Anchit Raman III Year

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

K.I.E.T

Hydroelectricity Generation

Introduction1. INTRODUCTION 2. WATER WHEEL3. BASIC IDEA USED4. HYDRO POWER PLANTS5. HYDRAULIC TURBINES6. TURBINE SELECTION7. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS8. ESTIMATING AVAILABLE POWER9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES10. FUTURE OF HYDRO POWER

Water resourcePOWER GENERATION

METHODS-

1. COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

2. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

3. GEOTHERMAL POWER

4. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

5. WIND POWER PLANTS

6. HYDRO POWER PLANTS

WATER WHEEL

TYPES OF WATER WHEELS

BASIC IDEA USED

The real key is the physical height difference achieved between source and sink.

Hydro power is a renewable resource since it is ultimately derived from sun.

Potential energy of falling water is converted into kinetic energy used to rotate turbine blades.

Turbine shaft transmits energy to electro-mechanical generators and thus hydro electricity is generated.

COMPONENTS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

1. DAM

2. HEADGATE / INTAKE GATE

3. DE-SILTING TANK

4. WATER RESERVOIR

5. PENSTOCK

7. GENERATOR

6. HYDRAULIC TURBINES

8. POWER HOUSE

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Impulse Turbines

Reaction Turbines

1.Pelton turbine2.Turgo turbine3.Michelle-Banki turbine

1.Francis turbine2.Kaplan turbine3.Gorlov turbine

PELTON TURBINES

1.The gravitational power energy of the water dammed becomes in kinetic energy.

2.The injector basically a nozzle throws the high speed water to the blades that are glued to the bun.

3. The water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the bun, where it is transformed instantaneously into mechanical energy.

4. It can be equipped with multiple nozzles for higher output.

MULTIPLE NOZZLE PELTON TURBINE

The edge that divides each bucket in two symmetrical parts cuts the water spurt, sectioning it in two laminae of fluid, theoretically of identical volume. This disposition allows resisting mutually the axial pushes that are originated in the bun.

KAPLAN TURBINE

1.The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow water reaction turbine whose design combines radial as well as axial features.

2.The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of the bun turn itself when it is on.

3. Working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine.

4. Kaplan turbine is used for lower head applications.

WORKING OF KAPLAN TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

1. The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines.

2. The radial flow causes the turn of the runner which is completely submerged in water.

3. Both the pressure and the velocity of water decrease from inlet to outlet.

4. The runner is provided with curved vanes upon which the water impinges.

5. Francis turbines is designed for a medium range of head.

WORKING OF FRANCIS TURBINE

TURBINE SELECTION ACC. TO RANGE OF HEAD

Hydraulic wheel turbine

Kaplan turbine

Francis turbine

Pelton turbine

Turgo turbine

0.2 < H < 4

2 < H < 40

10 < H < 350

50 < H < 1300

50 < H < 250

H = Head in meters

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS

Depending upon “the type of system”

Depending upon “power generated”

DEPENDING UPON TYPE OF SYSTEM

CONVENTIONAL / STORAGE TYPE

PUMPED STORAGE TYPE

RUN OF THE RIVER

CONVENTIONAL / STORAGE TYPE

PUMPED STORAGE TYPE

RUN OF THE RIVER TYPE

DEPENDING UPON “POWER GENERATED”

1.Big hydro station

2.Small hydro station

3.Micro hydro station

4.Pico hydro station

Greater than 30 MW

25-30 MW

Less than 1000 W

200-300 Watts

ESTIMATING AVAILABLE HYDRO POWER

P = p h r g k

P is power in watts p is density of water h is height in meters r is flow rate in cubic meters per second g is acceleration due to gravity k is coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER

Technical benefits- long life span, less maintenance and no fuel cost.

Environmental benefits- renewable source, no green house gas emission

Flood migration through storage dams.

Social impact- improved standards of living, recreation spots, employment opportunity.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER

Disturbance to ecological system.

Adverse impact on Groundwater.

Transport of nutrients.

Population movements.

Dam breach- uncontrolled flooding.

Development of diseases due to bacteria growth in reservoir water.

INDIAN SCENARIO

INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 1,48,701 MW installation capacity.

India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario.

In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94 000 MW.

Hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6782 MW from 1512 sites.

FUTURE OF HYDRO POWER

The theoretical size of the worldwide hydro power is about four times greater than that which has been exploited at this time.

Small scale and low head hydro capacity will probably increase in the future as research on low head turbines.

Many small hydro electric sites were abandoned in the 1950's and 60's when the price of oil and coal was very low, and their environmental impacts unrealized. Increased fuel prices in the future could result in these facilities being refurbished.

Still the best way of power generation, serves long, no component loss due to ash deposition etc.

Thank you so much…!!