Huong Dan Lam Tham Khao

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Referencing and Compilinga Bibliography

A guide to using the Harvard System

Learning Technology and Skills Support 2004Updated LIS 2006


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Referencing and Compiling a bibliography

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Contents Page

Introduction 4

Section A Citations within the text 5i) nameoccurs naturally in the sentence 5

ii) name does not occur naturally in the sentence 6

iii) more than one cited document in the same year 6

iv) two authors 6

v) more than two authors 6

vi) author of a chapter in an edited book 6

vii) more than one reference in the same place 7

viii) if the work is anonymous 7

ix) a newspaper article with no author 7

x) a source quoted in another source 7

xi) a contributor in a source 7

xii) a person who has not contributed, but who is quoted 8

Section B Listing references in a bibliography or reference list 9

1 Booksi. A book by a single author 9ii. A book by two authors 9iii. A book by more than two authors 9iv. An edited book 10v. A chapter from an edited book 10

2 Journal articlesi. A printed journal 11ii. An electronic journal:

a. accessed via a database 11b. accessed via a website 12


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3 Newspaper articlesi. A printed Newspaper 13ii. An online Newspaper

a. accessed via a database. . 13b. accessed via a website 13

4 Maps... 14

5 Conference papers or conference proceedings 14

6 Government Publicationsi. A White Paper 15ii. A Green Paper 15iii. An Act of Parliament 15iv. A Law Report 16

7 Publications by corporate bodies. 17

8 Theses or dissertations 17

9 Patents... 18

10 Non-print Materialsi. Film 18ii. Programme and series, including radio 18iii. Contributions, for example interviews 19iv. Personal and telephone interviews 19

11 Electronic Material

i. A website/page or e-book. 20ii. A Journal/Newspaper accessed from an online database.. 21iii. An email... 21iv. An image..... 21v. A CD-ROM... 22

12 Non Academic Resources.. 22

13 Further Resources and References. 23


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Introduction

What is referencing and why should it be used?

Academic work demands that you read widely and consider the work of other writers andresearchers when you are preparing your essays and other assignments. To use thiswork without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is calledplagiarism. It is, therefore, very important that you acknowledge these ideas and opinionsas belonging to a particular author, as they are considered to be that authors intellectualproperty. This procedure is called citing orquoting references. By doing this you aremaking it possible for readers to locate the source material that you have used. Thesystem of referencing most commonly used at the University of Gloucestershire is theHarvard System.

The Harvard System of Referencing

There are many styles of referencing. At the University of Gloucestershire most of thefaculties ask you to use the Harvard system, which consists of three elements:

providing the name of the author(s) and the year of publication in the text andgiving the full details of where to find the reference in a separate cited referencelist.

providing an additional list, a bibliography, of any additional sources used toproduce your essay but not cited. The purpose of this additional list is to highlightthe breadth and depth of a students preparatory work.

Therefore you will need to produce two separate lists, a cited reference listand abibliography, in addition to the brief citation made within the body of the essay.

The system varies slightly for books and for journal articles and there are some morecomplicated instances such as websites and government reports. You should alwaysprovide references in the following cases:

direct quotations from another source paraphrased text which you have rewritten and/or synthesised but have based on

someone else's work information derived from other studies statistical information theories and ideas derived from other authors interpretations of events or evidence derived from other sources facts which are not common knowledgeConsistency and accuracy are important. The same set of rules should be followed everytime you cite a reference. This guide tries to explain what to do, arranged in two sections:

A. Citations in the textB. Listing references in the bibliography and cited reference list


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Section A : Citations In The Text

All statements, opinions, conclusions and so on taken from another writers work should beacknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.

In the Harvard System there are some general guidelines for citing references in the text:

Quotationso as a general rule in the University, if the quote is less than a line it may be

included in the body of the text in quotation marks.o Longer quotations are indented and single-spaced, quotation marks are not

required.o For citations of particular parts of the document the page numbers etc.

should be given after the year in parentheses. (British Standards Institution1989, p2).

Summaries or paraphrases give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the

end of the relevant piece of writing, page numbers are not required.

Diagrams, illustrations these should be referenced as though they were aquotation if they have been taken from a published work. For anything else refer toBS 1629:1989.

Page numbers if details of particular parts of a document are required, forexample page numbers, they should be given after the year within the parentheses.

Electronic Sources rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply toelectronic documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic documentdoes not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent

of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens,etc., for example "[35 lines]" or "[approx. 12 screens]".

Cited publications are referred to in the text by giving authors surname and the year ofpublication in one of the forms shown below:

i. If the authors name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given inparentheses:-

Note: if you use a quotation you must include the page number/s. If you are referring to a

study as a whole then page numbers are unnecessary.

Examples:

o In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that we have to teach good practices

o As Harvey (1992, p27) said, good practices must be taught, and so we


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ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and year are givenin parentheses:-

Examples:

o A more recent study (Stevens, 1998) has shown the way theory and practical workinteract.

o Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain thepractice (Stevens, 1998, p468).

iii. When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year,these are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year andwithin the parentheses:-

Example:

o Johnson (1994a, p31) discussed the subject

iv. If there are two authors the surnames of both should be given:-

Examples:

o Matthews and Jones (1997) have proposed that

o Weir and Kendrick (1995, p88) state that "networking is no longer solely within themale domain . . ."

v. If there are more than two authors the surname of the first author only should begiven, followed by et al:-

Examples:

o Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in most businesses (Wilson et al. 1997)

o Wilson et al. (1997) conclude that office costs

Note: A full listing of names should appear in the bibliography (see section B).

vi. If you refer to an author of a chapter in an edited book, the surname of the chapterauthor is given with the year.

Example:

o Describing the requirements of occupational therapy Yerxa (1983) indicated that

Note: Section B describes how this should be referenced in the bibliography.


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vii. If you are citing more than one reference at the same place in the text, they shouldbe listed in chronological date order, with the earliest first.

Example:

o Isaac (1988), Jones (1994) and Atkinson et al. (1996) inform us that

viii. If the work is anonymous then Anon should be used.

Example:

o In a recent article (Anon, 1998) it was stated that

ix. If it is a reference to a newspaper article with no author the name of the paper canbe used in place of Anon.

Example:

o More people than ever seem to be using retail home delivery (THE TIMES, 1996,p3)

Note: You should use the same style in the bibliography.

x. If you refer to a source quoted in another source you cite both in the text:-

Example:

o A study by Smith (1960 cited in Jones 1994, p24) showed that

Note: You should list only the work you have read, in this case Jones, in the bibliography.

xi. If you refer to a contributor in a source you cite just the contributor:-

Example:

o According to Bantz software development has been given as the cornerstone in thisindustry (1995, p99).

Note: See Section B below for an explanation of how to list contributions (chapters inbooks, articles in journals, papers in conference proceedings) in the bibliography.


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xii. If you refer to a person who has not produced a work, or contributed to one, butwho is quoted in someone elses work it is suggested that you should mention thepersons name and cite the source author:-

Examples:

o Richard Hammond stressed the part psychology plays in advertising in aninterview with Marshall (1999).

o In a recent article by Marshall, Richard Hammond said Advertising will alwaysplay on peoples desires, (1999, p67).

Note: You should list the work that has been published, in this case Marshall, in thebibliography.


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Section B : Listing References In Both The Bibliography & Cited Reference List

Books

i. A book by a single author:

Recognised format:

Authors Surname, first name initials. (Year of publication) Title, Edition (if not the first),Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

o Charlesworth, E.A. (1986) Stress management, London: Souvenir Press.

o Fonteyn, D. (1985) Classroom control, London: Methuen/British PsychologicalSociety.

o Torkildsen, G. (2005) Leisure and recreation management, 5th ed. London:Routledge

o Gottfried, R.S. (1983) The Black Death: natural and human disaster in MedievalEurope, London: Macmillan.

ii. A book by two authors:

Recognised format:

1st Authors Surname, first name initials. & 2nd Authors Surname, first name initials. (Yearof publication) Title, Edition (if not the first), Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

o Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (1997) The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique& utilization, 3rd ed., London: Saunders.

o Ponton, G. & Gill, P. (1993) Introduction to Politics, 3rd ed., Blackwell.

o Mercer, P.A. & Smith, G. (1993) Private viewdata in the UK, 2nd ed., London:Longman.

o Grey, H. & Freeman, A. (1988) Teaching with stress, London: Paul Chapman.

iii. A book by more than two authors

Note: You shouldnotuse the abbreviation, "et al." (= et alii = and others) in the fullreference. But you should use it in brief in-text references.


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Recognised format

1st Authors Surname, first name initials, 2nd Authors Surname, first name initials. and nthAuthors Surname, first name initials. (Year of publication) Title, Edition (if not the first),Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

o Hall, C.M., Timothy, D.J. & Duval, D.T. (2004) Safety and security in tourism:relationships, management, and marketing, Binghamton: Haworth.

o Tesson, M., Degenhardt, L. & Hall, W. (2002)Addictions, Hove: Psychology Press.

iv. An edited book

Recognised format:

1st Authors Surname, first name initials. and 2nd Authors Surname, first name initials. eds,(Year of publication) Title, Edition (if not the first), Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

o Basford, L. and Slevin, O. eds., (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: anintegrated approach to patient care, Edinburgh: Campion.

o Singh, B.R. ed. (1994) Improving gender and ethnic relations: strategies for schoolsand further education, London: Cassell.

v. A chapter from an edited book

Recognised format

Contributing authors Surname, initials. (Year of publication) Title of contribution, followedby In: Surname and Initials of editor(s) of publication followed by ed. or eds. if relevant Titleof book, Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s) of contribution.

Examples:

o Bantz, C.R. (1995) Social dimensions of software development, In:Anderson, J.A.ed.Annual review of software management and development, Newbury Park, CA:Sage, pp502-510.

o Weir, P. (1995) Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection, In:Kendrick, K., Weir, P. and Rosser, E.eds. Innovations in nursing practice, London:Edward Arnold. pp5-22.

o Offee, C. and Ronge, V. (1982) Theses on the theory of the state, In: Giddens, A. andHeld, D. eds. Classes, Power and Conflict, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp74-98.

o Forster D. (1995) Setting for health promotion, In: Pike, S. and Forster, D. eds.Health promotion for all, Livingstone, Edinburgh: Churchill, pp143-155.


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b) accessed via a website

Recognised format:

Author Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article, Journal title [online], Volume, (issue),location within host (pages), Available from: [Accessed date].

Examples:

o Caspi, A. & Gorsky, P. (2006) Online deception: prevalence, motivation andemotion. CyberPsychology and Behavior, [online], 9(1), pp46-53. Available from: [Accessed 5 July 2006].

o Martin, E.W. (1996) The legislative and litigation history of special education, TheFuture of Children [online], 6(1), pp25-39. Available from: [accessed 25 November1996].


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Newspaper articles

i. A Printed Newspaper

Recognised format:

Authors Surname, initials. (or NEWSPAPER TITLE) (Year of publication) Title of article,Title of newspaper, Day and month, Page number/s.

Examples:

o Halpin, T. (2006) Exam spy traps school cheats, Times, 16 June, p3.

o INDEPENDENT (1992) Picking up the bills, Independent, 4 June, p28a.

o White, J. (1992) Liverpool's most valuable home draw, Independent, 2 October,p12.

ii. An Online Newspaper

a) accessed via a database

Recognised format:

Author Surname, Initial. (or NEWSPAPER TITLE) (Year) Title of article. Title ofNewspaper, Volume,(issue), pages if given .Source: Database name [online].

Example:

o FINANCIAL TIMES (1998) Recruitment: lessons in leadership: moral issues areincreasingly pertinent to the military and top corporate ranks. Financial Times, 11March, p32. Source: LEXIS NEXIS [online].

b) accessed via a website

Recognised format:

Author Surname, Initial. (or NEWSPAPER TITLE) (Year) Title of article, Title ofNewspaper[online], Day and Month, Available from: [Accessed date].

Example:

o Hooper, J. (1997) Collision in Mediterranean kills 280, The Observer[online], 5January. Available from: [Accessed 15 April 1997].


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Maps

Recognised format:

Originators Surname, first name or initials (may be cartographer, surveyor, compiler,

editor, copier, maker, engraver, etc.) (Year of publication), Title, Scale (should be givennormally as a ratio). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

o Mason, James (1832) Map of the countries lying between Spain and India,1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey.

Conference papers or conference proceedings

Recognised format:

Contributing authors Surname, Initials. (Year of publication), Title of contribution, followedby In: Initials. Surname of editor of proceedings, (if applicable) followed by ed. Title ofconference proceedings including date and place of conference, Place of publication:Publisher, Page numbers of contribution.

Examples:

o Silver, K. (1991) Electronic mail: the new way to communicate, In: D.I. Raitt, ed., 9thInternational Online Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1990 London, Oxford:Learned Information, pp323-330.

o Banks, S.(1998) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to educationand training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conferenceheld at the University of Sheffield, Sheffield: University of Sheffield.

o Grunwald, P. (1984) Car body painting with the spine spray system, In: N.Martensson, ed., Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial RobotTechnology, 7th, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2-4 October, Industrial Robot Technology.IFS, pp633-642.

o Oakley A. and Rajan, L. (1989) The social support and pregnancy outcome study,In: S. Robinson, A. Thomson & V. Tickner, eds. Research and the midwifeconference: proceedings 1988, Privately published.

i. Video ConferenceRecognised format:Contributing author's Surname, Initials. (Year of conference), Title of conference [online],video conference, date of conference. Available from: . [Accessed date].

Example:Bolton, D. (2005) Referencing the Harvard way, [online], video conference, 1 April.Available from: [Accessed 14 February 2006].


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Government Publications

Note: In broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while GreenPapers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in thesame way.

i. A White Paper

Recognised format:

Name of issuing body (Year of publication) Title of publication, Report Number (whererelevant), Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

o Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future,Cm.3390, London: Stationery Office.

o Department of the Environment (1984) Disposal facilities on land for low andintermediate-level radioactive waste: principles for the protection of the humanenvironment, London: HMSO.

o Department of Health (1993) Changing childbirth: report of the Expert MaternityGroup (Chairwoman J. Cumberlege), Vol. 1, London: HMSO.

ii. A Green Paper

Recognised format

Name of issuing body (Year of publication) Title of publication, Report Number (whererelevant), Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

o Department of Health (1998) Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health, Cm 3854.London: Stationery Office.

o House of Commons (1992) The Health Committee second report: Maternityservices, Vol. 1 (Chairman N Winterton), London: HMSO.

o Department of Health (1991) The Health of the Nation: a consultative document ona health strategy for England, London: Department of Health/HMSO.

iii. An Act of Parliament

These should be cited in the text with the full title, including the year of enactment, forexample Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1979.


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Acts do not need to be listed in the references. However an example would be:

o Great Britain (1990) National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990,Chapter 19, London: HMSO.

iv. A Law Report

Be aware that there is a hierarchy of authority when citing UK cases. It is preferable to citefrom the Official Law Reports if the case has been published there. If not, then the WeeklyLaw Reports should take preference. If neither has reported the case, then the AllEngland Law Reports should be cited, followed by the more specialised sets of law reports(Family Law Reports, Lloyds Law Reports, Criminal Law Reports, etc.)When citing a case you should include:

Case name (in italics and v used for versus)Date of the case in brackets (place in square brackets if the volume fails to identify thecase; place in parentheses if the year identifies the case)

The volume number of Law Report (if reported)The name/abbreviation of the Law Reports (if reported)The page number of the case (if reported)The abbreviation of the court where the case was decided (post 1865 only)The page/paragraph number(s) of the passage you are referring to (often called thepinpoint), if applicable

Examples:

o British Railways Board v Pickin [1972] AC 765 (HL) 766-768

o Mercantile Credit Co Ltd v Garrod[1962] 3 All ER 1103 (QB)

o Re Travel Mondial (UK) Ltd[1991] BCC 224 (Ch) 226

o Slazenger & Sons v Spalding & Bros [1910] 1 Ch 257 (Ch)

For further information on legal referencing please seehttp://www.glos.ac.uk/departments/lis/park/lawresources/lawref.cfm


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Publications by corporate bodies

Recognised format

Name of issuing body (Year of publication) Title of publication, Place of publication:Publisher, Report Number (where relevant)

Examples:

o Health Visitors' Association (1992) Principles into practice : an HVA positionstatement on health visiting and school nursing, London: Health Visitors'Association.

o Independent Television Commission (ITC) (1991) The ITC code of advertisingstandards and practice, London: ITC.

Theses or Dissertations

Recognised format:

Authors Surname, initials. (Year of publication) Title of thesis, Designation, (and type),Name of institution to which submitted.

Examples:

o Agutter, A.J. (1995) The linguistic significance of current British slang, Thesis(PhD), Edinburgh University.

o Hull, A.P. (1988) Changing patterns of Accessibility and Mobility in sixteen Parishes

in East Kent, 1973-1982, Thesis (PhD), Liverpool Polytechnic

o Stones, M. (1995) Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique.Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, University of Sheffield.


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Patents

Recognised format:

ORIGINATOR (the name of applicant) (Year of publication) Title of patent, SeriesDesignation, (which may include full date).

Example:

o PHILIP MORRIS INC. (1981) Optical perforating apparatus and system, Europeanpatent application 0021165 A1, 1981-01-07.

Non-print materials (Film/TV/Interviews)

i. Film

Recognised format:

Title (Year - For films the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production.)Material designation, Subsidiary originator - Optional but director is preferred, Productiondetails place: organisation.

Examples:

o Macbeth (1948), Film, Directed by Orson Welles, USA: Republic Pictures.

o Birds in the Garden (1998) Video, London: Harper Videos.

ii. Programmes and series, including radio

Recognised format:

Series title, Episode number, Episode title (should normally be given as well), thetransmitting organisation and channel, the full date and time of transmission.

Examples:

o Yes, Prime Minster, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast, TV, BBC2, 1986 Jan 16.

o

News at Ten, ITV, Jan 27 2001, 2200 hrs.

o The Nuclear Age, Episode 3: Europe goes nuclear UK, ITV, 26th October 1988.

o Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4, 1996 Feb 19, 1030 hrs.


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iii. Contributions (for example interviews)

Recognised format:

Individual items within a programme should be cited as contributions. The reference shouldbegin with the name of the person interviewed.

Examples:

o Porrit, J. (1991) Interview by Jonathan Dimbleby, In: Panorama, BBC 1, 18 March.

o Blair, T. (1997) Interview, In: Six Oclock News, TV, BBC1, Feb 29, 1823 hrs.

iv. Personal Interviews

Recognised Format:

Name of person interviewed: Surname, Initials. (Year) Type of interview (personal ortelephone interview). Interview date.

Example:

o Mitchell, J. (2006) Personal interview. 15th February.


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Electronic material

Important note: Standards for citing electronic sources are still being developed andtherefore there is currently no agreed standard method for citing electronic sources ofinformation. This document follows the practices most likely to be adopted and is intendedas guidance only. Those intending to use such citations in papers submitted to scholarly

journals should check whether an alternative method is used by that journal.

Because fixed standards for electronic references do not yet exist, it is important to apply aconsistent stylethroughout your references. This enables your reader to understand andtrace your sources. If you are unable to write a complete reference because theinformation is not available, then write as full a reference as possible.

The following guidelines apply for web pages:

o Indicate the exact URL of the web page and the date you visited ito Do not split the URL over a line. If this is not possible, do so after a forward slash

i. A website/page or e-book

Recognised format:

Author/editor Surname, Initial. (Year) Title [online], (Edition), Place of publication:Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: [Accessed date].

Examples:

o Shea, J. (2004) White falls to Pinches [online], BBC. Available from, [accessed 22

April 2006].

o Holland, M. (2002) Guide to citing Internet sources [online], Poole: BournemouthUniversity. Available from:[Accessed 4 November 2002].

o J SAINSBURY PLC (2005)Annual report and financial statements 2005[online], JSainsbury plc. Available from [Accessed 1 June 2006].

o The University of Sheffield Library (2001) Nursing and Midwifery in the Library andon the Internet[online], Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Available from: [Accessed 4th July 2001].

o BOOTS GROUP PLC (2006) Corporate social responsibility: process and policy[online], Boots Group plc. Available from [Accessed 30 June 2006].


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o Food Standards Agency, (2003) What is BSE? [online]. Available from: [Accessed 12 June 2003].

ii. A Journal/Newspaper accessed from an online database

See previous sections for Journals and Newspapers.

iii. An email

Recognised format:

Author/Sender (authors email address), (Date of message - Day Month Year), Subject ofthe message, [online]. Email to recipients initials surname (recipient's e-mail address).

Examples:

o Lowman, D. ([email protected]), (4 April 2000), RE: ProCite andInternet Referee, [online].Email to P. Cross ([email protected]).

o McConnell, D. ([email protected]), (28th November 1997) Follow up toyour interview[online].Email to L.Parker ([email protected]).

iv. An image

Recognised format:

Author, Initials.(Year) Title of image [online image]. Available from: [Accesseddate].

Example:

o Greenwich2000 (2000) The Worlds biggest dome Millennium experience[onlineimage]. Available from: [Accessed 1 December 2000].

o Beaton, C. (2002) Coco Chanel[online image]. Available from [Accessed 30 January2004].


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v. A CD-ROM

Recognised format:

Author/Editor. (Year) Title [type of medium CD-ROM], (Edition), Place of publication:Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: Supplier/Database identifier or number(optional), [Accessed Date (optional)].

Examples:

o MacLeod, D. (1996) PM plan for tests at five is shelved[CD-ROM], Guardian, 9January 1996, p6.

o Hawking, S.W. (1994)A brief history of time: an interactive adventure [CD-ROM],Crunch Media.

Non-Academic Resources

For articles in non-academic sources, such as a local newspaper or manual, the structureand order is dependent on the availability of detail. Choose the most relevant of theguidelines above and follow it as far as possible.

Possible formats:

o Title of newspaper or publication (Year of publication) Title of article, day and month(if given), page number(s).

o Author of article (Date of newspaper or publication), Title of article, Title ofnewspaper or publication, day and month (if given), page number.

Possible Examples:

o Hackney Today(1998) Fifty Years on Windrush Season, (Issue 45), June, pp10-11

o Olympus (2006) Autofocus, Camedia C2000 Zoom Digital Camera Instructions,p88.

o Grooms, M. (2006) Homeschooling babies [online], Bella, June. Available from [Accessed 14 July 2006].


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Referencing and Compiling a bibliographyFurther Resources and References

This list of references and examples has been put together from many different resources,from a number of institutions. If you are still having difficulty referencing the material youare using, try looking through some of these resources for more information.

http://www.ipl.org/div/farq/netciteFARQ.htmlPublic Service Library, websites about referencing online material.

http://www.ex.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.htmExeter Library Full instructions and good references.

http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents/Library/Citing_References.pdfBournemouth University Excellent examples, lots of links to more information.

http://libweb.apu.ac.uk/subjects/reference/harvard.php

Anglia Polytechnic University Very clear instructions and examples provided.

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