Hydroelectric Operations and Expansion Planning in Iceland.
Egill B. Hreinsson
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Iceland
University of Auckland, New Zealand
May 7th 2001
Plan of the Presentation
1. An overview of Iceland and its electrical energy supply
2. Efficiency Data for short term hydro operations planning
3. Operations and expansion planning in a hydro based power system
Part I: An Overview of Iceland and its Electrical Energy Supply
•Iceland-location-characteristics
•Energy recources
•Power system
70°
Bergen
Greenland
Edinburgh
Reykjavík
ReydarfjörðurIceland
Orkney
Germany
60°
50°
Shetland
Faroe Islands
Scotland
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
NetherlandsEngland
Ireland
20° 0°10° 20°
The Location of Iceland in the North Atlantic Ocean
FF SizeSize 103.000 km103.000 km22
FF First settlementFirst settlement Year 874Year 874
FF SettlersSettlers Mainly from NorwayMainly from Norway
FF Independent republic Independent republic Year 1944Year 1944
FF Present populationPresent population 270.000270.000
FF Governmental systemGovernmental system Parliamentary democracy Parliamentary democracy elections every 4 yearselections every 4 years
FF Main resource baseMain resource base Fishing grounds, hydroFishing grounds, hydro--and geothermal and geothermal resources,resources,human resourceshuman resources
Iceland - A Few General Facts
Presently Exploited Hydro and Geothermal Electrical Resources as Compared to the Assumed Resources' Total
Size
Unused1014
5 1000
10 2000
15 3000
20 4000
25 5000
30 6000
35 7000
40 8000
45
50
Already harnessed(GWh/year)
Use* in1999
Primary Source
Geo-thermal
20
Hydro-electric
30
Geoth.1300
Hydro-electric6900
*with losses
Generaldemand
2701
Economic Capability (TWh/year)
PowerIntens-
iveIndustry
4485
5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
00
100100
8080
6060
4040
2020
001945194519351935 19551955 19651965 19751975 19851985 19951995 20052005 20152015
%%
Geothermal resources
Hydroelectric resources
Present Power Intensive IndustryGeneral market
Future
((TWhTWh/a)/a)
Historical
Aluminium smelter
Submarine cable 1
Submarine cable 2
Present Utilization and a Future ScenarioPresent Utilization and a Future Scenario
Iceland's Electrical PotentialIceland's Electrical Potential
(%)
Electricity Production Per Capita; 1997
Source: International Energy Agengy (IEA)
NorwayIcelandCanadaSweden
LuxembourgFinland
United StatesAustralia
New ZealandJapan
BelgiumSwitzerland
FranceAustria
GermanyDenmark
NetherlandsCzech RepublicUnited Kingdom
IrelandKorea
ItalySpain
GreecePortugalHungary
PolandMexicoTurkeyOECD
0 5 10 15 20 25
MWh per capita
Hydroelectric Economic Capability and Generation Per Capita
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
MWh/yearper capita
Unused Economic Capability
Generation 1996
IcelandTajikistan
NorwayBhutanGabon
CanadaParaguay
KyrgyzstanNew Zealand
SwedenCosta Rica
ChileCongo
Papua N GLaos
CameroonAustriaGeorgia
BoliviaAngolaRussia
Bosnia-H.Brazil
The Historical Substitution of Renewable Energy for Oil in Space Heating 1970 - 1999
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Oil Electricity (~hydro)
Direct Use of Geothermal Heat
Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Several Countries
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
ChinaFrance
GeorgiaHungary
IcelandIndonesia
ItalyJapan
MexicoNew Zealand
PhilippinesRomania
Russian Fed.Serbia
SlovakiaTunisiaTurkey
USAOthers
Geothermal Utilization (TWh/year)
Electricity generation
Direct use
GeithálsGeitháls
FeFe--SiSi
Hydro power station
Power intensive industry
SubstationTransmission line
Geothermal power station
19951995
Grímsá
19601960
Laxá 28 MWKrafla 30 MW
Hrauneyjafoss 210 MWSigalda 150 MW
Búrfell210 MW
Sog90 MWReykjavíkReykjavík
19801980
Sog90 MW
Krafla 30 MW
Sigalda 150 MW
Búrfell 210 MW
Laxá14 MW
Bjarnarflag3 MW
Blanda150 MW
Laxá 28 MW
Development of the Icelandic Electricity Supply Development of the Icelandic Electricity Supply SystemSystem
20002000
Laxá 28 MW
Sog 90 MW
Hamranes
Krafla 60MW
BrennimelurBrennimelur
PrestbakkiPrestbakki
VatnshamrarVatnshamrar
HólarHólar
Mjólká
GeiradalurGeiradalur
GlerárskógarGlerárskógar
Hrauneyjafoss 210 MWSigalda 150 MW
Búrfell270 MW
Blanda150 MW
Hrútatunga
Nordic Nordic AluminumAluminum
ISALISAL
HágöngurreservoirSultartangi
120 MW
Bjarnarflag3 MW
Sog90 MW
Bjarnarflag3 MW
Under construction 1998Under construction 1998
Hryggstekkur
TeigarhornTeigarhorn
VarmárhlíðRangárvellirLaxárvatn
KorpaKorpa
2x30 MW2x30 MWNesjavellirNesjavellir
The 220/132 kV Interconnected Network
0 50 100 km
Mjólká8.1 MW
Laxárvatn
Vatnshamrar
HrútatungaGlerárskógar
Geiradalur
Blanda150 MW
Skeiðsfoss
Bjarnarflag 3 MW
Laxá 28 MW
Lagarfoss 7.5 MW
Smyrlabjargaá1.0 MW
REYKJAVÍK
OR
Brennimelur
Svartsengi
HS
Búrfell 210 MW
Hrauneyjafoss
Írafoss
210 MW
Sigalda 150 MW
Power Plant and substation
Substation
Transmission lines :
220 kV132 kV66 kV22/33 kV
ISAL
NAL
Þórshöfn
Akureyri
Vestmannaeyjar
Sauðárkrókur
Varmahlíð
Rangárvellir
Húsavík
Kópasker
Raufarhöfn
Vopnafjörður
Egilsstaðir
Hryggstekkur Fáskrúðsfjörður
Stöðvarfjörður
Teigarhorn
Prestsbakki
Hólar
Vík
Sultartangireservoir
114 Gl
Vatnsfell115 MW
Kvíslaveitadiversion
Hofsjökullglacier
Thjórsá
Búrfell extension
Thórisvatnreservoir1330 Gl
Norðlingaaldareservoir 325 Gl
Tungnaá
Krókslónreservoir
Hágöngurreservoir 320 Gl
Norðlingaaldadiversion
Sigalda150 MW
100 MW
Hekla
Thjórsá
Sultartangi125 MW
N
Planned
In operation
Canal
Tunnel
Dam
Road
Thjórsá River BasinHydropower Projects
1 Gl = 10 m6 3
500 km0
Iceland
Atlanticocean
Búðarháls110 MW
Hrauneyjafoss210 MW
Búrfell
210 MW+35 MW
10 20 km0
MýrdalsjökullGlacier
Urriðafoss
Kárahnúkar 500 MW
Arnardalur
Jökuls
áá
Brú
Jökuls
áá
Fjöllu
m
Kverkfjöll
Jöku
lsá
í
Fljóts
dal
VatnajökullGlacier
Snæfell
Herðubreið
Fljótsdalur 250 MW
Kre
ppa
180 MW
Brú 375 MW
Brú reservoir354 m a.s.l.
Eiríksstaðir
Rey
kjaá
N
Háls reservoir616 m a.s.l.
1420 Gl
26 m a.s.l.
0 10 20 km
Arnardalur reservoir544,5 m a.s.l.
1080 Gl
Kárahnúkardam
Lagar
fljót
Arnardalurdam East Iceland Power Projects
Hraundiversion
Eyjabakkarreservoir664 m y.s.
500 GlTunnel
Dam
Powerhouse
The Rapid Growth in Geothermal Electricity Generation 1969-1999
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999
Bjarnarflag
Nesjavellir
Electricity generation (GWh/year)
KraflaSvartsengi
70°
Bergen
Greenland
Edinburgh
Reykjavík
ReydarfjörðurIceland
Orkney
Germany
60°
50°
1170 km
2000 km760 km
1250 km
Shetland
Faroe Islands
Scotland
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
NetherlandsEngland
Grain
Ireland
20° 0°10° 20°
Submarine Cable Routes
00
kmkm
600600800800
10001000
400400200200
00
60060080080010001000
400400200200
12001200120012001000100000 5050 100100 150150 200200 250250 300300 350350 400400 450450 500500 550550 600600 650650 700700 750750 800800 850850 900900 950950
Dep
th m
Dep
th m
Faeroe islandsFaeroe islands ScotlandScotlandDounreayDounreay
IcelandIceland
Profile of Cable Route Between Iceland and Scotland
Export of Electrical Energy by HVDC
• Distance 950 km - 2000 km
• Maximum depth: 1000 m (3000 ft)
• Voltage: up to +/- 1000 kV
• Long term contracts - spot market
• Increased flexibility for an island system
• Keep environmental commitment