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Session 5 1

HYPOTHESES

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HYPOTHESES

A logical relationship between two or

more variables expressed in the form

of a testable statement.It is an intelligent guess of the probable

solution to the problem.

They are derived from the theoreticalframework formulated for the research.

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TYPES of HYPOTHESES

1) Null

2) Alternate ( Positive or Research )

a) Non directional

b) Directional

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Meaning Null Hypothesis

Null hypothesis assumes no difference

or no relationship between the twohypothesized variables.

It indicates unbiased attitude of the

researcher to the research.

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It is represented as Ho.

It is a statement which can be tested

Statistically .

When previous research literature is not

available sufficiently or it does not give a

clear cut direction, it is better to frame a

hypothesis in null form.

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Examples

1) There is no significant difference in thesales of the product before & after newpackaging. M1=M2

2) There is no significant relationshipbetween TV viewership & aggression among

teenagers.

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Meaning Alternate Hypothesis

It assumes some difference or some

relationship between the hypothesized

variables.

When sufficient research literature isavailable indicating definite difference or

relationship, alternate hypothesis isformulated.

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It is represented as H1 .

It can be tested statistically as null

hypothesis.

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Examples

1) The performance of motivatedemployees is significantly different than

those who are not motivated.

2) The sales of a product is significantly

related to the expenditure on the

advertisement.

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3) The debt equity ratio of org. ABC

is significantly higher than that of

org. XYZ .

4) The level of motivation of male

employees is significantly lower than

that of female employees.

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Types of Alternate Hypotheses

Examples no. 1 & 2 belong to one category

AND

Examples no. 3 & 4 belong to other category.

Can you differentiate between these two???

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Explanation

Examples 1 & 2 tell us that they do differ

from 3 & 4. But do not tell us which

variable in statement 1 & 2 has a

higher value than the other. It does nottell us the DIRECTION of magnitude.

Hence they are known as

NON - DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES.

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Whereas examples 3 & 4 not only tell us

that the variables mentioned therein are

not equal in magnitude but also tell us

which variable is having a highermagnitude . They provide us the direction

of the magnitude .

Hence they are known as

DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES.

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Lets check our understanding..

Frame different types of hypotheses forfollowing problems

1. A study of relationship between e-shoppinghabits & some demographic variables.

2. A study of relationship between interestrates on deposits & the investment habits.

3. A study of effectiveness of sachet & bottlepackaging of shampoo in terms of consumerpreference.

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Relationship between

Hypotheses & Theory

Hypothesis ----- HYPO & THESIS

Hypo = Below or Less than

Thesis = Theory

Hypothesis means a proposition which isat a lower level than a theory.

Hypothesis which are tested & retainedmany times will lead to the formulation of

a theory. Theory which is proven truemany times leads to the formulation of alaw.

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Review of Related LiteratureLiterature survey is important because it

gives you the work done in the past.

helps you identify the variables studied before.

gives you the research designs previously used.

helps you to formulate the hypotheses.

cautions you about the possible problems in future.

avoids unnecessary repetition.

leads us to sound theoretical or conceptual framework.

helps you to identify research gaps.

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Sources of Literature Survey

Internet

Library ( books, journals, year books,encyclopedia)

Govt. Reports (commissions , Plan & policy

documents, census) Unpublished research ( Degree level work)

Company documents ( annual reports,budgets, key note addresses , AGM minutes)

Conference proceedings

Other databases

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Related literature helps the researcher

in constructing a Concept Map which

is a schematic representation of the

relationship of different variables

involved in the study.

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Session 5 20

THANK YOU