebelia. komitetis wevrTa

raodenoba ki bankis sididezea damokidebuli, rac ufro didia banki, miT ufro meti wevri

Sedis komitetSi (daaxloebiT samamde mainc unda iyvnen). komitetis arseboba damoukidebeli

ar aris. is gamudmebiT mowmdeba gareSe eqspertis mier, romelic permanentulad unda

afasebdes komitetis muSaobas. Sida auditic, rasakvirvelia, damoukidebeli unda iyos

bankisagan da masSi menejmentis Careva dauSvebelia. perioduli rotacia ki efeqturi

muSaobis sawindaria.

korporaciuli kodeqsis SemuSaveba iTvaliswinebs bankebis sufTa da gamWvirvale

muSaobas da yvelanairi informaciis gamJRavnebasac, romelic dakavSirebuli iqneba bankebis

gegmebsa da aqcionerebTan. am mxriv, aqcionerebsa da bankebs Soris ukeTesi kavSiri

damyardeba. informacia, romelic aqtiurad unda miewodebodes aqcionerebsa da bankebTan

dakavSirebul pirebs, gulisxmobs bankis miznebisa da strategiis gacnobas; aseve mflobelTa

struqturas; wliur finansur angariSebs; sameTvalyureo sabWosa da direqtoratis Sesaxeb

informacias; bankis organizaciul struqturas; mxareebTan warmoebuli garigebebis Sinaarssa

da masStabebs; informacias Sida dokumentebis Sesaxeb.

rasakvirvelia, informacia unda iyos zustad da droulad gamJRavnebuli. rac Seexeba

korporaciuli marTvis sabWos Sefasebas, igi Tavad gansazRvravs Sefasebis meTods, sabWos

mierve damtkicebuli debulebis Sesabamisad. Sefaseba xdeba yovelTviurad.

korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi agvarebs interesTa safuZvelze momxdar konfliqtebs

da maTi Tavidan acilebaze muSaobs. banki, rogorc wesi, flobs holdings, romelsac marTvis

rTuli meqanizmebi aqvs. Tumca, bankisTvis holdingis sameTvalyureo sabWo saWiroa im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar hyavs sameTvalyureo sabWo, direqtorati. rasakvirvelia, aqac

gansakuTrebuli gamWvirvalobaa saWiro, mkafio urTierToba yvela moTanamSromle wevrTan.

korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis ZiriTadi cnebebia: korporaciuli marTva,

sameTvalyureo sabWos damoukidebeli wevri; damoukidebloba; Sereuli sameTvalyureo sabWo;

holdingi.

saqarTveloSi sakorporacio samrTlis pirveli kodifikaciidan 17 weli gavida.

mewarmeTa kanonma safuZveli Cauyara axal, kerZo iniciativasa da kerZo sakuTrebaze

damyarebul sabazro ekonomikas. pirveli komerciuli sazogadoebebi - saaqcio Tu

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi am kanonis mixedviT warmoiSva da ganviTarda.

SiZleba iTqvas, rom axali qarTuli ekonomika am kanoniT Seqmnilma samewarmeo subieqtebma

Camoayalibes.

kanonis miRebidan dRemde masSi mravali cvlileba Sevida. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela

es cvlileba ar yofila erTnairad warmatebuli Tu warumatebeli, isini adastureben erT

istoriul process, romelsac saqarTvloSi sakorporacio samarTlis ganviTareba ewodeba.

qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis axali kodifikaciis TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulad

didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos evropis sakorporacio samarTals. amitom logikurad mimaCnia

evropis sakorporacio direqtivebisa da dadgenilebebis gaSuqeba.

3. evropis sakorporacio direqtivebisa da dadgenilebebis zogadi mimoxilva

sakorporacio samarTlis pirveli evropuli direqtiva, romelic sajaroobis

direqtivis saxelwodebiTac aris cnobili, evropis TanamegobrobaTa sabWos mier miRebul

iqna 1968 wlis 9 marts. misi mizani aris evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis SezRudvaTa

gaSuqeba. am konteqstSi direqtiva yuradRebas amaxvilebs kapitaluri sazogadoebis

saqmianobis, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi damfuZnebeli an statusis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelovani

dokumentebis gaxsnilobisa da maT xelmisawvdomobaze mesame pirTaTvis. kapitalur

sazogadoebebTan urTierTobaSi myof mesame pirebs unda hqondeT sakmarisi da amomwuravi

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informacia am sazogadoebis Sesaxeb - es aris pirveli direqtivis umTavresi mizani da mis

misaRwevad evropuli sakorporacio samarTlis aRniSnuli dokumenti awesebs kapitaluri

sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb zog informaciis gaxsnilobis valdebulebas.

2003 wlis 15 ivliss miRebul iqna axali direqtiva, romelmac cvlielbebi Sitana pirvel

direqtivaSi. es cvlilebebi ZiriTadad gamoiwvia informaciuli teqnologiebisa da

transnacionaluri samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebam. amis Sesabamisad, cvlilebebma miznad

daisaxes gaxsnilobis movaleobis ganxorcielbisa da misi Sesabamisi informaciis mopovebis

gaioleba.

deklarilebul mizanTan mimarTebaSi direqtivis ZiriTadi Tema aris kapitaluri

sazogadoebis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier dadebuli garigebebis namdvilobis

sakiTxi. kerZod, minimumamde unda iqnes Semcirebuli im safuZvlebis nusxa, romlebic

sazogadoebis warmomadgenlobiT organoTa mier dadebuli garigegebebis baTilobas iwveven.

es mizandasaxuloba emsaxureba imas, rom sazogadoebasTan urTierTobaSi myof pirebs

hqondeT stabiluri da myari garantiebi saqmiani kontaqtebis damyarebisa da

ganxorcielbisaTvis.

sakorporacio samarTlis meore evropuli direqtiva miRebul iqna 1976 wlis 13

dekembers. pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT,igi mxolod saaqcio sazogadoebebs Seexeba da awesrigebs

saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZnebisa da maTSi sawesdebo kapitalis gazrdisa da Semcirebis

sakiTxebs im mizeziT, rom daculi iqnas rogorc sazogadoebis aqcionerebis, ise

sazogadoebis kreditorebis interesebi. direqtivis Tanaxmad, saaqcio sazogadoebis

damfuZnebeli dokumentebi da wesdeba unda iZleodnen amomwurav informacias sazogadoebis

kapitalis Sesaxeb, xolo kanonmdebloba ki unda uzrunvelofdes kapitalis, rogroc

kreditorTa uzrunvelyofis saSualebas.

moculobiTac da mniSvnelobiTac meore direqtiva Seicavs fuZemdeblur wesebs, romlebic

didi xania ukve iqcnen saaqcio samarTlis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvrel normativebad evropul

samarTalSi.

sakorporacio samarTlis mesame evropuli direqtiva Seexeba saaqcio sazogadoebebis

SerwymasTan dakavSirebul urTierTbebs da igi miRebul iqna 1978 wlis 9 oqtombers.

direqtiva ramdenime mniSvnelovan mizans isaxavs, romelTa ganxorcielebamac ukve didi

roli iTamaSa saaqcio sazogadoebebis Serwymis erTiani evropuli mowesrigebis

uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. swored wevr saxelmwifoebSi saaqcio sazogadeobebis Serwymis

momwesrigebeli samarTlis normebis koordinireba da sazogadoebaTa Serwymis institutis

SemoReba iyo mesame direqtivis erT-erTi umTavresi mizani.

Serwymis samarTlis momwesrigebeli normebis koordinirebis gamokveTil

mizandasaxulobas warmoadgens Sesarwymeli sazogadoebebis aqcionerTa maqsimaluri

informireba Serwymis procesTan dakavSirebiT da maTi uflebebis saTanadod dacva.

saaqcio sazogadoebebis Serwymis procesSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs ara

mxolod aqcionerebis interesebi, aramed Sesarwymeli sazogadoebebis kreditorTa uflebebi.

amitom mesame direqtiva miznad isaxavs im kreditorTa uflebebis dacvasac, romelTa

mdgomareobac Serwymis Sedegad SeiZleba gauaresdes.

sakorporacio samarTlis pirevli evropuli direqtiviT gaTvaliswinebuli

sajaroobis valdebuleba wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs yvela direqtivas. es igrZnoba mesame

direqtivaSic, romelic saaqcio sazogadeoebebis Serwymis processac gaxsnilobis prizmaSi

atarebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom rigiTobisa da qronoloogiis mixedviT meeqvse direqtivas win

uswrebs meoTxe direqtiva, romelic kapitaluri sazogadoebebis angariSworebis sakiTxebs

Seexeba, Tematurad meeqvse direqtiva dakavSirebulia mesamesTan da avsebs kidec mas.

sakorporacio samarTlis meeqvse evropuli direqtiva miRebul iqna 1982 wlis 17 dekembers da

aregulirebs sazogadoebaTa gayofasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

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mesame direqtivis msagavsad meeqvse direqtivis ZiriTad mizans Sadgens aqcionirebisa

da kreditorebis dacva im safrTxisgan, romelic sazogadoebis gayofis Sedegad SeiZleba

warmoiSvas. imavdroulad, gansxvavebiT sazogadoebaTa Serwymis direqtivisgan, meeqsve

direqtiva wevr saxlemwifoebs andobs imis gadawyvetas, dauSveben Tu ara isini

sazogadoebaTa gayofis institutis SemoRebas.

meeqvse direqtiva ar akonkretebs, Tu romel sazogadoebebze vrceldeba misi moqmedeba,

magram mesame direqtivaze miTiTeba adasturebs ara mxolod am ori direqtivis organuli

kavSiris faqts, aramed imasac, rom gayofis wesebi saaqcio sazogadoebebis mimarT unda iqnas

gamoyenebuli.

marTalia, sazogadoebis Serwymisa da gayofis direqtivebma mravali sakiTxi

moawesriges, magram evropis kavSiris wevri sxvadasxva saxelmwifos kapitaluri

sazogadoebebis monawileobiT saerTaSoriso SerwymaTa sakixeTxebs isini ar Sexebia. arada

am urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis aucilebloba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

kapitaluri sazogadoebebis saqmianobam transnacionaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, aSkarad

TvalSisacemi iyo. rogorc direqtivis SesavalSia aRniSnuli, mravali administraciuli Tu

samarTlebrivi sirTule, romlebic sxvadasxva formis kapitaluri sazogadoebis Serwymas

uSlida xels, mniSvnelovani xelSemSleli faqtori iyo Sida bazris ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, 2005 wlis 26 oqtombers evropis parlamentma da sabWom

miiRes direqtiva, romelic cnobilia „sxvadasxva wevri saxelmwifoebis kapitaluri

sazogadoebebis Serwymis Sesaxeb“ saxelwodebiT.

direqtiva avalebs wevr saxelmwifoebs, rom maT dauSvan erTi qveynis kapitaluri

sazogadoebis Serwyma sxva wevri qveynis kapitaluri sazogadoebasTan. gamonaklisi daiSveba

mxolod maSin, Tuki nacionaluri samarTali saerTod krZalavs mocemuli samarTlebrivi

formebis sazogadoebaTa Serwymas.

kapitaluri sazogadoebebis saerTaSoriso SerwymaTa regulirebisas gamoiyeneba

nacionaluri samarTlis normebi, Tuki direqtiviT rame specialuri wesebi ar aris

dadgenili. nacionaluri samarTlis normebis gamoyenebis winapiroba aris is, rom isini ar

unda awesebdnen SezRudvebs sawarmoTa dafuZnebisa da kapitaluri brunvis

TavisuflebisaTvis.

evrokavSiris sakorporacio samarTlis direqtivebi da dadgenilebebi ara mxolod

moculobiT, aramed miniSvnelobiTac gamoirCeva. misi yvela aspeqtis ganxilva naSromSi arc

SesaZlebelia da arc mizanSewonili, amitom danarCeni direqtivebisa da dadgenilebebis

dasaxelebiT Semovifarglebi, pirvel rigSi imis demonstrirebisTvis, ra moculbisa da

sirTulis RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli qarTul sakorporacio samarTalSi imisaaTvis, rom

pasuxobdes evropuli sakorporacio samrTlis moTxovnebsa da meTodebs:

direqtivebi

• gansazRvruli tipis korporaciebSi wliuri anagariSgebis Sesaxeb - meoTxe

sakorporacio samarTelbrivi direqtiva (1978 wlis 25 ivlisi);

• konsolidirebuli angariSgebis Sesaxeb - meSvide sakorporacio samarTlebrivi

direqtiva (1983 wlis 13 ivnisi)

• wevr- saxelmwifoebSi dauZnebuli filialebis sajaroobis Sesaxeb - meTerTmete

sakorporacio samarTlebrivi direqtiva (1989 wlis 21 dekemberi)

• erTi piris sazogadoebis Sesaxeb - meTormete sakorporacio samaTlebrivi diereqtiva

(1989 wlis 21 dekemberi)

• evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvaSi sawarmos muSa-mosamsaxureTa monawileobis

Sesaxeb - sakorporacio samarTlebrivi direqtiva (2001 wlis 8 oqtomberi)

• korporaciaTa gaxsnilobis valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb - evropis parlamentisa da sabWos

direqtiva (2003 15 ivlisi)

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• sawarmoTa SeZenis Taobaze savaldebulo SeTavazebis Sesaxeb - evropis parlamentis da

sabWos direqtiva (2004 wlis 21 aprili)

• wliuri angariSgebisa konsolidirebuli angariSgebis wesebis Secvlis Sesaxeb -

evropis parlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva (2006 wlis 14 ivnisi)

• saaqcio sazogadoebaTa dafuZnebisa da kapitalis SenarCunebisa da Secvlis Sesaxeb -

evropis parlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva (2006 wlis 6 seqtembris)

• aqcionerTa uflebebis Sesaxeb - evropis parlamentisa da sabWos direqtiva (2007 wlis

11 ivlisi)

dadgenilebebi:

• sabWos dadgenileba evropis ekonomikuri interesis jgufebis Sesaxeb (1985 wlis 25

ivlisi)

• evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis Sesaxeb - sabWos dadgenileba (2001 wlis 8 oqtomberi)

• angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb - sabWos dadgenileba

(2002 wlis 19 ivlisi)

• evropis kerZo sazogadeobis Sesaxeb - dadgenilebis proeqti

daskvna

Tanamedrove sakporporacio samarTalSi korporaciuli marTvis instituti, rogroc

vnaxeT, maraval aspeqts moicavs. me Sevecade maTgan mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani

gameSuqebina da meCvenebina Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda ganviTardes korporaciuli marTvis

instituti saqarTveloSi evropuli samaTlis magaliTze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis ganviTarebuli ekonomikisa da ganviTarebuli

sakorporacio samrTlis mqone qveynebi da saqarTvelo ekonomikuri Tu samarTlebrivi

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze imyofebian, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier momzadebuli

dokumentebi korporaciuli marTvis srulyofis sakiTxebze analogiur moTxovnebsa da

rekomendaciebs Seicaven. es aixsneba imiTac, rom xdeba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris

globalizacia, rac fasiani qaRaldebis samarTalTan erTad gavlenas axdens sakorporacio

samarTalze.

marTalia, sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi ojaxis warmomadgeneli qveynebis sakorporacio

samarTali TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, magram fuZemdeblur sakiTxebSi maT msgavsi an

erTnairi samarTlebrivi CarCo-pirobebi aqvT. es aiolebs korporaciul marTvasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis Seswavlas, Tumca samarTlebrivi meTodebi, romlebic am

sistemebis Tavisebrurebas gamoxatavs, arTulebs calkeuli sakiTxebis SedarebiT analizs.

magaliTad is rac germaniaSi kanoniT aris mowesrigebuli, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

sasamarTlo praqtikis regulirebis sagania, saqarTvloSi saerTod darCenilia regulirebis

gareSe, aqve unda aRiniSnos is Tavisebrureba rac qarTul sakorporacio samrTals

axasiaTebs bolo ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sedegad, kerZod kanoni „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“

gamokveTilad dispoziciuri gaxda, aSkara gavlena igrZnoba amerikuli modelis, Tumca

mainc rCeba kontinenturi evropuli sakorporacio samrTlis CarCo-moTxovnebi mag.

mmarTvelobiT organoebis arseboba msgavasad evropis qveynebis sakorporacio samarTlisa

Tumca dRes moqmedi redaqciiT mmarTveli organoebis funqciebis da marTvis meTodika

sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba zemoT ukve aRniSnuli germaniis orsafexuriani sistemisgan. aseve

xazi unda gaesvas kanonis umetesi normebis sqematurobas, zedapirulobasa da xSir

SemTxvevaSi normebis gaugebrobas.

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germaniisgan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo praqtika saqarTvloSi korporaciuli marTvis,

maTi xelmZRvanelebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebze mwiria, ris gamoc rTuldeba imis dadgena

Tu rogor gamoiyeneba sakorporacio samarTlis normebi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoba, rom korporaciuli marTvis xarveziani da

araefeqturi samarTlebrivi Sedegi, ar warmoadgens Cveni qveynisTvis mxolod samarTlebrivi

bazis nakolvanebas, romelic mxolod kanonmdeblebis, mecnierbis an da samarTlis sferoSi

dainteresebuli adamianTa ganxilvis da diskusis sagania. nacionaluri samarTlis normebis

baza aris testi imis dasadgenad, Tu ra tipis saxelmwifosTan gvaqvs saqme, xolo rac

Seexeba sakorporacio samarTals da mis mixedviT saqarTveloSi korporaciul marTvis

instituts calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs Cveni qveynis ekonomikur

ganviTarebasTan.

samarTlebrivi regulirebis TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrob rom upiratesoba unda mieniWos

kontinenturi evropis kodificirebul samarTals: movaleobaTa katalogi da

pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebis zustad unda iyos kanoniT gansazRvruli, raTa TviTneburi

interpretaciis SesaZleblobebi minimumamde iyos dayavnili. garda wminda samarTlebrivi

regulirebisa, amgvar kanonSemoqmedebas aRmzrdelobiTi misiac aqvs: samewarmeo

sazogadoebaTa xelmZRvanelebi swavloben kidevac, Tu rogor unda marTon sawarmo, ra

moeTxovebaT maT mocemuli samarTlis mxridan. kodificirebuli samarTlis es ukanaskneli

aspeqti Zalian mniSvnelovania. is sayuradReboa aseve mosamarTleebisTvis, romlebmac

xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgeblobis normebi unda gamoiyenon. aseve dRevandeli qarTuli

realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac saxelmwifos prioritets warmoadgens investorebis

mozidva, Zalze mniSvnelovania kanonmdeblobam mesame pirebTan urTierTobis sakiTxebi im

kuTxiT moagvaros, rom naklebi iyos riskis faqtori.

Cveni saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebelia im procesebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla rac

evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi mimdinareobs. sxva SemTxvevaSi qarTuli korporaciebi

seriozuli konkurenciis gawevas ver SeZleben ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi, rodesac

metoqeoba msxvil Tu mcire korporaciebs Soris dRiTidRe mwvavdeba.

Eka Luashvili

Corporate Governance in Georgian Law (Comparative analysis)

Summary

In parallel of global and capital market transformation and increasing economic processes modern Corporate law is

experiencing a significant changes and modernization. Corporate Law provides the basis of human economic activity, subsequently, the above mentioned branch of law has the utmost importance for the proper economic, legal and political functioning.

In modern Georgia there exists legal norms related to different issues of Corporate Governance. However, the Georgian Legislation in that particular issue is rather limited.

The main legal act which regulates Corporate Governance is Law of Georgia on Entrepreneurs. General rules of management, subjects of corporate management and rules of their establishment are regulated by this law. The situation is different in European Law, in particular , the vast majority of the European countries ,apart from the main legal act for regulation of corporate management, they have special laws that defines peculiarities connected with corporate management

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in detail. Unfortunately, the system which is well-adapted by Europe still is not established in Georgia and the process of establishment moves slowly.

In modern corporate law the institution of corporate management involves many different aspects but in our article the most important issues will be dealt with. There are suggested ways of for developing the institution of Corporate Governance in Georgia in accordance with European law.

The following fact must be taken into consideration, the legal consequence of imperfect and ineffective corporate management is not only the deficiency of a legal framework, which is the subject to discussions and analysis for legislators, who are interested in science and law. Basis of national law norms is a test to determine what kind of state we are dealing with, as for the Corporate Law and accordingly, Georgian Corporate Governance can be said to have a direct connection with our country’s economic development.

In legal regulatory system, I think that priority should be given to the codified law of Continental Europe, in order to minimize the possibilities of arbitrary interpretations. This last aspect of codified law is very important, as it is also significant for the judges, who are supposed to use official responsibility standards. By taking Georgian reality in consideration, when the priority of the state is to attract the investors, it is relevant for legislation to settle the matter with third parties for the less risk factor.

For our state it is necessary to study the European Corporate Law in depth, otherwise Georgian corporations won’t be competitive in the era of economic globalization, when the rivalry between the large and small corporations is getting intensive.

287

sarCevi

istoria

sergo vardosaniZe, konstantinopolis qarTuli skola da XIX saukunis saqarTvelo...........................................................................................................................................................................................6-11 vaxtang guruli, ra moipova da ra daTmo saqarTvelom 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT.............................................................................................................................................................................12-22 rozeta gujejiani, istoriis reprezentacia _ yansav yifiani – legenda Tu sinamdvile?........................................................................................................................................................................................23-34 avTandil kiknaZe, molaparakebebis warmarTvis amerikuli stili.........................................35-41 gvanca burduli, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis reorganizaciis gegmis proeqti (1905 wlis 18 dekemberi)..............................................................................................................42-52

Tamar fxalaZe, qarTveli samRvdeloebა da erovnuli skolა(XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebi)............................................................................................................................................................................53-61 levan jiqia, saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) partiis zugdidis samazro organizaciis daSla(1923-1927 ww.)..........................................................................62-70 vaxtang guruli, dokumentebi da masalebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis istoriisaTvis (1918 wlis 26 maisi)...............................................71-91 nino SiolaSvili, yalbi sabuTebis kvlevis meTodebi da maTi klasifikacia saqarTveloSi..................................................................................................................................................................................92-96 avTandil kiknaZe,Tanamedrove diplomatiurisamsaxurebis mdgomareobis SedarebiTianalizi(aSS, didibritaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisada italiismagaliTze)...............................................................................................................................................................97-109 maka kvaracxelia, saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis sakiTxebi Tbilisis sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis rezoluciebsa da gadawyvetilebebSi..................110-126 durmiSxan laSxi,giorgi daviTis Ze qarTveliSvili _ qvelmoqmedi da mecenati....................................................................................................................................................................................127-136 saba saluaSvili, somxiTSi misvlis TariRi, anu ltolvilobis konkretuli weli...................................................................................................................................................................137-143 irakli veSaguriZe, wovaTa da wovaTuSebi..................................................................................................144-155 konstantine guruli, politikuri neitraliteti (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gamocdileba)...................................................................................................156-167

filologia giorgi alibegaSvili, terminebi `Teoria” da `fantazia” Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobaSi............................................................................................................................................................169-179 tariel futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi diversiebi saqarTveloSi (rusuli konteqsti)..............................................................................................................................................................180-187 manana tabiZe, sakuTari saxelebi teqstobriv sivrceSi.................................................................188-194 lia kariWaSvili, „lekvi lomisa sworia...“ socialuri Tu eTikuri konteqsti........................................................................................................................................................................................195-201 petre (paata) kvaracxelia, misticizmi da terenti graneli....................................................202-211 avTandil arabuli, aleqsandre yazbegis „tanjvis“ eTika da esTetika (`Semoval...didebiT~).............................................................................................................................................................212-218 giorgi gogolaSvili, xaTuna yandaSvili, mravalgzisobis gamoxatva kaxurSi..............................................................................................................................................................................................219-221 Tea burWulaZe, rTuli Sedgenilobis msazRvrel-sazRvrulis formawarmoebisaTvis.......................................................................................................................................................222-225 levan beburiSvili, ori simarTlis sakiTxi vaJa-fSavelas „stumar-maspinZelSi“...........................................................................................................................................................226-231

288

Targmanmcodneoba

eka duRaSvili, wminda giorgisadmi miZRvnili himnografiuli kanonis uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanebi X saukunis qarTul iadgarebSi...........................................233-240 Tamar mRebriSvili, aleqsandre puSkinis ,,Zunwi raindis“ personaJ ivanis saxelis TargmanSi SenarCunebisaTvis.............................................................................................................241-245 qeTevan nikolaZe, okazionalizmebis Targmnis problema...........................................................246-263

samarTali eka luaSvili, korporaciuli marTva qarTul samarTalSi (SedarebiTi analizi)................................................................................................................................................................265-286

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Contents

History Sergo Vardosanidze, Georgian School in Constantinople and XIX century Georgia.............................................6-11 Vakhtang Guruli, What did Georgia achieve and what did Georgia lose with signing the treaty of 7th May 1920.................................................................................................................................................................12-22 Rozeta Gujejiani, The Reprezantion of the Histor y – Kansav Kipiani – Legend or Reality?..........................23-34 Avtandil Kiknadze, US Negotiation Style...............................................................................................................................35-41 Gvantsa Burduli, Draft Plan of Reorganization of Georgian Orthodox Church (18 December 1905)............................................................................................................................................................................42-52 Tamar pkhaladze, The Georgian clergy and national school (80-90's of the XIX century).............................53-61 Levan Jikia, Dissolution of Zugdidi District Organization of Social-Democratic (Menshevik) Party of Georgia (1923-1927)...............................................................................................................................62-70 Vakhtang Guruli, Documents and materials for studying the history of restoration of independence of Georgia (May 26, 1918)............................................................................................................................71-91 Nino Shiolashvili, Methods of Research of the Falsified Documents and their Classification...........................................................................................................................................................................................92-96 Avtandil Kiknadze, Modern diplomatic service comparative analysis (on the examples of USA, Great Britain, Germany,Italy and France).........................................................................97-109 Maka Kvaratskhelia, Issues of Georgian Church in City Council Executive Committee’s resolutions................................................................................................................................................................110-126 Durmishkhan Lashkhi, Giorgi Kartvelishvili, a Prominent Georgian Philanthropist..................................127-136 Saba Saluashvili, The date of arrival in Armenia, concrete year of refugee.........................................................137-143 Irakli Veshaguridze , Ts'ovata and the Ts'ova-Tushs.....................................................................................................144-155 Konstantine Guruli, Political neutrality (Experience of Democratic Republic of Georgia).........................156-167

Philology Giorgi Alibegashvili, The Terms `Theory~ and `Fantasy~ in Medieval Georgian Literature......................169-179 Tariel Putkaradze, Ethno-linguistic Diversions in the Georgia (Russian discourse).......................................180-187 Manana Tabidze, The Proper Names in Textual Space.................................................................................................188-194 Lia Karichashvili, Social and Ethical Context of: `The Lion’s Whelp is a Lion...”........................................195-201 Peter ( Paata) Kvaratskhelia, Mysticizm in the poetry of Terenti Graneli..........................................................202-211 Avtandil Arabuli, Ethics and Aesthetics of `Suffering” in Alexander Kazbegiks Works..............................212-218 Giorgi Gogolashvili, Khatuna Kandashvili, Expressing Recurrence in Kakhetian.......................................219-221 Tea Burchuladze, Towards the formation of compound determinandum-determinatum.............................222-225 Levan Beburishvili, Two issues of truth in Vazha-Pshavela’s `Host and Guest”.............................................226-231

Translation Studies Eka Dughashvili, Old Georgian translation of St. George’s Hymnographical Canon (According to X century Iadgari)..............................................................................................................................................233-240 Tamar Mgebrishvili, On preserving character name Ivan in translation of A.Pushkin’s The Covetous Knight.....................................................................................................................................241-245 Ketevan Nikoladze, The problem of translation of occasionalisms.........................................................................246-263

Jurisprudence Eka Luashvili, Corporate Governance in Georgian Law (Comparative analysis)................................................265-286

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