Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town...

Hunan Integrated Economic

Development Demonstration Town

Project (Zhentou Town Subproject,

Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans

Pest Management Plan (PMP)

Consigned by: WB Loan Project Management Office of

Hunan Provincial Development and Reform

Commission

Compiled by: Changsha Environmental Protection

Career Technical College

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December 15, 2011

Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans-Pest Management Plan (PMP)

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Table of Contents 1. General..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Project Overview .............................................................................................1

1.2 Overview of Natural and Social Around the Project Area .................1

1.3 Distributions of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area ............6

1.4 Contents and Purpose of the Report .......................................................9

1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management ...............................................9

2. Status of Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management................................... 11

2.1 Main Pests Plaguing Flowers and Seedlings ...................................... 11

2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings ..........13

2.3 Overall Assessment of Current Flowers and Seedlings Pest

Management in the Project Area....................................................................34

3. Policies, Management Structure and Institutional Capacity ....................35

3.1 Pest Management Policies in China and Hunan Province..............35

3.2 Regulatory Framework and Institutional Responsibilities .............36

3.3 Pesticide Management and Distribution Systems and the Use of

Pesticides ..............................................................................................................43

3.4 Description and Evaluation of Pest Management..............................47

4. Project Objectives and Priorities of Pest Management .............................47

4.1 Objectives of Pest Management ..............................................................47

4.2 Priorities of Pest Management .................................................................47

5. Measures for Integrated Pest Management ...................................................50

5.1 Specific IPM Measures ................................................................................50

5.2 Integrated Disease Management Measures for Flowers and

Seedlings ...............................................................................................................52

5.3 Integrated Pest Management Measures for Flowers and

Seedlings ...............................................................................................................61

6. Pest Monitoring and Forecasting ......................................................................79

6.1 Purpose of Monitoring ................................................................................79

6.2 Basic Requirements of Monitoring .........................................................79

6.3 Main Contents of Monitoring.....................................................................80

6.4 Monitoring and Forecasting Methods....................................................84

7. Reasonable, Safe and Scientific Use of Pesticides.....................................86

7.1 Reasonable Use of Pesticides ..................................................................86

7.2 Safe Use of Pesticides ................................................................................93

7.3 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks...............................100

8. IPM Training and Promotion ..............................................................................103

8.1 IPM Training Measures..............................................................................103

8.2 Construction of Flower Demonstration Base....................................108

8.3 Team Building for Professional Pest Control.................................... 110

8.4 Promoting Integrated Management Technologies and Reasonable

Use of Pesticides .............................................................................................. 111

9. IPM Implementation Capacity............................................................................ 113

9.1 Policy Support for Pest Control ............................................................. 113

9.2 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management ....................................... 115


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9.3 Infrastructure, Management, Institutional Arrangements and

Coordination ....................................................................................................... 116

9.4 IPM Monitoring and Evaluation .............................................................. 118

9.5 Project Budget for Pest Management ..................................................123

List of Tables Table 1. Planting of Flowers and Seedlings in Zhentou Town...............5

Table 2. Distribution of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area ....8

Table 3. Major Pests and Diseases with Flowers and Trees in

Zhentou Town................................................................................................14

Table 4. Pest and Disease Control Measures and Pesticides Usage in

the Project Area ...................................................................................................20

Table 5. Pest Control Measures and Pesticides Usage for the Turf of

the Project Area ...........................................................................................20

Table 6. Medical Control Measures for Pests and Diseases and

Current Status of Pesticides Usage in the Project Area.................22

Table 7. IPM Survey on Flowers and Seedlings........................................82

Table 8. Recommended Pesticides and Classification ..........................89

Table 9. IPM Annual Training Plan and Budget.......................................105

Table 10. IPM Annual Promotional Plan and Budget ............................ 112

Table 11. Pest Management Monitoring and Supervision Plan and

Budget...................................................................................................................122

Table 12. Pest Management Budget ...........................................................123

List of Figures Figure 1. Pest Control Regulatory Agencies .............................................39

Figure 2. Pesticide Regulatory Agency .......................................................42

Figure 3. Monitoring of Pest Management ...............................................120

Appendixes Appendix 1. Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Diseases

in the Project Area and Integrated Control Program.........................124

Appendix 2. Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Pests in

the Project Area and Integrated Control Program ..........................150

Appendix 3. Draft Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation .........Error!

Bookmark not defined.

Abbreviations, acronyms, and companies

FAO: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

WHO: World Health Organization

GB: Guo Biao (National Standard)

IPM: Integrated Pest Management

PMP: Pest Management Plan


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1 General

1.1 Project Overview

(1) Project: Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town

Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans

(2) Constructor: Municipal People’s Government of Zhentou Town, Liuyang

City, Hunan Province

(3) Construction Location: Zhentou Town, Liuyang City, Hunan Province

(4) Construction Scope: According to "Hunan Integrated Economic

Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject,

Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans – Feasibility Study Report", the construction

works include:

a) construction of flower seedlings demonstration bases and

supporting infrastructure;

b) research and training center, and flowers and nursery stock e-

commerce transactions center;

c) project management capacity building and construction of industry

planning and research and other soft environment; and

d) Establishing Zhentou Town General Association of flowers and

nursery stock, and working with the Central South University of

Forestry and Technology in production, academics and research to

co-promote the demonstration base.

1.2 Overview of Natural and Social Conditions around the Project Area

(1) Overview of the Natural Environment

Zhentou Town, located in the western part of Liuyang City, is one of the four

central towns of Liuyang. The political, economic, transportation and cultural

center of Western Liuyang, it borders Liling City and Zhuzhou County to the

south, Zhuzhou City to the west and Changsha County to the north. It sits 45

kilometers from Changsha, the capital city of Hunan Province, 31 kilometers

from Zhuzhou city, 34 kilometers from Liuyang City and 30 kilometers from the


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Huanghua International Airport, all of which are within 30 minutes' drive or

less. The National Road 3l9, Provincial Road 21l, the Liuyanghe River Flower

Industry Belt, Changsha-Zhuzhou Expressway, Liuyang-Liling Expressway,

Shanghai-Ruili Expressway, and Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway

pass through the Town. With highest concentration of roads in Liuyang and

even in the Changsha region, Zhentou is remarkably accessible and serves

as a hub at an advantageous location where economic activities from the

Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan cities converge.

The project site is characterized with subtropical humid monsoon climate with

four distinct seasons, wet and rainy in spring and summer, and cold and dry in

autumn and winter. Generally, the wind blows southeasterly in summer and

northerly in winter. The climate is warm with sufficient quantity of heat, long

frost-free period, plenty of rainfall and the annual average temperature of

16.7-18.2�. The active accumulated temperature ≥ 10� is 5,030-5,353�,

annual sunshine duration 1,490-1,850 hours, annual radiation quantity 100-

112 kcal / ㎡, annual frost-free period 235-293 days, annual precipitation

1,457-2,247mm, average wind speed 1.4 m / sec and maximum wind speed

20 m / sec.

Liuyang City, located in the northern section of the Luoxiao Mountain in

eastern Hunan Province, borders Tonggu, Wanzai and Yichun of Jiangxi

Province to the east, Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province and Liling and Zhuzhou of

Hunan Province to the south, Changsha to the west and Pingjiang to the

north. Of the total land area, 52.6% is mountains, 25.1% hills, 7.9% mounds,

13.1% plain and 1% water.

The territory has hills stretching out in the general area, plains in the

southwest and valleys in the northeast. The Liuyanghe River runs through the

region with turns and twists before flowing into the Xiangjiang River. There are

three major rivers in the region, Liuyanghe River, Laodaohe River and

Nanchuanhe River. Covered mainly with red earth, the place also has azonal

varieties such as yellow earth, yellow brown earth and alluvial soil, depending


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on different terrains. The main soil parent materials include plate shale,

Quaternary red clay and river alluvium distributed by regions. , etc., and

various types of soil were regional distribution. The river valleys formed by

Liuyanghe River, Laodaohe River and Nanchuanhe River are dominated by

alluvial soil, while the Dawei, Lianyun and Jiuling Mountains are mainly

covered with loose purple soil and the hills have red and yellow clays. The city

as a whole is predominated by earth from weathered plate shale, accounting

for 72.2% of all soil. The earth is deep, water retaining and fertile, rich in

phosphorus and potassium, and exhibits a slightly acidic or acidic nature,

suitable for many crops to grow, including rice, oil seeds, fruits, vegetables

and tea.

(2) Overview of the Social Environment

Situated in cross-zone of the economic circle formed by Changsha, Zhuzhou

and Xiangtan, Zhentou Town is a focus planned by Changsha in its "Eleventh

Five-Year Plan", one of the most important of all the 28 small towns in

Changsha, and the demonstration town of rural construction in Hunan

Province. The project town has 13 communities and villages under its

jurisdiction, with a total area of 158 square kilometers, of which the urban area

covers 2 square kilometers. As a major agricultural town, Zhentou has 16,223

households and a total population of 56,000, of which 20,000 are urban

population. The town has 50,000 mu of arable land and 136,000 mu of forest

area (1 mu = 666 square meters).

The town government has been vigorously promoting industrial restructuring

and has developed a few distinctive industries, such as flowers, nursery stock,

fruits, pollution-free vegetables, aquaculture and other new, efficient projects

that are moving towards industrialization and large-scale productions. In 2010,

the town’s GDP reached RMB 2.626 billion yuan, fiscal revenue, RMB 23.82

million yuan and farmers' per capita disposable income of RMB 10,015 yuan,

with social undertakings experiencing healthy and orderly development. With

the growing level of urbanization, the constructions of the small town have


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taken shape.

Zhentou Town takes economic construction as its central task and puts effort

in adjusting the economic structure and increasing people’s income and fiscal

revenues. By encouraging the development of agriculture with local

characteristics, large-scale industries and private enterprises, it vigorously

promotes agriculture, industrialization and urbanization. The town has made

the best of the opportunities and achieved fast growth of the local economy. In

2009, the town’s industrial output value reached RMB 1.65 billion yuan, 18.5%

up on an annual basis for five consecutive years. A diversified industrial

structure has taken shape as textile, food, shipbuilding, construction, printing,

paper and leather industries established their presence. The town boasts

Hunan’s largest towel textile export base, home to key enterprises like Jianhui

Textile Co., Ltd. and Xiqu Towel Factory.

(3) Flowers and Seedlings Planting

Zhentou Town is a seedling base in Hunan Province, as well as a national

flowers and seeds wholesale center. Thirteen villages (communities) of the

whole town grow more than 20,000 mu of flowers and trees managed by 402

large plantations and 3,856 small growers, generating a minimum annual

sales value of RMB 400 million yuan. The flowers and seedlings industry is

now taking shape, as the productions are increasingly concentrated to areas

that are expanding towards one another. In 2002, Zhentou Town was named

by the Forestry Department of Hunan Province and the Provincial Flower

Association the “Home to Flowers and Trees in Hunan Province”. The town is

also a flowers and nursery stock base exempt without quarantine objects.

Investigations of seedling planting were conducted through interviews with the

Town Government’s enterprise office, forestry institute and agricultural

stations, as well as cooperatives and growers. At present, the most important

plants cultivated are seedlings, followed by turf grass and flowers. Main

varieties of seedlings include sweet-scented osmanthus, camphor and

Elaeocarpus, main flowers are spring rhododendron, summer rhododendron,


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chrysanthemum and camellia, main turf grass is for Cynodon dactylon,

Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass. Scale of cultivation and sales are

presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Planting of Flowers and Nursery Stock in Zhentou Town

Types of Trees and Flowers

Planting Area (mu)

Annual Sales (mu)

Remarks

Osmanthus 8000 1000-1600 Including seedlings

Camphor 6000 1500-2000 Elaeocarpus 4000 600-700 Including

seedlings

Prunus cerasifera

460 400 Including seedlings

Koelreuteria paniculata

150 120

Podocarpus 150 15 Michelia chapensis


Michelia maudiae


Taxus chinensis

120 100

Metasequoia 110 90

Magnolia grandiflora


Magnolia denudate


Magnolia liliflora


Photinia fraseri

270 230

Loropetalum chinensis var.rubra

80 50

Prunus persica f.atropur purea


Pine 190 160 Including seedlings

Sabina Chinensis

200 180

Seedlings

Red maple 130 100


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Types of Trees and Flowers

Planting Area (mu)

Annual Sales (mu)

Remarks

Acer serrulatum Hayata

140 110

Ligustrum lucidum Ait


Folium ilicis chinensis

80 50

Spring Rhododendron

150 130

Summer Rhododendron

130 120

Camellia sinensis

80 50

Myrica rubra 5 3

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

2 2

Chrysanthemum

50 50

Camellia 50 40 Chinese rose

20 20

Rose 20 20 Lily 20 20 Kumquat 12 10 Violet 10 10 Dianthus 10 10 Plum blossom

10 10

Peach blossom

10 10

Cockscomb 5 5

Flowers

Sago cycas 5 3 Cynodon Dactylon

900 900

Tifdwarf Bermudagrass

1200 1200 Turf

Lolium multiflorum

500 500

Make to Order

1.3 Distributions of Flowers and Seedlings in the Project Area

The site proposed for the flowers and seedlings demonstration base is located


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in Jintian Village, Shuangqiao Village and Jiangdong Village, Zhentou Town,

Liuyang City, Hunan Province. The base consists of three plots distributed

across the Liuyanghe River 100-Mile Flowers and Trees Corridor and on both

sides of the Provincial Highway S211. The research and training center is

deployed in Shuangqiao Village, Zhentou Town, adjacent to the Provincial

Highway S211 in the south. The flowers and nursery stock e-commerce

transactions center is located in the center of Zhentou Town, with the Liuyang

100-Mile Flowers and Trees Corridor to the south. The project site is

accessible by highways that lead to Changsha to the west, Liuyang to the east

and Zhuzhou to the south.

The flowers and seedlings base is built on the land leased from the farmers.

The base is divided into three sections: the first is centered on the Jintian

area, where soil-less grass carpet, turf and flowers are grown, a flower

demonstration base covering 600 mu; the second has the Shuangqiao area at

its core, where camphor tree, Podocarpus and a variety of seedlings are

grown, forming a seedling demonstration base of 800 mu and a fresh cut-

flower demonstration base of 200 mu; and the third is the Jiangdong area,

where all kinds of sweet-scented osmanthus, Photinia fraseri, ginkgo,

magnolia and other flowers are grown to take advantage of the proximity with

Zhuzhou, a big city. It is a high-end flower and trees demonstration base

covering 500 mu.

The Jintian area mainly grows Cynodon dactylon, ryegrass and Tifdwarf

bermudagrass. The Shuangqiao area has 100 mu of Camellia sinensis, 20 mu

of sweet-scented osmanthus, 10 mu of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and

10 mu of Myrica rubra, and most of the remaining area is wasteland. The

Jiangdong area has 5 mu of magnolia grandiflora, 2 mu of Elaeocarpus and 4

mu of sweet-scented osmanthus, and the rest of the area grows rice and a

small amount of other crops. The status and planning flowers and seedlings in

the project area is shown in Table 2.


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Table 2 Distribution of Flowers and Nursery Stocks in the Project Area

Flowers and Seedlings

Jintian Area Shuangqiao Area Jiangdong Area

Current distribution of flowers and nursery stock

Tifdwarf bermudagrass, 180 mu Lolium multiflorum, 180 mu Cynodon Dactylon, 100 mu

Camellia sinensis, 100 mu Osmanthus, 20 mu Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, 10 mu Myrica rubra, 10 mu

Camphor, 10 mu Magnolia grandiflora, 5 mu Elaeocarpus, 2 mu Osmanthus, 5 mu

Total 460 mu 140 mu 22 mu

Planned distribution of flowers and nursery stock

Violet, 30 mu Kumquat, 20 mu Plum blossom, 30 mu Dianthus, 20 mu Cynodon dactylon, 100 mu Tifdwarf bermudagrass, 200 mu Lolium multiflorum, 200 mu

Camphor, 120 mu Podocarpus, 100 mu Elaeocarpus, 150 mu Koelreuteria paniculata, 130 mu Taxus chinensis, 100 mu Metasequoia,100 mu Michelia chapensis, 50 mu Michelia maudiae, 50 mu Chrysanthemum, 50 mu Rosa chinensis, 50 mu Rose, 50 mu Lily, 50 mu

Osmanthus, 100 mu Ginkgo, 100 mu Magnolia grandiflora, 20 mu Magnolia 20 mu Purple Magnolia denudate, 20 mu Pine ,80 mu Sabina chinensis, 60 mu Photinia fraseri, 100 mu

Total 600 mu 1000 mu 500 mu


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1.4 Contents and Purpose of the Report

This Pest Management Plan (PMP) is developed as required by the World

Bank's business policy, "Integrated Pest Management" (OP 4.09), and aimed

to facilitate pest monitoring and control for “Hunan Integrated Economic

Development Demonstration Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject,

Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans”.

This report contains: investigating the background and significance of the

project, investigating pest and disease problems related to the flowers and

nursery stock industry, investigating China and World Bank policies on pest

management and pesticide use, identifying goals of pest management for this

project, developing pest management plans and pesticide usage, making

clear assessment objectives and implementation plans, proposing monitoring

and evaluation programs, estimating capacity building for pest and disease

control and explaining the funding resource to ensure that all management

actions can be implemented.

1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management

In agricultural terms, Integrated Pest Management is a pest control strategy

implemented in three phases that are closely linked: prevention, monitoring

and intervention. This strategy uses a series of complementary control

methods, such as agricultural, physical, ecological and chemical methods. It is

a managerial approach involving ecology, and its goal is to cut back on or not

to use pesticides at all to reduce the pollution of the natural environment and

ecological environment as a result of using chemicals.

This project supports Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which involves the

following aspects:

pest management is meant to prevent pests from causing financial damage,

rather than eliminate pests and diseases;

Whenever possible, non-chemical measures shall be used to contain the

pests and keep them at a minimum level;

Where pesticides have to be used, such pesticides and their usage shall be


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made as harmless as possible to beneficial organisms, human beings and the

ecological environment.


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2 Status of Flowers and Seedlings Pest Management

2.1 Main Pests Plaguing Flowers and Seedlings

Flowers and seedlings are mainly plagued by: (1) infectious diseases,

anthracnose, blight, rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot and gray mold caused by

fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and other pathogens; (2 ) harms inflicted

by insects, mites and molluscs, including Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies,

Homoptera aphids and scale insects, and Coleoptera beetles and ladybugs,

as well as ants and red spiders.

2.1.1 Diseases Common with Flowers and Seedlings

(1) Anthrax

It is a hazard to leaves, but also infects stems, young shoots, buds and fruits,

such as those of Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum, orchids, Clivia, Prynne,

magnolia and hydrangea. When infected, most plants will exhibit symptoms

starting from the leaves and leaf edges as circular spots appear on leaves

with mostly purple-brown or dark brown specks, light brown or gray in the

center. In the late stage, black dots in ring lines appear on the specks, harmful

enough to kill the leaf when it gets serious. The disease is the most rampant

during the rainy season in July and August. The pathogen is Actinomyces sp.

The bacteria live through the winter in form of hyphae on the diseased leaves,

where they launch the invasion the following year.

(2) Damping-off

When the temperature is 20 degrees Celsius and the soil is too wet, flowers

and trees susceptible to root rot are prone to damping-off if they were planted

recently or sowed in the previous autumn.

(3) Rust

Begonia rust can infect plants in large numbers after rain in April and May,

while Rose rust is mostly epidemic when roses are in bud.

(4) Powdery Mildew

It is a major hazard to Rosa multiflora, rose, Rosa chinensis and plum

blossom, infecting in mostly in May and June and easily causing yellow or


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withered leaves and slump shoots in summer. In most cases, it harms young

shoots, buds and leaves. In the early stage of the disease, the affected parts

exhibit chlorotic spots that later become white spots, as if covered with white

powder. In the late stage, the lesions turn gray. Affected plants stop growing,

with curved young shoots and uneven leaves and flowers fewer and smaller

or failing to bloom or becoming distorted. When the disease gets serious,

leaves curl and dry up and even the whole plant dies.

(5) Leaf Spot

It harms leaves, widespread with bulbous plants Begonia and also harmful to

Prynne, Lagenaria, Japan Begonia, sweet-scented osmanthus, azalea and

cockscomb. Symptoms show local necrosis on leaves, leading to different

kinds of spots, common ones including angular spots, streaks and circular

spots in gray, black and brown. In serious cases, leaves turn yellow, appear

scorched and fall off.

(6) Botrytis Cinerea

It damages leaves, stems, flowers and fruits, mostly roses, rosa chinensis,

aster, camellia and other plants. Water spots appear in early stages, gradually

expanding into brown or purple-brown spots on which gray hairs appear in

humid weather. In serious cases, the whole plant dies.

(7) Bacterial Soft Rot

Bacteria infect roots, corms, bulbs, tubers and other vegetative organs, mostly

of lily, gladiolus, iris, cyclamen, hyacinth, Clivia and dahlias. The affected parts

usually exhibit water spots that later turn brown, sticky and rotten. In case of

high humidity, they turn into rancid liquid, and in case of dryness, powdery

stuff.

(8) Root Cancer

Bacteria infect the roots, leading to tumors of varying sizes, and harm plants

such as plum blossom, chrysanthemum, rosa chinensis, carnation, cherry,

lilac, crape myrtle, dahlia and geranium. In their early stage, tumors are light

brown, rough, soft or spongy. Later they turn darker, with lignificated internals


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turning into hard nodules. Or even the whole plant may die.

2.1.2 Pests Common with Flowers and Seedlings

(1) Nematode

Nematodes invade the roots, leaves, flower buds and flowers, causing

disease mainly to Compositae, Primulaceae, Rosaceae, Impatiens and

Begoniaceae. Nematodes invading the roots of seedlings results in nodules of

varying sizes in the main roots and lateral roots with rough and brown

surfaces. In serious cases, fine root will rot and leaves turn yellow and die. As

the nematodes penetrate into the leaves’ internal organization, those leaves

will turn light green with yellow spots, which later become brown and the

leaves turn dry and black. In serious cases, flowers are subject to deformity

and wilt.

(2) Aphid

Hibiscus, Prunus persica, hibiscus, rosa chinensis and honeysuckle are

susceptible to aphid damage. As the temperature rise, this pest will grow in

numbers and severity. Early detection and prevention are recommended.

(3) Red Spider Mite

Jasmine, hibiscus, asparagus fern, rosa chinensis and dahlias usually attract

spider mites, which start causing harm in early April.

(4) Scale Insect

Scale insects plaguing magnolia, rosa chinensis, boxwood and Pittosporum

start hatching mostly between mid-April and mid and late-May.

2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings

Pest control measures in the project area include horticultural or agricultural

control, chemical control, biological control, and other physical and

mechanical control measures, but mainly chemical controls supplemented by

agricultural or horticultural measures and simple physical and mechanical

measures. A majority of such measures are summarized based on growers’

experience in years of field work and lack scientific foundations.


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2.2.1 Status of Major Pests and Diseases Afflicting Flowers and

Seedlings

Local growers in Zhentou Town know very little about pests and diseases

afflicting flowers and seedlings. Instead, they group them into two categories.

According to the descriptions of the local grower and cooperative, one is pest,

including a variety of moths, mites, scale insects and whitefly, as well as

aphids, spider mites, termites, and cutworms. The other is disease, including

leaf spot, damping-off, anthracnose, rust, powdery mildew and other leaf

diseases. Specific pests and diseases are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Major Pests and Diseases of Flowers and Trees in Zhentou Town

Types of Flowers and

Trees

Pests and Diseases

Disease Proportio

n Possible Diseases and Pests

Osmanthus Fragrans

Leaf spot disease Leaf hopper Termite

30% 100% 80%

Main diseases including brown spot, leaf blotch and anthracnose are common diseases of osmanthus fragrans. Main Pests includes cupmoths, mites, scale insects,whiteflies, Psilogramma menephron, bagworm moths, Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar, etc.

Camphor Tree

Powdery mildew Moth Termite

20% 30% 50%

Main pests and diseases include powdery mildew, tortrix, camphor sawfly, camphor bollworm, and camphor silkworm.

Elaeocarpus Scarab Cutworm Termite

60% 20% 50%

Disease is seldom happened to elaeocarpus, especially pests. Main pests include leaf-eating insect verdigris scarab and soil insect grub and cutworm.

Koelreuteria Laxm

N/A No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to Koelreuteria Laxm

Grapefruit Tree

Leaf Spot Disease

30% Main diseases and pests include mite, scale insect, leaf miner and anthracnose.

Redleaf Cherry Plum

Leaf spot disease Red spider Aphid

30% 25% 30%

Main diseases include black spot, bacterial shot-hole disease and sooty mould caused by aphid, and main pests include red spider, cupmoths, and bag moths.


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Trees

Pests and Diseases

Disease Proportio


Michelia maudiae

N/A No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to maudia michelia.

Michelia chapensis

N/A No main diseases and pests are found dangerous to michelia chapensis.

Metasequoia Leaf blight Moth Termite

100% 20% 50%

Main pests and diseases include damping-off (leaf blight), metasequoia glyptostroboides red blight, choristoneura fumiferana, black wings big termites, etc..

Taxus chinensis

Damping-off Aphid

10% 25%

Main diseases and pests include damping-off, stem rot, southern blight, mildew, spider mites, aphid, scale insect, etc.

Podocarp Red spider cryptothelea variegata snellen

30% 50%

Main diseases and pests include leaf spot disease, anthracnose, scale insect, red spider and cryptothelea variegata snellen.

Magnolia Conspicus

Leaf spot disease Leaf hopper Red spider

30% 100% 50%

Common diseases and pests of magnolia conspicus are anthracnose, leaf spot disease, cryptotympana atrata fabricius, Ceroplastes rubens, cottony-cushion scale, red spider, cryptothelea variegata snellen, capricorn beetle, etc.

Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum

Leaf spot disease Aphid Scarab

30% 30% 10%

Main diseases include anthracnose, damping-off, etc. Main pests include aphid, geometridae, noctuidae, cutworm, scarab, etc.

Prunus persica f. atropur purea

Powdery mildew Leaf curl Red spider

10% 25% 10%

Pests are aphids and spider mites. Diseases are mainly white rust and leaf curl.

Pine Rust disease Red spider Moth

10% 30% 20%

Main diseases and pests include rust disease, conifer moth and red spider.

Cypress Rust disease Red spider Moth

10% 50% 20%

Prone to have red spider, damping-off, dead arm, etc.

Ligustrum Leaf spot 25% Leaf spot disease, sooty mold,


16


Trees

Pests and Diseases

Disease Proportio


lucidum Ait disease Sooty mould

10% blight, mealybug

Myrica rubra Leaf spot disease Aphid Scarab Tortrix

20% 50% 30% 50%

Diseases are brown spot, canker, trunk blight, twigs blight and Corticium Saimonicolor. Pests are Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius, pseudaonidia duplex, Clania minuscula Butler, Buzura suppressaria Guenee, leaf rollers and Psychidae. Psychidae is commonly known as bagworms found in three variations, Clania variegate, Clania minuscuta and Chalioides londonis.

Camellia sinensis

Leaf spot disease Leaf hopper Termite Capricorn beetle

10% 100% 60% 30%

Major diseases are tea anthracnose, Cercospora theae Breada De Haan, tea algae leaf spot, tea grey blight, tea gall, tea netted blister blight, Coccochorina hottai Hara, tea bud blight, Meloidogyne sp., lichen and moss. Major pests are tea Empoasca leafhopper, mites, aleurocanthus spiniferus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura, Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss, Ectropis oblique, Homona menciana Walker, Adoxophyes honmai, tea stem girdler, Caloptilia theivora, Clania minuscula Butler, Chalioides kondonis Matsµmura, Iragoides fasciata Moore, Zeuzera coffeae Nietner, Casmara patrona Meyrick, Andraca bipunctata Walker, Aeolesthes induta Newman, Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson, Aspidiotus destructor, Pinnaspis theae, Icerya purchasi, Chlorops theaelefroy, Toxoptera aurantii Boyer, Dendrothrips minowai Priesner, Poecilocoris latus Dallas, and termites.

Lorpetalum Leaf spot 10% Major pests and diseases are


17


Trees

Pests and Diseases

Disease Proportio


chinense var. rubrum

disease Aphid

50% black spot, damping-off, aphids, wax cicadas, longhorn beetles, red spider mites and scale insects.

Rhododendron

Leaf spot disease Psychidae Leaf roller

30% 20% 10%

Diseases are mainly root rot, leaf spot, black spot, leaf blight, iron-deficiency chlorosis. Pests are spider mite, Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, bag moths, terminal bud rollers and terminal bud leaf rollers, and geometrids.

Camellia Leaf spot disease Blossom blight Sooty mold

10% 30% 10%

Major diseases are anthracnose, Cephaleuros virescens, dead-arm, root rot, red leaf spot (red leaf blight), flowers rot, and sooty mould.

The main pests are aphids, scale insects, stem borers, Parametriates theae Jus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, leaf miners and Ectropis obliqua.

Rosa chinensis

Powdery Mildew Aphid Scale insect

30% 50% 10%

Major pests and diseases are black rot, powdery mildew, aphids, scarabs, scale insects, slugs, Arge przherialskii Guss, carmine spider mites, bollworms, tiger moth, noctuids, bag moths, leafhoppers, stinkbugs, and stalk bees.

Rose Powdery Mildew Aphid Scale insect

30% 20% 10%

Major pests are similar to those of Rosa chinensis, including noctuids, beetles, and black cutworm.

Lily Aphid 50% Botrytis cinerea, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale insects, whiteflies.

Kumquat Aphid Red spider

60% 50%

Main pests are aphids, scale insects, and red spider. Diseases include sooty mould and powdery mildew.

Violet Leaf spot disease

Rot

30% 10%

Major pests and diseases are fusarium wilt, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale insects, damping-off, and rot.

Dianthus Leaf spot disease

10% Major diseases are brown spot, epidemics, and bacterial leaf


18


Trees

Pests and Diseases

Disease Proportio


spot. Plum blossom Aphid

Red spider 50% 20%

Major pests and diseases are anthracnose, gummosis, and scale insects, aphids, spider mites and leafhoppers.

Sago cycas Speck 10% Major pests and diseases are scab, anthracnose, red spot disease and white spot disease.


19

2.2.2 Current Pest Control Measures for Flowers and Seedlings

The investigation into the current situation shows that florists at Zhentou Town

have little knowledge about diseases and pests prevention and control, mainly

relying on chemical control, which is slow at the monitoring of diseases and

pests, and the controlling begins only after large area of pests; they have little

knowledge about the use of chemical pesticides, protective measures,

environmental pollution and the harm to the human body, and their disposal of

chemicals and waste package is casual. No use of pesticides banned by the

state has been discovered. Investigation reveals that florists at Zhentou Town

mainly use three methods to prevent and control diseases and pests of

flowers and plants:

Garden Planting Prevention and Control

Current garden planting prevention and control measures in the project area

include: timely watering, maintaining the sanitation inside the greenhouse,

improving environment condition, deep plowing in winter, timely trimming,

disposing infected plants, adjusting sowing time, reasonable rotation,

selection and cultivation of insect resistance breed and other simple protective

measures.

Physical and Mechanic Prevention and Control

Physical measures to prevent and control diseases and pests in the project

area used by the florists are also very few, mainly simple unarmed pests

killing or clear, labor removing infected branches or plants, rarely related to

the more contemporary light, heat, electricity and radioactivity, temperature,

humidity, sound waves, and other physical diseases and pests control

measures.

Chemical Prevention and Control

Chemical prevention and control measures are most widely used in the

project area, mainly large-scale usage of chemical pesticides, which is highly

dependent on chemicals, and blind medication, failure to grasp the best spray

timing and lag in control technology are existed.


20

2.2.3 Current Situation of Pesticides for Flowers and Plants Diseases

and Pests Prevention and Control

The florists divide the diseases and pests of flowers and plants into two kinds

based on the experience. They mainly use fenvalerate, trichlorfon, dimethoate

and other pesticides to control pests. And they mainly use fenaminosulf,

carbendazim and other bactericide to control the diseases. Main diseases and

pests, controlling methods and pesticides dosage are presented in Table 4

and Table 5.

Table 4 Pest and Disease Control Measures and Pesticides Usage in the Project

Area

Pest Diseases Control Measures Pesticides Dosage

Leaf spot disease, rust disease, powdery mildew and other leaf diseases

100-300ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 200-600 times) 100-200ml 75% chlorothalonil diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 300-600 times)

100-300ml 50% carbendazim per mu 100-200ml 75% chlorothalonil per mu (replacing benzene)

Aphid, phalaenae, mite, scale insects, capricorn beetle and other pests eating leaves and stems

100-300ml 40% dimethoate emulsion diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 200-600 times) 200-300ml 20% fenvalerate emulsion oil diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 200-300 times)

100-300ml 40% dimethoate per mu (organic phosphorus) 200-300ml 20% fenvalerate per mu (ester)

Cutworm, termite and other soil insects

30-50g of 3% carbofuran per plant or 3-6kg per mu

3-6kg 3% furan per mu (carbamic acid ester)

Table 5 Pest Control Measures and Pesticides Usage for the Turf of the Project

Area

Category of Diseases and Pests

Category of the Lawn

Control Measures Pesticides Dosage

Brown Spot Disease

Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and

Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu (diluting for 400 times) once during the period of disease

150ml 50% carbendazim per mu


21

ryegrass

Spot Blight

Cynodon dactylon, Tifdwarf Bermudagrass and ryegrass

Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu once during the period of disease


Blight


Spray 150ml 50% carbendazim diluting with 60l water per mu once during the period of disease


Armyworm


Spray 150ml chlorphrifos diluting with 60l water per mu every 20 days during the period of disease, totaling 6-8 times.

900ml chlorphrifos per mu/6 times

Lepidoptera


Spray 50ml Avermectins and 50ml Potassium ammonium salt diluting with 60l water per mu every 20 days during the period of disease, totaling 6-8 times.

300ml Avermectins and 300ml per mu


22

Table 6 Control Measures for Pests and Diseases and Current Status of Pesticides Usage in the Project Area

Trees and Flowers

Main Pests and Diseases Control Measures and Current Staus of Pesticides Usage

Osmanthus Major diseases include Cercospora leaf spot, rot spot and anthracnose that afflict leaves of sweet-scented osmanthus.

Major pests include cup moth, mites, scale insects, whitefly, cream moths, bag moths, plant hoppers and Atractomorpha locusts.

Common disease control measures: Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1,000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1,500 times solution. In disease stricken areas, seedlings need to be disinfected by immersion in 1,000 times potassium permanganate solution after removed from the nursery. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.

Camphor Major pests and diseases are powdery mildew, leaf rollers, Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer, Orthaga achatina Butler and camphor silkworms.

Powdery mildew control method: pay attention to nursery hygiene, thin out seedlings and remove and burn any diseased plant whenever discovered. If symptoms are obvious, spray 0.3-0.5 degrees Baume lime sulfur once every 10 days for continuous 3-4 sprays, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 to 1,000 times solution. Leaf roller control method: kill larvae by spraying 40% dimethoate 200 ~ 300 times solution, and also weeding and ridging when larvae are pupating in large numbers. Leaf roller control method: spray 40% dimethoate 200 ~ 300 times solution. Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer control method: spray 90% trichlorfon or 50% malathion emulsion 2,000 times solutions. Orthaga achatina Butler control method: spray 90% trichlorfon 4,000 to 5,000 times solution. Caligula japonica control method: spray 10% cypermethrin 800-1,000 times, or 50% malathion EC 800-1,000 times solution, or 65% trichlorfon emulsion 500-800 times solution, which has better insecticidal effect.

Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpus rarely suffers from disease, and the main problem is pests. Main pests are leaf-eating insects, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky and soil pests, grubs and cutworms.

In preventing or killing Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, shake them off and kill or set light traps at night, or use 50% dichlorvos emulsion 800 times solution. In controlling grubs, cutworms and other soil pests, pour 0.125% -0.167% solutions of dichlorvos or methamidophos EC into the holes digged with bamboo sticks in the bed surface.

Koelreuteria paniculata

No major pest and disease have been found with Koelreuteria paniculata.

Grapefruit Major pests include mites, scale insects, leaf moths and anthrax.

Common disease control measures: Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.

Prunus cerasifera Diseases are by black spot, bacterial shot hole and sooty mould caused by aphids. Pests mainly include spider mites, slugs and bag moths.

Use 50% Carbendazim WP 800 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl superfine WP 1,000 times solution for prevention. In case the disease has already occurred, spray 40% omethoate EC 1,000 times solution.


23

Trees and Flowers


Michelia maudiae No major pest and disease are found with Michelia maudiae.

Michelia chapensis

No major pest and disease area found with Michelia chapensis.

Metasequoia Major pests and diseases are damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), metasequoia red blight, Choristoneura fumiferana and Odontotermes formosanus.

Damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani): in the autumn after the leaves have fallen, remove the fallen leaves and spray to the ground 3-5 Be calcium polysulfide. Metasequoia red blight: immediately after the rainy season, spray the tree tops with 1% Bordeaux mixture once every10-15 days for 4-5 times, and the disease can be prevented. Choristoneura fumiferana: the period immediately after the larvae wake up from hibernation hazard (eary and middle April) is the best tiem for prevention and treatment. Use 50% fenitrothion, 40% dimethoate, 80% DDVP and pyrethroid agents. In the dry season (July and August) when outbreak occurs, manually remove the larvae and burn them (with bags), or spray 1,000 times fenitrothion to kill the larvae. Odontotermes formosanus: the most effective way to prevent is spraying mirex between May and June, or use 3% carbofuran (U.S.), l0-l5g per plant. Avoid rain or exposure to sun during administration in order that the efficacy may stay longer.

Taxus chinensis Main pests and diseases are damping-off, stem rot, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora mildew, spider mites, aphids and scale insects.

Common disease control measures: Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.

Podocarpus Main diseases are leaf spot and anthracnose. Pests include scale insects, spider mites and Cryptothelea Variegata Snellen.

For leaf spot and anthracnose, spray 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times solution. For pests, use 40% omethoate EC1,500 times solution.

Magnolia Common pests and diseases are anthracnose, leaf spot, Antheraea pernyi, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, Icerya purchasi Maskell, spider mites, Cryptothelea Variegata Snellen and longhorn beetles.

Anthracnose control methods: in early stages, spray 84.1% Haoduobao WP and 77% Kocide WP or 1:2:200 Bordeaux mixture solutions once every 15 days for 2-3 times. Spray 75% chlorothalonil WP 600-1000 times solution, 70% thiram 500 times solution, 65% Zineb WP 500-800 times solution, 50% Carbendazim WP + 75% Chlorothalonil WP 800 times solution, 50% sulfur flowable formulation 500 times solution, and 70% thiophanate-methyl ultrafine WP 1500 times solution. Leaf spot control methods: in early stages, spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux mixture or 0.3-0.5Be lime sulfur, 77% Kocide WP, 30% copper oxychloride SC, 25% aqueous copric tetramminosulfate, 50 % Tuzet WP 600-800 times solution, 75% thechlorothalonil WP 800 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times solution once every 10-15 days for 2-3 times. Cnidocampa flavescens control methods: in the young larvae period, spray 20% Dimilin SC or 20% Chlorbenzuron III SC, or Entobacterin emulsion in the entire larval stage. Spray fenpropathrin phoxim, fenitrothion and other pesticides in the larval stage, if necessary.

Loropetalum Major diseases are anthracnose and Common disease control measures:


24

Trees and Flowers


chinense var.rubrum

damping-off. Major pests are aphids, geometrid moths, Ophiusa tirhaca, Pantheahonei, cutworms and beetles.

Spray 50% Carbendazim WP 1000 times solution or 50% Benomyl WP 1,000 to 1500 times solution. Common pest control measures: Spray 20% Fenvalerate 2,000 times solution or 90% trichlorfon crystal 1,000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1,000 times solution.

Prunus persica f. atropur purea

Pests are aphids and spider mites. Diseases are mainly white rust and leaf curl.

For pests, spray 40% omethoate EC 1,000 times solution. For white rust, spray 50% Carboxin WP 2,000 times solution. For leaf curl, use lime sulfur.

Pine Pests and diseases are rust, oriental arborvitae tussock, and spider mite.

Rust: bacteria invade shoots and form gall clusters on twigs. Leaf will turn yellow and the twigs die. Control methods: spray Bordeaux mixture 100 tiimes solution on the trunk once every 10 days for 3 times between July and August. Use 1 - 3 degrees lime sulfur between March and April. Oriental arborvitae tussock: After the occurrence of pests, spray dicofol 1,000-1,500 times solution.

Cypress Prone to spider mites, damping-off and dead-arm.

To control spider mites, alternately spray 20% Mitac EC 3,000 times solution and 1.8% abamectin EC 5,000 times solution, or 15% triazone EC 3000 times solution. In the early stages of blight, water with 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 700-800 times solution. To control dead-arm, spray 50% Tuzet WP or 70% chlorothalonil WP 1000 times solutions.

Ligustrum lucidum Ait

Leaf spot, sooty mould, fusarium wilt and mealybugs

Leaf spot: 80% Dithane WP is effective. Alternatively, spray 25% carbendazim WP 500 times solution, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times, 80% Zineb 500 times, or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solutions. Sooty mould: in the peak period, spray 70% thiophanate 800-1000 times solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution to contain the disease. Fusarium wilt: spray pesticides in later May in disease prone areas for prevention. Water with 70% thiophanate-methyl 500 times, 40% carbendazim SC 600 times or 75% chlorothalonil WP 500 times solutions, once every month between May and August at the beginning of the month and once every half month if signs of the disease appear. Mealybugs: In the period of nymph to adult, spray 40% Supracide 1500-2000 times, 10% imidacloprid 2000 times or 40% omethoate 1000 times solutions. If nymphs are serious, use Superacide or imidacloprid mixed with omethoate for better effect. Spray continuously 2-3 times depending on the result.

Myrica rubra Diseases are brown spot, canker, trunk blight, twigs blight and Corticium Saimonicolor. Pests are Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius, pseudaonidia duplex, Clania minuscula Butler, Buzura suppressaria Guenee, leaf rollers and Psychidae. Psychidae is commonly known as bagworms found in three variations, Clania variegate, Clania minuscuta and Chalioides londonis.

Diseases Brown spot. Prevention measures: spray 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux mixture, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution or 65% zineb 600 times solution, all of which inhibit the growth of the bacteria. Generally, spray once before and after fruit picking, preferably Bordeaux mixture before and thiophanate-methyl after fruit picking. Canker. Prevention measures: (3-4 days) before sprouting, cut off the canker or the twigs with canker and apply 20% MBAMT 50 times solution, copper sulfate 100 times solution or veterinary streptomycin 500 units to the cuts, or spray 1: 2: 200 Bordeaux mixture. Trunk blight. Prevention measures: improve cultivation and management to protect trees against injuries, which is the main way to combat the disease. Prune diseased branches, which should be collected and burned. Remove the lesions and apply 402 smear antimicrobial agent 50 times solution to the wound. Twigs blight. Prevention measures: remove or cut off diseased twigs and apply 402 antibacterial agent 50 times solution to heal the wounds.


25

Trees and Flowers


Corticium Saimonicolor. Prevention measures: strengthen orchard management by preparing drainage ditches for the rainy season and administer organic fertilizers and potash to enhance tree vigor and resistance to disease. Spray Mepronil 1000-2000 times solution in early April each year. Before spraying, brush off the red bacteria from the infected twigs and trunks from top downwards, and spray the solutions once every 20 days for 3-4 times, the level of concentration depending on the temperature, which should be higher, 1,000 times, in early April when the temperature is low, and lower, 2,000 times, in June when the temperature has rise. Ferrous sulfate can be used as well, with concentration of 5%, and the same timing and methods with the use of Mepronil. Pests Lepidosaphes cupressi Borchsenius. Prevention measures: The early stage when nymph is hatched is the best time for prevention and treatment as the parasites have no wax covered on them. Pray 28% Jiebao EC 1200 times solution, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 800 times solution plus 10% imidacloprid 1,000 times solution, and 40% Supracide EC 1000 times solution. Pseudaonidia duplex. Prevention measures: protect its natural enemies like Encyrtidae and Encarsia amicula. No chemical pesticides shall be used in the emergence period of those natural enemies. Spray 28% Jiebao EC 1200 times solution, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 800 times solution with 10% imidacloprid WP 1000 times solution, or 40% Supracide EC 1000 times solution. Clania minuscula Butler. Prevention measures: spray 0.3% hypertonic abamectin EC 1500-2000 times, Bt WP 500 times, 4.5% efficient Cypermethrin EC 1000 times, and 3.2% pyridaphenthion EC 1000 times. Buzura suppressaria Guenee. Also known as big looper. Prevention measures: mid to late May is the best time for combating the first generation larvae. Spray 40% isocarbophos 3000 times, 20% fenvalerate 1500 times or 40% Methidathion 2500-3000 times solutions. Leaf rollers. Prevention measures: Early or mid-April is the time when leaf rollers start feeding on the plants after overwintering. Spray 20% sterilization EC 4000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution. Psychidae. Prevention measures: spray 20% Fenvalerate EC 4,000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution twice in mid-July and mid-August. Termite nests and traps can be used to kill termites.

Camellia sinensis Major diseases are tea anthracnose, Cercospora theae Breada De Haan, tea algae leaf spot, tea grey blight, tea gall, tea netted blister blight, Coccochorina hottai Hara, tea bud blight, Meloidogyne sp., lichen and moss. Major pests are tea Empoasca leafhopper, mites, aleurocanthus spiniferus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura, Myllocerinus

Use pesticides in strict accordance with the indicators of prevention and treatment instead of rushing to them as soon as pest or disease is discovered. Where density of pests exceeds the control indicators, for instance, 5% of the plants are damaged by Polyphagotarsonemus latus, 20% are affected by mite eggs, or one mu has 7,000-9,000 caterpillars or 10-15 lesser green leaf hoppers, pesticides can be used safely and reasonable in line with the national standard for the production of pollution-free tea. Pesticides with high toxicity and high residual, such as methamidophos, methyl parathion, fenvalerate and dicofol are prohibited. Use the right pesticides with proper concentration and safe intervals in a proper way. If Bt preparations 300-500 times solution are used against Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Ectropis oblique, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura and Adoxophyes honmai, the safety interval is 3-5 days. If 0.2% matrine 1000-1500 times solution is used against Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Dasychira baibarana Matsumura and Adoxophyes honmai, the safety interval is 5 days. The safety interval for


26

Trees and Flowers


aurolineatus Voss, Ectropis oblique, Homona menciana Walker, Adoxophyes honmai, tea stem girdler, Caloptilia theivora, Clania minuscula Butler, Chalioides kondonis Matsµmura, Iragoides fasciata Moore, Zeuzera coffeae Nietner, Casmara patrona Meyrick, Andraca bipunctata Walker, Aeolesthes induta Newman, Ceroplastes ceriferus Anderson, Aspidiotus destructor, Pinnaspis theae, Icerya purchasi, Chlorops theaelefroy, Toxoptera aurantii Boyer, Dendrothrips minowai Priesner, Poecilocoris latus Dallas, and termites.

phoxim is 10 days. Pesticides should be used alternately, with each pesticide used only once during the tea picking season. This is to prevent pest resistance and reduce residual.

Lorpetalum chinense var. rubrum

Major pests and diseases are black spot, damping-off, aphids, wax cicadas, longhorn beetles, red spider mites and scale insects

Black spot: spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil 800-1000 times solution or Zineb solution. Damping-off: disinfect the soil with 40% formaldehyde solution or 70% PCNB powder before planting, and spray Dexon 800-1000 times solution in case of infection. Aphids: before sprouting, spray 5% diesel emulsion or Baume 3-5 degrees lime sulfur to kill overwintering adults and eggs, or use 40% dimethoate emulsion 2000 times, or 50% malathion emulsion 1000 times solutions. Wax cicadas: during the nymph and adult periods, spray 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos 1500 times solutions. Longhorn beetles: capture adults and eggs to kill, block the wormholes with cotton swabs soaked with 50 times tetrachlorvinphos or dichlorvos, or omethoate, and seal them with mud, or kill the larvae by sticking a steel wire into the wormholes. Red spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. Scale insects: spray dichlorvos EC or fenvalerate EC 1000 times solutions.

Rhododendron Diseases are mainly root rot, leaf spot, black spot, leaf blight, iron-deficiency chlorosis. Pests are spider mite, Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, bag moths, terminal bud rollers and terminal bud leaf rollers, and geometrids.

Leaf spot: in the late and early flowering phase, spray thiophanate 800 times solution once, increase low-light illumination in the morning and afternoon, improve ventilation, and burn sick plants and leaves. Stem rot: improve ventilation and administer potassium in the morning and afternoon when the sunshine is good to enhance resistance to disease. In May, apply thiophanate 200 times solution to the trunk once every 7-10 days for several times. Spider mite: after the pest appears, spray Dimite 1000 times solution or 40% dimethoate 1500 times solution, once every 7 days for 3 times. In winter, clean the field by burning dry branches and fallen leaves. Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya: in the active period, spray dimethoate 1500 times solution or dichlorvos, and eliminate overwintering parasites and fallen leaves in the winter. Bag moths: capture the kill. Spray trichlorfon crystal 1500 times solution to kill the larvae. Terminal bud leaf rollers: remove the buds infected by the worm and kill larvae and pupae by spray dimethoate


27

Trees and Flowers


and dichlorvos 1500 times solution.

Camellia Major diseases are anthracnose, Cephaleuros virescens, dead-arm, root rot, red leaf spot (red leaf blight), flowers rot, and sooty mould. The main pests are aphids, scale insects, stem borers, Parametriates theae Jus, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, leaf miners and Ectropis oblique.

Anthracnose: spray chlorothalonil 600 times solution once every week for continuous 3-4 times. In the spring, administer additional phosphorus and potassium, and spray 0.15% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution before leaves unfold. Cephaleuros virescens: spray 0.2% -0.5% copper sulfate solution. Dead-arm: spray thiophanate-methyl, thiram or chlorothalonil before sprouting, especially to the injuries on the twigs. Root rot: remove diseased plants and contaminated soil around them, and disinfect the surrounding soil with 1% copper sulfate solution to prevent germs from spreading. Red leaf spot (red leaf blight): in the early stages, spray 70% thiophanate 1000-1500 times solution or 25% folpet 400 times solution. Flowers rot: before flowering, use fungicides, such as carbendazim, to spray the buds 2-3 times. Aphids: during the peak of aphid infestation, spray 50% phosphorus amine emulsion 2000 times solution or 50% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times solution once every 3-5 days for 3 times to destroy the aphids. Immerse 0.5 kg of tobacco stem and 0.25 kg of quick lime in 10-15 liters of water for 24 hours before filtered. Spray the liquid to the plants. Scale insects: common pesticides include a mixture of rosin and caustic soda boiled in water (rosin:caustic soda: water = 3: 2: 10). The dark brown liquid contains an excessive amount of free alkali and rosin soap, strongly corrosive to the wax covering of the scale insects. It is an effective agent to combat a variety of scale insects. In general, use 10 times solution in summer and 20 times solution in winter. A 40% omethoate 5 times solution can be used as well. Stem borers: in the peak of adult emergence, spray 20% dimethoate emulsion 500 times solution or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution. In the larval stage, spray 90% trichlorfon 500 times solution. Spiny whitefly: in the peak of nymphs hatching, spray 25% Phosmet and 50% malathion 800-1000 times solution, or 40% dimethoate, 50% phosphorus and 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solution, or buprofezin 1000 times solution, once every 7 days. Parametriates theae Jus: in the larvae period, spray trichlorfon 500-1 000 times solution, or fenitrothion or omethoate 1000 times solution, either is effective. Euproctis pseudoconspersa: spray omethoate, trichlorfon or malathion 1000-1500 times solution. Capture the adults with light trapping by making advantage of their phototaxis. Leafminers: spray fenvalerate 5000 times solution or omethoate 1000 times solution for 3 times before and after the pest onset. Ectropis obliqua: commonly used pesticides include 90% trichlorfon 2000-4000 times solution, Phosmet 800-1000 times solution, fenvalerate 2000 times solution, phoxim 1000 times solution, dichlorvos, folimat and malathion 1000-1500 times solutions. Spray the liquid to contain the pest.

Rosa chinensis Major pests and diseases are black rot, powdery mildew, aphids, scarabs, scale

Black rot: bactericidal protection should remain in place through summer when leaves are just unfolding until winter. Spray pesticides 1-2 times a week in the rainy season and once every 7 to 15 days during the rest of the


28

Trees and Flowers


insects, slugs, Arge przherialskii Guss, carmine spider mites, bollworms, tiger moth, noctuids, bag moths, leafhoppers, stinkbugs, and stalk bees.

year, depending on the infection and the type of pesticides, including 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution, 50% carbendazim WP 500 ~ 1000 times solution, 80% Zineb 500 times solution, 1% Bordeaux mixture, or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution. Among them, 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution is the best effective. Apply once every 7 to 10 days. Pesticides should be used alternately to prevent drug-resistant pathogens. Powdery mildew: spray 3 to 4 degrees Baume lime sulfur before germination in early spring. For incidence in the growing period, spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 to 1500 times solution, or 15% Triadimefon WP 1000 times solution; either is effective. The Triadimefon residues can linger up to 20 to 25 days. After spraying, the white powdery layer on the affected parts turns grey, shrinks and disappears. It is also effective to spray lime and water solution 1:20 and wash it off after a few minutes. Aphids: spray water to wash them off. If necessary, spray 2.5% deltamethrin EC 4,000 to 5,000 times solution or 10% imidacloprid WP 2000 times solution. It would be more effective if 1/1000 neutral laundry detergent is added. Scarabs: when the adults are out feeding on the plants, spray 50% malathion EC 1000 times solution. Scale insects: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% buprofezin WP 2000 times solution.

Rose Major pests are similar to those of Rosa chinensis, including noctuids, beetles, and black cutworm.

Leaf insects can be killed with spray of 10% imidacloprid WP + new lipid membrane 800 times solution. Root pests can be killed with spray of fenitrothion and quinalphos EC + new lipid membrane 800 times solution. For other pests, refer to control measures for rosa chinensis.

Lily Botrytis cinerea, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale insects, whiteflies.

Botrytis cinerea: spray chlorothalonil 600 times solution once every week for 3-4 times. Leaf spot: in the early stages, pray 70% thiophanate 1000-1500 times solution, or 25% thefolpet 400 times solution. Aphids: in the peak of aphids infestation, pray 50% phosphorus amine emulsion 2000 times solution or 50% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times solution to the camellia plants, once every 3-5 days for 3 times, and aphids can be destroyed. Immerse 0.5 kg of tobacco stem and 0.25 kg of quick lime in 10-15 liters of water for 24 hours before filtered. Spray the liquid to the plants. Spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution. Scale insects: spray dichlorvos EC or Pyretrin-fenitrothion EC 1000 times solution. Whiteflies: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% Phosmet and 50% malathion 800-1000 times solutions, or 40% dimethoate, 50% Naled and 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solutions, or buprofezin 1000 times solution, once every 7 days.

Kumquat Main pests are aphids, scale insects, and red spider. Diseases include sooty mould and powdery mildew.

For pests, spray 40% omethoate EC solution with mass fraction of 0.067%, or 40% Supracide solution with mass fraction of 0.67%. For diseases, use 70% thiophanate-methyl 0.125% -0. 142% solution.

Violet Major pests and diseases are fusarium wilt, leaf spot, aphids, spider mites, scale insects, damping-off, and rot.

Leaf spot: spray 1% Bordeaux mixture, 25% carbendazim WP 300-600 times solution, 50% thiophanate 1000 times solution, or 80% Mancozeb 400 -600 times solution. Damping-off disease, rot and fusarium wilt: spray 50% zineb 300 400 times aqueous solution or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times solution.


29

Trees and Flowers


Aphids: spray 20% Fenvalerate 2000 times solution, 90% trichlorfon crystal 1000 times solution or 40% Dimethoate EC 1000 times solution. Scale insects: in the nymphs hatching period, spray 25% buprofezin WP 2000 times solution. Spider mites: spray dicofol EC or propargite EC 800-1000 times solution.

Dianthus Major diseases are brown spot, epidemics, and bacterial leaf spot.

Leaf spot: in the early stages, spray 50% benomyl 1500-2000 times solution to the whole plant. Epidemics: water the transplants with thiophanate-methyl 1500 times or Etridiazole 2000 times solution once every 10 days. In the early stages, spray 69% Acrobat MZ 1500 times solution, 58% Ridomil MZ 1000 times solution, 64% oxadixyl.mancozeb 1500 times solution, or 50% chlorothalonil smoking, using 1000 g /mu. Bacterial leaf spot (bacterial disease): in the early stages, spray streptomycin sulfate 2000-2500times to the whole plant.

Plum blossom Major pests and diseases are anthracnose, gummosis, and scale insects, aphids, spider mites and leafhoppers.

Aphids and spider mites: upon onset, spray 80% dichlorvos 1500 times solution, or dicofol 1000 times solution. Longhorn beetles: inject 80% dichlorvos EC 30 times solution into the wormholes, or plug the wormholes with dichlorvos poisoning mud, or, during the peak of emergence, spray the branches with 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000-2000 times, or 50% of the phoxim emulsion 1000-1500 times, or 50% malathion emulsion 1000-1500 times solution. For pest control, dimethoate pesticides are prohibited in order to avoid phytotoxicity causing leaves to fall.

Sago cycas Major pests and diseases are scab, anthracnose, red spot disease and white spot disease.

Scab: in the early stages, spray 1: 1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solution once every 10 days spray or more frequent, depending on the severity of disease. Anthracnose, also known as red spot disease: when leaves are coming out, spray 27% lipid membrane 150 times solution. When infected, spray thiram 500-800 times solution once every 7 days for 2-3 times. White spot disease: in the early stages, spray 70% thiram 500 times or 50% carbendazim 500 times solution. As cycas leaves contain keratin, 0.1% adhesive should be added to the solution for better effect.


30

2.3 Overall Assessment of Current Flowers and Seedlings Pest

Management in the Project Area

At present, the flowers and plants in the project area are mainly planted by

individual investors with less specialized, intensive and large-scale planting.

They mainly use chemical control method supported by agricultural or

horticultural control and simple physical and mechanical prevention measures

with weak sense of integrated management of pests and diseases.

(1) Surveillance and prevention of diseases and pests lags behind, monitoring

mainly relying on the investigation of the florists; the communication with

superior diseases and pests regulators is untimely; the monitoring of diseases

and pests is not accurate; the investigation, surveillance and prevention of the

diseases lags behind.

(2) Pest control methods are mainly dominated by chemical control methods,

highly relying on chemicals, with a wide usage of chemical pesticides. There

are phenomena such as blind medication and failing to grasp the best time,

large amount of pesticides and few varieties of the pesticides.

(3) Have little knowledge about the use of chemical pesticides and its

protective measures, environmental pollution, harm to the human body and be

casual to the disposal of chemicals and waste packages. There is a big

hazard of environmental pollution. No use of pesticides banned by the state is

discovered.

(4) Have comparatively low knowledge on the integrated management of

diseases and pests, merely based on chemical control method and supported

by agricultural or horticultural control and simple physical and mechanical

prevention measures, lack advanced knowledge on diseases and pests

prevention and control such as prevention first, combining prevention with

control, suiting our measures to differing conditions in terms of locality and

time and integrated usage of various prevention measures.


31

3 Policies, Management Structure and Institutional Capacity

3.1 Pest Management Policies in China and Hunan Province

Major legislation and regulations on management of forestry development and

diseases and pests management in Hunan province and China are outlined

as follows:

Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by NPC

Standing Committee on January 1, 1985);

Seed Law of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by NPC

Standing Committee on August 28, 2004);

Regulations on Plant Quarantine (promulgated by State Council on May 13,

1992);

Regulations on Forest Pest Control (promulgated by State Council on

December 18, 1989);

Regulations for the Implementation of Forestry Law of the People's

Republic of China (promulgated by State Council on January 29, 2000);

Rules for Implementation of Regulations on Plant Quarantine

(promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 26, 1994);

Forest Pest Prediction and Forecast Management Method (promulgated

by the State Forestry Administration on July 18, 2002);

Measures for Administration of Production and Operation License of

Forest Seeds (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on

December 15, 2002);

Regulations on Approving and Supervising the Quarantine of Introduced

Forest Seeds, Seedlings and Other Propagating Materials (promulgated

by the State Forestry Administration on May 30, 2003);

Measures for the Treatment of Unexpected Harmful Forest Biological

Events (promulgated by the State Forestry Administration on July 1, 2005);

Regulations on Forest Harmful Biological Control and Quarantine in

Hunan Province (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province


32

on March 1, 2009);

Regulations on Quality and Safety of Forest Products in Hunan Province

(promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 1,

2010);

Implementation Methods of Hunan Province on Seed Law of the People's

Republic of China (promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan

Province on March 1, 2004);

Implementation Methods of Hunan Province on Plant Quarantine

(promulgated by the People’s Congress of Hunan Province on March 12,

1996);

Administrative Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on

Pesticides (promulgated by State Council on November 29, 2001);

Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticides (promulgated by Department of

Agriculture, Herding and Fishery and Department of Heath on June 5, 1982);

Implementation Methods on Administrative Regulations on Pesticides

(promulgated by Department of Agriculture on January 8, 2008);

Pesticide Safe Use Standard GB4285-89 (promulgated by State

Environmental Protection Administration in September 1989);

3.2 Regulatory Framework and Institutional Responsibilities

3.2.1 Diseases and Pests Control and Management

Duties of the Institutions:

Provincial Department of Forestry:

Implement national forestry guidelines, and policies and laws and regulations,

research and work out the draft of the guidelines and policies of forest

ecological environment construction, forest resources protection and land

forestation in our province, and organize to draw up relevant local forestry

regulations and supervise the implementation; organize, coordinate, guide

and supervise provincial forest fire prevention; guide provincial forest public

security; organize and guide the control and quarantine of provincial forest

diseases, pests and rodents; guide forestry industry development; audit the


33

declaration of key forestry construction project; guide the development and

cultivation of various commodity forest (including timber forest, economic

forest, firewood forest, Medical forest, bamboo forest and forests for special

use) and scenic forests and flowers; organize and guide forestry science and

technology, education, foreign affairs and publicity work; guide the provincial

construction of forestry group.

Provincial Forest Diseases and Pests Control and Quarantine Station

(provincial office managing the prevention of the invasion of alien forest

pests):

Organize the technology training and promotion for the business of provincial

forest diseases and pests control monitoring and forest plants quarantine;

manage and guide provincial forest diseases and pests control and monitoring

and plant quarantine according to law, coordinate related departments to dealt

with administrative cases which violates forest plant quarantine regulations;

guide district and county forest plants quarantine agencies to establish

seedling breeding base with no quarantine objects; handling quarantine

approval procedures for the introduction of forest seeds, seedlings and other

propagation materials into the province; propose the draft of dividing or

cancelling epidemic area and protected area, and organize to approve and

draw up provincial supplementary quarantine objects list; guide and the

coordinate the blocking, eliminating and quarantine to epidemic area and

protected area of quarantine objects; regularly organize general investigation

to the provincial risk forest diseases and pests, and prepare epidemical report;

develop provincial main forest diseases and pests forecast approach, master

the development trend of the occurrence of provincial main forest pests and

diseases, regularly publish provincial pests forecast and report it to superior

competent department; established and perfect provincial monitoring network

node and forest diseases and pests file; be responsible for the supervision

and management of provincial forest pesticide and medical devices.

Organize to set up relevant policy measures, and supervise the


34

implementation to prevent harmful biological invasion; to set up plans and

prevention schemes to prevent harmful biological invasion; to coordinate and

cooperate with departments concerned; to conduct a survey on harmful

biological invasion and have international exchanges and cooperation; to curb

the invasion of forestry pest and make risk assessment.

Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Station:

Actively develop forestry science and technology promotion services,

promoting the progress of science and technology; make plans and implement

professional training work; have trials, pilots and technical promotion and

assist to build forestry science and technology institutions and non-

governmental organizations at all levels.

Provincial Tree Seedlings Management Station:

Make plans, produce and adjust tree seedlings and do import and export as

well as quality management, ratify and issue Forest tree seed production

license and Forest tree seed business licenses. Be responsible for forest tree

introduction and germplasm resources management; be responsible for the

breeding, introduction, ratification and promotion of improved varieties of

forest tree; be responsible for the introduction, implementation and promotion

of new technology; be responsible for the training and ratification of

technicians and administrative staff.

Changsha Forest Protection Station:

Be responsible for the forest pest forecast and control guidance; master the

situation of forest pest occurrence and development; be responsible for forest

plant quarantine management, prevention of the invasion and spread of pest

diseases.

Changsha Forest Techniques Promotion Station:

Participate in the formation, investigation and respond, forestry technology

development and technology promotion; give guidance to set up

demonstration base for forestry science and technology promotion and

technology development; organize technical training; develop technology and


35

provide information; initiate forestry comprehensive service entity; attend

achievements appraisal; summarize and promote technological experience;

guide promotional agency of subordinate units to have forestry promotion

activities.

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of Pest Control and Management Institutions

3.2.2 Pesticide Supervision and Administration Department

Duties:

Agricultural administrative authority:

Agriculture bureaus of all levels are responsible for agricultural development

planning, comprehensive management activities related to agriculture; for the

implementation of policies, legal rules and regulations relating to crop and

plant cultivation, animal husbandry, agricultural mechanization and rural

economic development; for the research, planning and implementation of

agricultural and rural economic development strategy and middle and long

term development; draft the development plan of agricultural research,

education, technology promotion and team construction; the implementation

Hunan Provincial Department of Forestry

Provincial Forestry Science

and

Province Forest Pest Control and

Quarantine Station

Provincial Tree

Seedlings

Changsha Forest

Techniques Promotion

Changsha Forest Protection

Station

Liuyang Forestry

Bureau

Changsha

Forestry bureau

Pest Monitoring Stations (Flower Nursery Stock Base\ Growers)


36

of developing agriculture with the education and science; organize the

selection and implementation of key agricultural research and technical

promotion projects; give guidance to the construction of high-yield and high-

quality agricultural bases, agricultural education and agricultural skills

development.

The industry and commerce administrative authority:

The industry and commerce administrative authorities of all levels are

responsible for the management of the pesticide market; for market

supervision, management and administrative law enforcement; for the

standardization and maintenance of operational order in various markets in

accordance with law; for registration and supervision of market entities; for the

management of trademark registration; for advertising supervision and

management.

Quality and technology supervision authority:

Quality and technology supervision authorities at various levels are

responsible for the supervision and management of pesticide production and

products quality; for carrying out the national and provincial policies relating to

the supervision of quality and technology; for the unified management,

organization and coordination of quality and technical supervision work in the

administrative area; for the supervision of the behavior of quality

authentication agencies and the use of authentication marks; for quality and

technical supervision and administrative law enforcement.

Agricultural administrative authority:

Agricultural administrative authorities of all levels are responsible for the

quality supervision and management in agricultural chemical markets; for the

supervision, administrative penalty and administrative compulsion in

agricultural resources and environment protection, the supervision of quality

and safety of agricultural products and agricultural intellectual property rights

protection in accordance with laws and regulations; for the investigations and

punishments of agricultural foreign-related cases and important case cross


37

provinces and cities as well as the cases submitted or should be avoided by

junior agriculture departments; for provincial crackdown on fake agricultural

products, the supervision of quality and safety of agricultural products,

agricultural resources and environment protection and agricultural intellectual

property rights protection.

Safety and environment protection supervisory authority:

Agricultural resources and environment protection stations of all levels and

environment protection bureaus are responsible for the supervision and

management of agricultural environment protection; for the guidance to build

agricultural resources and environment protection mechanism; for the

supervision and management of the prevention of pollution caused by three

industrial wastes to agricultural environment and pollution from the overuse of

fertilizers and pesticides; for the provincial agricultural environment appraisal

and the construction of agricultural environment pollution comprehensive

prevention and control demonstration areas.

Plant protection departments and agricultural technique centers:

Be responsible for monitoring, quarantine prevention and control of diseases

and pests; for drug and equipment management; for drug registration; for the

demonstration tests, development and promotion of new technology, new

pesticide and new equipment; for the training, supervision and management

of professional techniques such as pesticide use.

Professional agencies of pest disease prevention and control:

Be responsible for professional prevention and control of major diseases; for

the publicity and training of pest prevention and the safe use of agricultural

chemicals.


38

Figure 2 Pesticide Supervision and Management Authorities

Agricultural administrative authority

Quality

inspect

ion

organiz

ation of

agricult

ural

produc

ts

Quality

and

technology

supervisio

n authority

Pestici

de

detecti

on

identifi

cation

organiz

ation

Agricultura

l

administrat

ive

authority

Plant

protection

departme

nts and

agricultur

al

technique

centers

Industry

and

Commerce

Administra

tive

Authority

Production and processing of pesticides

Selling of pesticides

Professi

onal

agencie

s of

disease

preventi

on and

control

Produc

tion

base

and

grower

s

Safety

and

environ

ment

protecti

on

supervi

sory

organ

Use of pesticides

Pesticides


39

3.3 Pesticide Management and Distribution Systems and the Use of

Pesticides

3.3.1 Pesticides Management

In accordance with the Pesticide Management Regulations of the People's

Republic of China and Pesticide Regulation Executive Method issued by

the Ministry of Agriculture in December 2007:

The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for national pesticide registration,

use and supervision; for the making or taking part in making national or

industrial standards for the safe use of pesticides, the pesticide quality and

pesticide residue.

The department of agriculture administration under the State Council shall be

in charge of national pesticide registration and supervision. The competent

administrative department of agriculture in provinces, autonomous regions or

municipalities directly under the central government shall help the department

of agriculture administration under the State Council to do national pesticide

registration and supervision. The department of agriculture administration at

the county level, in a city divided into districts and autonomous prefecture

shall in charge of pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.

The various levels of people's governments at or above the county level shall

be in charge of pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.

Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals under the Ministry of Agriculture

shall be in charge of pesticide registration. Pesticide verification institutions

under the competent administrative departments of agriculture in provinces,

autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government

shall help with the pesticide supervision within their own administrative areas.

3.3.2 Pesticide Operation (Distribution Systems)

The following agencies can sell pesticides: The agricultural production

material business unit under the supply and marketing cooperatives, plant

protection stations, soil fertilizer stations, agricultural and forestry techniques

popularization institutions, forest pest control agencies, pesticide production


40

enterprises and other units specified by the State Council.

According to the principle of direct supply, the agricultural production material

business units under agricultural reclamation system and agricultural

techniques popularization institutions can sell pesticides; the business units

which specially provide pesticides to grain depots and stations can sell

pesticides for storage grain, such as storage and trade companies and

storage companies under food security system.

Any unit and individual must get business license before getting involved in

pesticide production and selling.

3.3.3 Use of Pesticides

The use of pesticides and matters needing attention are mainly dependent on

the promotion by media and the pesticide business units as well as farmers’

self-learning through the instructions, lacking of professional training and the

education in environment, health and safety.

We shall make full use of radio, television, network and tabloid magazines to

broadcast laws and regulations, supervise work progress and effectiveness

and expose illegal cases and illegal business pesticide behavior.

While selling pesticides to farmers, the business units shall be in charge of

providing pesticide use technology and matters needing attention to ensure

safe use.

Good Agricultural Regulation issued in 1982 includes the content of the

purchase, transportation and storage of pesticides, the matters needing

attention to ensure safe use, the choice of spraying personnel and individual

protection. However, this regulation is relatively backward, lacking

professional training and education, and it does not correspond with the

current stage of the pesticide use.

3.4 Description and Evaluation of Pest Management

Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City is a seedling miniascape base in

Hunan Province and a national wholesale center for flowers and trees seed.

There are flowers and trees in 13 villages of the town covering more than


41

20,000 mu. Flowers and trees production is taking shape of the relative

concentration of the production and the flowers and trees industry have an

initial shape. In 2002, Zhentou Town was named as Hunan Flowers Town by

Hunan provincial forestry department and Provincial flowers association.

Since it is the flowers and trees base without quarantine objects, it pays great

attention to pest management. In recent years, with the development of the

local flowers and trees market and the need of provincial agricultural

department, several regulations were carried out so as to regulate local

pesticide management, promote agricultural techniques and improve pest

management ability: Notice by the General Office of Hunan Provincial

People's Government on Promoting Professional Prevention and Control

of Crop Pests, Implementation Plan about Reforming and Improving

Agricultural Technology Services in Villages and Towns and The

Implementing Measures on the Operation Conditions of Pesticide in

Hunan Province. However, since there are limited number of technical

personnel in agricultural technology promotion departments at various levels,

the research and promotion process of physical and biological control

technology goes slowly, and physical and biological control technology are

simple and the effect is not satisfying. What’s more, a survey has showed that

biological comprehensive prevention and control technology is not widely

promoted and used. Although some work has been done to prevent pests, the

prevention system of pests is imperfect in the project area and people are not

fully aware of the danger of pests. As a result, the area is unable to achieve

the effective and comprehensive prevention and control. Specific aspects are

as follows:

Comprehensive prevention and control technology lags behind: Growers

are mainly local farmers who are lack of professional pest prevention and

control technology. Drugs are employed blindly, missing the best time for

using, and prevention and control technology are lagging behind.

Promotion for pest prevention and control training is not enough: There


42

is no sound pest prevention and control authority and the upper supervision

authorities are not doing enough promotion, education and training about pest

prevention and control measures and the safe use of pesticides.

Poor knowledge for pest disease supervision: The flowers and trees are

mostly planted by retail investors and the supervision depends mainly on the

growers who have poor knowledge of pest disease supervision. As a result,

pests monitoring accuracy is not high and the investigation, monitoring and

prevention always lag behind.

Pest control technology lags behind: Financial shortage deficiency results

in insufficient attention on pest control and little focus on scientific research.

The lack of basic research of biological and ecological characteristics of pest

diseases leads to poor knowledge of the occurrence law of pest diseases and

the lagging behind of pest control measures. Pest supervision authority is

unable to make effective, easy, environment friendly and integrated pest

management technology.

Pest control system is not perfect enough: There is no perfect pest

prevention and control authority and the upper supervision authorities are not

doing perfectly to introduce advanced supervision and integrated prevention

and control measures, promote the demonstration effect and organize the

corresponding training. People are not fully aware of the danger of pests. As a

result, the plant diseases and insect pests in this area cannot be controlled

comprehensively and effectively.


43

4 Project Objectives and Priorities of Pest Management

4.1 Objectives of Pest Management

The overall goal of Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration

Town Project (Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans is

to control the damages on flowers and nursery stocks caused by pests and to

reduce the need for chemical pesticides.

(1) To improve the government’s capacity in terms of popularization of

integrated pest management method and to enhance the awareness,

realization and utilization in terms of integrated pest management for flowers

and nursery stocks;

(2) Demonstrate and popularize the integrated pest control technology,

introduce the non-chemical control technology and lessen the dependency on

agro-chemicals gradually;

(3) Promote the capacity of safe usage and management of chemicals, and

train the pesticide sellers and florists regarding integrated pest management

method and enhance the florists’ ability to use the pesticides scientifically;

(4) Strengthen the management on selling and usage of chemical pesticides

and prohibit the florists to use chemical pesticides which are high toxic and

violating the regulations and policies of the State.

Specific Goals:

a) Reduce the damages caused by pest and control the incidence of diseases

below 10%;

b) Reduce the chemical pesticides by 20%-50% within three to five years;

c) Eliminate intoxication accidents resulting from storing and irrationally

disposing discarded wastes;

d) Make sure that the amount of pesticide residue on agricultural products

comply with Hunan Forest Products Quality Security Regulation.

e) Stop using the pesticides which are listed in Ia, Ib and II class by WHO.

4.2 Priorities of Pest Management


44

Integrated Pest Management is a kind of strategy used to control pests. The

implementation of this strategy covers three closely-related phrases:

prevention, monitoring and intervention. This strategy makes use of a series

of control methods that can complement each other, such as agricultural

method, physical method, ecological method and chemical method. It is a

management method that involves ecology and aims at effectively reducing or

disusing pesticides and thus decreasing the chemical pollution on natural

environment and ecological environment.

As the priorities of pest management, the prevention and intervention of

pests are known collectively as Integrated Pest Management.

The prevention mainly involves three aspects:

(1) To wipe out disease-carrying insect origin or reduce the base number of

disease-carrying insect occurrence. For example, plant quarantine is an

effective measure to prevent dangerous diseases and pests from spreading

along with seeds and nursery stocks. Decreasing the base number of

disease-carrying pest occurrence means to reduce the amount of germs and

pests that live through the winter.

(2) To worsen the environment where the pests breed and do harm. We can

create or make full use of the conditions which are not conducive to diseases

and pests to change or eradicate the conditions which are conducive.

(3) Take prompt and effective measures to eliminate the diseases and pests

before they occur with large quantities and do remarkable damages. For

example, we can employ pesticides on a sound basis and take man-made

and physical effective measures.

Based on agrotechnical control, in order to control and eliminate pests

economically, conveniently, safely and effectively, IPM suits measures to

different conditions in terms of locality and time, uses appropriately the above-

mentioned measures such as inspection and quarantine, chemical control,

biological control, physical control, mechanical control and so on, gives full

play to the positive roles of various control measures and integrates these


45

measures organically which coordinate and complement each other.

The pest control measures of flowers and nursery stocks include such various

measures as garden or agricultural prevention, physical prevention, chemical

control and biological control and so on. According to situations of project

areas, the combination of environment-friendly control measures such as

plant quarantine, garden planting control, biological control, physical control,

mechanical control and so on is recommended to control flowers and nursery

stocks diseases and pests comprehensively. The chemical control method

prefers low-toxic, high-effective, low-residual pesticides that do little harm to

environment and human body. The specific methods and pesticide

management measures will be introduced in the following chapter.

The monitoring on diseases and pests is the basis of integrated pest

management.

In order to learn the occurrence, hazard degree and scale of diseases and

pests in production fields, get the hang of occurrence dynamic and rules of

diseases and pest and guide the pest control, we shall be devoted to the

research on prediction and prevention strategies. This project demonstrates

integrated pest management and shall include the integrated pest control

situations and pesticide usage situations in order to monitor the

implementation degree and effect of integrated pest control measures.

Therefore, monitoring on diseases and pests is the basis of pest

managements. Only the correct monitoring on the disease and pest situations

can make sure the correct formulation of integrated pest control measures.

Integrated Pest Management is a kind of strategy used to control pests. The

implementation of this strategy covers three closely-related phrases:

prevention, monitoring and intervention. The following text will introduce the

three phrases one by one and also introduce the pesticide usage and

management during the period of integrated pest control.


46

5 Measures for Integrated Pest Management

5.1 Specific IPM Measures

(1) Plant Quarantine

Covering three aspects-disease, pest and weed, the plant quarantine is a

series of regulatory measures aiming at protect the agricultural production

from alien invasion of dangerous diseases, pests and weeds. The plant

product species that shall be quarantined and diseases, pests and weeds

which are on the list of bringing-into and taking-out prohibition in accordance

with Act shall be not allowed to be input or output, or can only be input or

output after eliminating the quarantine objects by means of disinfection, if they

are found containing quarantine objects. Plant quarantine is the key link to

pest control. In particular, with the rather developed transportation and

increasingly expanding communication with foreign countries, strengthening

plant quarantine is extremely important. At the same time, the planting

materials such as seeds, nursery stocks and so on, which are transported

between districts in China, shall go through quarantine. The quarantine

objects shall be shut out of another district.

(2) Garden Planting Control

Similar to agricultural control technology, garden planting control takes

advantage of, in the process of flowers planting, a series of planting and

management technology to purposefully change environment and conditions,

and make them not conducive to the breeding of pests and spreading of

diseases, but beneficial to the growth of flowers, to reduce or eliminate the

occurrence of diseases and pests and enhance the quality of flowers.

Functioning as a method to ensure the high yield of flowers, most agricultural

measures also avoid the necessity of increasing extra manpower and material

resources to pest prevention, which on the one hand accords with the

economic demands and on the other hand has no such side effects as

polluting environment, hurting and killing natural enemies and so on upon


47

agricultural prevention. The specific measures of garden planting control

cover: fertilizing adequately , watering appropriately, keeping the greenhouse

clean, bettering environment and conditions, turning up the soil deep during

winter ploughing, timely trimming, dealing with injured plants, adjusting

seedtime, rotating rationally, selecting and growing species with resistance to

diseases and insects, laying the flower species out rationally and so on.

(3) Physical and Mechanical Control

Physical control is a kind of pest control measure which uses simple tools and

all kinds of physical elements, such as light, heat, electricity, temperature,

moisture, radioactive energy, sound weave and so on. It includes both the

earliest and simplest measures, such as hunting or killing bare-handedly,

artificially clearing away disease-carrying or insect-carrying branches and

stems and so on, and the utilization of newest achievement in modern

physics. The physical control is an ancient and young control measure. In

addition, it also includes the following: artificially increasing or decreasing

temperature and moisture, such as drying seeds, steeping seeds in hot water,

treating the bamboo and its products in high temperature and so on, in order

to go beyond the adaptation range of diseases and insects; Killing the insects

by taking advantage of their phototaxis, and in recent years black-light lamp

and high-voltage electric web bug-zapper have been applied widely; Killing

the insects using atomic energy, that is, directly killing diseases or insects by

radioactive energy or causing the insets to have inability to conceive by

shining with radioactive energy.

(4) Chemical Control

Chemical control means preventing diseases and insects by drugs. It has the

following advantages: good and quick control effect and simplicity of its

method. However, it may pollute environment, bring in chemical damage and

cause the germs and insects to have drug resistance after long-term use.

Though chemical control is an essential part of integrated pest control, we

should use pesticides scientifically and safely, pay attention to the human


48

health and environment protection, choose the right pesticides, choose the

pharmaceutical formulation rationally, use the pesticides timely, alternate and

blend the drugs and so on.

(5) Biological Control

Biological control means controlling diseases and insects by using natural

enemies. The natural enemies feed themselves on harmful insects or

pathogenic bacteria. Under natural conditions, natural enemies prevail and

control the damages caused by diseases and insects, especially by harmful

insects. In conserving flowers, we should consciously strengthen the role that

the natural enemies play, for example, burning the insect-carrying branches

after placing for a few days, to protect the parasitic natural enemies which live

within the body of insects, to create the environment that is beneficial for the

survival of natural enemies and to increase the amount of natural enemies; we

should introduce and protect insect-eating birds artificially to expand the

control effect.

5.2 Integrated Disease Management Measures for Flowers and Seedlings

Stocks

1) Anthracnose

Anthracnose is one of the commonest diseases attacking flowers. Vegetation

flowers and pulpy flowers are often infested with anthracnose. Anthracnose

has a high occurrence and causes great damage among all the flower

diseases. For example, Reineckia carnea, lilyturf root, day lily, pot marigold,

chrysanthemum, cockscomb and so on are often attacked by anthracnose.

Integrated Control Methods:

(1) Inspection and Quarantine

Strengthen management on the transported and transplanted nursery stocks.

We should spray once such systemic fungicides as 1000 times liquids of 50%

carbendazim and so on to the nursery stocks that will be transported before

lifting seedlings.

(2) Garden Control


49

Appropriately fertilizing and watering in accordance with the biological

characteristics of flowers and plants can increase the flowers’ and plants’

resistance to diseases and thus decrease the occurrence of diseases.

We can also select flower and plant species that are resistant to anthracnose.

(3) Physical Control

When flowers and plants are attacked by anthracnose, their sick leaves and

branches shall be removed and put together and destroyed timely. Or we can

apply medical Daktarin cream.


When seeds and seminiferous scale carry germs, they shall be first steeped in

50 � water for 20 minutes or in 55 � water for 10 minutes, then they shall be

dried in the sun before sowing. Or we can eradicate the germs existing on the

surface of seeds by steeping the seeds in 500 times liquids of 50%

carbendazol wettable powder for about 1 hour.

When the flowers and plants are attacked by diseases, we shall spray 1000

times liquid of 50% benomyl wettable power or 1000 times liquids of 50%

Sporgonwettable powder.

2) Damping-off

Damping-off, also known as seedling blight, is a kind of disease resulted from

fungi invasion on seedling stage. The germ first attacks seedling root and

stem base from the surface soil. The part that are under attack will be sunken

and weathered and become dark brown. If the sprouts just come up, the

symptom will be damping-off; if the tissues of sprouts are lignified, the

symptom will be seedling blight. Under damp conditions, the sick part will

grow white mycelium or pink mildew. If worse, the sick sprouts will wilt to

death.

Prevention Methods:


Disinfecting the soil with 0.15-0.3% formalin, 0.25-0.5% thiram and 0.5%

quintozene before sowing; or disinfecting the seeds with 0.1% potassium


50

permanganate;

(2) Garden Control

The soil for seedbed and plants potting shall be new soil without disease or

disinfected soil. The way to disinfect soil is as follows: for per square meter,

adding 8-12.5 kilograms water into 50ml 40% formalin, watering the ground,

covering it with plastic films for about 4-5 days, removing the coverings and

then sowing after 7-10 days; or employing the mixture of equal amounts of

70% quintozene powder and 80% dithane Z-78 before planting and sowing, 8-

10 grams per square meter.


Watering before sowing or growing to make sure there is adequate water in

the soil and strictly watering within 20 days after the sprouts come out.


At the beginning of the disease, we can water with 200-300 times liquid of

Miaojunling or 700-800 times liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl to eradicate

the germs and protect the sprouts.

In the initial stage of disease, we can spray or water with 500 times liquid of

50% captan and 800 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil.

3) Rust

Rust disease is a very common disease and does great harm to, in particular,

rose rugosa, rose, chrysanthemum, Chinese rose, azalea, daily lily and so on,

affecting their growth and reducing their value for admiring.

Prevention Methods:


We should strengthen inspection and quarantine and select healthy plants as

propagating materials.

We should transplant nursery stocks from disease-free areas and collect

vegetative propagating materials such as cuttings and so on from disease-free

parent plants, for a great many of branches and stems infected with rust

disease shall be under quarantine.


51

The species of flowers and the ability of their resistance to rust disease show

obvious differences. Therefore, selecting and cultivating flowers that are

resistant to rust disease is an economical and effective way to prevent rust

disease.

(2) Garden Control

We should strengthen the planting management and apply fertilizer

appropriately, enhance application of phosphate and potash and not apply

undue nitrogen; we should drain water timely since the moisture is high in soil;

we should open the windows of greenhouse to decrease moisture there.

We should control the planting density and ensure the plants are not so

overcrowded; we should drain water in time; we should apply fertilizer more

appropriately, enhancing application of decomposed organic fertilizers and

phosphorus potassium and not applying undue nitrogen; we should often trim

the branches and pick off disease-carrying and insect-carrying branches to

make sure proper ventilation and good permission for light; we should

strengthen air change while planting to reduce the moisture in the

greenhouse.


We should also pay attention to the cleaning of greenhouse. Once diseased

leaves and branches are found, they should be cut off, put together and

burned.


Pesticides shall be applied in winter

From late autumn to pre-germination of the next year, we should first clean the

fields and yards and then apply pesticides to prevent diseases. We can spray

2°c - 5°c lime-sulfur, 100-150 times liquid of 45% lime-sulfur. To prevent

heteroecious nursery stock from attacking by rust disease, we should spray

pesticides once or twice in mid March in early spring to kill winter spores

springing from fungi that survive through the winter.

Pesticides shall be applied during its growing season


52

3°Bé - 4°Bé lime-sulfur should be sprayed before sprouting. During the

growing season, we should spray 1000 times liquid of 50% carbendazol

wettable powder, or 250-300 times liquid of sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate,

or 10% bordeaux mixture, or other bactericides.

In the initial stage of attacking by disease, we can spray 0.2°Bé-0.3°Bé lime-

sulfur, 300-500 times liquid of 45% lime-sulfur, or 500 times liquid of 70%

ambam wettable powder, or 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl.

4) Powdery Mildew

Powdery mildew is a worldwide disease, which can cause harm to many

flowers and even lead to the death of them. It can bring a great loss to the

flower production and the flowers’ aesthetic value. It infects the plants in May

and June mostly and brings symptoms of yellow leaves, fading leaves, curving

tender tips, etc. in the summer. The tender tips, tender shoots, tender leaves

and buds are the most vulnerable. At the initial stage of pathosis, the infected

parts show chlorisis spots and gradually turn into white powder spots, which

seem like a layer of white powder, and which turn into grey in the later stage.

The infected plant shrivels, with its tender tips curving, leaves unsmooth,

flowers few and small or even none or malformed. The worst case scenario is

that the leaves curl up and become dried-up, and the whole plant withers and

even becomes dead.

Prevention and Cure Method:


Inspection and quarantine should be strengthened. Disease-free plants should

be selected as reproducing material, and seedlings should be introduced from

the disease-free areas. Vegetative propagation material like twigs, etc. should

be gathered from those disease-free mother plants.

(2) Garden Prevention and Control

Disease-free plant should be selected to cultivate disease resistant breed.

The cultivation management should be strengthened to prevent the nitrogen

from being excessive, and prevent phosphorus, potash fertilizer from


53

insufficiency. Watering should be proper, while humidity should not be too

high.

The density of planting cannot be too high, and pruning should be done in

time, especially the diseased and introverted twigs should be removed to

insure ventilation and breathing. After the diseased twigs and leaves removed,

they should be burned up. In addition, the temperature difference between

day and night cannot exceed 10�.


Some flowers like China roses can resist the low temperature of -17�, while

the Powdery mildew will freeze to death below 0 �, so the change in

temperature can be used to control the reproduction of the disease.


If there is a chimney in the green house, the mixed liquid of lime and sulphur

can be spread on it. The sulphur vapor volatilization can prevent the disease

effectively.

Before pathosis, 1‰ Potassium Permanganate, or 1:0.7:200Bordeaux mixture

or 65% zineb wettable powder can be sprayed on to create good preventive

effect.

After the symptom shows, 1% iodine 800-1000 liquid should be sprayed upon.

After five days, 75% Chlorothalonil 600 times liquid should be sprayed upon

twice to three times. The morbidity can be greatly decreased by spraying

again when new leaves are growing.

50% carbendazim wettable powder 500-600 times liquid, or 70% Mildothane

wettable powder 600-800 times liquid, etc. can also be adopted. If the

condition is serious, use them every 7~10 days. The medicament should be

used alternately to avoid drug resistance.

5) Leaf spot

Leaf spot is harmful to the leaves, which is a disease happened among the

corm begonia plant. It is also harmful to the michelia fishtail, canna, crape

myrtle, chaenimeles specuisa, Chaenomeles japonicd, sweet-scented


54

osmanthus, cuckoo, impatiens balsamina geranium, cockscomb, etc. The

symptom is that the cells on the leaves have local necrosis, so it shows

different spots like angular spot, streak, circular spot, with grey, black, and

brown colors. The worst case scenario is that the leaves turn yellow, shrivel

and fall off.



Inspection and quarantine should be strengthened. Disease-free plants should

be selected as reproducing material, and seedlings should be introduced from

the disease-free areas. Vegetative propagation material like twigs, etc. should

be gathered from those disease-free mother plants.


Crop rotating (the soil can be changed in the green house). It is not suitable to

use the method of spraying.


Remove the diseased tissue in time and burn them together.


In the early stages, spray will be used to prevent it from spreading. The

common medicament are 25% carbendazim wettable powder 300-600 times

liquid (50% 1000 times, 40% SC 600-800 times), 50%thiiophanate 1000

times, 70% maneb 500 times, 80%mancizeb 400-600times, 50% captan 500

times, etc. The medicament should be used alternately to avoid drug

resistance.

6) Botrytis

The botrytis is one of the most common diseases in the flowers and plants

production. It happened in the growing season, especially in the green house

during spring and winter. The pathogenic bacteria can infect any part of the

plant above the ground. If the cultivation management was not strictly carried

out, the disease will come up easily and become prevalent. When it becomes

serious, the flowers and leaves will fall a lot, which will affect the blossom of


55

the flowers and decrease the appreciation value, and cause great damage to

the quality and volume of production.



Inspection and quarantine should be strengthened. Disease-free plants

should be selected as reproducing material, and seedlings should be

introduced from the disease-free areas. Vegetative propagation material like

twigs, etc. should be gathered from those disease-free mother plants.

Disinfecting the seed is to kill the fungus that attached to the surface of the

seed. The seeds can be soaked in the 10% trisodium phosphate for 20

minutes and used after washed in the running water for 40 minutes. Another

way is to soak the seeds in the warm water of 52 � for 30 minutes, waiting

them to dry in the air before use.

The matrix disinfected germs overwinter in the soil; therefore, the soil is

requested to be healthy and new, no matter it is garden plant or potting. The

disinfection of the pot soil, the flower pots and the seedballs is also required.

The seedballs and germchit are to be selected to make sure there are no

diseased ones. Then, they will be soaked in the 0.3% to 0.5% copper sulfate

for half an hour, washed by water and dried in the air before planting.


The prevention and cure technical measures include breed selection, the

cultivation technique to prevent disease and medication prevention.

The most economical measure of preventing the botrytis is to select the

disease-resistant breed. For example, the red flower breed of the carnation is

more disease-resistant than the yellow flower breed. Under the same

circumstances, the disease of the red flower breed is less serious than the

yellow one.

Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied when planting to promote the

growth of the plant and enhance resistance. Completely decomposed organic

fertilizer should be used as much as possible, and phosphorus and potassium


56

fertilizer should be added, In the meantime, amount of nitrogen fertilizer

should be controlled to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid aggravating

the disease. Therefore the plant will be strong and the disease resistance

promoted.

The cultivation management of the potted flowers should be strengthened.

Ventilation and photopermeability should be taken care of. Also, there should

be enough space between the flower pots. When watering, there should be

“dry and wet both”, the soil shouldn’t be too wet, in case of hydrops.

In the field, the ventilation and photopermeability should be paid much

attention to. After raining, the water should be drained off immediately. In the

process of management, the damage of the plant should be decreased to the

greatest extent, so that they will not be invaded by the germs.


In the early stages, the diseased parts should be removed in time, which

cannot be piled up in the green house or the rubbish heap but should be

retted in high temperature or buried 15cm under the land surface. So the germ

source which will infect the plant next year will be decreased.

The botrytis occurs between the temperature of 20 and 25� and stops

infection, growth and reproduction at above 32�. This trait can be used in

protective planting to control the germs growth and infection by increasing the

temperature. This method has significant effect in autumn. Generally, in the

morning, the fresh air is let in late, while in the afternoon, the temperature

should be kept between 20� and 25�. If it’s below 20�, the ventilation must

be shut down, so the temperature will maintain at 15� to 17� at night. If this

method is well handled, the botrytis can be prevented without medicament.


There is no specific medicine for the prevention and cure of this disease, so

prevention comes first. The right time should be seized to use the medication.

Method of spraying medicine, stifling and applying dust can be taken.

Before and in the early stages, 1:200 Bordeaux mixture is to be sprayed once


57

every two weeks.

When there are diseases, the sick leaves should be cut off in time, and

medicament should be sprayed. Protective fungicide is often taken as the

medicament, such as 50% sumilex 1000 to 2000 times liquid, 50%

carbendazim 500 to 800 times liquid, 65% zineb wettable powder 500 to 800

times liquid, etc. Spraying should be carried out every 7 to 10 days. The

spraying should be meticulous, with the best time after 9AM. When spraying,

the medicament should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.

When stifling with the medicine, the fashioned fumicants pieces or fumicants

powders shoud be lighted. Using the heating method, they will be

disintegrated into small granules, which can fill all the plant area, reach the

surface of all the plant, even to the places where the spraying liquid cannot

reach. So the effect of killing germs will be better. The applicable

medicaments include 10% sumilex fumicants (200 to 250g/mu),

45%Chlorothalonil smoke agent (250g/mu), and 3% probenazole smoke

agent (50g /cubic meter). 3 or 4 hours after the stifling let the fresh air in. This

method can be applied in raining days or after watering, with the best time

period at night after the ventilation being closed. The effect will be better when

there is high humidity and not suitable for spraying.

Spraying dust can be carried out in the windless dense area and closed

houses. The duster is applied to spread the medicament with small and easily

floated particles into the air, so that they can sedimentate from top to bottom

and spread to the point where they can reach the effect. The effective

medicaments include 5% chlorothalonil compound powder, 6.5%

Diethofencarb dust agent, 10% killing mildew dust agent and 5% destroy

mildew dust agent. They should be applied once every 9 to 10 days

continously or alternated with other method for 2 to 3 times. The volume is

1kg per mu. After the spraying being done right above the plants, the planting

room should be closed in case the dust drifting to other areas because of the

air flow. The best time to carry out this method is in the evening or raining


58

days when the disease is in its peak time.

7) Bacterial Soft Rot

Bacterial soft rot is a great threat to the growth of flowers. There are two main

pathogenic bacteria: carrot bacillus and alocasia cacillus, which are easily to

run rampant and cause harm to a large extent.

The rhizome, corm, bulbus, petiole and leaves are easily to be infected.

Common calla, lily, gladiolus, fleur-de-lis, cyclamen, hyacinth, kaffir lily, dahlia

can catch the disease, which will be devastated to them. The diseased part

shows the status of waterlogging, and turns into brown, and then becomes

sticky and rotten. If the humidity is high, it turns into smelly thick liquid. If it is

dry, it turns into wizened and powdery thing.



When purchase or sell the germchit, seedballs, saminal roots from or to other

places, the quarantine procedure must be performed strictly, and the

quarantine system must be executed seriously to make sure there is no

disease entering and out.


Storeroom and growth control cultivation room should be disinfected with 1:80

formalin.

Before planting, the material of rhizomes, corms, bulbus, etc. should be strictly

selected and soaked in streptomycin 350-700 unit/ml for 30-40 minutes.

The production tools should be disinfected before using. The medicaments

that can be used are 0.1% potassium permanganate, 5% carbolic acid and

75% alcohol.

The chances of damage caused by insects and human, as well as contact

infection should be decreased and prohibited.


In the growth period of the plant, if any diseased leaves are found, they must

be cut off immediately and then buried or burned. The contaminated or used


59

flower pots and tools should be disinfected by 40% formaldehyde 40 times

liquid.


The unhealthy soil cannot be used continuously. The flower pots which

contain diseases only can be used after sterilized by heat treatment. The tools

contacted by the diseased plants will be used after sterilized with 1%

potassium permanganate or 70% alcohol.

This disease spread fast, so preventing work must to be strengthened. In the

early stages, 50% carbendazol 600 times liquid can be sprayed, or farm-

oriented streptomycin 1000 times liquid can be spread on the plant to have

the disease under control.

8) Crown Gall Disease

Crown gall disease, also known as root cancer, is one of the most common

root diseases that attack flowers and nursery stocks in gardens. According to

statistics, its host reaches to 60 families and over 300 species. In the initial

stage of disease-attacking, small suborbiculate protuberances appear and

then gradually grow bigger and harder. Coarse and cracking appear on their

surfaces and their color turns from light to dark brown or brownish-black with

the inner part of protuberances lignified. The protuberances vary at all sizes.

The big ones are as big as or bigger than fists. The amounts vary from several

to a dozen. Since the root systems are destroyed, the sick plants will grow

slowly and serious ones will even be dead entirely. In addition to attacking

cherry blossom and Chinese rose, the grown gall disease also attacks 300

types of plants, such as dahlia, lilac, begonia, geranium, rose, plum blossom,

forest trees, fruit trees and so on.

Prevention Methods:


We should strengthen inspection and quarantine and, as to plants out of

nursery garden or alien nursery stocks, we should throw away their sick

plants. If any questionable nursery stock is found, we should first steep it in


60

500-2000ppm streptomycin solution for 30 minutes, or steep it in 1% copper

sulfate solution for about 5 minutes, or steep it in 2% limewater for about 1 to

2 minutes, and then flush with clear water before planting. When planting, we

should transplant nursery stocks or cutting slips from disease-free areas. If

any sick nursery stock is found, it should be completely eradicated and

burned.

(2) Garden Control

Neutral soil or alkalescence soil that is suitable for breeding crown gall

disease should be applied with more organic fertilizers to improve its acidity

and change its structure; we should hurt roots or stem base of flowers as less

as possible when performing such operations as cultivating or weeding and so

on; we should prevent soil insects and soil nematodes timely to reduce their

damages; we also should drain water after rainfalls to decrease the moisture

of soil, promote the growth of flowers and increase their resistance to

diseases.

We should avoid the wounded part from contacting the soil when grafting. The

grafting tools can be disinfected with 75% alcohol or 1% formaldehyde

solution.


When nursery-reared flowers or planted flowers are found infected with

germs, we should dig away the surrounding soil timely, cut off the tumors

completely with a scraper—till the health xylem appears, and protect the

wounded part with high concentrations of lime-sulfur or bordeaux mixture to

avoid being re-infected. We should eradicate the cureless plants in time and

collect, put together and burn all the residues.


We can irrigate the roots of slightly infected plants with 300-400 times liquid of

“402” antimicrobial, or apply the wound with 500-2000ppm streptomycin, 500-

1000ppm oxytetracycline and 5% ferrous sulfate after cutting off the tumors. It

is also reported that the mixture solution of 50 methanol, 25 glacial acetic acid


61

and 12 iodine plates can achieve therapeutic effect. We can also apply No. 84

agrobacterium radiobacter to perform biological prevention.

The serious crown gall disease areas can only be used for planting after a

two-year rotation or being disinfected with chloropicrin.

5.3 Integrated Pest Management Measures for Flowers and Seedlings

1) Nematodiasis

Nematodes invade and then bring disease to the root, leaves, flower buds and

flowers. The disease often attacks the plants from the composite family,

primulaceae, rosaceae, balsaminaceae and begoniaceae. When the

nematodes invade the root of seedling, they will give rise to coarse and brown

protuberances of varying sizes in the main root and side root; when the

disease gets more serious, the slim root will get rotten and leaves will wither

to death. When the nematodes bore into the interior tissue of leaves, the

leaves will turn light green with yellowish patches on them. Later the patches

will turn amber and the leaves will wither and turn black; when the disease

gets worse, the flowers will be very small and deformed and droop easily.

Prevention Methods:


We should strengthen inspection and quarantine on newly-introduced flower

species, which will be sent to the designated place and planted experimentally

after passing the quarantine conducted by quarantine organ.

(2) Garden Control

We should choose healthy seedlings and disease-free areas so as to

establish disease-free nurseries; we should keep the nurseries clean and get

rid of the withered flowers , weeds and scanty shrubs in and out of nurseries;

we should use the clean water and groundwater to irrigate and better drainage

facilities to prevent the outside polluted water from flowing into the flower

farms and nurseries; we should pay attention to the disinfection of seedlings

and rearing medium; we should apply rolling cultivating racks and lift-off and

hard-bottom planting methods to prevent nematodes and other diseases and


62

insects from disseminating and occurring.

Applying organic fertilizers can not only promote the reproduction of beneficial

microorganisms and prevent nematodes from growing, but also stimulate the

vigorous growth of the flowers and increase disease tolerance. The organic

fertilizers must contain no nematodes and be thoroughly decomposed.

Such asexual propagation materials as nursery stocks, cuttings, corms and so

on should be steeped in hot water, medicated solution or mixture of these two.

Before handling in a large amount, we should make an experiment to confirm

the temperature of hot water, liquor strength and handling time, which can kill

the nematodes but do no harm to the growth of nursery stocks.


Fungi come first as the natural enemy, with germs, predatory nematodes,

insects and mites following. Fungi can be classified into two types: parasitic

and predatory. Controlling the amount of nematodes can play a great role. All

the nymphs and imagoes of collembolan can prey on nematodes in all the

forms of eggs, larvae and adults.

We should choose subsoil for raising seedlings. Soil and ground substance

should be basked in the clear days of summer for seven days in a row. In this

way the nematodes and other soil-borne diseases and insects can be killed.


We should clear away sick plants, sick soil debris and sick soil timely and burn

sick plants. After the flowers being sold, we should clear away the soil debris,

pull up and pick up all the sick roots scattering in the soil. Eradicating weed

host of nematodes constantly can lessen the amount and occurrence of

nematodes.

During the hot summer, we can, in the sheds and green houses, cut 600-1000

kilograms rice straws into 4cm-6cm short lengths, add 50-100 kilograms lime

nitrogen per Mu to them, blend evenly and plough the blend deep into the soil

below 20 cm. Then plough furrows, fill them with water and cover them with

thin films. What to do next is to close the sheds for over 20 days and use the


63

sun energy to kill the diseases and insects.

Before sowing or transplanting, we should, in the greenhouses or sheds,

apply 30-60 kilograms liquid nitrogen or 50-60 kilograms ammonium

bicarbonate per Mu and plough the soil. Close the door and windows airtightly

for about 1 week. Then open the door and windows and plow the soil deeply

to give off the ammonia. After 2-3 days we can sow seeds. If it is in the open

air, we should cover the soil with thin films immediately for a week after

applying liquid nitrogen or ammonium bicarbonate and sow after all the

ammonia has given off.

Flooding the soil for 1-3 weeks in summer and for 3-5 weeks in winter can

also obtain obvious control effects.


To eliminate root knot nematode, stem eelworm and aphelenchoides besseyi,

the flower corms and bulbs are soaked in 50 times liquid of 50% phoxim EC

for 2 hours and in 44.4-46.7℃ for 3 hours.

2) Aphid (Budworm)

Aphid is one of the most harmful insects to flower seedlings (nursery stocks).

Almost every plant will be attacked by one or several kinds of aphids. The

aphid makes use of its sucking mouth parts to suck a great deal of juice from

the seedlings, which may aggravate the nutrition of the seedlings, stop or

defer their growth, or even lead to deformed growth, induce sootymould and

transmit many plant virus diseases. The aphid attacks tulip, peach blossom,

cherry blossom, rosebay, plum blossom, hollyhock, orchid, florists cineraria,

pansy, pot marigold, cornflower, dianthus chinensis, Iris tectorum Maxim,

Freesia refracta , lily, apricot flower, pomegranate flower, and flowers of

Solanaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae and so on. With the temperature

increasing, the aphid will increase and the situation will become worse. We

must find and prevent the disease earlier.




64

We should perform strict inspection on the newly-introduced seeds and

seedlings to prevent the invasion f the alien insects. We should also disinfect

soil and old pots to kill the residual eggs.

(2) Garden Control

Different flower species have different insect resistances. Therefore, we

should choose species that have high resistance against insects, which

can not only reduce the damage caused by aphids, but also save money

on insecticides. We can eradicate the source of overwintering aphids by

cleaning the green houses. For the flowers whose seedlings are raised in the

green house, we should enhance aphid prevention in their growing season.

We should prune, completely clear away and then burn all the stray

flowers and withered leaves where the aphids live or eggs lurk.


We can make use of such natural enemies as aphid parasites, ladybug, hover

fly, spider and Allothrombium sp. and so on to prevent the aphids. We can

also use microbial control, for example, using entomogenous fungi which

make the aphids sick.


We can use aluminium film to drive the aphids out. Before sowing or

transplanting seedlings, lay the aluminium film rays on the operation way and

surrounding areas of the seedbeds with interval spaces. We can paint sticking

oil in the yellow plates to entrap and immobilize green peach aphids. The

plate is normally 1 meter long and 20 cm wide. Black-light lamp can be used

for entrapping and killing aphids. With superior phototaxis, the aphids can be

killed by putting pre-made black-light lamps on the spots where aphids occur

in a great amount. This has been proved to be a very effective way.


1000 times liquid of 20% Compound Liuyang mycin missible oil are mainly

sprayed to the growing points and the back of leaves

3) Red Spider


65

Red spider is a kind of mite. It is also known as tetranychid mite, fire dragon,

brevipalpus and is a very common flower disease, which generally causes

damages on flower leaves and petals with wide range and common hosts,

including vegetation flowers and pulpy flowers, fruit trees and potted

landscapes like wild elm, Sageretiatheezans and Pinus parviflora. Red spiders

will harm such plants as Chinese rose, Milan, jasmine, azalea, camellia,

kumquat, cherry-apple tree, sweet-scented osmanthus, sagebrush, fingered

citron, chrysanthemum and so on. They mostly cluster on the back of flower

leaves and spin webs to harm these plants.



We should check whether the plants contain mite eggs before bringing them

into the nurseries or green houses. Any old plant that is trimmed or contains

harmful insects should be timely removed.

(2) Garden Control

We should use more organic fertilizers and less nitrogen fertilizer in order to

enhance tree vigor and improve the plants’ ability to resist insects.

In the hot and dry season, we should dig caves to water the plants, in order to

compensate for the lost water.

Prune frequently, improve the microclimate where plants grow, increase light-

admitting or air quality of plants, enhance the tree vigor and reduce the

incidences of harmful insects.

We should irrigate appropriately according to the drought degree. Spray

irrigating and high-pressure washing the new tips can reduce the insect

density. In addition, correct nutrition supply and irrigation is very important, for

the plants under adverse conditions are particularly sensitive to diseases and

insects.


For the plants that were once severely attacked by red spiders, we should

scrape the warping barks, clear away the withered leaves, fallen leaves and


66

weeds where the red spiders will live through the winter and eradicate

overwintering female adults and eggs to reduce the source base number of

red spiders.

In regards to the trees which are easily attacked by mites, we can bundle the

trunks with weeds to entrap overwintering female mites. In the early spring we

can remove and burn the bundling weeds. In winter we should first wipe out

weeds and fallen leaves and then put them together for burning to reduce the

mite density for the next year.


Red spiders have a lot of natural enemies of different species. The insects

which prey on harmful mites are mostly pradaceous thrips, lacewings,

Stethorus punctillum, Delphastus catalinae, Orius spp and so on. Predatory

mites cover Amblyseisus longispinosus, Amblyseius largoensis, Phytoseiulus

persimilis and so on, which are among Phytoseiidae and play an active role in

controlling the amount of pest population. If the conditions are sufficient, we

can proliferate and release natural enemies. When protecting and using

natural enemies, we can increase moisture to some extent to increase the

amount of natural enemies. When the ratio of natural enemies to pests

reaches over 1: 50, the pests can be controlled effectively.

According to the experience, using Phytoseiulus persimilis can effectively

control Tetranychus urticae Koch. Phytoseiulus persimilis is a kind of

Cheyletidae and can be released immediately after the Tetranychus urticae

Koch appears and needs to be released successively on the areas where

Tetranychus urticae Koch has a high incidence.

Outside the green houses, some insects of the natural world, for example,

Stethorus punctillum, also feed themselves on Tetranychus urticae Koch. As a

kind of predatory mite, Cheyletidae can’ t root the Tetranychus urticae Koch

out, but can control the amount of Tetranychus urticae Koch under certain

level so as to reduce the damage caused by Tetranychus urticae Koch.

Generally speaking, either the release of Cheyletidae or the integrated control


67

measures should be based on management routinization, that is, we should

check the insects regularly and take timely measures.

In the high-incidence areas, we can spray some low-poison and high-effective

insecticides. However, the insecticides are non-selective and will at the same

time kill Cheyletidae. In the meantime, we should be aware that Phytoseiulus

persimilis is a kind of effective biological weapon to kill Tetranychus urticae

Koch, but its existence can lead to the reduction of plant height.

Due to the non-selective characteristic of insecticides, don’t be too ready to

use insecticides, unless in areas where Tetranychus urticae Koch has a high

incidence. When predatory organisms like Cheyletidae or above-mentioned

Stethorus punctillum that prey on Tetranychus urticae Koch appear, we are

suggested to intensify attending, not to use toxic chemical insecticides.


In order to avoid the damage caused by red spiders, we should take time to

observe. If the color of any leaf is found abnormal, we should check carefully

the back of the leaves and spray insecticides early when a lot of leaves are

found to be attacked by pests.

Red spiders are very small, so, in general, they can’t be found by means of

observation with naked eyes. Anatomical lens or magnifier can be used for

observation. Or we can take one piece of white paper, pick leaves or branch

tips that may have been attacked by red spiders, pat them several times over

the paper and then check whether there are “black dots” moving on the paper.

If there are, we can identify the dots as red spiders. In addition, we can also

observe the leaves to check whether there are small spots or not. If each leaf

has an average of over 10 insects on it, the growth and greening effect of the

plants can be affected. Then we should set about preventing.

In the early spring or winter, 0.2%-0.3% washing powder is sprayed on the

plants to enhance the medicament’s spreading and attaching nature. So the

overwintering eggs and mature mites can be killed and the density of the eggs

can be lowered. Before sprouting, 5% heavy diesel fuel emu should be


68

sprayed to kill the overwintering eggs.

From the middle and late March to April when trees are sprouting, 0.5-1

Baume lime sulphur should be sprayed to prevent and kill the newly incubated

mites and the mature female mites.

During the red spider damage period, pot culture and bonsai should be

applied with phoxim, etc. in the rhizosphere. The application quantity should

depend on the size of the plant. After buried under the earth, they must be

watered enough to promote the pesticide effect.

Most red spiders are more active in high temperatures. The dry and hot

climate can cause an outburst in the disease. Therefore, the prevention must

be done before the hot and dry season. Because the hot and dry weather in

any period can cause the rampancy of the red spider, checking work should

be carefully done and medicament should be sprayed in time according to the

checking result. The effect should be consolidated after 10-15 days.

During the rampant period, 5% Nissorun missible oil 1500 times liquid (not

effective for mature mites) can be sprayed, which should be done equally to

the trees. All the new tips should be covered. In this way, the density of the

mites can be decreased immensely.

In late May to early June, bio-acaricide Liuyang mycin (20% compound agent)

1000-2000 times liquid, or 20% chlorfenson wettable powder 800-1000 times

liquid can be used to prevent the first generation of just incubated mites,

nymph and the mature female mites which haven’t oviposited.

In June and July when the outburst happened, 73% propargite missible oil

4000 times liquid should be sprayed, which should be done every 10 days

alternately for 3-4 times continuously. When spraying, the middle and bottom

part of the plant and the back of the leaves should all be covered and sprayed

equally.In order to avoid the drug resistance in red spiders, it’s better other

acaricides are used with alternately. The front and back side of the leaves

should both be sprayed on to guarantee the effect. Because the chemical

pesticide may easily cause drug resistance in pests, which will bring difficulty


69

to the prevention, the drugs must be used alternately, and the concentration

and frequency of the drugs shall be deliberately increased. Highly effective

and safe pesticides should be chosen and the weak link of the pests should

be focused on. To consolidate the pesticide effect, the spray interval should be

15-20 days, thus the mite disease can be totally controlled. The protective

effect can be promoted by using two medicaments simultaneously or

alternately.

4) Scale Insect (Flower Louse)

Scale insects are one of the most commonly seen pests on the flower and

nursery stock. They often gathered on the braches, leaves and fruits. The

adults, nymphs insert their mouthparts into the leaves, branch tissues to suck

the juice out, which can bring the symptom of dying back and malformation,

shrinking etc. , and which may induce sootymould that cause great harm.

Scale insects are small sized insect, most polypides have waxiness secretion.

They are insects of gonochorism. The females have no wings, while the males

have a pair of membranous fore wings. Their underwings specialized into

balance stick. Scale insects have great reproductive ability, so they can

reproduce many generations in a year. After a short time of crawling, the testa

will be formed and the scale insects settle down, which is a trait to them. They

have strong drug resistance, which makes the prevention and cure difficult.

Once they appeared, they cannot easily be removed.

Integrated Control Method:


Under the natural circumstances, the scale insects have a fixed life. They

never or seldom move around, so they have limited infectious ability, and the

distributions are bounded. With the rapid development of the flower and plant

industry, scale insects spread with the allocation and transportation,

introduction and exchange of the flowers and plants. So quarantine must be

strengthened to prevent the introduction and bringing out of the plants with

scale insects. Once they were discovered, the method of spraying or other


70

methods should be taken in time. If the number is big, stifling method can be

adopted, while if he number is small, scraping method can be adopted to

make sure the introduced plants have no scale insects.


Once the scale insects are discovered, immediate measures should be taken

to wipe them out. If there are scale insects on some particular leaves and

branches, soft brushes can be used to brush them away, or cotton ball, cloth

pieces can be used to wipe them off. Pruning can also be done by cutting off

the leaves and branches which have scale insects on them. The brushing and

cutting should be made clean, and the wastes should be burned together and

not be thrown about.

Before the nymphs come up to the trees in the spring, the bark in the trunk

base should be scraped off to make a 30-50cm isolation strip, which should

be daubed regularly by used oil or anti scale insects missible oil, or 20cm

width insects-sticking glue belt which can be made by heating 1kg used oil,

diesel, or castor oil with 0.5kg rosin added afterward.

(3) Garden Control

The field management should be strengthened by loosening the soil,

spreading manure, irrigation and pruning in time, and making the garden

ventilated and light available in order to promote the plants’ anti-insect ability.

On the basis of the scale insects‘overwintering habit, winter pruning should be

done to cut off the branches with high density of scale insects, so as to

decrease the base number. For the heavily occupied limbs, scrub-brush, thin

steel wire, scraper or ploughstaff can be used to brush and scrap the

overwintering adults and eggs away. After that, the mud should be used to

spread over to decrease the insect population, at the same time, to prevent

the trunk from being infected. The shell and old barks which have been

scraped off should be gathered and burned together.

The following method can also be adopted: � mix liqueur with water, the rate

is 1:2. When watering, drench the surface of the soil in the pot. Scale insects


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become active when the temperature reaches 7 � in the spring, so water the

plants in the middle of April, then once every half month for 4 times

continuously. After that, the effect will show.


The scale insects in our country have a rich resource of natural enemy,

including Chilocorus rubidus Hope, Harmonia axyridis, Chrysopa perla, Orius

minutus, hoverfly, ground beetle, parasitic wasp, etc. Those natural enemies

should be fully used to control the pests. Specific measures are as follows:

Protect and use the natural enemy directly: make the natural enemy

overwinter in the cracks. Then, gather and feed them in cages, and release

them in the field afterwards. In addition, put some soil block and stone in the

soil when loosening the soil for the roots to increase the overwintering places

for those natural enemies. Highly toxic pesticide should not be applied during

the eclosion period of the natural enemy.

The man-made transferring and migration of the natural enemies: in

accordance with population of scale insects and their natural enemies in

different areas, transfer the natural enemies from highly populated areas to

less populated areas or woods and ones with serious scale insects damage.

Increase the variety and number of natural enemies to prevent the damage

from the scale insects.


During the outburst, use medicament. Seize the highly incubated period to

spray, because the testa hasn’t formed or thickened, so they can be killed by

pesticide. If the shell has formed, the spraying effect will not be significant.

The applicable medicaments include 50% malathion and 30% Malathion-

buprofezin emulsion (malathion & buprofezin), spraying with the interval of 7-

10 days for 2-3 times continuously.

5) Integrated Lawn Pest Prevention and Control Measures

There are various harmful insects inhabiting in the lawn. They feed on the

grass, pollute the lawn, and disseminate disease, which usually do great


72

damage to the lawn and severely influence the quality of the lawn. Therefore

killing pests and protecting the lawn are among major measures of lawn

planting management.

Locust

Locusts belong to the Acridoidea of the Orthoptera. With a wide range of food,

they feed on a variety of plants, but they prefer plants of gramineae and the

sedge family, especially grass on the lawn. The imago and nymphae nibble

leaves and immature stems. During an outbreak, locusts can eat up all leaves

of the host or even the host. Therefore the locust is a major kind of pest for

agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding and afforestation industry. The outbreak of

locusts usually happens during the period from May to September.

Integrated Methods of Prevention and Control:

�When the scale of the outbreak is large, medicine can be used for

prevention and control. The common medicine includes spray powder of 2.5%

Dipterex powder, 3.5% Methyl Parathion Dipterex powder, 4% Double-effect

phosphorus powder, with 30 kilos for every hectare. It also includes 1000-

1500 times spray of 50% Malathion emulsion, 75% bisultap emulsion and

folimat emulsion. � Poison Bait for Prevention and control: 22.5 kilos mixture

of 100 units of wheat bran, 100 units of water and 2 units of 1.5% Dipterex

powder (or 0.15 unit of folimat emulsion oil) for every hectare. Also 100 units

of shred herb with 30 units of water can be mixed into the above medicine

with 112.5 kilos per hectare. It should be scattered immediately instead of

staying over night. This method is not advocated in cloudy and rainy days,

strong wind and too high or too low temperature. � Artificial capture method:

when the number of pests is not large, a net can be used for comprehensive

capture to reduce the harm.

Black Cutworms

The larva of a black cutworm is 55-57 millimeters long and its head is 3-3.5

millimeters wide. It is brown-black with some grey. It is 15-25 hip toe ditch,

with less than 20 for the first pair of prolegs and over 20 for others. An imago


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is 16-23 millimeters long with a wing expanse of 42-54 millimeters. Its body is

grey-brown with black stripes. The antenna of a female moth is threadlike, and

that of a male moth is bipectinate. There are thorns on the side face of the

front tibia. It only eats immature stems and leaves of lawn grass, which may

cause “bald spots” on the lawn if it is too severe.

Integrated methods of prevention and control: when black cutworms are

out for food at night, spray 1/1000 Dipterex liquid or chemically trap and kill

before dawn.

Mole Cricket

Both imagoes and larvae of mole cricket eat budding seeds, roots and

immature stems in the earth to kill the plant. This pest can dig tunnels under

the surface of the earth and bite or pick away soil around the root to suspend

the root system. Thus the plant dies of the lack of water.

Integrated Methods of Prevention and control:

� Trap and kill mole crickets with black light lamps on the base of their habits

of strong phototaxis. � Prevent and control with poison grains which was

made of dried grains which was soaked to half ripe with 90% crystal Dipterex

soup of 30 times. � Irrigating the root with 1000-time 50% phoxim emulsion oil

also functions well.

Grub

The grub is one of the major pests for green belts and swards. Green belts

cannot be turned over, which is helpful to grub’s breeding. The root system of

the injured lawn is cut by grubs, which bite up the system, leading to a mass

death in the lawn.


� Seed treatment. The dose of medicines of 50% phoxim emulsion oil, 50%

parathion emulsion oil, 40% folimat emulsion oil and 20% isofenphos-methyl

emulsion oil is 0.1%-0.2% of that of the seed, and the dose of 40%

isofenphos-methyl emulsion oil is 0.1%-0.125% of that. Dilute the medicine

with water, the weight of which is 10% of the seed’s weight, and spray and mix


74

it with seeds to be dealt with. Pile and stuffy them for 10-15 hours so that

seeds can be sown when medicine is completely absorbed. � Soil treatment.

Mix 3-5 times of water with 250-300 ml of 50% phoxim emulsion oil. Spray and

mix it with 25-30 kilos of fine soil and spread it over the fields. Mix 25-30 kg of

fine soil with 2-3 kg 2% isofenphos –methyl powder or 250g 40% emulsion,

and scatter and plough the soil shallowly.

China Bug

China bug mainly does harm to the leaves of the lawn grass, and sometimes

to the stems. Leaves injured by sucking mouth parts at first present little

yellow spots. Then the little spots generally enlarge into big brown spots and

wrinkle the leaves. It will prevent the growth and development of lawn grass,

and even worse, it may cause the death of plants due to the lack of water.


For every square meter’s lawn, 2.4 ml of carbaryl emulsion or 2g of 50%

wettable powder is to be used. Pests can also be killed by 2.4 ml of chlordane

4E emulsion, diazinon of 1.2-2.4 ml of 25%emulsion or 1.4g of 25% wettable

powder or 19.6 g of 5% particle.

Loxostege Sticticalis

Loxostege sticticalis eat into the root and stems of grass to cut its water

supplying, leading to the yellowing and death of stems and leaves.


Use 2.5% Dipterex spray powder of 22.5-30 kg per hectare. 1000 times liquid

of 90% Dipterex crystal (with some alkali), 50% malathion and 50% phoxim

emulsion oil 1000-time liquid, 800-time liquid spray of 25% derris extract

emulsion oil. 200-3000 times of liquid of cyanophos bacillus powder or bacillus

thuringiensis var powder containing 10 billion living spores per gram also can

be used.


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6 Pest Monitoring and Forecasting

6.1 Purpose of Monitoring

Pest monitoring mainly aims at understanding the situation and regulation of

the occurrence of pest. Forecasting of pest can be made and corresponding

prevention and control measures can be taken according to the investigation

of current situation, with the combination of climate elements, soil condition,

cultivation condition and the growth of plants.

6.2 Basic Requirements of Monitoring

Representativeness and Accuracy

One of the purposes of investigation is to represent real situations with some

data, or to acquire relatively reliable representative value through sampling

survey and mathematical statistics. These situations and values may slightly

deviate from the actual situation (true value), and the opposite side of

deviation is accuracy. In order to develop the accuracy of monitoring, attention

must be devoted to the sampling method, sampling amount and the cultivation

of one’s competence of observing and judging.

Comparability and Normalization

The research results of different surveys and spots should be compared so as

to make an assessment and find out the regulation. Therefore, the

normalization of research methods is one of those that guarantee the quality

of pest statistics. Hence, the nation and related authorities have issued a

series of regulations which call for observance.

Integrality

The occurrence and development of pest diseases are influenced by various

factors, therefore, forecasting calls for the handling of related conditions as

detailed as possible. Hence, when researching the pest diseases, pay

attention to the environment, including climates, soil and cultivation

management, as well as their matching in time.

Experience and Intuitive Judgment


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In the monitoring of pest, estimated values and measured values are usually

acquired respectively by visual study and instrumental measuring. Since pest

disease of plants is a biological phenomenon and the dissemination of pest

disease is connected with the complicated relation with the whole ecosystem,

the one who monitors the disease is required to be equipped with some

professional knowledge and intelligence. The intuitive judgment of the person

in charge is of great significance in recognizing the pest disease symptom,

assessing the severity and area of the disease and choosing extreme values.

Therefore, a stable monitoring group is necessary, as well as the continuous

cultivation and development of its members’ qualification.

6.3 Main Contents of Monitoring

Productive survey aims at understanding the occurrence of pest diseases and

their extents and ranges, in order to guide the prevention and control. This

kind of survey should be carried out in the due time of the pest prevention and

control or the height of the disease, or the critical period for the yield of crops.

The survey usually samples by properties or percentages. Instead of

accuracy, it focuses on the general investigation and classified survey in a

large scope. Therefore, only the number and the harm extent are inspected.

And representative values are usually set with the types of pest diseases,

diseased field rate, pest spot rate and diseased crop (with pests in it) rate.

Predicative monitoring aims at handling the dynamic and regulations of pest

diseases so as to serve for the monitoring of the predicative forecast and

preventive and control strategy researches. Therefore, continuous system

survey of fixed time and spot is necessary. This kind of survey is better

indicated with the word “supervision”, which is expected to observe a dynamic

process. On the one hand, emphasis should be laid on the survey method and

the normalization of data for long term accumulation and mutual comparison.

On the other hand, this observance aims at the whole pest system, therefore,

despite the major task of surveying pest diseases, the comprehensive

observance of related climate elements, cultivation condition and plant growth


77

condition is also necessary so as to establish a reliable forecasting model.

These above mentioned are routine monitoring contents. Since this project is

integrated demonstration project of pest management, in order to monitor the

implementation extent and result of the integrated measures of pest

prevention and control, the survey should also include integrated pest

prevention and control condition and the condition of pesticide use.

Generally speaking, the survey of pest monitoring includes the following

contents:

(1) Cultivation areas, types and modes of flowers and nursery stocks;

(2) Yield and quality (result of pesticide residue) of flowers and nursery stocks;

(3) Cultivation condition and presale quarantine inspection of flowers and

nursery stocks;

(4) Pest condition of flowers and nursery stocks (kinds of pests, diseased field

rate, pest spot rate, diseased crop (with pests in it) rate);

(5) Integrated pest prevention and control condition of flowers and nursery

stocks (major methods and measures adopted);

(6) Pesticide use of flowers and nursery stocks (types, amounts, density, etc.);

(the pestidide types refer to the WHO Recommended Classification of

Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009)

The above mentioned monitoring activities shall be carried out by local

professional personnel in the region of the project, and a certain project region

or demonstration base can be set up for example. The project office shall

assist related unit in the establishment of appropriate monitoring system in

pest prevention and control station and in training for sampling process, and

provide training courses to use and analyze this monitoring system.

A monitoring survey form can be set on the basis of specific condition.


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Table 7 IPM Survey on Flowers and Seedlings

Name of Flowers and Trees

Area Pattern Yield

Cultivation Conditions

Quality Temperature Wind Speed Humidity Sun Light

Climate Elements

Rainfall Type Pest Rate Pest Form Injuring Part

Pest Diseases

Injuring Extent Plants Quarantine

Garden Control

Biological Control

Physical Control

Chemical Control

Prevention and control Measures

Result of Prevention and control

Name and Specification of the Pesticide

Dilute Concentration

Unit Dosage Result of Prevention and control

Usage Mode Personnel Security

Use of Pesticide

Package Treatment

Time Place

Monitoring Record

Person in Charge


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6.4 Monitoring and Forecasting Methods

(1) Monitoring Methods

According to actual situation, there should be at least one survey and

monitoring every month, which can be increased according to the situation of

the pest disease. In the outbreak of large-area pest disease, survey can be

conducted every week or even every day. The monitoring of the project region

shall be implemented by Zhentou Town Association of Flowers and Nursery

Stocks, and be supervised by WB Project Management Office of Hunan

Province. Zhentou Town Association of Flowers and Nursery Stocks should

assign professional personnel of pest prevention and control to conduct

survey and monitoring on the spot, put forward specific pest prevention and

control measures according to the survey record, and report to the superior

administrative authorities immediately if severe pest disease happens.

Practical survey is a major way of monitoring integrated project pest

prevention and control, so the survey form can be justified according to the

current situation. In general, according to the distribution of pest,

corresponding sampling methods should be adopted to survey the cardinal

number of the pest population and density. For pest population with migration

activities, label-recapture estimation can be used to survey the number of this

population. Data acquired in a certain time, certain space or area can be

regarded as the base of various statistical analysis on forecasting.

(2) Forecasting of Pest Diseases

The method of forecasting is mainly used to explore the relationship between

human and technology. Therefore, it is most closely related to human’s

knowledge, their creative thoughts and their judgment of values. Actually, the

method of forecasting is not devised to replace human, rather, it is used to

reinforce human capability in some way. Hence, scientific method of

forecasting can help to development human being’s ability to predicate.

Since people have differences in epistemology and methodology, and different

perspectives to analyze problems, various methods of forecasting come into


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being, among which there are more than 20 types that are widely used.

Considering the specific condition of this project, expert assessing, analogy

and mathematical statistics are selected as major methods to carry out

medium-long-term forecasting. Specific forecasting results should be used to

instruct the implementation of integrated pest prevention and control.


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7 Reasonable, Safe and Scientific Use of Pesticides

Through the pesticide management of flowers and nursery stock’s integrated

prevention and control, the following goals are expected to achieved:

promoting the knowledge of the harm that the use of integrated pest

prevention and control chemical pesticide may do to flowers, demonstrating

and popularizing the use of low-poison environmental friendly pesticides,

reducing the use of highly dangerous chemical pesticides, reducing the

environmental pollution caused by unreasonable use of pesticides, reducing

the vocational and healthy risk of using pesticide, and using pesticides

reasonably and safely. To realize the reasonable and safe use of pesticide,

one must take the medicine, preventing and control target and environmental

condition into consideration, comprehensively. To achieve an ideal prevention

and control result, one should also catch the weak chain and opportune time,

according to the specific occurrence regulation of different targets, to use

proper medicine timely and to resort to correct use methods. Reasonable use

of medicine means suiting the medicine to the disease, applying medicine with

proper dosage and at a proper time. At the same time, the safe use of

medicine cannot be ignored. When applying the medicine, one needs to avoid

or reduce the harm to the natural enemies of the pest or bacterium or to

beneficial insects. One should also pay attention to the harm to people and

livestock, so as to prevent the intoxication accident. In this way, the safe use

of medicine can be achieved.

7.1 Reasonable Use of Pesticides

7.1.1 Recommended Pesticides Types

The use of pesticides must be integrated with the agricultural, physical and

biological methods of prevention and control. The principles of pesticides use

are economy, security and effectiveness, and these pesticides must be

efficient with low poison and zero residue or low residue. According to China’s

related rules and regulations, IPM methods and integrated management


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principle, and connected with the crop cultivation condition of this project

region, we list the recommended pesticides in the following tables for local

flower growers for reference. The listed pesticides’ information includes the

certain type pesticide’s name, form and content of the drug, target, dosage,

and application method.

Table 8 Recommended Pesticides and Classification

Pesticide Name Toxicity LD50 mg/kg Kind Class

Bt Wettable Powder Rat acute P.O. LD50=8000mg/kg pesticide U

Acrobat-MZ rat acute oral LD50=2400mg/kg; Acute dermal LD50>2000mg/kg

bactericide III

Chlorothalonil

rat oral LD50>10000mg/kg, baby rat 3700mg/kg; rabbit dermal LD50=10000mg/kg; rat inhale

LC50>4.7mg/L(1h)

bactericide U

Benomyl acute oral: >10000mg/kg; acute dermal: >10000mg/kg (rabbit)

bactericide U

Benomyl Wettable Powder acute oral: >10000mg/kg; acute dermal: >10001mg/kg (rabbit)

bactericide U

Bordeaux mixture rat acute oral LD50>4000mg/kg bactericide III

Glyphosate

acute oral:11300mg/kg(rat), 5600mg/kg(rabbit); acute dermal:

7030mg/kg(rat), 5000mg/kg(rabbit)

herbicide U

Dasheng Wettable Powder acute oral:>5000ml/kg; acute

dermal:>10000mg/kg bactericide

U

Maneb acute oral:>5000mg/kg; acute


U

Mancozeb acute oral:>5000ml/kg; acute


U

Dithane Z-78 rat acute oral LD50>4640mg/kg bactericide III

Dliflubenzuron deflocculant

acute oral:>4640mg/kg; acute dermal:>2000mg/kg(rabbit)

Plant hormone

III

Carbendazim; acute oral:>15000mg/kg; acute


U

Carbendazim; acute oral:>15000mg/kg; acute


U

Liuyang mycin compound acute oral:>10000mg/kg; acute

dermal:>2000mg/kg acaricide

U

Thiophanate-methyl wettable powder

acute oral:>7500mg/kg; acute dermal:>10000mg/kg

bactericide U

Thiophanate methyl acute oral:>7500mg/kg; acute

dermal:>10001mg/kg bactericide U

Captan acute oral:>9000mg/kg; acute dermal:>4500mg/kg (rabbit)

bactericide U

Propargite acute oral:>2800mg/kg; acute dermal:>4000mg/kg (rabbit)

acaricide U

Propargite missible oil acute oral:>2800mg/kg; acute dermal:>4000mg/kg (rabbit)

acaricide III

Matrine acute oral:>10000mg/kg

(preparation); acute pesticide

U


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dermal:>10000mg/kg ((preparation))

Streptomycin acute oral:>10000mg/kg; acute dermal:>400mg/kg (baby rat)

bactericide U

Streptomycin sulfate acute oral:>10000mg/kg; acute


Cuaminosulfate

acute oral:>39812mg/kg (preparation) baby lab rat; acute

dermal:>21500mg/kg (preparation)

bactericide U

Malathion acute oral:>1375~2800mg/kg;

acute dermal:>4100mg/kg (rabbit) pesticide III

Emmatos emulsion acute oral:>1375~2800mg/kg;

acute dermal:>4101mg/kg (rabbit) pesticide

III

Chlorfenson

acute oral LD50: 2000-2050mg/kg big lab rat, 5660mg/kg rabbit, 640mg/kg cavy, 3780mg/kg

chicken; LC50(48h)3.2mg/l carp, LC50(3h)40ppm water flea

acaricide

III

Folpet acute oral: 10000mg/kg; acute

dermal:22600mg/kg bactericide U

Chlorfenapyr III deflocculant acute oral:>20000mg/kg pesticide U

Nissorum acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute

dermal:>5000mg/kg acaricide

U

Buprofezin acute oral: 2198mg/kg; acute

dermal:>5000mg/kg pesticide III

Chlorpyrifos emulsion oil acute oral: 2198mg/kg; acute

dermal:>5001mg/kg pesticide

III

Triabendazole acute oral: 3100mg/kg bactericide III

Buprofezin acute oral: 2198mg/kg; acute

dermal:>5000mg/kg pesticide

III

Oxadixyl anchor acute oral: 3480mg/kg; acute


III

Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex

acute oral: 1600-3200mg/kg pesticide; acaricide

III

Lim-sulfur acute oral: 400-500mg/kg fungicide; pesticide; acaricide

III

Streptomycin for livestock acute oral: >10000mg/kg; acute

dermal:>400mg/kg (baby rat) bactericide U

Procymidone acute oral: 6800mg/kg; acute


Topsin

acute oral LD50:>15000mg/kg adult and baby lab rat;

>10000mg/kg rabbit and cavy. acute dermal LD50: >15000mg/kg

baby lab rat

pesticide

U

Diethofencarb acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute


U

Carboxin wettable powder acute oral: 3820mg/kg; acute dermal: ≥8000mg/kg (rabbit)

fungicide III

Quintozine acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute dermal: >5000mg/kg (rabbit)

bactericide U

Quintozine acute oral: >5000mg/kg; acute

dermal: >5000mg/kg bactericide U


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Phoxim acute oral: >2000mg/kg; acute

dermal: >5000mg/kg pesticide

III

Phoxim emulsion acute oral: >2000mg/kg; acute

dermal: >5000mg/kg pesticide

III

Bismerthlazol acute oral: 3160~8250mg/kg bactericide III

a：The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and

Guidelines to Classification.


85

7.1.2 Types of Prohibited Agricultural Chemicals

According to the annex of NNF[2010] No. 2 "Notice On Against the Illegal

Manufacture and Sale of Riskiest Agricultural Chemicals & Regulating

the Use of Agricultural Chemicals" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, the

Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of

Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the

Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry of Transport, the State Administration for

Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision,

Inspection and Quarantine, the All China Federation of Supply and Marketing

Cooperatives on April 15, 2010, 23 kinds of Agricultural Chemicals Prohibited

to be Manufactured, Sold and Used and 19 kinds of restricted agricultural

chemicals used on vegetables, fruit crops, tea trees, Chinese herbs and other

crops are listed.

List of Agricultural Chemicals Prohibited to be Manufactured, Sold and Used

(23 Kinds)

Benzene hexachloride (BHC), DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane

(DBCP), chlordimeform, ethylene dibromide, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury

compounds, arsenic class, lead (pb) class, Bis-A-TDA, fluoroacetamide,

gliftor, tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, silatrane, methamidophos, methyl

parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon.

List of Restricted Agricultural Chemicals Used on Vegetables, Fruit Crops, Tea

Trees, Chinese Herbs and Other Crops (19 Kinds)

Thimet, isofenphosmethyl, terbufos, posfolan-methyl, sulfotep, systox,

carbofuran, aldicarb, ethoprophos, phosfolan, coumaphos, fonofos, isazofos

and isazofos are prohibited on vegetables, fruit crops, tea trees, Chinese

herbs. Omethoate is prohibited on cabbages. Dicofol and fenvalerate are

prohibited on tea trees. Daminozide is prohibited on peanut plants. Terbufos

is prohibited on canes. Apart from health use and some dry corn seed coating

materials use, fipronil is prohibited in other areas.

Each agricultural chemical product should be used in accordance with the


86

approved application range of agricultural chemical registration, and the use

of ultra-range is prohibited.

The agricultural chemicals which are listed by WHO in Ia, Ib and II class is

prohibited to use (The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by

Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009)

7.1.3 Method of Rational Use of Agricultural Chemicals

To achieve rational use of agricultural chemicals and improve the controlling

effect, the following points should be noted.

(1) Suit the remedy to the case: different agricultural chemical has different

performance, so the control objects are different. The stomach poison in the

insecticide is effective to the insect pests with chewing mouthparts. However,

it is ineffective to the insect pests with piercing sucking mouthparts. The

contact insecticide is effective to the insect pests with mouthparts. Usually, the

systemics is effective to the insect pests with piercing sucking mouthparts.

Among all of the fungicides, the sulfur preparation is effective to a variety of

powdery mildews, but ineffective to downy mildews; the copper compound is

effective to downy mildews, but ineffective to powdery mildews. And among

the herbicides, the MCPA is effective to dicotyledonous weeds but ineffective

to most monocotyledonous weeds; the glyphosate has special effects on

perennial root and leaf weeds (such as cogongrass). Antu has good effects on

rattus norvegicus but has less effect on rattus. Therefore, each chemical has

its effects on certain aspects, and the appropriate chemical should be chosen

according to different control objects to achieve proper control effects.

(2) The dosage should be appropriate: the concentration and dose of

chemicals for different control objects are based on the results of efficacy

trials. Overdoses will cause waste and increase the negative effects on the

surrounding environment. Of course, it should not be less than the required

dose per unit area. Otherwise, for one thing, it will fail to control insect pests

effectively; for another thing, because it can’t kill the insect pests, in turn,

sometimes it will lead to insect pests resistance. Therefore, an appropriate


87

dose will be economical and can achieve effective prevention and controlling

purposes.

(3) Pay attention to application methods to improve the spraying quality of

agricultural chemicals: because the type and dosage of the agricultural

chemicals are different, the application methods are different, too. For

example, the powders cannot be used for water spray and the wettable

powders are not suitable for powder spray. And to the spray methods, due to

different atomization methods and technical conditions, the fineness of the

resulting droplets are quite different. The fineness of the droplets produced by

the common dosage spray method is 150 to 1200 microns, and due to the

excessive liquid, the droplets often drain, besides, the spray efficiency is also

very low. Therefore, when use the appropriate dose per unit area and

increase the concentration of the spraying, and carry out the fine droplets

spray, if the fineness of the droplets produced by low dosage or ultra-low

volume spray is less than 150 microns, there is no liquid drain problem, and it

is easy to spray evenly, which can improve work efficiency and spraying

quality.

(4) Use the agricultural chemicals at the proper time: the occurrence of

various insect pests has certain rules, which has its weaknesses or critical

period for damaging plants. For plant diseases, it’s necessary to control the

diseases before the pathogenic bacteria invade the host; for insect pests, it’s

necessary to control the young age period of the larva. Such as the pine

caterpillar, the 4-age larva is small, has weak resistance to agricultural

chemicals, is sensitive to the dose and still has little damage. Therefore, using

the agricultural chemicals at the proper time can achieve good control effects.

Meanwhile, the performance of the agricultural chemicals, its natural enemies

and other factors also must be taken into consideration. So, try to avoid

spraying at the peak of its natural enemies’ appearance to reduce the harms

of the agricultural chemicals to natural enemies. For example, controlling the

pine caterpillar in winter can achieve this goal.


88

Besides, the environmental conditions’ effect on the efficacy of the agricultural

chemicals should be taken into consideration too, such as temperature. For

most of the agricultural chemicals, within a certain temperature range, when

the temperature rises, its efficacy increases too, Such as dichlorovos,

dimethoate and other organophosphorus insecticides. But there are a few

agricultural chemicals, on the contrary, when the temperature raises, its

efficacy decreases. For example, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and other

agricultural chemicals have better efficacy at the temperature of 20� than

30�. The wind also has great influence. It is appropriate to carry out smoke or

ultra-low volume spray when the speed of the breeze is within 1 m / s. When

the wind is strong, spraying is not suitable. Humidity, rainfall, illumination, soil

and other factors also have impacts on the efficacy, so pay attention to such

factors when using agricultural chemicals.

In short, it’s necessary to monitor and forecast the diseases and insect pets

and use the agricultural chemicals at the proper time on the basis of grasping

the rules. Use the agricultural chemicals at the "edge" so as to obtain the best

control effect.

7.2 Safe Use of Pesticides

7.2.1 Pesticide Harm on Organisms and Human Bodies

Attentions should also be paid to the harms of pesticide on animals and

human bodies in the process of its rational use, the following respects can be

summed up:

(1) Pesticides’ harm on plants: rational drug use not only can prevent disease,

insect pests and weeds harm, but also can promote plant growth, speed up

forest fruit to ripe quickly. For example, the use of smoke agent can prevent

pine from needle cast and make lush needles. But if not used correctly, its

function as drug will not be exerted, and instead, it will cause different degree

of phytotoxicity on plants, or make the fruits, tea and so on lose their inherent

flavors, so much so that they can't be eaten. Therefore, plants’ drug


89

resistances must be understood, and their reaction to pesticides must be

analyzed, then suit the remedy to the case.

There are two kinds of pesticides caused phytotoxicities, acute and chronic.

Acute phytotoxicity generally occurs in a few hours or within a few days after

spray, and there are such symptoms such as: dots, and stripes appear on

leaves, they turn yellow and red violet, they become deformed, crimpled,

withered and begin to fall, and so on; seed germination rate is reduced, the

young stouts are thick, short and big, lacking of root hair, etc; the fruits change

color, young fruits are deformed, petals wither, the petals and fruits begin to

fall, etc. Acute phytotoxicity develops quickly, if seedlings get harmed, leaves

are burned off very soon, even the total plants die. Chronic phytotoxicity

appears long after spraying, the general symptoms are: feeble

photosynthesis, slow plant growth, delay in blossom bud formation and fruit

maturation, waning of fruits and deterioration in flavor, color and luster.

The causes phytotoxicity are from many aspects, the basic thee are drugs,

plants and environmental conditions. For example, if the drugs processing

quality are very poor, wettable powder produces a the large amount of

precipitation in water like the delamination of missible oil, and the diluent is

hard water when used, this is inappropriate pesticide mixture; seedlings’ drug

resistance is weak; the high temperature during spray, improper spraying

method and dosage, and so on, are likely to cause phytotoxicity. So in the

spraying, attentions must be paid that not only pests and weeds are effectively

controlled, but also the plants are protected from hurts. If phytotoxicity occurs,

in severe cases, early and effective measures can save the loss. The

common measure is to spray water on the plants suffering, and supplement

quick effect fertilizers, etc.

(2) Pesticide’s harm on the beneficial biological organisms: the application of

pesticides in forest can have direct and indirect effects on plant germs, pests

and parasitic plants, in addition, it will have certain the surrounding biological


90

community also has certain influence, special attention should be paid to the

is the natural enemy of pests and germs, pollination insects, beneficial

animals and microbes, harmful effects. Sometimes cause certain pests or

germs rampant again. There are two approaches can be taken to avoid the

adverse consequences chemical control to biological community, especially to

the natural enemies of pests. One is to choose the proper time, proper drug

quantity, application mode and spraying method, etc, to avoid poisoning the

natural enemies. For example, in the case of pine caterpillar prevention, in the

south, it is appropriate to spray drugs on the larvae of last winter generation;

in the north, it is suitable for the drug applying method of smearing poison

rings on the stocks when the larvae climbing down the trees to live through

the winter or when they climbing on the trees to find food after having lived

through the winter; all can avoid or reduce the damage of natural enemies.

This is the effective method to coordinate the contradiction between biological

control and chemical prevention. The other approach is to apply selective

drugs, that is, drugs that are highly efficient for pests but harmless for natural

enemies of pests. For instance, trichlorfon is effective for many kinds of

lepidopterous pests, but safer for predatory and autoecious natural enemies.

(3) Pesticide’s harm on human beings and livestock: pesticide is toxic to

people and livestock toxic, but the poison extent is significantly different for

different kinds of the drugs. If wrongly used, pesticide can cause poisoning

accidents of people and livestock, which are more important security

problems. The usually occurring pesticide poisoning conditions are:

� Poisoning occurs in the process of pesticide production or transportation;

� Poisoning is caused by mistake eating due to negligent management;

� Poisoning occurs in the process of usage because the dispensation and

spraying do not comply with the operating rules, sufficient protection

measures are not done;


91

� Acute or chronic poisoning caused by eating fruits and vegetables just

sprayed with pesticides or by eating food and agriculture and forestry products

polluted by pesticide residues for a long time.

� Most cases of livestock poisoning are caused by their mistake drinking of

water polluted by pesticide, or by their mistake eating of feeding stuff just

sprayed pesticide, or because pesticides is used for the prevention of

livestock epizoite.

Pesticide enters into the bodies of people and animals through 3 ways:

�Pesticide enters in the digestive tract through the mouth, and poisoning

happens because it is absorbed by stomach and intestines. In most cases, the

poisoning is due to mistake eating or eating food or mistake using instruments

contaminated by pesticide, and generally, the situation is more serious.

� Pesticide enters into the body through the skin, and is spread into various

organs by blood transmission, and causes acute poisoning. In most cases, the

poisoning is due to direct contact with pesticides, or because clothes are

contaminated during spraying, and pesticide enter into the eye, nose, wounds,

and is absorbed by the skin or mucous membrane.

� Pesticide enters into the respiratory tract through nostril. In most cases, the

gas or smoke of pesticides, or very fine mist point and powder, is spread into

the blood through the trachea or the lung, and causes acute poisoning. If the

poisonous gas is formed by fumigants, poisoning is quick and very dangerous.

Pesticide poisoning can be divided into acute poisoning and chronic

poisoning. In acute poisoning, a large quantity of dose is taken or contacted

with, and the poisoning symptoms show quickly. Acute poisoning can be

divided into 3 types of mild, moderate, and severe levels. Symptoms of mild

poisoning are: dizziness, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal

pain, diarrhea, blurred vision, and narrowness of pupils for a few patients.

Besides the symptoms of mild poisoning, in moderate poisoning, typical


92

symptoms, such as tremors of muscles bunches and moderate narrowness of

pupils (1-2 mm) and others, will appear, in addition, there my be symptoms of

mild disorder of consciousness, tightness of the whole body, stiff action,

slurred speech, chest distress, etc. Besides the signs and symptoms of the

above two types, in severe cases, when poisoning occurs, the patient loses

consciousness quickly, the pupils narrow as needle point, breathing is

extremely difficult, muscle bunches tremor more apparently, the heart beats

faster, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, incontinence, convulsions or respiratory

paralysis occur. Chronic poisoning happens when the people are exposed to

pesticides for a long time, and they gradually show poisoning symptoms such

as dizziness, headache, anorexia, nausea, shortness of breath, chest

distress, lack of power, and hidrosis.

In the process pesticide production, transportation, storage and use, Notes for

Safety Use of Pesticide must be strictly abided by. People should not be too

cautious to use pesticide, but carelessness must be forbidden. Jobs of

pesticide transport, storage, dispensation, spraying, protection and security

work after spraying must be well done to ensure the safety of people,

livestock, poultry and fishes. At the same time, pesticide poisoning symptoms

and the basic common knowledge of emergency treatments also need to be

understood.

7.2.2 Attention in Pesticide Use

(1) Pay special attention to the packing of the pesticide to prevent leakage

when buying pesticide. Pay attention to pesticide’s name, effective content,

production date, instructions and so on. Do not use pesticide that is difficult to

identify or passes shelf life.

(2) In transportation process, check whether the packaging is complete, if

leakage or breaking is found, repackage it with specified materials before

transportation, and promptly and properly handle the contaminated ground,

transportation tools and packing materials.


93

(3) Take and put the pesticide gently during transportation.

(4) Pesticides shall not be mixedly transported and stored with grains,

vegetables, fruits, food, daily necessities and so on.

(5) During dispensing, the dispensing personnel should wear rubber glove,

and they must measure drug solution or powder with measuring tool

according to the prescribed dosage, which should not be increased at will. It is

strictly prohibited mix pesticides with hands.

(6) During the mixing of seeds with pesticides, mix according to needs. Sow

the mixed seeds with machines if possible. If the seeds are sowed by hands

or sowed in holes, wear protective gloves to prevent poisoning through the

skin.

(7) The rest of the poisoned seeds should be destroyed, they can not used as

food or feeding stuff.

(8) Dispensing and seeds mixing should be carried out at safe places far away

from drinking water and residential places, special persons should be sent to

take care of the working places to prevent poisoned seeds from being stolen

or mistakenly eaten by people, livestock and poultry.

(9) Spray with intervals when using manual sprayer. Do not spray at the right

side and the left side simultaneously whether the sprayer is manual and

mobile. Stop spraying in strong winds, at high temperature plants or at noon.

(10) Do not fill the drug barrel too full with drug liquids, so that the liquids will

not be shaken out, and contaminate the body of the spraying people.

(11) Check carefully whether the machine’s switch, joint and nozzle before are

screwed tightly, and whether there is leakage in the drug barrel to prevent

leak medicine pollution.

(12) If clogging happens during spraying, rinse with water before handling

faults. It is absolutely prohibited to blow and suck nozzles and screens with

the mouth.


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(13) Set up signs at places where high poison pesticide has been sprayed,

grazing cutting grass, digging wild vegetables should be forbidden in such

places for some time to prevent people and livestock from poisoning.

(14) Wash the sprayer clean in time after drug spraying work, take it back

along with the remaining drugs to the warehouse for storage, and do not bring

it home.

(15) Choose safe place to properly handle the contaminated cleaning water,

must not splat it anywhere to prevent the pollution of drinking water and fish

pond.

(16) Must not use packaging materials that had contained pesticides to

contain food such as grains, oil, wine and water, or feeding stuff. Dispose

collectively the empty boxes, bottles, bags and so on that had once been filled

with pesticides. Wash and keep the jars and vessels used for seeds soaking

collectively.

7.2.3 Selection of Spraying Personnel and Personal Protection

(1) Healthy youth are suggested to act as the spraying personnel, and they

should be trained for a certain techniques.

(2) The following persons should not spray or stop spraying: the weak, the

sick, the unrecovering patient suffering from skin disease and pesticide

poisoning and other disease, women in the period of lactation, pregnancy and

menstruation.

(3) Do not take children to the work site when spraying.

(4) When spraying when, the spraying personnel must wear a poison proof

mask, long sleeve blouses, long trousers, shoes and socks.

(5) During operation, the spraying persons are forbidden to smoking, drink

wine, drink water, eat food, and they can not use their hands to wipe mouths,

faces, eyes, and mutual ejection for frolic is absolutely forbidden.


95

(6) After the daily work, wash face, hands and mouth thoroughly with soap

before drinking, smoking and eating. Take a bath if conditions permit.

(7) Change and wash work clothes contaminated by pesticide timely.

(8) The spraying personnel’s spraying time every day shall not exceed six

hours. When mobile knapsack sprayer is used, two people are needed for

rotation. One day should be arranged for rest if the personnel have

continuously sprayed for three to five days.

(9) If the operators show such symptoms as headache, dizziness, nausea,

vomiting and so on, they should immediately leave the scene, take off the

contaminated clothes, gargle, scrub and wash the exposed parts of face and

hands, and be send to a hospital in time for treatment.

7.3 Environmental, Occupational and Health Risks

7.3.1 Environmental Risks of Pesticide Use

(1) The major environmental risks of the project in the process of pesticide

use include:

�The pesticide residue may lead to water quality deterioration, the potential

risk is the reduction of the number of aquatic organisms (such as fish and

aquatic insects);

� Spraying pesticides near the source of the drinking water or the leakage of

chemical materials may lead to the pollution of the water source supply;

� Non target species (birds, animals, the natural enemies of pests) may be

affected possibly because of the using the highly toxic pesticides;

� Drug resistance of insect and mice is increased because of the long-term

excessive use of certain pesticides;

� Soil quality is polluted through soil residue;

(2) Measures to reduce the above risks include:


96

� Train the country leadership, the flower farmers (men and women), flower

and seedling operators and chemical dealers about the effects of certain

chemicals on the environment, recommend better spray methods, instruments

and equipments;

� Cooperate with county leaders, flowers operators and other personnel to

monitor pesticide spray to ensure that no toxic pesticide is sprayed near the

water source;

� The project need to purchase safe spraying equipments as approved;

� Chose high-efficiency low-poison pesticides;

� Chose low-residue half-life pesticides;

� Improve the promotion of biological control measures; try to reduce the use

of chemical pesticides;

� Apply series of comprehensive pest prevention and control means to

ensure that the drug resistance of pest will not increase;

7.3.2 Professional/health Risk of Pesticide Use

(1) the main application of pesticide produces professional/health risks

include:

� Body discomfort caused by the pesticide smoke sucked in when preparing

chemical drugs density and by the gas sent out by pesticides when spraying

without protective masks;

� Skin burns from pesticide sprays or leakage in the condition that protective

clothes are not put on;

� Drinking water pollution if pesticide spray places are near the drinking water

source, or chemical leakage happened near the drinking water source;

(2) Measures to reduce the above risks include:


97

� Train the country leadership, the flower farmers (men and women), flower

and seedling operators and chemical dealers about and make exhibition.

Mainly included are: professional/health effects caused by some particular

pesticides, operation and spraying method recommended; the approved

instruments and their usage methods (such as sprayer, nozzle size, etc.);

wearing safety clothing (long sleeve clothes, mask, hats, gloves, long trousers

and shoes); spray in still condition (no wind); storing chemical substances

safely in locked cabinets to prevent children’s contact; safety treatment of

chemical waste and its packing through the deep burying or burning;

� Monitor the implementation of the above measures, and make further

training if implementation is not satisfactory.


98

8 IPM Training and Promotion

8.1 IPM Training Measures

The purpose of training is to strengthen the farmers’ safety and effective pest

control ability, including how to identify pests, make proper management

decision adopt appropriate integrated control measures and use pesticides

safely, scientifically and reasonably, etc.

Select from the project base the basic-level backbone agro-technique

personnel, principals of the flowers and trees cooperation, big agricultural

families. Hold two trainings each of more than five days at agricultural

colleges, research institutes, demonstration bases and families. Gradually

raise the basic-level agro-technique personnel’s business ability, improve the

present situations of lagging in disease and insect pests monitoring and

prevention and in pest integrated control technique, and enhance knowledge

of reasonable, scientific and safe pesticides use.

The training contents mainly include:

(1) Selection of fine flowers;

(2) Recognition of pest disease of flowers, the natural enemies of main pests;

(3) Damage and loss caused by different pests;

(4) Monitoring pest disease epidemic, sampling method of field survey;

(5) The control range and strength (threshold value of control, pest disease);

(6) Integrated control measures, including the comprehensive pest disease

prevention and control techniques of garden, physics, biology and chemistry.

(7) Safe storage of agricultural chemicals and disposal of packaging waste of

agricultural chemical;

(8) Usage methods of chemical pesticides and protective clothing;

The training objects include:


99

(1) The flower farmers, demonstration family and cooperations that play a

leading role;

(2) The forestry techniques popularization personnel in township, town, county

and city;

(3) Professional pest control and prevention units and the agencies;

(4) Pesticides dealers.

Units providing training include:

(1) Large flowers demonstration bases;

(2) Service promotion units of districts, counties and towns trained;

(3) Pesticide dealers;

(4) Plants protection stations and etc of the provincial and municipal governing

units;

(5) Other national and provincial organizations able to provide training;

(6) The International Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO);

Training forms and other arrangements

Trainings are mainly implemented by personnel from national insect pest

research institutions such as China Forestry Science Research Institute,

Southern China Forestry Science University and others, and are

supplemented by relative teaching materials. The training may take the form

of collective teaching at the scientific research training center of flower

seedlings bases, the form of direct instruction in the fields, or the form of

practices and others. For the flower farmers, flower seedlings base staff and

other relevant persons, two times training of more than 5 days’ training

courses will be held in each quarter, and the specific time will be arranged

according to actual local conditions. See Table 9 for the annual training plan

and budget.


100

Table 9 IPM Annual Training Plan and Budget

Training content

Training objects

Object number

Training days

Training time

Training place

Budget (10,000 yuan)

Execution organization

Monitoring organization

Fine breeds selection

Forest technique promoting personnel, principals of flower farmer cooperation, demonstration families

20 2 1st season

Provincial and municipal flower seedlings bases

4

Province Project Office

World Bank

Disease & insect pest control in spring

Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations

200

3

2nd season

ZhentouTown demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site

6

Zhentou Town flower seedlings association Provin

ce Project Office

Disease & insect pest identifying methods

Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, disease and insect pest monitoring personnel

200

3

2nd season


6


World Bank

Disease & insect pest monitoring

Flower farmers, demonstratio

200

2 2nd season

ZhentouTown

4 Province Project

World Bank


101

monitoring methods

demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, disease and insect pest monitoring personnel

on demonstration base and flower seedlings planting site

Project Office

Disease & insect pest control

Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, pesticide dealers

200

3

3rd season


6


World Bank

Resonable&safe usage of pesticides


200

2

3rd season


4


World Bank

Disease & insect pest integrated control

Flower farmers, demonstration families,

200

3

4th season

ZhentouTown demonst

6

Zhentou Town flower seedling



102

control methods in winter

n families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations,

ration base and flower seedlings planting site

seedlings association

Office

Safe usage of pesticides and human body health


200

2

4th season


4


World Bank

Total 400,000

Note: The budget of training at provincial and municipal flower and seedling bases is RMB 1000 yuan

every person every day, the budget of training at bases and sites is RMB 100 yuan every person every

day;

8.2 Construction of the Flower Demonstration Base

Establish an integrated flower disease and insect pest control base according

to the specific situation in Zhentou Town, and choose one to two flowers

cooperatives or large flowers families as demonstration family to demonstrate

integrated flower disease and insect pest control technology, and to promote

disease and insect pest control technology in the whole Zhentou Town and

surrounding flower planting areas.

Flower seedlings association to be established in Zhentou Town is

responsible for the selection, construction and management of the


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demonstration bases of integrated flower disease and insect pest control. The

demonstration families, and the government will provide certain economy and

policy support. Demonstration bases and demonstration families must carry

out disease and insect pest control in accordance with the requirements of the

integrated diseases and insect pest control, and are responsible for the

training of the integrated disease and insect pest control technology, and for

the promotion, technical support and guidance and so on of integrated flower

disease and insect pest control technology.

Demonstration base and demonstration families must exhibit the fruits,

technology and experience in integrated disease and insect pest control to the

local flower farmers, provide free of charge support the local flower farmers for

integrated disease and insect pest control management to finally realize the

aim of realizing integrated flower disease and insect pest control and

reasonable and safe use of pesticides in the whole Zhengtou Town. After the

implementation of integrated disease and insect pest control measures, the

whole town will be able to reduce losses caused by disease and insect pest,

and morbidity of disease and insect pest can be controlled below 10%. And

the whole town can reduce the use of chemical pesticides by 20%-50% in

three to five years; eliminate poisoning accidents caused by improper storage

and unreasonable waste processing; and achieve the aims that pesticide

residues of agricultural products can comply with the standards of Hunan

Safety Regulations of Forest Products Quality and others.

Responsible unit for the demonstration base construction:

Zhentou Town government and flower seedlings association.

Construction purpose of the demonstration base:

Demonstrate integrated flowers disease and insect pest control technology,

and promote integrated disease and insect pest control technology in the

whole Zhentou Town and the surrounding flower seedlings planting areas.


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Supervision unit of the demonstration base:

Province Project Office, the World Bank Project Office.

Main functions of the demonstration base:

(1) Demonstration of the results of integrated flowers disease and insect pest

management;

(2) Demonstration of the technology of integrated flowers disease and insect

pest control;

(3) Demonstration of the safe, scientific and reasonable use methods of

chemical pesticides;

(4) Promotion of the technology of integrated flowers disease and insect pest

control;

(5) Promotion of the safe, scientific and reasonable application methods of

chemical pesticides;

(6) Provision of guidance materials for technical support and field training;

(7) Selecting technology supervisor to provide technical support and guidance

for the local flower farmers.

Through the construction of disease and insect pest control base, enhance

the fostering of science and technology demonstration family, at the same

time, exert the radiating and leading role of science and technology

demonstration family to develop science and technology training work of new

farmers and enlarge training coverage.

8.3 Team Building for Professional Pest Control:

Through the construction of integrated disease and insect pest control base

and training, choose flower farmers, principals of cooperations and staffs of

agricultural technology station with solid experience in integrated disease and

insect pest control technology as professional personnel of integrated disease

and insect pest control, and hold trainings for them. The township government


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provides certain funds for the economic compensation, further learning and

training and etc of professional personnel of disease and insect pests control,

and improve their learning and receptivity ability, self development capability

and radiating leading competence. So that science and technology

demonstration families can become important members of agricultural

technology promotion system, agriculture situation investigators, technology

promoters, policy propagandists, and the “local experts” that famers can see,

ask questions and retain. And professionals of disease and insect pests

control are also responsible for the monitoring and reporting of local disease

epidemic, as well as communication with superior leadership and experts, etc,

in order to ensure the timely reporting of disease and insect pest epidemic

and taking measures of control policy.

Construction of professional disease and insect pest control team:

The township government and flower seedlings association organize

professional disease and insect pest control team, and the above mentioned

professional disease and insect pest control personnel act as technical

backbone, who guide the implementation of integrated disease and insect

pest control of Zhentou Town to ensure the integrated disease and insect pest

control and the safe and reasonable use of pesticides in Zhentou Town.

The township government makes capital contribution for the purchase of

unified disease and insect pest control equipments and pesticides, and carries

out integrated management for the chemical control of disease and insect

pest of the entire town so as to avoid blind usage and over usage of chemical

pesticides. Control the morbidity of disease and insect pest below 10%; reduce

the use of chemical pesticides by 20%-50% in three to five years; eliminate

poisoning accidents caused by improper storage and unreasonable waste

processing; and can achieve the aims that pesticide residues of agricultural

products can comply with the standards of Hunan Safety Regulations of

Forest Products Quality and others.


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8.4 Promoting Integrated Management Technologies and Reasonable

Use of Pesticides

In addition to the above promotion measures, various forms and methods are

adopted by Zhentou Town, such as blackboard newspaper, book data,

leaflets, bulletin board, online community and experience exchange meeting,

to promote integrated control technology and reasonable pesticide application

and harms of chemical substances on human bodies, expand the use of low-

poison and high-efficiency reasonable pesticides, reduce the adverse effects

of pesticides on the environment of the regional groundwater, soil and etc.

Specific form and budget are below:

a) Publicity materials (leaflets, notices)

b) Books data, electronic CD

c) Network publicity material

d) Experience exchange forum

Table 10 IPM Annual Promotional Plan and Budget

Publicity modes Publicity frequency

Publicity object Execution unit Budget (10,000 yuan)

Publicity material (leaflets, notices)

4 times/year

1.2

Books data, electronic CD

twice/year 8

Network publicity material

12 times/year

1

Experience exchange forum

4 times/year

Flower farmers, cooperation

Flower seedlings association

0.5

Total 10.7


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9 IPM Implementation Capacity

9.1 Policy Support for Pest Control

In addition to the early policy support of forest disease and insect pest control

set by the state, in recent years, Hunan Province has issued a series of

policies and regulations on forest disease and insect pest control and forest

products quality management, which can guarantee the smooth

implementation of the project’s disease and insect pest management and

improve project’s disease and insect pest management ability. Now, the main

laws and regulations of forest disease and insect pest control in Hunan

Province are listed below:

Notice about the Implementation of the Administrative Licensing Law &

Strengthen the Law Enforcement of the Plant Quarantine issued by the

province in 2004;

Hunan Province Regulations of Forestry Harmful Organism Control &

Quarantine adopted and released on the fifth meeting of the standing

committee of the 11th people's congress of Hunan Province on November

28th, 2008, and executed from March 1st, 2009;

Hunan Safety Regulations of Forest Products Quality adopted and

released on the fifth meeting of the standing committee of the 11th people's

congress of Hunan Province on November 27th, 2009, and executed from

March 1st, 2010;

Implementation Plan of Reforming & Improving the Agricultural

Technology Promotion & Service Organizations in Villages & Towns

formulated by the provincial Agriculture Department, the provincial Compiling

Office, provincial Finance Department, provincial Human Resources & Social

Security Department on Dec. 30th, 2010 approved and forwarded by the

Hunan Province People's Government Office, which required to complete all


108

the reform tasks of the agricultural technology promotion and service

organizations in villages & towns before the end of 2011;

Notice on Further Strengthening the Work of Pesticide Market

Supervision and Implementation Method of Pesticide Operation

Conditions Review of Hunan Province (executed since June 1st, 2011,)

released by Hunan Province Agriculture Industrial Department and

Commercial Bureau on April 8th, 2011;

Exotic Species Management Regulation (executed since October 1st,

2011), adopted and issued on the 22nd meeting of the standing committee of

the 11th people's congress of Hunan Province on May 27th, 2011;

To ensure the smooth progress of the World Bank Projects, in addition to the

above laws, other provisions about pesticide management issued by the

United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other agencies

also shall be strictly abided by:

FAO standards and norms about pesticides rules, distribution, and use (or the

corresponding Chinese standards and norms);

FAO specifications on pesticide packaging and storage (or the corresponding

Chinese specifications);

FAO specifications on the labels of the outer packing of pesticide (or the

corresponding Chinese specifications);

FAO specifications about the disposal of pesticide residual and the pesticide

packaging container (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);

Loans granting department should strictly regulate that the loans can only be

used for pesticides recommended by the project and registered;

State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) formulates the

discharge standard of pesticide pollutants;

Other related laws and regulations.


109

9.2 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management

1) Enhance the consciousness of policy implementation

Through the project execution, consciousness of implementing the disease

and insect pest management policy will be strengthened as shown below:

(1) Reducing chemical pesticide use within the project scope;

(2) Prohibiting the use unregistered pesticide within the project scope;

(3) Prohibiting the use high toxic pesticides (WTO I kind of pesticide) within

the project scope, and replace with low-toxic pesticide;

(4) Implementing regulations of the United Nations Food & Agriculture

Organization (FAO) about the limits, distribution and application of the

pesticide (or corresponding Chinese regulations);

(5) Implementing FAO guidelines on pesticide packaging and storage (or the

corresponding Chinese specifications);

(6) Implementing FAO guidelines on the labels of the outer packing of

pesticide (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);

(7) Implementing FAO guidelines about the disposal obsolete pesticides and

packing materials (or the corresponding Chinese specifications);

(8) The project should immediately prepare and implement such guidelines

when there are no corresponding FAO guidelines in China;

(9) Hunan Integrated Economic Development Demonstration Town Project

(Zhentou Town Subproject, Liuyang City) Utilizing WB Loans

Pest Management Plan (PMP)

In addition, district/county and township government are encouraged to

promote and support the IPM methods through discussion and project

implementation (especially for long-term benefits).

2) Strengthening the disease and insect pest control ability of the basic

level


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Through the project implementation, the disease and insect pest control ability

of the basic level is strengthened as follows:

(1) Training district/county disease and insect pest control experts, agricultural

technology popularization workers and farmers in villages and towns.

(2) In the project execution process, professional disease and insect pests

control personnel will be familiar with and master the IMP methods, the

farmers will have some knowledge of IMP methods.

(3) Through the project implementation, the contact among city,

district/county, town and village about disease and insect pests monitoring will

be strengthened to promote the implementation of the disease and insect pest

management plan.

9.3 Infrastructure, Management Ability, Institutional Arrangements and

Mutual Coordination

Project will control the sale and use of pesticides through strengthening the

construction of the basic infrastructure of diseases and insect pests control

and implementing institutional monitoring on pesticides distribution and use.

This project will be carried out through the following methods:

(1) Strengthening the training of forestry techniques popularization personnel

and forest farmers by forest disease and insect pest control technical

personnel and experts from the city or county (district) (section 7.4.1);

(2) Preparing monitoring plans to make an assessment of diseases and insect

pests control and adopting integrated diseases and insect pests management

technology in the process of project implementation;

(3) The project office appoints a full-time person to specifically supervise the

execution process diseases and insect pests control measures;

(4) The operation of forestry techniques popularization institutions and

professional diseases and insect pest control institutions will get government’s

financial support;


111

(5) The project office will establish cooperation relations with China Forestry

Science Research Institute, Southern China Forestry Science University and

other national insect pests research institutions to enrich diseases and insect

pest control knowledge in the project area and improve the integrated

diseases and insect pest management ability;

(6) Strengthening the exchange of the diseases and insect pest control

technology and experience in the project area to share the fruit;

(7) Encouraging and supporting the leaders of the relevant district, county,

township and village to promote and use the safe measures of disease and

insect pest control and the integrated disease and insect pest management

technology;


112

9.4 IPM Monitoring and Evaluation

9.4.1 Project Supervision and Management Contents

During the period when the project supervision and inspection team of the

World Bank will carry out project supervision, they will do the following work

and implement site monitoring, the main monitoring indexes are:

(1) Survey the pesticide investigation situation through consulting the use of

flower seedlings pesticide;

(2) Survey whether the pesticides of Type 1 have been used (high toxic

pesticides) through checking the sales records of pesticide sales agency;

(3) Survey the implementation of the policy of integrated disease and insect

pest control through visiting the farmers and hearing the disease and insect

pest control work reports of the township government;

(4) Survey the implementation of the scene monitoring plan and the remedial

measures for the analysis results through checking monitoring list;

The project supervision and inspection team of the World Bank should

conduct twice project supervision and inspection annually, and it will generally

be appropriate for this to be carried out in the high-risk period of disease and

insect pest, which will be convenient for observing the implementation of

disease and insect pest control at site.

The project supervision and inspection team of the World Bank should consist

of experts in diseases and insect pests control, and the fees of the supervision

and inspection activities should supported by the project.

Monitoring should be carried out in the project area by personnel from the

agricultural technology promotion departments accompanied by specialized

technical personnel of professional diseases and insect pests control

departments of the city, county and district.


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Personnel sent by the World Bank should help to establish appropriate

monitoring system and sampling procedures at early time, and provide

training in the implementation and analysis of the monitoring system.

9.4.2 Supervision Evaluation and Budget

(1) Supervision implementation

Flower seedlings production is completed by the flower seedlings base, the

planting farmers and flower seedlings association, and it will be reported to

higher level units after summary;

The distribution process of flower seedlings is monitored by city’s agricultural

product quality monitoring center and its subordinate market testing station,

including agricultural products access quality testing and agricultural products

of agricultural production base exporting quality testing;

Flower seedlings diseases and insect pests control work should be carried out

together by the professional city and county diseases and insect pests control

institutions, project office and flower seedlings planting farmers that are

involved in the project, once diseases and insect pests are found, it must be

immediately reported and handled;

Environment, professional and health risk are supervised and implemented by

the related environmental protection agencies and forestry administrative law

enforcement agencies.


114

Figure 3 Schematic Diagram for Disease & Insect Pest Management & Monitoring

Supervision framework of flower seedlings diseases and insect pests（project office）

Flower seedlings production Flower seedlings diseases and insect pests Supervision on pesticide use

Forest produ

cts quality supervision

agency

Forest

administr

ative law

enforcem

ent

agency

Forest

technol

ogy

promoti

on

agency

Forestry Administration Authority

Professio

nal

cooperati

on/associ

ation

Are

a

Quali

ty

Yield Kinds

Plant quarantine

Integrated control

Ecological environment

Concen

tration

Quan

tity

Kinds EHS Pest

Forest

disease

and insect pest contr

ol agenc

y

Safety &

environmental protecti

on supervi

sion agency

Agricultur

al

administra

tive law

enforceme

nt

agency��

Forest

seedlings

managem

ent

agenc

y

Quality &

technology

supervision

agency

Quali

ty


115

(2) Supervision plan

Project offices at all levels shall be responsible to guarantee normal

implementation of the regular supervision activities. In the high-risk period of

diseases and insect pests, diseases and insect pests control agencies at

various levels shall be responsible for the supervision and control.

Diseases and insect pests control agencies at various levels should be

responsible to provide guidance, supervision and monitoring and training of

integrated diseases and insect pests control technology and plan. Project

offices and loans granting units at various levels are responsibility to timely

find and report pest conditions so as to implement integrated disease and

insect pests control plan according needs.

(3) Forecast and evaluation of monitoring and supervision

Disease and insect pest control agencies at all levels shall forecast and

evaluate the disease and insect pest epidemic situation according to disease

and insect pest monitoring results, make corresponding prevention and

control measures, and provide professional technical support.

The World Bank assessment team will evaluate the project implementation

and disease and insect pest control situation according to the supervision and

inspection result, and will submit assessment report and concrete

improvement suggestions and measures.

(4) Supervision plan and budget

The flowers and trees association of Zhentou Town has integrated disease

and insect pest control into the daily work scope, and will make no separate

budget.


116

Table 11 Pest Management Monitoring and Supervision Plan and Budget

Frequency

Monitoring/supervision contents Execution units

Budget (10,000 yuan�

Disease and insect pests monitoring

12 times/year

Planting acreage, species and modes of flower seedlings;

Flower seedlings’ production, quality (pesticide residual checking results);

Flower seedlings’ quarantine situation before planting and sales;

Flower seedlings disease and insect pests situation (species, acreage, pattern, etc );

Integrated flower seedlings disease and insect pests control situation(main control methods and measures adopted);

Pesticide use situation (kinds, quantity, density, etc) of flower seedlings;

Flower seedlings association, professional disease and insect pests control staff

3

Disease and insect pests management & supervision plan

twice/year

Survey pesticide registration situation (certificating documents);

Survey whether the first I kind of pesticides have been used (high toxic pesticides);

Survey the implementation of the policy of integrated disease and insect pest control;

Survey the implementation of the scene monitoring plan and the remedial measures for the analysis results

World Bank, Project Management Office of Hunan Province Development and Reform Commission

10


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9.5 Project Budget for Pest Management

The project’s disease and insect pest management budget amounts to RMB

607,000 yuan, mainly including 3 parts: disease and insect pest control

training, the popularization of integrated disease and insect pest control and

the management and supervision of disease and insect pest, the details are

instructed respectively in section 6.1, 6.4 and 7.4.

Table 12 Pest Management Budget

Items objects Budget �10,000

yuan�

Execution

units

Supervision units

Promotion of integrated disease and insect control

Flower farmers, demonstration family, cooperations, etc

10.7

Zhentou Town flower seedlings association

Provincial project office

Training of integrated disease and insect control

Flower farmers, demonstration families, principals of flower farmer cooperation, forest technique promoting personnel, professional disease and insect pest control organizations, disease and insect pest monitoring personnel, etc

40

Project Management Office of Hunan Province, Zhentou Town flower seedlings association

Provincial project office, World Bank

Disease and insect pest monitoring

3

Zhentou Town flower seedlings association

Provincial project office, World Bank

Disease and insect pest supervision and management

Project’s integrated disease and insect pest management

10

World Bank, Project Management Office of Hunan Province

World Bank

Total (yuan)

607,000 yuan


118

Appendix 1 Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Diseases in the

Project Area and Integrated Control Program

1.1 Anthrax

Flowers’ anthrax is a common kind of flower and plant disease, anthrax often

occurs in plant flowers, woody flower, etc. Anthrax can be counted as the

most frequent disease among flower diseases, and its harm is also very

severe. Flowers, such as lucky grass, dwarf lily turf, day lily, JinZhan

chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, cockscombs and so on, are often attacked

by anthrax.

Basic features:

Flowers and trees suffer anthrax, the disease often infects all the parts except

the root. If seeds, bulb, bulb are infected, it may cause decay in seeds,

seedlings or bulb, and the seedling can not sprout out of the earth; and

disease spots appear on those leaves shooting out of the earth,

photosynthesis is suppressed, seedlings become emaciated or dead. When

the squama of lily or other flower are infected, shallow brown spots grow on

them, then the squamas turn dark brown and slightly concave, at this time, the

bud stops growing, and can blossom; if anthrax happens in the seedling

stage, it often causes lack of seedlings and vacancy in the ridge, also, the

disease can harm stems, branches and lowers. Its harm on flowers can rot the


119

inflorescence, for instance, of the fire crane spathes. Its harm on fruit of, for

instance, the citron, will bring irregular form of fruit spots on the citron.

Most of the anthrax will bring harm to the lamina, cause leaf spots, such as Xi

spots, which is a major kind of common leaf diseases. For example, the round

or irregular forms of disease spots on the leaves of Philodendron, they are

brown or beige, with darker edge, sometimes they have yellow halo of

different size scattering on the spots, there are small black wheel-line shaped

grain points or reddish brown sticky conidia group. The anthrax disease spots

of schefflera, rubber trees, Hoya carnosa, and maguey are pale, the leaf spots

are depressed or not obvious, with obvious darker edge, and there are

irregular small black grain points on them. The anthrax disease spots of

peony, gardenia, cinnamon, jasmine, cockscombs are auburn. When anthrax

attacks China orchids, moth orchids, paphiopedilum and so on, nearly round

or elongated brown spots will appear, the moire edges with the healthy part is

deep and wider, when it happens on the tip, it often causes the tip spot.

Although the various kinds of the above flower and tree anthrax shape has

different colors and shapes, the common point is that, after the conidia dish of

the later germ has matured, they will produce small black grain spots of

homocentric wheel vein shape or scattering, they will overflow with reddish

brown sticky conidia group. Pick these small black grain points under the

microscope, according to the conidia dish, conidia and the shape of the

adhesive spore, they can be diagnosed as epiphyte of thorn dish spore

category, that is, the etiology of the disease.

These anthrax bacteria exist as conidia dish on the infected flowers and trees

or enter into the earth to pass the winter with infected leaves, in the next

spring when conditions are met, the bacteria will produce a lot of conidia in the

infected parts, spread through wind, rain or they are sputtered, or they may

invade directly from wounds. The suitable temperature for conidia germination

is 20 to 25 �, they require relative humidity of 80% or higher, in the condition


120

of pH3-11, pH4-8, germination rate is the highest. If flowers and trees grow in

moisture retention environment or with too much nitrogen, and if plants’ cell

gaps are big because plants are thin and weak, bacteria will invade easily.

After several days of hidden nourishing, when plants enter into the period of

blossom and fruits or when their disease resistance performances are

weakened, the bacteria will often causes disease. The disease has the

characteristics of latent infection, sometimes the disease does not come on

for a long time, and only shows symptoms when the plants become

debilitating.

Prevention treatment:

(1) Inspection and quarantine

Strengthening seedlings management in transportation and transplanting. For

seedlings to be transported, spray drugs once before digging them up, such

as 1000 times liquid of 50% carbendazim and other systemic fungicides.

(2) Garden control

Water and fertilize scientifically and reasonably according to the biological

characteristics of flowers and trees, and enhance the flowers and trees

disease resistance, which can reduce the occurrence of the disease.

Select anthrax resistance species of flowers and trees.

(3) Physical control

When flowers and trees are infected by anthrax, pick off the leaves and

branches infected, and promptly remove the diseased leaves and branches,

and destroy them collectively. Or it will be effective to daub medical 'better

ointment.

(4) Chemical control


121

When the seeds or seed squamas are infected by the bacteria, soak them

with warm water of 50 � for 20 minutes or with warm water of 55 � for 10

minutes, then spoon out and make dry. Also they can be soaked in 500 times

liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 1 hour to perish the bacteria

on the seed surface.

When flowers and trees are attacked, spray 1000 times liquid of 50% benomyl

wettable powder, or 1000 times liquid of 50% Sporgon wettable powder.

1.2 Damping off

Damping off is also called as “dead plants”, which is a kind of seedling

diseases caused by fungus infection. The bacteria often infect roots and stem

bases from the surface soil, the suffering parts cave in and shrink, and look

dark brown. If it happens just when seedlings are shooting out of the soil, the

symptom is a sudden fall; if the seedlings’ tissues have bee lignified, the

symptom is damping off. When the environment is damp, white mycelia or

pink mildew layer will appear on the diseased parts. When the disease is

serious, the infected plants will become withered and dead.

Basic features:


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Damping off occurs in the middle and late period of seedling culture and it

mainly harms stem bases or underground roots of seedlings. It begins with

oval or irregular dark brown disease spots, and at the early stage, the

diseased seedlings early wilt during the day and recover at night, the infected

parts become depressed, shrinked and gradually change brown and black.

When the disease spots expandingly circle stems for a week, the plants finally

dry to death, but do not fall. Lightly diseased plants only show brown sag

disease spots and do not die. When the seedbed’s humidity is high,

unobvious spider-filaments-shaped mould can be seen on the diseased parts.

Because of its features that it does not produce garrulous white mold, does

not fall and it has long disease course, damping off can be separated from

pythium aphanidermatum.

The bacteria live in soil or diseased tissues to pass the winter as mycelia and

sclerotia, they have strong saprophyticus nature, and general they can live in

the soil for 2-3 years. They are spread through the rain, water, compost and

farm tools infected. The optimum temperature for germ development is 20 to

24 �. Both the seedlings just shooting out of the soil and the grown up plants

can suffer from it, generally it happens in the middle or later period of seedling

culture, when the seedling bed temperature is higher, the weather is rainy and

wet, and the soil is too sticky. And it often happens repeatedly in continuous

cropping. So, dense planting, delayed seedling thinning and excessive high

temperature will easily induce the occurrence of the disease.

Control methods:


Disinfect the soil before sowing with 0.15 0.3% formalin, 0.25-0.5% thiram,

0.5% nitrobenzene five chlorine and etc; and disinfect seeds with 0.1%

potassium permanganate;

(2) Garden control


123

It is required to use new uninfected soil or disinfected soil for seedbed soil and

potted soil. The soil disinfection method is: for every square metre, water the

soil surface with the mixture of 50 ml 40% formalin and 8-12.5 kg water, cover

the soil with plastic film for 4 to 5 days, take off the covering, and sow 7 to 10

days later; or�before planting and sowing, apply in furrow 8-10 grams of

equal quantity mixture of 70% five chlorine nitrobenzene powder and 80%

zineb for every square meter of soil.


Irrigate before sowing or planting, keep the soil wet enough, and strictly

control the irrigation for 20 days after the seedlings have grown out of the

earth.


At the initial stage of seedling’s disease course, irrigate with 200-300 times

seedling bacteria cure liquid or 70% 700-800 times topsin-m liquid, which will

have the function of sterilization and seedling protection.

At the initial stage of disease course, spray and water with 500 times liquid of

50% captan, or with 800 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil.

1.3 Rust disease

Rust is common disease on flowers, especially for the rose, Jangmi,

chrysanthemum, Chinese rose, and so on. It can produce great harm,

severely influence growth and development, and reduce flowers’ ornamental

value.


124

Basic features:

Rust can injure flower’s lamina, petioles and bud with three types of

symptoms. In the first type, laminas and scapes are injured. At the beginning,

bubbly spots (germs and uredinium) appear on the laminas and scapes.

Initially, the spots are covered by the epidermis, when the epidermis breaks,

tawny power-shape uredospores scatter out. Sometimes a lot of spores

merge into one piece, the epidermis turn up, and the leaves are covered with

a layer of tawny power-shape uredospores. Chlorosis happens around the

uredinium, and leaves turn pale yellow. In serious conditions, the leaves turn

yellow, even leaves of a whole plant become dead, pedicels turn red-brown,

bud become dry or shed off. Another type mainly harms the leaves and also

the stems. At the beginning, light yellow blobs appear, then, they change into

brown, bulge like small pustules, when they burst, yellow-brown powders will

be exposed. Later, dark brown or black brown oval swollen spots grow out on

the laminas, petiole and stem, and chestnut brown powders appear after they

burst. In serious situation, the laminas of the whole plant will die, and when it

happens to flowers like the chrysanthemum, etc, the state of the disease will

be very graze. In another type, in the next spring, the germs enter into the

plant from tender stems and the veins of the reversed side of the leaf base. In

May, orange yellow uredinium may appear on the leaves, then, it generates

dark brown telium. In serious situation, all the laminas will suffer, the leaf back

is covered by a layer of yellow powders, and leaves become withered and fall


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off early. The disease will seriously affect growth and development, and it

often occurs in the rose, Jangmi, etc.

There are kinds of rust pathogenic bacteria, including rose rust polytope, rose

short sharp rust polytope, Manshan rust polytope, rose davurica rust polytope,

chrysanthemum rust fungus, day lily stem rust fungus. The bacteria live

through the on the diseased host plant body. The disease often occurs in

September, when the temperature is 24-26 �, and the relative humidity is

about 85%, which are suitable for its spread. The urediospore of the bacteria

will easily die in the high temperature and high humidity of summer; in winter,

temperature is too low, the teliospore will easily die. So, in the long and cold

winter and the hot summer, the disease is not serious, but, in a year when the

four seasons are warm, rainy and foggy, its harm will be very severe. The

disease will easily occur in the following situations: poor cultivation

management, planting too close, bad ventilation, low-lying terrain, bad

drainage, hard soil, heavy and stick soil, too much nitrogen or lack of fertilizer,

too sterile soil, etc. Conversely, flowers, that are cultivated and managed

properly and grow robustly, are infected lighter. There is great difference in

the host’s disease resistance.

Prevention and treatment:


Strengthen the inspection and quarantine, and choose plants free from

disease as breeding materials.

Many tree branch rusts are the object of quarantine. Introduce seedlings from

area free from the disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such

as inarching branches, from uninfected stock plants.

Different types and varieties of flowers and trees have different rust resistance

abilities. Therefore, selecting rust resistance breeds is the effective and

economic way to control rust disease.


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(2) Garden control

Strengthen culture management, fertilize reasonably, add more phosphorus

and potassium fertilizer, and do not only use nitrogen. If the soil humidity is

high, drain water timely; open windows frequently to ventilate and reduce the

humidity.

Control planting density, it should not be too close; drain water promptly;

fertilize scientifically, add more rotten organic fertilizer and phosphorus and

potassium fertilizer, do not only use nitrogen; prune regularly, eliminate weak

branches attacked by diseases and pests, better the light transmission and

ventilation; Facility culture to strengthen the ventilation of facilities and

cultivation, reduce the humidity of the greenhouse.


Pay attention to sanitation and hygiene, cut off diseased leaves and branches

immediately if discovered, and burn them collectively.


Winter spray

Winter spray is carried out from late autumn to the next year before sprouting.

Clean the field and cut diseased branches before spraying of prevention. Lime

and sulfur mixture of 2-5 degrees or 100 150 times liquid of 45% crystal lime

sulfur mixture can be sprayed. To prevent the rust on the seedlings from

changing hosts, spray 1-2 times in early spring march to kill the bacteria

source teliospore.

Spray in growing season

Spray lime and sulfur mixture of 3-4 Baume degrees before germination. In

growing season, the spray of the following drugs will achieve better results:

1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder liquid, 250-300 times


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sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate liquid, 10% bordeaux mixture and other

bactericides can also be used.

At the initial stage of the disease course, the following drugs can be used: 0.2-

0.3 Baume degrees lime and sulfur mixture, 300 500 times liquid of 45%

crystal lime and sulfur mixture, 500 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable

powder and 1000 times liquid of 70% topsin-M.

1.4 Powdery mildew (PM)

Powdery mildew

It is harmful to many flowers, in serious cases, and it can lead flowers to

death. It belongs a kind of worldwide disease, brings great loss to flowers

production and ornamental value. Due to the different varieties and disease-

resistant ability, powdery mildew can cause different degree of injure to the

flowers below: Chinese rose, rose, Jangmi, dahlia, Cineraria, peony, gardenia,

hydrangeas, JinZhan chrysanthemum, begonia, impatiens, plum blossom,

holly, elecampane, clove, crape myrtle, hydrangea, chrysanthemum and so

on. Usually, the flowers get infected in the summer of May or June, and they

are apt to show the symptoms of yellow and withered leaves, bending of the

tender tips and so on. In most cases, harms happen to tender tips, tender

sprouts and tender leaves and buds. At the early period, faded green spots

appear at the suffering parts, and then they gradually turn into white powder

spots, as if covered with white powder; later, the disease spots turn gray. The

suffering plants become increasingly small, tender tips bend, leaves are

uneven, flowers are less and small or unable to bloom, or the flower shapes

are distorted. In serious cases, leaves huddle up and become dry, and even

the whole plant dies


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Basic features:

PM has various kinds, but the common bacteria pathogens that attract the

above flowers can be divided into 7 kinds, including erysiphe cichoracearum

and single spore PM. During the winter, hyphae and conidia

parasiticparasitize the in the sprout, branches and leaves of flowers, but when

the temperature is below 16 �, the germs do not grow. While, in early spring,

when temperature rises to 18 �, the germs begin to germinate, conidia are

spread with air. When temperature rises to 20 �, symptoms are more

obvious. Generally speaking, at night, the low temperature and high humidity

are propitious for conidia’s breeding; and the higher temperature and lower

humidity are propitious for the conidia to mature up and spread off. What

needs more attentions is that: in the growth period, the PM can infect the

plants repeatedly, so, one-time drug spray shall not become the reason of

rest. The harm will be more serious in blossom period. At the early stage of

PM, green irregular spots appear on the laminas, and they are not obvious.

When younger leaves are infected, they stop growth; when old leaves are

infected, their color change into light yellow, and the leaves become thick,


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uneven or curly wilting, and even die. In serious cases, the disease can

spread to stems, branches, tips, buds, etc, and cover them with gray carpet-

like hyphae layer; the whole plant is small, deformed and not exuberant.

Control methods:



disease as breeding materials. Introduce seedlings from area free from the

disease, and collect asexual reproduction materials, such as inarching

branches, from uninfected stock plants.

(2) Garden control

Choose disease-free plant, plant disease resistant varieties; strengthen

maintenance and management, there should be no phenomenon of too much

nitrogen but too less phosphorus and potassium; water irritation should not to

excessive, and the humidity should not be too high.

Too close planting is unsuitable. Prune timely, and especially, the diseased

and dead branches and the introverted branches must be removed to ensure

good ventilation. Cut off sick branches and leaves immediately after

discovery, and destroy them collectively. Pay attention that the temperature

difference between day and night must not be more than 10 �.


Some flowers, such as Chinese rose, can bear the low temperature of -17 �,

while PM bacteria will be frozen to death when the temperature is below 0 �.

So, temperature change can be used to control bacteria breeding.


If there are chimneies in the greenhouse, smear them with the equal quantity

liquid mixture of lime and sulfur, the sulfur smoke volatilized will be effective.


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Before infection, spray potassium permanganate liquid of 1 ‰, 1-0. 7:20 0

bordeaux liquid, or 65% zineb wettable powder, each method will have good

effect.

After infection, spray 800-1000 times liquid of 1% iodine, then 5 days later,

spray 600 times liquid of 75% chlorothalonil for 2-3 times. Spray again when

new sprouts shoot out, and this will reduce morbidity by a large scale.

500 ~ 600 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 600 ~ 800

times liquid of 70% topsin-m wettable powder, etc, can also be used. When

the disease is serious, spary every 7-10 days, and continue for 2 ~ 3 times.

Different drugs should be used alternately to prevent bacteria from drug

resistance

1.5 Leaf Spot

Generally injuring leaves, it is a kind of disease on leaves commonly

happening to ball-root begonia, and it may also infect many other flowers and

trees, including: michelia, caryota ochlandra, canna, crape myrtle,

chaenomeles speciosa Japanese quince, osmanthus, rhododendron,

impatiens, geranium, dwarf lilyturf, etc. Local leaves become dead, and

display different spots symptoms, they are commonly grey, black or brown

horn spots, bar spots, round spots. In serious cases, different spots symptoms

will appear.

Cockscombs leaf spot (also called as brown spot) infects laminas, petioles

and stalks. Spots on the leaves are round, then, they expand into irregular big

spots, with wheel lines, and the color changes from red brown into dark

brown, with grey brown in the middle. Disease spots on stems and petioles

are brown and in strip form.

Caryota ochlandra leaf spot (also called as black spot). Dark brown small

round spots appear on leaves, then, they expand or connect into irregular big


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patches, the margins bulge slightly, and little black dots scatter on both sides

of leaves.

Clivia miniata leaf spot (dry spot disease). There are elliptic and elongated red

brown disease spots on the leaves, with fading green circle around, then, they

expand into irregular big patches, and there are black spots on the disease

spots.

Basic features:

When infected by pathogens, necrotic spots will appear on local of the

laminas, which may be caused by fungi, bacteria, or worms. Pathogens are

mainly fungi, such as the Cercospora, Helminthosporium, Septoria,

Phyllosticta, Alternaria, etc. In addition, Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas also

can cause leaf spot disease. Some pathogens exist in different small

physiological species. The Bacteria live through the winter by remaining in the

diseased and injured plant body or falling on the earth surface. And in the next

year, they will infect the hosts through wind and rain spread. Cockscomb leaf

spot disease is serious between summer and autumn (August -September),

caryota ochlandra leaf spot disease is serious in the hot summer, Clivia

miniata leaf spot disease usually occurs in spring and autumn, but in

greenhouse, it can happen in all four seasons. Continuous cropping,

excessive density, poor ventilation and too high humidity are beneficial for the

occurrence of the disease.


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Leaf spot bacteria mainly live through the winter in the diseased and injured

plant organs and seeds, and become initial infectious source in the next

growing season. Most germs rely on air, wind, rain, and, sometimes, insects

to spread. The infections usually constantly happen in the growing season.

The prevalence of the disease needs weather conditions of sufficient rainfall,

enough rainfall times and more suitable temperature.

Control methods:






(2) Garden control

Crop rotation (earth change allowed in a greenhouse). It is not appropriate to

spray water on plants.


Timely remove diseased tissues, and burn them collectively.


Spray from the beginning of disease to prevent disease spread. Commonly

used drugs are: 300-600 times liquid of 25% carbendazim wettable powder

(1000 times for 50%, 600-800 times SC for 40%), 1000 times 50% Topsin,

500 times 70% maneb, 400 600 times 80% mancozeb, 500 times captan, etc.

Attention should be paid to the alternate use of drugs to prevent bacteria lest

resistance.

Flowers botrytis is a kind of most common disease in flower production,

especially, in the winter and spring, when the flowers grow in the green

houses, the pathogenic bacteria can infect any part of the plant above the


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ground. The neglect in cultivation management can cause the occurrence and

prevalence of the disease. In serious cases, the disease can cause great

quantity of falling of flowers and leaves, influence plants’ blossom, reduce the

value of appreciation and cause great harm to flower quality and yield.

1.6 Botrytis

Botrytis can injure many kinds of herb flowers and woody flowers, such as

rieger begonias, New Guinea impatiens, cyclamen, cineraria, Phalaenopsis,

poinsettia, Primula obconica, Callistephus chinensis, begonia, dahlia, Fuchsia,

Calceolaria, gloxinia, geranium, gladiolus, Strelitzia, etc, 50 kinds of flowers.

Basic features:

The disease brings harm to laminas, flowers, peduncle, petioles and tender

stems, and also the fruit, make leaves and flower rotten and the tender stems

broken. When botrytis invades laminas, there are often dark green water-

soaked spots (as if scalded by water) at leaf edges or leaf tips, and it

continuously expands towards the inner of the leaves. When humidity is high,

it caused brown decay, and it is covered with grey mildew ; when humidity

becomes low, the diseased parts turn into brown, shallow brown, or yellow dry

form (different due to flowers species). Brown, shallow brown and white water-

soaked spots appear on petals (different due to flowers species), which then

decay. Brown patches appear on tender stems or stems containing more

water, in appropriate temperature and humidity, disease spots soon expand in

all directions, which causes brown decay to the disease parts, branch, makes


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branches and stem broken or fallen, and causes the parts above the diseased

parts wilt, wither and die. When the disease is serious, the whole plant dies.

No matter which part of the flowers is infected, in high humidity, the common

characteristic is grey mildew grows out, and this is the disease’s important

symptom.

Pathogen is botryis cinerea of moniliales, the gray powders at the diseased

parts are conidiophore and conidia.Conidiophore is slender and upright with

branches. It is 1.3 mm long, its end cells swell as spheres on which there are

many small peduncles with conidia growing on. Conidia gather as grape ears,

they are ovate or elliptic (very few are spherical), and they are colorless or

light colored. The bacteria adhere to the sick body in the form of mycelia,

conidia and sclerotia, or they stay in the soil to live through the winter. The

optimal temperature for the bacteria’s growth is 10 �-32 �, the lowest is 4 �,

and the required relative humidity is above 90%.

Large number of conidia, produced at the diseased parts when the weather is

wet, are the main disease source for reinfection. Temperature and humidity

are the major conditions for the prevalence of botrytis. The bacteria live

through the winter in sick body in the soil, and the mature conidia rely on

airflow, rain water and irrigation water, green house dropping water and

farming operation to spread. The bacteria have strong virulence to flower

organs and laminas, it mainly infect through the plant wounds, also, it can

directly invade through falling organs, necrosis tissues and skin, while the

healthy plants are not easy to be infected. In the conditions of 90% relative

humidity and 18 �-25 � temperature, botrytis happens most easily. When the

air humidity is high, the disease develops rapidly; when the air is dry, its

development is slow, and grey mildew is less. The disease in greenhouses,

where flowerpots are placed too close and ventilation is poor, is serious. If

nitrogen is too much, plant tissues are tender and weak, the disease is

serious. Continuous rain, insufficient sunlight, too much nitrogen, poor soil


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drainage and continuous cropping for years all can cause easy infection and

serious disease condition. When the weather clears up and humidity rises

after continuous overcast and low temperature, botryis breaks out easily. The

old leaves of some flowers are more sensitive to botryis; the downfall leaf

layers and flowers are often the place where botrytis multiplies. A large

number of spores fly into the air, cause disease in suitable temperature and

humidity conditions. The water spraying in greenhouse also can promote

germs to spread. At the time of raising seedlings by cutting, because the roofs

are made up by the film, the humidity in it is very high, if there is too much

condensed water on the film, this also can increase the happening of the

disease. In poor ventilation, shaded and wet environment, the plants can got

infected easily. Generally, in northern winter and spring, temperature in

greenhouses are not high enough, while humidity is high, the disease is

heavier.

Control methods






Disinfect seeds to kill fungi attached to the flower seeds surface. Soak seeds

with 10% triSodium Phosphate for 20 minutes, rinse with for 40 minutes

before use. Also, the seeds can soaked in 52 � warm water for 30 minutes,

then, dry them up for use.

Germs mainly live through the winter in soil, therefore, whether flowers are

planted in garden or in pots, the soil is required to be new soil with no disease,

and the basin soil, flower pots and seed balls must be disinfected.


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When adopting seed balls or seedlings for planting, eliminate diseased plants

before planting, soak with 0.3% - 0.5% copper sulfate for a half hour, then

wash with eater and dry up before planting.

(2) Garden control

The control technology and measures include breeds selection, cultivation

techniques of disease prevention and drug prevention and protection.

Choosing disease-resistant varieties for cultivation is the most economic

means to control botrytis. For example, carnation red flower is more disease-

resistant than yellow flower, so, under the same conditions, disease

occurrence of red flower is lighter than that of the yellow flower.

Fertilize sufficiently when planting, which can promote plant growth and

strengthen the immune system. Fertilize with rotten organic fertilizer as much

as possible, increase phosphatic fertilizer and potash fertilizer; and, at the

same time, control nitrogen fertilizer, to prevent worsened disease due to

rapid growth and keep the plant robust with increased disease resistance.

Strengthen the cultivation and management of potted flowers, pay attention to

ventilation of wind and light, reserve sufficient space between flowerpots;

watering should be “thorough dry and thorough wet”, basin soil should not be

too wet to prevent water ponding.

For field planting, pay attention to ventilation of wind and light between plants,

and drain in time after rain. In the process of management, try to reduce

damages to plants to prevent germ invasion.


In the early disease stage, remove the diseased parts timely, do not directly

place them in the greenhouse or on garbage pile, they should be

concentrated for high temperature pile retting or deep bury in soil 15 cm under


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the ground to reduce the bacteria source of the initial infection in the following

year.

The appropriate temperature for botrytis is 20-25 �, so, when the temperature

is higher than 32 �, germs’ infection, growth and reproduction will stop. Make

use of this character to protect cultivation by raising temperature to control the

bacteria growth and infection. The effect of the measure is obvious in the

autumn. Generally, ventilate in fresh air in the morning, but in the afternoon,

temperature should be maintained at 20 �-25 �, when it drops to 20 �, the

vents must be closed to keep the temperature at night at15 �-17 �. If the

method is well mastered, the purpose of botrytis control can be achieved with

no drug use.


For the control of the disease by drugs, there is still no specific kind of

pesticide, so prevention and control shall be the main means, and which

should be carried out by seizing the right opportunities. Foliar spray,

fumigation, powder dust can be used.

Before and after the occurrence of the disease, spray 1:200 bordeaux liquid

once every two weeks.

After the occurrence of the disease, cut off diseased leaves timely, and spray

drugs for control and treatment. Commonly, protective disinfectants are used,

such as 1000-2000 times liquid of 50% procymidone, 500-800 times liquid of

50% carbendazim, 500-800 times liquid of 65% zineb wettable powder, etc.

Usually spray once every 7-10 days. Drug spray should be carried out

carefully and thoroughly, it is preferable to spray in the morning after 9 o’clock,

and drug spray in high temperature and rainy weather should be avoided. In

drug spray, it is appropriate to alternately use various drugs to prevent drug

resistance.


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In fumigation, ignite fumigant pieces or powder fumigants, and split drug’s

effective ingredients into small particles by heating, which quickly fill up the

entire planting field and evenly reach the surface of all the object, so that they

can reach the place which can not be easily reached by liquid spray, and

germs killing effect is good. The optional drugs include: 10% procymidone

fumicants (200-250 g/mu), 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent (250 g/mu), and

3% probenazole smoke agent (50 g/m3). Let in fresh air 3 to 4 hours after

fumigation. Fumigation may be executed on cloudy or rainy days or after

watering, and it is best to be executed in the evening after the wind gaps has

been closed. The effect is very good when the air humidity is too high for drug

liquid spray.

Dust spray can be used in the windless dense plot and inside closed

greenhouse. Basically, it is to scatter the pesticide of small grain and strong

floating force in the air by dust blower, so that the pesticide can settle and

spread slowly on the function places and achieve sterilization effect. Effective

drugs include: 5% chlorothalonil composite powder, 6.5% Wanmeiling dust

agent, 10% Shameiling dust agent, and 5% Miemeiling dust agent. Use it

once every 9-10 days, or alternately use it for 2-3 times with other methods.

The dosage is 1 kg/mu. Spray directly at the tops of the plants, close down the

greenhouses after spray to prevent dust from drifting under the impact of

airflow. It is preferable to spray pesticides in the evening or on the rainy days

of the peak time of the disease course.

1.7 Bacterial Soft Rot Disease

Bacterial soft rot disease is a bigger threat to flowers’ growth. There are two

main kinds of pathogenic bacteria, namely the carrot soft rot bacillus and callia

lilies bacteria, the hazard area is wider, and is easy to spread without

restriction.


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Bacteria infect roots, bulbs, squamous bulb, petioles, laminas and other parts.

It may happens to Zantedeschia, lily, Gladiolus, fleur-de-lis, cyclamen,

hyacinth, Clivia miniata, dahlia，etc. It is a kind of devastating diseases,

usually, the suffering parts look as if soaked, and then, they turn brown, sticky,

soft and rotten. In high humidity, they become a pack of putrid oar soup, and

in drying condition, they are turned into powdery dry things.

Basic features:

Bacterial soft rot disease is a common disease for Clivia miniata and other

flowers. It lives through winter as bacteria in the sick body or soil, it infects

from the wound, and spreads by rain and irrigation. In the growing season of

Clivia miniata, the flower can be infected for several times. The disease’s

latent period is two to three days, and it mainly brings harm to the leaves and

stems. In the disease’s initial period, dark green soaked disease spots appear

on leaves, the diseased tissues become brown, soft and rotten. The diseased

parts gradually expand and spread, and finally they become dry and caved in,

the whole leaves prolapse. The disease in stems can cause the stems

become soft and rotten and lead to the falling and death of plants. Generally,

the disease occurrence is severe in June-August, and in the conditions of high

temperature, high humidity, too munch nitrogen, improper irritation, bad wind

and light ventilation, serious coccid calamity, the disease situation will be

worsened.

For bacterial soft rot disease, the main infection approaches are: 1. When

plants suffer factitious mechanical trauma, pathogen invades from the wound.

When the temperature is as high as 27-30 �, coupled with poor ventilation,


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low-lying plot or sticky heavy land of poor drainage, the disease occurs and

develops faster. 2. Flowers plants are bitten by insects, and they are infected

from the insect mouths. 3. Flowers infect this disease because the storage,

growth and processing environments are not thoroughly sterilized.

Control methods


When seedlings, seed balls and seed roots are introduced and purchased or

sold in other places, strict quarantine procedures and systems must be strictly

applied and carried out to the effect that no harm is introduced in or spread to

others.

(2) Garden control

In the management of repositories and the rooms for growth, operating and

cultivation, they should be disinfected by 1:8 formalin.

Before sowing, choose roots, ball roots, bulbs and squamous bulbs and other

planting materials, and soak them with agricultural streptomycin 350-700

unit/ml for 30-40 minutes.

Disinfect the production equipments before use. The disinfection drugs

generally include 0.1% potassium permanganate, 5% carbolic acid or 75%

alcohol.

Reduce and eliminate mechanical broken injury and contact transmission due

to insects and human beings.


In the plant growth period, when diseased leaves are discovered, they must

be cut off timely, and the waste should be cleaned up, buried deeply or

burned. Disinfect polluted and used flowerpot and tools with 40 times liquid of

40% formaldehyde.



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The infected soil can not be used continuously, the infected flowerpots must

be heated for sterilization before being used again, and tools contacted with

diseased plants must be disinfected with 0.1% potassium permanganate or

70% alcohol before being used again.

The disease spreads quickly, so prevention work must be strengthened. In

early period of the disease, spray 600 times liquid of 50% carbendazim, or

daub the diseased plants with 1000 times agricultural streptomycin liquid to

control the spread of the disease.

1.8 Root cancer

Also called as root tip bulge cancer, root cancer is the most common root

disease in garden flowers and seedlings. According to statistics, its hosts are

as many as 300 species from 60 families. In early disease period, small and

nearly round tumor-like tissues show up, they gradually become big and

hardened, with rough and cracked surface, and their colors change from

shallow into dark brown or black brown, the inner tumor turn woodened.

Tumors differ in size, the large one is like fist or larger, and their numbers

differ from several to a dozen. Because the root systems are damaged, the

diseased plants grow slow growly, and for the seriously infected, the whole

plants die. In addition to harm the cherry blossom, Chinese rose, the disease

still can harm other 300 plants, including dahlias, clove, begonia, geranium,

Jangmi, the plum flower, forest trees and fruit trees, etc.

Basic features:

Pathogenic bacteria and disease tumors live through the winter in the surface

layer and soil, and they can live more than a year with the disease tissue


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residues in the soil. The bacteria’ spread rely on water flow, underground

pest, grafting tools, operation farm tools, etc, and they can be spread far when

the diseased seedlings or seed branches are transported. Germs invade from

the wound, and symptoms show up weeks or 1 year later. The disease

incidence is high in sandy soil of too much alkali and high humidity,

continuous cropping is beneficial, and the disease is more serious if there are

more wounds at roots.

Root cancer mainly damage root necks, top roots and lateral roots. For

seedlings, it often occurs at the healing place between the scions and parental

stocks. In early disease period, small and nearly round tumor-like tissues

show up, they gradually become later and hardened, with rough and cracked

surface, and their colors change from shallow into dark brown or black brown,

the inner tumors turn woodened. Tumors differ in size, the large one is like fist

or larger, and their numbers differ from several to a dozen. Because the root

systems are damaged, the diseased plants grow slowly, and for the seriously

infected, the whole plants die. Root cancer is very stubborn, even if the

tumors are removed, they are able to grow out again.

Pathogenetic bacteria live through the winter in tumor tissue, or when the

tumor tissue decay and break, the bacteria get mixed in soil, the tumor

bacteria in soil can survive more than a year. The bacteria’s spread rely on

water flow, underground pest, grafting tools, operation farm tools, etc, and

they can be spread far when the diseased seedlings or seed branches are

transported. Germs invade in the hosts through wounds, insect injury,

mechanical injury resulted from farming, stock cuttings, graft cuttings and

other damages can become germs’ invading approaches. The happening of

the disease is closely related with soil temperature and humidity, high soil

humidity is helpful for germs infection; soil temperature of 22 � is most

suitable for tumor formation, when the soil temperature is more than 30 �,

tumors almost can not be formed. The PH values of the soil are related to


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disease occurrence too, alkaline soil is beneficial for the occurrence of root

cancer, while the diseases are less in acid soil. In sticky, heavy, low-lying,

poorly drained soil, the disease is serious. Continuous cultivation will make

flowers and trees liable to severe disease. In addition, if farming management

is inefficient, the underground pest and soil nematodes are numerous and

there are all kinds of mechanical damages in flowers and trees gardens, the

disease will be severe. If the wounds of the grafting seed stalks do not heal

well, the cultivated seedlings are easy to be attacked by the disease.

Control methods:


Strengthen the quarantine, abandon diseased plants that are taken out of

gardens or brought from other places. If suspicious seedlings are discovered,

soak them in 500-2000ppm streptomycin liquid for 30 minutes, in 1% copper

sulfate liquid for 5 minutes, or in 2% of limewater for 1-2 minutes, then, rinse

with water before planting. In planting seedlings, it is forbidden to introduce

the seedlings or cuttings from infected areas, if there are diseased seedlings,

they should be completely cleared and burned.

(2) Garden control

For neutral or slightly alkaline soil, which is suitable for the occurrence of root

cancer, more organic fertilizers should be applied to increase soil acidity and

improving soil structure; in weeding and other operating, try to decrease

injures to roots or damages to the bases of stems and tendrils of flowers and

trees; pay attention to timely prevent underground pest and soil nematodes to

reduce insect injury; drain the water logging after rain to reducing soil

humidity, promote flower and tree growth, and improve the disease

resistance.

Prevent the cutting from contact with soil in grafting. Grafting tools should be

disinfected with 75% alcohol or 1% formaldehyde solution.


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When flowers and trees in the garden or flowerpots are found infected by the

bacteria, soil around should be timely dug out, the tumor should be removed

completely until the xylem is exposed, at the same time, the wound should be

protected with high density of lime and sulfur mixture or bordeaux liquid to

avoid infection. As for the seriously diseased plants unable to be cured, they

must be eliminated and their remained roots must be cleared up and burned

collectively.


For lightly infected plants, irritate their roots with 300-400 times liquid of “402”

antimicrobial agent, or daub the wounds, after the tumors being cut out, with

500-2000ppm streptomycin, 500-1000ppm terramycin, or 5% ferrous sulfate.

Additionally, it is reported that daubing the tumors with ice iodine solution

(methanol 50 portions, glacial acetic acid 25 portions, and iodine tablets 12

portions) is medicative. Also agrobacterium radiobacter of No. 84can be

applied for biological control.

In severely infected areas, carry out crop rotation if the same plants have

been continuously cropped for above 2 years in one field, or plant crops after

the soil has been disinfected with Lubiku.

Appendix 2 Identification of Major Flower and Seedlings Pests in the

Project Area and Integrated Control Program

1.1 Nematodes disease

Nematodes disease causing harm by invading into the root nematode, leaves,

buds and blossoms, it usually infects plants of compositae, primulaceae,

rosaceae, balsaminaceae and begoniaceae. When nematode invades into

seedlings’ roots, it produces, in the top roots and lateral roots, tumor-shaped

substances of different sizes, whose surfaces are rough and brown. When the


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suffering is serious, the fine roots will rot, and the leaves will scorch and die.

When nematodes invade into the internal tissues of laminas, the suffered

laminas turn into light green with light yellow spots, and later, the spots

become brown, the laminas become black and dry. When the disease is

serious, flowers are small, deformed and easy to wilt. There are two main

types of symptoms:

(1) symptoms above the ground:

Such symptoms are similar with those of slide knife nematodes. The leaves

show polygonal necrotic spots, buds are deformed, the whole plant is

dwarfed. The disease brings harm to chrysanthemum, dahlia, Dendranthema

morifolia, etc. The insect infringes leaves and buds. For stem nematodes,

laminas are deformed, flowers are dwarfed, or they even can blossom. It

brings harm to tulips, hyacinth, gladiolus, daffodils, etc. The insect infringes

bulbs and tubers, etc.

(2) Symptoms on roots:

The roots are swollen and deformed like chicken feet, the root tissues turn

black and rotten. It brings harm to peonies, Chinese herbaceous peony, wax

begonia, Chinese rose, impatiens, cyclamen, etc. The insect infringes plants’

root systems. For some plants, spherical root knots may appear.

Basic features:

In different areas and for different flowers, the yearly numbers of nematodes

generations are different, generally, it changes from several to a dozen.

Nematodes live through winter in the forms of eggs, larvae and imagoes in the


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diseased plants and soil. The insect body spread with the rain, irrigation, tools,

soil, flower seedlings, bulb, etc. In the next spring when soil temperature rises,

after eggs’ hatching, larvae invade from pores, lenticels and the wound. Soil

temperature of 15-30 � is beneficial for the development of root knot

nematodes and stem nematodes in detail. In suitable conditions, they can

complete a generation within 20-30 days. Generally, the disease is serious in

sandy soil. Some nematodes can also spread virus. From spring to autumn,

the population quantity shows a trend of increasing, and the group structures

develop in a diversified way.

Control methods:


Strengthen quarantine. The newly introduced flower varieties must be planted

experimentally in isolation at appointed place after being approved by

quarantine institutions.

(2) Garden control

Establish disease-free gardens by planting healthy disease-free seedling in

selected disease-free field. Plant disease-free seedlings for cultivation. Do

well the cleaning and sanitation work in the gardens. Clear up the dead

flowers and weeds and miscellaneous trees inside and outside of the gardens.

Irrigate with clean water and underground water, improve drainage facilities,

and prevent foreign polluted water from flowing into the gardens. Pay special

attention to the disinfection work of seedlings and training media. Use rolling

cultivation frame, and adopt planting form of planting above the ground and in

hard bottom, which can effectively prevent the spread and occurrence of

nematodes and other insect pests

Increase organic fertilizer, which can promote the propagation of beneficial

microbes, control the occurrence of nematodes, stimulate the healthy growth


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of flowers and trees, and strengthen the disease resistance force. The organic

fertilizer used must be fully rotten and free from nematodes.

Soak asexual reproduction materials, such as seedlings, cutting branches and

bulbs, in hot water, drug solution or both. Experiments should be carried out

before large scale processing to determine the hot water temperature, solution

density and the processing time that are both harmless to the growth of

flowers and trees and are able to kill nematodes.

(3) Biological control

Nematodes’ main natural enemies in the soil are fungi, followed by bacteria,

predatory nematodes, insects, and mites, etc. There are two kinds of fungi:

predatory fungi and parasitic fungi, which play great roles in nematodes

control. All the collembola larva and imagoes can prey nematodes of each

state (including the eggs).

Choose new soil for seedling cultivation. In summer, continuously dry the soil

and stroma in the sun for a week, which can kill nematodes and other disease

and insect pest that spread in soil.


Timely remove diseased plants, sick body and diseased soil and burn

diseased plants. After flowers and trees being sold, timely clear the sick

bodies on the ground, pull out and pick up the diseased roots scattered in the

soil, regularly remove nematodes’ weed hosts. These measures will cut down

the number of nematodes and reduce disease occurrence.

In the sheds and greenhouses, in high temperature summer season, use

straw stalks 600-1000kg/mu, cut them into small segments of 4-6cm, add lime

nitrogen 50-100kg/mu, mix well and furrow into the depth of 20cm, and make

several small pieces of fields, fill them with water, cover them with films, close

the sheds or green houses for more than 20 days, the disease can be killed

by solar energy.


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In greenhouses or sheds, before sowing or transplanting, apply 30-60kg

nitrogen liquid every mu, or furrow ammonium bicarbonate 50-60kg into the

soil, airtight doors and windows, and open them after about one week, plough

soil deeply to emit ammonia, and plant 2-3 days later. If the drugs are applied

in the open, cover films for a week immediately after the application, and plant

until ammonia has been sent out completely.

When soil is soaked for 1-3 weeks in summer and 3-5 weeks in winter, the

prevention and control effect is better.


To eliminate root knot nematode, stem eelworm and aphelenchoides besseyi,

the flower corms and bulbs are soaked in 50 times liquid of 50% phoxim EC

for 2 hours and in 44.4-46.7℃ for 3 hours.

1.2 Aphids (aphid)

Aphids are pests that can bring the most severe harms to flower seedlings

(nursery stocks), and almost every kind of seedlings will suffer from one or

several aphids. It absorbs large numbers of juice with thorn sucking trophy,

deteriorates seedlings nutrition, stops or delays their growths, makes their

growth serious deformed, induces sooty mould disease, and spreads various

kinds of plant virus. Flowers aphids injures flowers such as tulips, peach

blossom, Oriental cherry, plum flower, orchid, chrysanthemum, dianthus, lily,

apricot, and solanaceae, cruiferae, bryony, etc. As the temperature increases,

aphid disease will grow in number and become serious. Prevention and

control must be carried out early.


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Basic features:

There are two kinds of aphids, those have wings and those have not. The

body color is black. They cluster on the leaf backs, tender stems, growing

points or flowers as adult or young aphids. They suck plants’ juice with

needle-like thorn trophi, making the cells damaged, the growth out of balance,

and the leaves shrinking curly to the back, and heart leaves growth

suffocated. When the harm is serious, the plants stop growing, and even the

whole plants wilt to death. When aphids do harms, they discharge a lot of

water and honey syrup, when they roll on the lower leaves, they causes the

occurrence of mycosis, which will impede leaves’ physiological functions and

reduce the accumulation of dry substances.

Aphids are 1.5-4.9mm long, most are about 2 mm. sometimes they are

covered with wax powder, but lack of wax disks. Their tentacles have 6

sections, a few have 5 sections, few have 4, the feeling circles are round, few

are oval shaped, and the end the last section is often longer than that of the

base. Their eyes are large, and many have small eye faces often with 3 small

protruding eye tumors of eye surfaces. The end part of the peak is small or

short blunt. The abdomen is greater than the sum of the head and chest.

Usually, there are edge tumors on the sections of chest and abdomen.

Siphuncles are usually tube-shaped, the length is usually bigger than width,

the base is thick, and becomes gradually thin towards the ends, sometimes,

the middle or end parts are swollen. Often, there are edge bulges on the top

of the siphuncles, the surface are smooth or there are tile lines, or there are

net lines at the end, rare siphuncles have hair less or more, and rare have


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cricoid lacks. Cauda are cone shaped, finger shaped, sword shaped, triangle,

pentagon and helmet shaped or half moon shaped. The ends of the pygidia

are round, and their surfaces are smooth, with net lines, wrinkles or strips

composed by tiny thorns or granules. The body hair is sharp or its end parts

bulge like heads or fans. Winged aphids usually have 6 parts, and there are

secondary feeling circles on the 3rd, between the 3rd and 4th, or the 3rd and 5th

parts. The mid veins of the front wings are often divided into three branches, a

few are divided into two. The back wings usually have two cubits veins. The

back wings are rarely smaller, or degenerated. Sometimes, the wing veins are

bordered with black edges.

The woody plants aphids parasitize on almost include all the families of the

cypresses class of the angiosperms and gymnosperms, while, some species

parasitize on plants of bryophytes, ferns and equisetum. Some species

change hosts in their life stages, the plants, that change hosts between woody

hosts and herb hosts, take woody plants as the first host, live through winter

on them as fertilized eggs, in the spring, they are hatched into fundatrix,

parthenogenetically reproduce the 2nd or 3rd generations. In the early summer,

the winged aphids migrate to the herbal and second hosts, where they

parthenogenetically reproduce the 2nd to 20th generations. In the autumn, the

winged female and male aphids fly from the second hosts to the first hosts.

Winged sex mother eggs produce zoogony female aphids, which mate with

the male aphids, and lay eggs live through the winter. Most species live on the

same hosts in all their life cycles with no migration between the woody hosts

and the herb hosts, they just migrate within the same types host plants. Both

the female and male have no wings, sometimes the male aphids have wings,

and live through the winter as fertilized eggs. Many species or units below

species parthenogenetically reproduce in the tropic area, sub tropic area,

greenhouse or small warm living environment all year round with no fertilized

eggs to live through the winter. They often cause deformation or discoloration


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in host plant tissues, or shorten the internodes. The female aphids born to

bear, and aphids can get pregnant without males. Aphids have strong

reproductive capacities, they can reproduce 10-30 generation in a year, and

generation overlapping phenomena are prominent. When the average

temperatures are stably above 12 � for 5 days, they start to breed. In the

early spring and late autumn low when temperature is lower, it takes 10 days

to complete a generation, and in warm summer conditions, it only takes 4 to 5

days. They live through the winter as eggs on the branches of the Chinese

prickly ashes, the pomegranates and others, they also live through the winter

as imagoes in the protected fields. The temperatures of 16-22 � are most

appropriate for aphids to breed, drought or too big plant density are suitable

for aphids to do evil.

Control methods:

(1) Inspection and quarantine:

Strictly inspect the newly introduced flowers and flower seedlings to prevent

the invasion of the new pests from the outside, disinfect soil and old

flowerpots to kill the ovum remainders.

(2) Garden control:

Flowers differ in pest resistance, disease resistance varieties should be

chosen to both reduce aphids harm and save drug costs. Eliminate insect

sources, clean up greenhouses, and destroy winter insect source. If flower

seedlings are cultivated in greenhouses, strengthen aphid prevention for the

growing flowers. Thoroughly clear up with trimming the residual flowers,

diseased and withered branches and leaves, on which aphids have lived or

worm eggs have concealed, and burn them collectively.

(3) Biological control:


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Control aphids by the natural enemies, such as ahidiidae, beetles, syrphidae,

hover flies, aphid lion, spiders, aphid eating trombidiidae, etc. Control with

microorganisms (such as aphid fungi, etc) that can produce disease in aphids.

(4) Physical control:

Expel aphids with silver grey films. Before sowing and seedling transfer, lay

silver grey film strips around the seedbeds or on the seedbeds working paths

with interval. For peach aphids, lure them to be pasted on yellow boards

daubed with sticky oil, generally, the board is 1metre long and 20 centimeters

wide. Kill aphids by luring them with black lights. The phototaxis of aphids is

very strong, place the black lights made in advance in the plant site where

aphids occur enormously, the trap and kill effects are remarkable.

(6) Chemical control:

1000 times liquid of 20% Compound Liuyangmycin missible oil are mainly

sprayed to the growing points and the back of leaves.

13 Red spiders

Red spiders are mite animals, they are also called as leaf mite, and commonly

known as red spider, Huolong, or stubble mite. It is a link of common flower

disease, it brings harm particularly to flowers’ laminas and blossoms. Its

distribution range is wide, and the hosts are very common: including herb

plants, woody plants, fruit trees and miniascapes of wild elm,

sageretiatheezans and five pine needles. The plants suffered from it include:

Chinese rose, aglaia odorata, jasmine, rhododendron, camellia, kumquat,

Chinese flowering crab-apple, osmanthus, Salvia splendens Sello, flos citri

sarcodactylis, chrysanthemum, etc. Most red spiders cluster on leaf backs,

spinning and netting.


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Basic features

As big as needle tips, red spider’s body is very little, its length is below 1 mm.

Red spiders are round or oval, the bodies are orange, brown, or etc. under

naked eyes, and they are only small red dots, too small to be seen. Under

magnifying glass, what can bee seen is but red-orange transparent spherical

ovum. Red spider’s body can be divided into several sections, but there are

no obvious knots, and they have no wings. Their lives can be divided into four

stages: eggs, larvae, nymphs and imagoes, but they have no stage of pupa,

so, they belong to the incomplete metamorphosis. Red spider’s reproduction

ability is very strong, and generally, it can reproduce more than 10

generations annually. Red spiders begin to do evil from March to April every

year, in June and July, their hazard are serious. Under the conditions of high

temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation, red spiders breed fast. The

larva often cluster on the leaf backs and buds of some flowers, and harm

plants by sucking juice with thorn sucking trophi. In the initial stage, the

laminas’ green color fades away, leaf edges turn up, then, leaves wither and

fall down, buds shrink early, and the whole plants die in serious cases.

Besides their own sprawling, the spread and expansion of red spiders mostly

rely on the wind, rain and being carried around through people’s operation.

Most species of red spiders live under the leaf surface, and a few move on

leaf’s upper surface. They live through the winter in the form of female

imagoes or eggs on the branches and in the seams of dried barks or soil

cracks.


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The flowers injuring red spiders are not active in term of life habit. They cluster

on leaf backs, spin out silk and weave webs. They cause chlorosis spots on

the leaves, when the disease is serious, leaves wither and fall out. The dark

red female imagoes are 0.5 to 0.7 mm long and 0.3 mm wide. The dark

orange male imagoes are 0.4 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Hawthorn red

spiders general can reproduce 5 to 9 generations every year, and they live

through the winter as fertilized female imagoes in the seams of the barks of

the branches and trunks or in the soil cracks around the base of the trunk. In

the following spring, the winter pests go out of hibernation and harm young

tissues such as buds. In the hot and dry summer, their breeding are fast, and

quantities are huge, the peak of the year occurs.

Control methods:


Check whether there are mite eggs contained in the plants brought in

seedbeds or greenhouses, timely move out all the old plants that have been

cut, or contain pests or eggs.

(2) Garden control:

Add more organic fertilizers, reduce the use of nitrogen, enhance trees’ vigor,

and improve plants’ resistant ability towards insect invasion.

In the hot and dry summer, open the holes in time and water to compensate

plants water loss.

Strengthen pruning, improve the microclimate of plants growing, enhance

plants’ light and wind ventilation to improve trees’ vigor and reduce the pest

occurrence opportunity.

Irrigate moderately regarding the drought degree. Sprinkler irrigation and high

pressure flushing of new shoots can reduce pest density. In addition, the right

nutrition supply and watering are also very important, because plants in

adverse conditions are more sensitive to diseases and insect pests.


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For those plants that have gravely suffered from red spiders, scrape off the

upwarpings, clear up the withered and fallen leaves on their branches and the

weeds where the pests live through the winter, and eliminate the winter

female imagoes, eggs, etc, to reduce the potential insect sources.

For trees easy to be harmed by mites, in the end autumn, bind grass around

their trunks to lure the clustering of winter female mites, and take off the grass

in the early spring burn down; in the winter, remove weeds and leaves, and

process collectively to reduce mites mouth density in the next year.


The quantities and types of red spiders’ natural enemies are many, the main

harmful mites preying insects are: mites eating thrips, small and big

chrysopidae, Stethorus punctillum Weise, Delphastus catalinae, Orius minutus

and so on. Predatory mites include long hair amblyseius, Lage amblyseius,

Chile little amblyseius, etc. They belong to the Phytoseiidae, and they can

play a positive role in the control of pest population. Breed and release natural

enemies if conditions permit. Appropriately increase humidity in the process of

protecting and using natural enemies, which is helpful in increasing the

number of the natural enemies, and which can effectively control the insect

pests when the ratio between the beneficial and the harmful is above 1:50.

According to the existing experience, Chile little amblyseius can effectively

control tetranychus urticae. Chile little amblyseius is a kind of carnivorous

mites. Release them at the first time when tetranychus urticae appear, and

they should be continuously released in the high-risk areas of tetranychus

urticae.

Out side the greenhouse, there are some insects in the nature, such as deep

point food to two points, which eat tetranychus urticae. As a kind of predatory

mites, carnivorous mites can not eradicate tetranychus urticae, but they can


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control the number of can eradicate tetranychus urticae under certain level so

that they do not cause too big disasters.

Generally speaking, the release of predatory mites and the implementation of

integrated control measures are based on conventional management, that is,

the regularly checking of pest situations and the timely measures execution.

In high-risk areas, some low-poison high-efficient pesticides can be sprayed,

but it should be called into attention that pesticides can not select, it will kill

carnivorous mites at the same time. Besides, it should be noted that though

Chile little amblyseius are effective biological weapons to kill tetranychus

urticae, but their existence may also reduce plant heights.

Because pesticides do not have the ability to kill selectively, so, unless in

high-risk areas of tetranychus urticae, do not use pesticides rashly. When

predatory mites of tetranychus urticae, such as carnivorous mites and the

Stethorus punctillum Weise mentioned above, appear, it is advocated to

strengthen protection and management, but not use toxic chemicals.


Observation at normal times is important in the control of red spiders. When

laminas’ colors are abnormal, check leaf backs carefully, and spray drugs

timely if diseases appear on more leaves.

Red spiders are small in size, so, generally, they can not be easily discovered

by naked eyes. Therefore, anatomical mirrors or magnifying glasses can be

used for observation. Another method can be used too: first, take a piece of

white paper, gather infected lamina or branch tips, beat them continuously for

a few times, then check whether there are some moving “small black dots”,

thus, the situation will be clear. Additionally, observe whether there are injured

little spots on the laminas. Averagely, if there are more than 10 worms on

each lamina, they will influence plant growth and afforest effects, and control

measures should be taken.


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In the early spring or winter, 0.2%-0.3% washing powder is sprayed on the

plants to enhance the medicament’s spreading and attaching nature. So the

overwintering eggs and mature mites can be killed and the density of the eggs

can be lowered. Before sprouting, 5% heavy diesel fuel emu should be

sprayed to kill the overwintering eggs.

From the middle and late March to April when trees are sprouting, 0.5-1

Baume lime sulphur should be sprayed to prevent and kill the newly incubated

mites and the mature female mites.

During the red spider damage period, pot culture and bonsai should be

applied with phoxim, etc. in the rhizosphere. The application quantity should

depend on the size of the plant. After buried under the earth, they must be

watered enough to promote the pesticide effect.

Most red spiders are more active in high temperatures. The dry and hot

climate can cause an outburst in the disease. Therefore, the prevention must

be done before the hot and dry season. Because the hot and dry weather in

any period can cause the rampancy of the red spider, checking work should

be carefully done and medicament should be sprayed in time according to the

checking result. The effect should be consolidated after 10-15 days.

During the rampant period, 5% Nissorun missible oil 1500 times liquid (not

effective for mature mites) can be sprayed, which should be done equally to

the trees. All the new tips should be covered. In this way, the density of the

mites can be decreased immensely.

In late May to early June, bio-acaricide Liuyang mycin (20% compound agent)

1000-2000 times liquid, or 20% chlorfenson wettable powder 800-1000 times

liquid can be used to prevent the first generation of just incubated mites,

nymph and the mature female mites which haven’t oviposited.

In June and July when the outburst happened, 73% propargite missible oil

4000 times liquid should be sprayed, which should be done every 10 days

alternately for 3-4 times continuously. When spraying, the middle and bottom


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part of the plant and the back of the leaves should all be covered and sprayed

equally.

In order to avoid the drug resistance in red spiders, it’s better other acaricides

are used with alternately. The front and back side of the leaves should both be

sprayed on to guarantee the effect. Because the chemical pesticide may

easily cause drug resistance in pests, which will bring difficulty to the

prevention, the drugs must be used alternately, and the concentration and

frequency of the drugs shall be deliberately increased. Highly effective and

safe pesticides should be chosen and the weak link of the pests should be

focused on. To consolidate the pesticide effect, the spray interval should be

15-20 days, thus the mite disease can be totally controlled. The protective

effect can be promoted by using two medicaments simultaneously or

alternately.

1.4 Coccid (flower lice)

As one of the most common pests of flower seedling, coccids often cluster on

the branches, leaves and fruits. Imagoes and nymphs insert their trophies in

the tissues of flowers’ leaves and branches, sucking juice, which causes the

symptoms of withering, deformity, shrinking and so on to branches and

leaves, and leads to sooty mould of great danger. Coccids are small insect

pests, and insect bodies are covered with waxy secretions. Male and female

coccids have different forms. The female has no wings, while the male has a

pair of membrane front wings, and the rear wings have degenerated into

balancing sticks. Coccids have strong breeding abilities, and they can

reproduce many generations in a year. Coccids have an outstanding

characteristic: they form testas after a short time of crawling, and live a fixed

life. Coccids have strong drug resistance, and it is difficult for common drugs

to enter into them, so, the control work is more difficult. Therefore, once they

occur, they are not easy to be cleared up.


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Basic features:

Coccids can bring harms to a wide rang of flowers, such as Chinese rose, fig,

pomegranates, peony, jangmi, rose, lotus, Chinese hibiscus, osmanthus, box,

kumquat, finger citron, pittosporum, magnolia, etc. The female imagoes and

nymphs often cluster in leaf backs and twigs absorbing juice, endanger

flowers’ growth and blossom. In serious cases, leaf color becomes yellow,

branch tops wither, and the diseases can trigger sooty mould which will

reduce the ornamental value. The female imagoes are oval, orange red, and

5-7mm long. The rearward face is flat, the back hunches with white waxy

secretions and they have no wings. The male imagoes are about 2.8mm long,

and the expansus is 8mm. The front wings are grey brown, and the rear wings

have degenerated into balance sticks. The chest is black, and the abdomen is

orange. Eggs are oblong oval, they are yellow after birth, and change into

orange red later. One year old nymphs are oval and red, the backs of the 2

years old nymphs are reddish brown, and covered with light yellow wax

powder. The male and female can be distinguished after they are 2 years old.

Generally, Icerya purchasi Maskell can reproduce two to four generations in 1

year. Coccids live through the winter as female imagoes or nymphs on

branches. The female imagoes lay eggs after winter, and hatch out larva,

which will stay at the egg bags for a long time before climbing out, and scatter

and settle on the laminas. The first age nymphs often parasitize at both sides

of the back veins of leaves, and after they are 2 years old, they gradually

move to and cluster at the shady side of stems and begin to do evil. After the

female insect become mature, they eat at the original fixed place and do not


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move any longer. Warmth and moisture are beneficial for the occurrence of

Icerya purchasi Maskell.

Control methods:


In the natural circumstances, coccids live a fixed life, and they generally don't

move or rarely move, so, their own transmission ability and distribution are

limited. But now, because of the rapid development of the flower industry,

coccids can be spread through flowers and seedlings’ transportation,

introduction, exchange, etc, so inspection and quarantine must be

strengthened strictly avoid the introduction and delivery of diseased seedlings.

If flowers and seedlings are found injured by coccids, drug spray or other

measures must be performed in time. If the quantity is big, the method of drug

fumigation can be used, if the quantity is small, the method of scratching can

be used to ensure that the seedlings introduced are free of pests.


When coccids are found, effective measures shall be immediately taken to

eliminate them; if coccids are found on individual laminas or branches, brush

them out with soft brush or wipe out with cotton wool or cloth, or cut off leaves

and branches with coccids when pruning. It is required to brush and cut out

them thoroughly, burn collectively, and littering is forbidden.

In the spring before the nymphs climb on plants, scratch down the raw barks

at the trunk base, daub 30-50 centimeters isolation belt, regularly daub used

oil or coccids against emulsion, or coat with insect sticker belt of 20

centimeters width. Insect sticker can be made by putting 0.5 kg rosin into 1kg

of castor oil or used engine oil after the latter has been heated.

(3) Garden control:

Strengthen the field management, loosen the soil, fertilize, irrigate, trim timely,

and ventilate wind and light into seedlings’ garden so as to improve the


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seedlings’ insect resistance ability. According coccids’ winter habits, combing

with winter pruning, cut off branches where coccid density is high in order to

reduce population base. As for the stems on which coccid occurrence is more

serious, brush and scratch winter eggs and egg sacs with hard brush, fine

steel wire, scraper, scuppit or others. Daub the trunks with mud to reduce pest

population and protect trunks from germs’ infection at the same time, the shell

and the old skin brushed off should be collectively burned.

The following measures also can be taken for coccid control: ○1 Irritate the

surface of the soil in the basin with water and white wine mixture of ratio of

1:2. In the spring when the room temperature is 7 �, coccids start to move.

Water such liquid mixture once in April, and then water once about every half

month for four consecutive times, and then, the effect will show.


In China, there are many natural enemies of coccids, basically, they are: red

laybugs, Harmonia axyridis chrysopidae, Orius minutus, hover flies, ground

beetles, parasitic bees, etc. These natural enemies should be fully used to

control pests, and the concrete measures are as follows:

Directly protect and use natural enemies: make some natural pest enemies to

live through the winter in the cracks of the upwarping, then, collect them in the

sarongs to raise, and later release them into the fields. In addition, put some

earth and stone lumps when loosening the soil of the plant bases in October

to increase natural enemies’ winter sites. Meanwhile, note that the use of high

toxic pesticides is forbidden in the eclosion period of natural enemies.

The artificial transfer help for natural enemies: based on the occurrence

situation of coccids and the natural enemies in the different regions, artificially

transfer the natural enemies from the places where their population and

occurrence are huge to the places where their occurrences are small, but

where coccid harms are severe, so as to increase the types and quantities of


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natural enemies in those areas and achieve the purpose of coccid harm

control.


When coccids break out, drugs are used for control. Seize the opportunity of

eggs hatching period to spray, because, at this time, testas have not been

formed or thickened, so, the coccids can be killed easily by drugs. If wax

shells have formed, the effect will not be good. The following drugs can be

chosen, such as: 50% malathion and 30% Malathion-buprofezin emulsion

(malathion & buprofezin), spraying once every 7-10 days for 2 to 3 times.


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Appendix 3 Draft Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation

1 Site supervision index

1.1 The adoption degree of measures of no pesticides control or

integrated disease and insect pest control

(1) the number of flower farmers/staff participating in the demonstration of

adopting no pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pests control;

(2) the acreage of flowers and seedlings adopting no pesticides control or

integrated disease and insect pests control;

(3) the number of flower farmers/staff adopting flower and seedling varieties

that have high resistance against disease and insect pests;

(4) the number of flower farmers/staff able to identify the natural enemies of

insect pests;

(5) the number of flower farmers/staff participating in the promotion plan about

integrated disease and insect pests control technology in community;

1.2 Pesticides application patterns

� The pesticides application times for various kinds of flower seedlings per

mu per year;

� The types and quantities of the pesticides used for various kinds of flower

seedlings per mu per year;

� The costs of pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu

per year;

○4 the number of flower farmers/staff implementing the safe disposal and

application pesticides (namely, security storage, the use of labor protection

articles, etc.);

1.3 Ecosystem situation

� The times and types of disease and insect pests occurring to various kinds

of flower seedlings per mu per year;


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� The species and quantities of flower and seedling peasts of each sample

area;

� The resources of beneficial insects indicated by unit types and amount

(such as bees quantity in every unit sampling area);

The implementation of above monitoring items should be carried out by the

personnel of forest pest control and quarantine station of the project county

(district), and the relevant project area or economic forest farm will be chosen

as prototype. In the early stage, the supervisory group of the project office,

that assists the WB, should assist county forest pest control and quarantine

station to establish applicable monitoring system and sampling procedures,

and provide trainings about the use and analysis of the monitoring system.

Once the monitoring system has settled that the forest pest control and

quarantine station of the autonomous region should cooperate with the

county-level forest pest control quarantine station, it is needed to make

detailed budget, work plan and responsibility division.

2 Field supervisions to be executed in the process of project

supervision visit

2.1 Pesticides registration

� Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets

to verify whether unregistered pesticides are sold/used in the project area;

� Examine pesticides registration list to verify the registration of new

pesticides;

2.2 Use of pesticides of Type�

Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to

verify whether pesticides listed as Type�by the world health organization are

sold/used in the project area;

2.3 Policy


165

� the government’s subsidies for the use of pesticides (if any);

� evaluate the effectiveness of loans application system in the control of

rejecting to use unregistered pesticides;

� the local government’s policies and regulations about pesticide use and the

technology promotion of integrated disease and insect pests management;

2.4 Implementation of field supervision plan

� Evaluate the implementation of the field supervision plan of the WB

supervision and inspection group’s visit in the project area;

� help the relevant personnel of the project county to solve any problem

occurring in the implementation process of field supervision plan;

� provide timely training for relevant personnel of the project county about the

field supervision processes, data analysis, and interpretation of the results,

and carry out adjustments of whatever needs improvement in the respect of

disease and insect pests control;

The World Bank supervision and inspection group will supervise and inspect

the project twice every year, and it is recommended to supervise and inspect

at the peak period which is convenient to observe the implementation of the

diseases and insect pests control on site. And the World Bank supervision

and inspection group should be formed by experienced diseases and insect

pests control experts.

Table 1 Project’s Field Supervision Contents of Integrated Disease &

Insect Pests Control

Items Supervision Contents Supervision Data

number of flower farmers/staff participating in the demonstration of adopting no pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pests control;

Degree of integrated disease &

insect pests

control

acreage of flowers and seedlings adopting no pesticides control or integrated disease and insect pests control;


166

number of flower farmers/staff adopting flower and seedling varieties that have high resistance against disease and insect pests;

number of flower farmers/staff able to identify the natural enemies of insect pests;

number of flower farmers/staff participating in the promotion plan about integrated disease and insect pests control technology in community;

pesticides application times for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;

types and quantities of the pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;

costs of pesticides used for various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;

Pesticides

application number of flower farmers/staff implementing the

safe disposal and application pesticides (namely, security storage, the use of labor protection articles, etc.);

times and types of disease and insect pests occurring to various kinds of flower seedlings per mu per year;

the species and quantities of flower and seedling pests of each sample area;

Ecosystem situation

resources of beneficial insects indicated by unit types and amount (such as bees quantity in every unit sampling area);

Total

Table 2 Project Supervision & Inspection Activities

Items Supervision Contents Results

Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to verify whether unregistered pesticides are sold/used in the project area

Pesticides registration

Examine pesticides registration list to verify the registration of new pesticides

Use of pesticides of

Type�

Examine the chemical supply stores and project famers’ pesticides cabinets to verify whether pesticides listed as Type�by the world health organization are sold/used in the project area

government’s subsidies for the use of pesticides (if any)

Relevant policies

evaluate the effectiveness of loans application system in the control of rejecting to use unregistered pesticides


167

local government’s policies and regulations about pesticide use and the technology promotion of integrated disease and insect pests management


168

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