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*DOCUMENT RESUMEi.

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The-Sovit Physical Fitness Tests:,Ap Epsential ..f

,Aspect of.the.Soviet-OrganizationalPlan.A

_m. .4 Apr 26 .

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27p.;-Paper presented:at the-annual-meetinT of the,American Alliance for .Healh', Physical Education andRecreation Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 4, 19767"; s

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EDRS PRICE MF-'$O.83 HC-$2_.06 Plus Pottage.,_ , ,

DESCRIPTORS *Athletic Program* Athletics; Community RecreationPrograms; *ExerciiseAPhysiology); Females; ,ForeignCountries; /Males; *Physical Activities;,*PhysicalEducatio *Physical Fitness; Testing. .

IDENTIFIERS USSR.

, -'-,,

. ABSTRACT 4.

-,-..,.

) -, This study 6nalyzes the Soviet award system,'inparticular the Prepared for Word and Defense (PWD) program. .The PWD °program is composed of five stages and embraces people from ages 10 /

to 60. Each stage has a section of requirements and a section of.norm _which take into consid ration age variation .;The norms

N4;sec on, which is the most portant part of the tl s,_av complex, dealwit items that test physi 1 fitness and moto : inabilities. Upon'com letion of both the r- uirements and norms at eadh.leyel, gilydr

.s.

or g ld badget are aw 'ed as well 'as a badge with honors at stage*fbur The requiremd s section eals with basic prinotlales of

.

phys cal culture;, personal and social hygiene habits, morning.../ . -

exercises, and fundamentals of civil defense:The five StageS Of the.

PWD4prOgrain Are: ('1)'brave and Agile lboyt and.giils'1071X-years);..(2) the rising sports gdneration (boys and ',41rls'1,4-15 years); (3)strength and courage (boys and girls 16-18 years) ; (4) physical

,

perfection (men 19-39 years,'women 19-34 yeart); anci (5) vigor andhealth (men 40-60 years, women 35-55 years). The PVT) tystem is an .

essential part of, the Soviet.organizational plan, ,which is concernedwith mass pafticipation and the development og the elite, ,

.super-athlete,.

(The.requirements, exercises, and norms for each stageare presented in tables.) (RC)

"'s

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PHYSidAr.FITNESS "TESTS;-"

AN-413NTT.A.1, ASPJCT ;OF THE. SOV4...ti.G. ORGANIZNPIONAL PLANr 6*. on

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. . ..A. NATADNAL INSTITUTCOF ,1,, .r.. . , EDUCATION ..6* IC

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..* THIS DOCUAtfer o4AS, SEEN RIERRO- ".. . 5 . J IL.1",, .."',.. %,. 6 DTJCED ExA4TW AS NECEIV40 FROM` t , 4A .: . : THE"PERUUCkR-ORGANiZATION ORICRr 1i , -- : ... ATING 17 'POIN'IS OF vItW OROPINIONS , *As,' 1

. . STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY RERAE I' . ° rft. SENT OFF iCiok NIT 'OHM. INTi T UTE OF 1,'' ' P. 6

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cPaper Presented, to the 'Research :Section

Americari ALliante for 'Heal,tht Physical- Educatioh and Recreation

Milwaukee

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April. 4, 1976,

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.16

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AThe primArY.PurpOse of .the study 1ps

*

to analyze the Soviet award -

'systemssystemt-in paridular the new" "PNIM"program. The "Pal" program was.

. . ,,.

.. .

instituted in-19.72 because the.origigl "GTO",awards hadbecome outdated.-,,

.. - .

The history of the Soviet award'syitem and the,orgarlisational aspects were.

.researched-.,-Tfle 1.4thor-trenslated from original sources. toth historical.

. ,,,-----.

and comparative researdh methbdologies were utilized. The stated aims4' *

.a r 4.,

.

..of theoPWD" are t,o aidi----7'

a)--the morale and, spiritual deVel.opment of, .

Z a

ID>4the SoViet people;; their all-round harm us development;"c)the '

... : f ,4 .)

.maintenafte of,goodhealdiand no activity for.many.years, and d) ,to .-.

. - ,, ,

... .preparepeople'for produ'ative labor and defense. of the. hotheland. The

.!,

oviera11.-Purposetol the _program is to twit physical culture into ther.e%.. eVeryiday life'of the Soviet peOPle at all age.leveis-as well as to

.

develop mass spOrt and:top athletes: The' administratiorraud'organization-I.- .

e are44t up a.

,tlePhysic.4 Culture Committees in the districts; cities,

., provinceb r4gions.Lnd republics.

.jhe".=TWDo'program is composed of five

:, . , . ,

.., .

ten -,i,ogi).cty. Each stage` has a section of resuiremente and a -'4 ,, . A ,a_....0 1

Isection

'. . ...,...., seon of norms and these'take into consideration age variations. Stage 1,( . .

.

stages and'embraces people

.1 --"Trave and Agile," is for boys and girls 10-11-and 12-13; Stage II.',._"The . :.

. .. ,

.., . .

Rising Sports Gpneiation;" for boys and girls 14715; Stage il,Ir "Strength-4------ .

and Con age," for boys.and-girls 16 -14---.5tage Illv--"PhY.SidL)erfeciion,":: - -- ,.

. ..

for men aged 19:-j9 (19-28; 29-39) an. ,..

,Stage V,- "Vigor and Health," for' men aged 4.0-60 "(4.0-4.9, 50-60) and,

.'.-;.

--° .women 3555 (35744, 45 -55). The vaOlous stages, and the aim; of each

. .

stage, all will'be presented utilizing slides. A brief.. .. --

. _

omen 19-734 (19-r2E4 29-34)5 hd

: .

historyof the award system will aikpwise be developed. With respect

/ .. .. . .

. to the scientific or educational importance of:the, study`, the paper

will present the first translations of the new .Soviet award scheme. '

P

'Researchers are:iimited working ii 1,he. Soviet'40-6.withglit cpntibl of".!

6

-0 language, ,arid the.Operi is hoped,, will be of value to individuals in ,

, ,

, 6

. physiology-of exercise, in h4t6ry of .Sport and,comparatiie-physical

. 'educations...

,

....

, ,.

Before the Soviet physical tithess'award system is discussed, the role

and the Organization otsport on, to be:more precise,' physical. culture_

. ,

.' , in.the Soviet Union will be-reinforced,so as to, give Perspective-to the'/--

f N, . ,.

r k 3o%

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''-----StIlad,,Y0 All' aspects of Ida and a11 of Soviet society are., of course,'/ 0

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'subordinate tot_artserve, the Cormnunist-Party of the Soviet UniQn.4 .

,_____

.Thust physical culture which includes sport, physica3 education, leiSure':

l ..

e

activities and recreation follows and promulgates the aims'and programs

; ,

of the.,,

Part y. ,Phygical cult06 is seen'asbeing ;essential for thet4)

total education of Soviet yefuth, who as adults are intellectuarly:trained , ,

.,: f .

,------,, --

in Communist ideals and ShOuld be physically strong in order to work --,-- ---

and defend their- country. Indeed, 'physical culture helps .n the morello

intellectual and aesthetic development of the indivi as'ufiall as physical,

.deve/opmenti -Thus, the developMent.of the '!new_p_ovi4 man" is enhk." .#

thrOugh physical culture programs. _Moreover, the hysio.sCL culture, kollektivs.

:and sports' clubs are seen by the Party:is a means of on fling juvenile

delinquency which,. particularly in re ears, has been.

..

0

rThus, sport and physical CUlture are

ANusad to achieve nOn-spobjeCtivga.

One Of the fuhdaTental 4oncerns the government, has been th*of.',..* r e

, -,

linalion4building"particularly with r ct toe 'Russia military:l and thus, militarY,.

.

164i, .4

t-i ' .

.s

concerns are of utmost irripo;tsnctio jvprerequisite for nation-building i,

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,

a physicaily'fit, strong and healthy populace.-..Thus there is a very '4/.. ". .

..- - s, /

on' the upsurge.

'Important, and emphatic, connection between the military and Physicg4/culture.

,

', and sports activiLes.:,It is interdsting'tO note "that in 1969 a sOecial.' t

coUncil'was.created ''!for further` improvement of training of prle-'N. x

2 cOnsceiptionand conscription youth." (14:422) Moreover, idthe eche61s,

P

during school hours and afterwards,,militarY training is offered, as it is

at higher' education institutions where%the Physical education departments

offer such, coursed. Indeed, throughout tbeir scool life, children are- 1

taught and,tested on'khowledges in civil deenseand abilities in warfare.

This is primarilygchieved through the national physical fitness awards ,

system, now called the Preared"for.Word and Defense (PW1).. .An essential

factor is the-availability and participa on of all citizels. The .

philosophical and theoretical basis for the program have provided by

the writingsof Karl Marx, in which he maintained that spoi't and physical

education are the right of each citiz n4 The important factor i6

jhat"these programs arenot restricted to the.elite, as they were duripg

the Tsarist regime,' or as it is [supposedly] in the capitalist world (15:9).

nderlying total program are tIO principles, namely those of "massovost"

1

which refers.to mass and "masterstvo" which is proficiency

11-

ent.s early.' as 19 the importance of the Principle of mays

n was recognized for

. . educating he masses (in as much as physicllculture develops-All power and builds up endurance,

.

tearayork, resourcef ness and other valuable' qualities)and' z addition-?s-a means of Allyingthe,broad massesof ilorkers and pis is around the various partyl-sovietand trade union org *-Z".ations, through which the massesof workerS and pea is are to .pe drawn into socialand political acti .ty (5:9).

The prinCiple of "massiOvost" is absolutely essential for the

..

development, and existencet of "masterstvo," for the greaten the mass

. -J. .

. .

participation, and the more people that participate in'sports programs. .

at all levels, the easier It is to,find future top athletes and the mere'

athletes there willf for the- top "competitive levqs. Indeed; the

Soviets are firm b ''every the. ;Ariangla theory! in.thatythe larger-A

the base of the triangle bf mass pare.cipation, the greater the.probability.

of outstanding t etes emerging to, the apex 6f the, triangle,. Each .'f',

., . .

-.7 ..... 1.--.

. 0 , .. .. ..

. ...

level is deemed important and at each level the athlete receives expert

coaching, and competitions are held

4

thin,the leirels progressing to the top

level: Athletes progress through the levels' of the triangle aNtheir

ability and performances-5-4145i/e. The Ultimate for an athlete'is to be at

the-apex ,of the triangle whales-1,h, best athletes in the Soviet Union are.

Ai_the top of the triangle are the national teams coached by national

coaches in the 'national _sport schools.,

'The, broad foundation of the "MagSbyost6 program is provided by the,

national physical fitness and sports awards systems, the phyitcal culture '

kollektivs and the mass participation events which are organized, such

as mass exercise and sports demonstrations, excursions, marches, festivals- 4

and competitions, all held at regular intervals (2:227). Certain Sundays4

are designated as Physical Culture Days and, on these.days, exhibitions

of &xerci-sest e-xoursionsto t} -countryside, competitions in mass sports,

marches, parades and speeches, 411 emphasizing mass participation in. .

physical.actiVities, are held. Sports festivals, called.spartakiads,

.

.are held at every level ofthe triangle for school children and sport,

societiesl'as 1:7e/11 as at national summer and winter sports festivals..

.. __. .

The most elaborate and Most massive of all are theA11Union Spartakiads,

which are held every-Tdur years, in the year prece he.OlympicIaames.,

.1

s

,In'the first-stages at the base'of the triangle,, the competitions are , ,

.. \open to all and, :b116 winners of the. competitions, which are in all 0-1431fpie

,,-

events, may progres,upwards'through the city, district, and republic

levels to the finals.at the national level. In 1967 eighty-milliam. , ., 1

.1 ..supposediy participated 'at the grass-roots la'vel, and then 16,138 were

in the finals (6:3): lioWaVer in 1971 the n dmbersioarticipating were reduced

to 43-1000,000 at the beginning laVels and 5,0,00 in the finals (6:3).

Although the primary purpose of these Spartakiads has been proclaimed

6

,

to be thSt of a mass demonstration of friendship, youth, vitalit fitnedg

and strengtht the other underlying purpose,' which is of equal im orfance,,

.

is that of serving as one bf the means ,of selecting th best Soviet athletes. ..,

for the OlympicCames. , /, -. 1. . ..

,.

.

2 In additions an integral part of\he total picture _mass participation( '. 1.

,,, .

. .

.. -,/ .

.

4 in physical activities is-tfleeKertise prbgram,which '4.s em hasized-ih .

r\

.a. . .

..,m

.. u.., schools; at ractories; and in the mass media. In addition to the regular,

. ,

'physical edudation classesin schools, teachers are encouraged. to conduct

short'exrci-s-e''sessions of approximately five'minutet. Indeed, part of

5

tte requirements for all levels of the.PWD is knowledge of "morning exercises."

Moreover, in the factories, the con90k, of "work and exercise!! has been of"

paramount importance as exercises and sport are4setn:as a means of increasing-

. ,the work productivity. During the day, exercise breaks are conducted by -

- °exercise" teachers who are hired full-time andwho haveworked'out'specilU. , .,--

exercise programs for particular factory workers. In addition to this,'.,

- -,

-exercise programs are conducted at regular intervals on the radio. Indeed,

the broadcasting day begins at 16:00 a.m.lath the gassian anthem and `five

.

minutes-of morning exercises, and in addition, later.in the day, usually

at 11:30 a.m. and '3':00 p.m., exerci'S programs-are broadcast;.

In order that such'mass part cipation activities as Spartakiads are -

at all` possible there has to a centrally organized, supportive structure.

An Rte is most certai the" case in the Soviet Union. Since 1972J:116'x

organizatibnal atUs for all physical"cUlture and sport has been the

.

:Physical-Cdlture and Sports Committee at the Council.of.Ministesof the

.

1/.

. .,

I- .'US*, and the financing-df this administration and organization has been,

1 ' . ,4r- .,

''and is& borne by.the governmenit, as well as the trade unions.. Moreover,I' borne

.

.

it'sholild be-noted that the of physical culture is 'aralagous. .

to the oiganization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (C.P.S.U.). ,

'

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1,,

... ,,-..

at each level. T4 base'ofthe triangle is composed of:phYsicaI cultpre..

. -. ,

. ,

kollektivsl'wriich are the units analagous to the primary organization of.

.:

the C.P...Sart In 1923,it was decieed by the C.P.S.U.that spOrts shOuld be

onganisked according to workand.prOductiont

culture kollektivs were to be orgAnized at

on farms so that all peOp11;-adults youth

participate bin sports activities at pchool;

othe words,*physical4

schools., factdries, office's.and

and children-wotild_LAle to

near their residenee brat

their work., Facilities, equipment and coaching were to 'be provided, and

all for ;a very nominal fee. The major aim was that ad' -many people as-,

possible would have the opportunity to participate, and con'Ipeteln state

and party approved activities. each of the physical,Culture.kollektivg,

. . .belongs to,one of the sport AOleties which' are bageolon work school or(

.professional affiliations, and t here-are branches in each of the fifteen- .

.7republics. Thelargesrand most popular 40 spatak4godueftifs-ftv,-,

.

operative), Dynamo ('secuktr Polide)i evestnik'(Univergity StUdents),. ...

(Transportation Workers) and Tr

,

(Labor); Begides these

, , 4

Union Sports Societies there are various epubiic-only societies .such.

I.- .

Urozhai, in the faisgian Federation Repub,....

. ,

Ukraiaeland Kalev, in Estonia.-

fa

In the Soviet UniOn there are two nationally org zed systems, of,

Kolgospni4 in the

- ,.,awards .tpr sport participation and excellence, add-these have been an-'

,

..

----integral and essential part of the total ,'Soviet sport,program. 110e deals..,40

." , ,

'with excellence in a particular spOrt activityl,"find is called the AII-Tnion. _

..

. * ,

Sport Classifioatioh-System. The*Other emphasizes,physicalmfit.ness and

military preparedness, and is called the "Gotov k Trudu i Osborne" (Prepared

for" bor and Defense). 21e term is abbreviated and is referred to as PWD,6

In. the past _it was referred to as the GTO. .In general the EWD system is-.

composed of a set of specific, exercises an activities with'stanclards

established for each exercise and--Wivity for children, as well as men

4.

7

and women, at vardus age levels. The testserves as a normative one for

children in school' and for adults in their dal)* life activities-. On completion

of.the"nOrms, medals are warded. Indeedlall participants achieve some

kind of a medal at sometime. ,This Awarding of medals:follows the generals

pattern.that'the Party has practiced, that is of implementing incentive

systems which award tkidse who meet Party obligations, plans and requirements.

Such incentives are very, prevalent in-the sports field, and are most

obvious -in the PWD program. The PWD medals havel_indeed, become. status_

symbols.

The GTO program wa0.4augurated in 1931 during the First Five Yearr

P1 Originally it had a paramilitary base,'With test items aimed at

testingan'indiadualts general physleaI :Fitness, general military

preparedness aS well as specific components such as enauranceispeedi

agility, Arength'and rndrve." There were three levels of attainment

according to age groupings, with-the first two being closely j.ntegrated

with the schools' ipbysical education programs. Quotas for numbers

passing the tests were established yearly for the Soviet-Union as a,

_.whole and for the rep cs,,regions, districtst cities, -,:sports clubs:,

..

.

. factories and so, on. All organizations attempted valiantly to fulfill

their quotas, which oftenwere unrealistic. There was intense rivalry

between areas and special awards were given to those who fulfilled andf

G,

exceeded their quotas. Those not fulfilling qt, iiotas ware gritioizea

and reprimanded.

In March, 1972, a new.Trogram was drafted:jointlY by the Physical

Culture Committee at the.Ouncil of MinisterS of the U.S.S.R., the CentralA .

CoUncil,of the Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Young

Communist league, and then was approved for implementation thrOugheut the

country by the Central Committee of the "Communist Party of the Soviet

9

Union and the Council of Ministers,.of the U.S.S.R. (19:3). This new program;c

now abbreviated as PWDr was necessary because the norms and requirements'

of the original GTO program had largely become outdated. bey did not

. meet the demands of pre6en-day society, and did not Coincidewith the

goals that had been announced, by the XXIV Coiigress of the Communist Party..

Moreover there had been orgailizational probleMs and, as a. result, many

institiations fa9tories and so on were not billy implementing the program,'

or fulfilling. their quotas of participation. Thd new program provides

. -

for more differentiation of the abilities of the various age groups.0

The stated aims of.the PWD.re to 'aid: (a) the morale and spiritual

development of the Soviet people; (b) their all-.0ound harmonious development;rJ

(c) the maintenance of,,good health, and normal activity for Many yearseand

(d) to prepare people fo*productive labor and defente of thehOmeland

(18:3). The parposee of promoting such a program is to bring physical. .

.

culture intothe everyday life. of the Soviet people at all age levels as'well- . ..

, . v ,

as to develop mass sport and tap athletes (18:3). The'dMinistration and

organization are left up to the Physical Culture Committees in the districts,

cities, provinces, regions and republics. Each of the committees it

expected to encourage participation and the satisfactory Completion of the

norms and requirements'so that the.total number of people"involved will

increase annually.and the goals of the Five Year Plan will be realized.

.

Moreover, the,ltaders of the Party and of the administrative areas are

expected to set personal 'examples for their constituencies by passing-such

norms.,

In 'Order.to popularize the PWD,complex and increase mass participation

'areas, regions and republics areinitiating large-scale competitions, programs

and special activities. For example, the Estonian ,Republic has initiated

and encourag family. excursions dUr\ing which the PWD program norms in

mass and long:distance eventscan be achieved (10:12). In the Byelorussian

10

Republic the'Physical Education College organized a PWD Popularization

Day during Which the students gave lectures and led discussions on

the PWD tests in schools\and factories (10:12)..*_ In other republics, suchk

as the Russi.an republic, tournaments have, been used to populari the."

-FWD requirements and exercises. Moreover, contest are held hr the,. .

"best, !physical cultu4e-athletic family,' 'physical culture house,' and

'physic .1 culture block'" [sic] (13110). NewSpaper articles, as well as

speakers at schools, factories, farms and so on,. regularly extol the

benefits of exercising and encourage the practice of those exercises

that are necessary for passing the PWD norms. Various all-union physical

culture, military and trade union organizations.considerthe PWD complex

of paramount importance, and thus at.all levels there is considerable,

encouragement andemphasit. The maid underlying reason for this emphasis

is ,the acceptance of the belief that the PWD is the first Step for future -%

world and Olympic champions. .

The PWD complex,isComposed of five stageS and -embraces people from

f,^

the ages of ten to sixty. Each stage has a section.ofrequirenents and

a, section of norms, and these take into consideration age variations.

The norms section, which is the most important part of'the total "complex,

: . . .

1 deals with items, which lest physical fitness and motor skill abilities...,,

Upon completion of both the requil-ements and norms at.each level, silver.

,..

*

11 as a badge with honors at Sfage IV.'or gold' badges are awarded, as we '

The requirements section d

cUltur4-personal and social hygi

fundamentals of civil defpnse. T

4f

s with basic principles of physical

ne habits, morning exercises and

e civil defense requirements are perhaps

f the most.interesting and important. Even at the first stage, which is

. -

for ages 10 to 13, children are required to have knowledge of the power

of chemical and nuclear weapons, as.41

well as-to know how to use such,

o

't

. -

defense materials as gas masks and respirators (18:24). In the later stagesiee,

knowledge of demolition practices and nuclear security shelters is required.

At all revels, there is one similar-criteria--being in a gas mask froth

1

'mites for Stages I and IL -65-6g minutes for other stagesi

Teefive Stages, and the aims of each stage, ,are as _follows:

Stage I:- "Brave 'and Agile" - for boys and girls ages 10-11

and 12-13. The aims are to develop_conscientious

awareness towards physical culture, to develop

fundamental physical abilities and daily skills,

and to develop sports,tAterests.

Stage. II: "The Rising Sports Generation" for boysand girls

ages 14-15. The aims are to continue to develop

physical abilities and mastery of motorskills.

Stage III: "Strength and Courage" -for boys and girls ages

16-18. The aims are to improve physical fitness and

motor skills abilities which are necessary for future

work and for serving inthe Armed Forces of the U.S.S.R.

Uhiversity students who have become1l8 must complete

the Stage IV forms.4 ,

Stage "P rsical Perfection" - for men aged 19-39 (19 -.2a, 29-39)

and women 19-3419-28; 29-34). The aims are to achieve

,a high level of physical developments and preparation

of the population in order to have A high level of

labor productivity, and to 1;0 ready foK. defense of the

hOrmeland.

Stage V: "Vigor and Health" - for, tinen;'aged 40-6P (40-491 5020)

and women 35 -55 (35-441'45-55). The aims are to aid in

maintaining good health and a high level Of physUal, ?

condition in order,fOr;peOple to' continue their labor

4,r

6

,

prod= ty and preparedness for the efenSe oT the

-:-.---hOmeland: Men over the :age of 60 and omen'dVer.55

plArp6Se of

dqctor.

the norm after' obtaining ermission of the.,

1 ,

i

then, is4 theawares system twanilateil (18) for the

er.

8.

.f

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-/

V

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°

.r STAGli I ,..-"Brave and -Agile

(Youth h-10-13 Years)

[

RE9UIREMENTS

b

t

-

A",

1. Have an understanding df,"Physical qulture and "SpOrt-im.the,,USSR."

. 2. Know and fulfill personal and community hygie c requirements..

3. Know the fundamentals of civil defense and taa gas mask ,for,30,Minutes.

14. Be able to explain the importance.of morning exercises:,,and todo the-appropriate exercises.

. A

-----''EXERCISES AND NORMS

BOYS 4115.10-11 yr. . 12-a3 yr. 10-11 yr. 12-13 yr.

No. . Exercises' Silver 'Gold- Silver" Gold Silver Gold Silver 'Gold

,1. Run

=.

, a

30,m-[32.5 yds] ,(sec) 5.8 5.2 ----, -= 6.64. *- 5f.4 .--.

_,-150 m [65.65 yds](sec) -- -- 10.0 `9.2 -. -- 10.2 .' 9.6

,/- . Long' Jump (cm) 310 , 340 3'40 , 380,----4.& 300' 30,C5 :. 350.[ft] [10.3] [11.4.3][11.0][12.45][8.67.]1101:'[10] [11,4]

/i , -

.3. High Jump (cm) 95 . 105 105 11 85 _--x,6. 100 110'

,....-- . Cft] [3.16]-[3.43] [3i13] [3:7 ] [2.83] [3.16]-[33] [3.61/----- :

4. `Tennis Ball Throw (m) 30 ', '.35 35 10 29 23 23 226 .

brdi3 [32,:82] [38.33 [38.3]' [43. 6][21.88][25.16][25:16][2.45].

5. Swimming(time not calculated)

° (m) 25 50 5 ",- , 5vA

'A-Cyds]' [27.4] [54:8].J

'6. 50 m [54.8 yds]

(min., sec;) : 1:20 - 1:30 1:15

r

7. Skiing1 , 0 *

1 km [1094.1 yd 61,

t-

.

'/ .(min., sec 8:00 7;30' -- 8:,30 800 -- --..2'km 11.2n mij' . ,

(min., sec) 14:00 13: ...... -- 16;30. 15:0,,

. 'or in snowles8,areas .

'Cydling km C3.11 mi](min.) 16 15 15 19 18 18' 17

or

Cross-Country with /110,.*time being calculated

(m) 500 1000 1000 1500 300 , 500 500 . 1000.[yds] 1547] [1094][1094] [1641 [328.2] [547] [547]. [10M1 - , :

t

1 /

\A

14

No.

o

Exercises

<70 2

. 4CERCISliS.AND NORMS (pdkrp.)):... (STAGE I) 4

.4 ,

BUYS , GIRLS . - ',

10-.11 yr.' 12-13 yr. 110 -11 yr., 4 12= i3' 'yr. =

Silver Geld, Silver Gold Silyer .Gold Silver Gold

8 Pull -:ups (no':of times) 3

°sr

Rope Climbing with aidof legs

Note: In order t

No.

g

J - '

5 7

4.7

, 7

01.77=176 001101.01, 8770.1111

.2.80 '21.80' 3.50

a gold awardtthe child Must achieve.at least 5 gold norms

and twosixl r'norms. .

Thoseachievingthe'gbldawardmustalsocomplete-reqarements.from the, -

i.

-choice '.terns section (10-211 yr. olds must complete two'choseil areas, while

.12-13 yr, olds must complete thiee areas). *

Exercises

EXERCISES AND NORMS

(4tage I) ."

,

BOYS -GIRLS.

10-11 yr. 12-13 yr. 10-11 ,yrs. 12-13 Sm.-Silver Gold Silver Gold' 'Silver Gold Silver Gold

1.. 80 m [87.54 yds]

2. Variety of GymdapkticApparatus

Hiking (and beingchecked for totirism

knowledge)

, 4: Shooting

5. Skate for 100 m,

[109.4-4d ],

6:-.'Partcipatedin spOrtscompetildon (no. of

,

l

-- 5 hrdl '3 hrdl

, J gym. -- - gym. 2 gym. =-app.

. aPP. -4 4P1)..

...- . 5-6 km[3 -4 mi.]

fulfill 54 kmthe re- [3-4 ad-

../quirements'

% of 7Young ,

Tourist"

20

the

q iret ntsa "Young,

Shooter"

18

8

71.77=717

Ime77.77

41..74 rows.

5

fulfillthe re= .

quiremnts,of "Young

Tourist"

t4(1*-re-.

-'-quirements

of "YoungSlob-ter',

20,

'8

4

4

.

r

No.

1.

2.

3.

--c. ;

bTAGE II "The Rising Sports Generb.."

(Youth, 14-15t /ears)

REQUIRE/112MS

14

Have knowledge of the subject ofPhysical Culture and Sport in the USSR".

Have knowledge' of and fulfill personal and Community hygienic requirements.

i',Know the fundamentals of civil defense and be n a as mask-for 30 Minutes.

h.. 'Be -able' to explain the ..i.mpOrtance of mornirigexereises and be able toperform the appropriate exercises. , -

Exerabes

-EXERt3ISE,S AND, NORMS .

BOYSSilver Gold.Award Award

GIRLSGold

Award Award

1. 60.m..r [65:65 yds] `,s,e- . 9.2 -8:4-

Cros Co try

:100 m. -yds] (mint sec)500 m. 47 `yds] ,(14.ntsec,)

P ..f 2.12, in showy are'es

Sleeting

4.

1:45 1:30

300 m. [328.2 -yds] (mint sec) '0:58 0.50,.

Long Jump' (em)

or High, Jump, (cat)

Tennip ,Beri. Throw (M) .

'Skiing

2elum mi:

.4'

.

390. 4.50

[13 ft) [15 ft]

1215 :131)D493 ft3[4:25 It]

46[1.27 fq[1.53 ft]

km 1.8 ritiii7aec)tt

. or in snOwl8ss arean-' .

Fes. Walklw [

2 kM L'1824; mij (mint fec)

a1094.1 yds] (min sec)

Cross COuntry Cycling5 Mn [3.11 mij (min)

- 10 In L6...22.'mi] (min)

,

'10

6. 50 na Swimming [54.7 yds", ,._

(mini

':17-430

,

26

1490 0th

16,'

10.0 9.4'

1:00' 0:551 1

,.1:05, 1:00,

'2. .

f3,oe,9ft], [12

36oft]

1:64 110E.3;4 P.tr] [3.6 ft]

25 30ft]

15- ,14104..4

.4

5.20 5:09

..

1410 1:00;

5

. . 4

=ROI MID NORMS- _SCONTD. )(Stage IL)

BOYS -Gold

-Award Award

7. , Pu1.11.;:ups (no. of times)

or. Pull -=ups lath. weight-,or Pimups with turn

Push ups .on gym bench sin

. resting po'tition (no. of

84;,-

-

times)

.Hildngt displaying 'knowledgeand abj..lities Tourism

000%

,9.Sports.,clastification indesired sport

a

,

8

2 . 3.

12 16

[7.4§mi] [9.944]

'.5

GIRLSSilver( Gold .,

Award Award

Youth

'."-----.:-- --"'.Note; In Order to receive the gold award for this, leve

person to complete at,least .six gold norm*, and t

is. not considered in- this total).4

4.

.

10

12 16 /[7.46 mi].[9.9

Youth

riecdssary for the

o. silver norms (item no, 9 *,

0

t

O

,Ar'

,

r

* 4/1

STAGE IZI - "SLrength and Courage"

(16-18 Year's Girl:" aL-0. Boys),

' / ,1

IMIJIRENT

e

1. Have knowledge of the subject Of "Phybical Culture,and Sport in the USSR"' -------... , , -...,2. Have kinolledge,and fulfill: p*ersonal.,and. coMinunity _hygiene redjuirenients.

. Have mastered the elementarymilitarY instru,ction program. (included in -t , this, defenee against Mass destruction weaponry),,and to hare been, onehour i.r a 'gas Mask; or to have completed . -Elie Alinavii' orgailizations..,5,peciplized.preparatory courses; or t6. have mastered an applied science

.specialty '4160.. Girls must, knoN ,the fundafferitals-of~ civil defense

----z--and,A,O haV'e been one 'hour i.n.a gas mask. '' .

,. -.Be able td explairi ,

the impOrtance ..of morning exercises and be able to. ,, perform the appropriate exerCiees.l ... , % '. , r o. r ,..,

A 1

Exer cise

EXEFU 4p,Nera2

*BOYS GIRLS r, o Silver Gold

Award A aardv.. Award Award

lo fa, [109.4 ydsj (sec) 1472.t.,2. Cross Country

500 0- t547 YC16

4

346.2. ' 15

2:00 / 1:50 4^

. or in snbW regions '-;-- :1000 in 1_10,94 yds-j(minIsec % .3:3CY 3:20

h.,. ..,., 0

5katinG'. . t ' . r A

'' ' d

-500 rn. [547 .yds] (min, S'ec ) 11:25-":1.., 1:150

0 . 4130 1:20. 0., /

0. .

r 0, 0.. 340 - ',Y.:5 :-3. Long Jump (cm ). - V

or ':4. [la:013] [208]'Eft:1 ', [I4.41] .1[15j?Iir

%r

. .6,

t,4 . I 4 ,

,High Jump -c0):/, 4.. .' ' t, 125,., 43:35.: .: ,.105 1.15 s.' -, Lfti - (') '. (E4 ,1]: .. [4:W] ..

.....

-_-.. -.,,,

[3.43) ..{3,76] ,.

.61. ', s 6,

Grenade, Throw t ;:500 ,g [1.1 lbs] O

.

w) , :7 , ...... ._.,, ., ;.:3% -.

'700' g' [1454 lbs537M53 ' - 5 .,.t ., ,...

,. .38,0 i Cis-: .1.,..

'0 0

r ' - ," -... ,e*

Shot ,put4 kg18.p..,lb

.

5 kg lbaj:'(m) '8 1 lo[Yds] . [8.75Y [10.9] $,'"

; . ,, ,,

Skiing, ..,,, ,,, :tl ,

. '3 km [1.i36 mil]. (min.)- ` : 5 krir [J*411 rfill (min) 25 . A, ".,$

L.4-7- or .4-

gf.'0

171 [ ;2.rfti,j'_".(ip,

in) 5.7 5as o _

.51^n7 A

A

1. .35

.1

11§4 yow.....1***11,111,14..... ,55.4,

----

No. Exercises

snowl6s'regions:Fast Walk

3 Icra [146 mi] (min)6 Ian D.,3

or

Cross Country Cycling10 km [6.22 mi] (min)

: 2QSr [12:44 mi],(min)

. 1

I.

6.

EXERCISES ANDNO

(Stage

Si ver v'doldAward ,/Award

17

CONTD.)

.GIRLS .

Silver GoldAwArd Award

32.20

/ '

18

50 .46

100 m,[109'.4 yds] Swimming: sec),

Rull4iPs,(no. of ,times)

Pull -.ups with, weight

Pu14.aps with twrn

FtBush ups'on gym. bench

resLing pdsitiOn'- (noof'ti )

.1 4.8, .-Shooting with tSmall Pisto14..

. '\ Distance oc25 m [27.4 yds]'(hits)

01:7' _

Distance of 5e, [54.8 yds](hits).

I

(

or.,

:Shooting I, combat gun_performin the militaryelementarY training program

: with resiilts.ot

.-.

Hiking, iiispiayingimowlcdge

6u4 'abiaticsof.Tourism hnd, ororientecridg_in the country, ide

4

*

0.

-

1:4.5,

12

3 If

33

.

14:0'

37'

Satis. Good

1 hikeof 20- km

[12.4 mi]or 2 12 kmhikes

mi]

'30

2:15 2:Q0

10 12

1 hikeof 25 km

[15.5 mi]or 2 15 kmhikes[9.32 mi],

Satis.

1 hikeof 20 ion

12.4 mi],pr 2 12 kmhikes

[7.45 mi]

,Good

1 hikeof 25 km

[15.5 mi]or 2 15 kmhikes[9.32 mi]

t-14

,No. . Exercises

EXERCISES AW NORN CONTD.Stage III,

' BOYS .

Silver soldAward Award

"GIRLS

Silver GoldAward: Award

e

10. Sports 'Classification

*.a) auto sport; Motor bdating;'motorcycling; gliding;;..

parcachuting.; hell:Copter;

underwater,sport; multiplesea sports;*biatholonlmodern allaround shooting;radiospont; orienteering;wrestling (one area);boxing.

b) any other chosensport area

6

r

-

m

II

NOTE: - In order. to, receive a gold award in this level* the_ person must cork)

at least seven 'gold norms and'also two silver norms (with the- ception of ,

Stem,-number 16):, Girls who have completed the preparations for a

sanitary &lilac', are considered to have achieved the gold award for item 10.

I

20

t

......0.80,191**NONriagolPie*

es.

STAGE IV "Physical Perfection"

(Men). 9 Year s;'Wonien 19-34 Years)

1. Know the subject

RNUIREMENTS. -

"Physical Culture and Sport in the U.S.S.R."

2. Know and fulfill personal and community hygienic requirements.

3. Know thee fundamentals of civil defense and be in aAas-mask forone hour.

4." Be able to explain the importance of morning exercises and do the 'exercises.

Exercises

, i. 100 m [109.4 yds] Run,"' (sec)

Cross toun-Cry00 m5 sec)

[.62 mi(minkxpe)11 ,

3000 m. [1.86 mi]kmirrlfc0)

High JUntp (cm)

or

Long., Jump (cm)

tit]

4. 'Grenadc; Throw,

500 g [1.1' lbsj (m)

[y,ds]700 g ,[1.54 lbs,j (m) 40 4'7

Lyd3] [43.76] [51.42][

-EXERCISES AND NORMS

,19 ,

MilN WOMENa9-28 yr. 29.-39 yr. 19 28 yr.. 29-9 yr.Silver Gold Silver Gold Silver Gold Silver gold.Award Award Award "ward .Award Award Award. Award

4s.

14.0 13.0 15.b. 14.0 16.0 15.2 17.0 16.0

2:00 la, 2:10° 2.:003:20 3:10 3 :45 3:30' 4:30-1774.:10. 5:00 /4:S0

'11:00 10:30 11:30 1100

130 110 15 -120 ' 110.[4.25] [4.75] [4:09-],[4.25]-[3.4 [3.93] [3.44] [3.6]460 '500 400, 460. 3513' 0 R A20 330

[15.1] [16.58][131] [15.1][11.46] [12.45][10.48][10.8]

>

Shot; Pub .-4. kg [8.81 lbs] (m cm)-

[fb.]

7.257 kg [16 lbsi" %cry')

[fb]

, 27 2Q 2325 :16][295.5,4][21.88]. [25.16],

408.311:430761'

6.50 7.5o 6.20'. . =[25.28][24.56][20.3]£21.2a],

, *

7.50 9.00 6.50 7050' 7174*, "'"[21+0 56][22404047][4.03[24*56]-r

4

2.**,,04 ;t ,..140, ..from

/

1 '64.

I.

1 I 4.44SI 4' 4*0P* '1000' , r 11,44 -

No. Exercises

4 4

EX1! .CISFS 4t4D NORMS (CONTD.), r

(Stage IV)

5. Skiing .

3 km [1.86 mi] (min).or

77-5 km [3.11 mi] (min)or

-lb Km.0.22 mi] (min)- 54 --510--

19-24 yr. 29,-39 yr;S leer, Gold Sil/er GoldAward Award Award Award

0011001

, ;WOMEN

-19-2&xr. 29-39 yr.Silver Gold Silver GoldAward Award Award Award

19 ,17 21. 19

25 24' ;-35...33c 35

In snowIdss regions:

Fast Walk'3 km11.86-mil(min)6 km [3.32 mid (filiA)

or

Cross Country Cycling10 km [6.22 mi] (min).20 km,L12.4iimi] (10A)

6., 100,'M [109.4. yds] Swimming

(minIsec)

7. Pull -ups -(no. of times)

Body wt. up to 7.0kg

[154.2 lbs] 9 ,13-t3o1,y wt. up to,,70kg + up 7 11

.0

36

471

2$ 25 30 27

2:05 1:50 2:15

or

BAr Pushing.. from chest

0A,oftbody'WeightBody wt,.'up to

I

e Oman.

[154.2 lbs] 55to 70k*

or

Pi.100t.ipo on gym bencl'i

in .resting position(no. of times)

2.1".

Back-a:ring sit-ups,

with legs fixed 'and .

hands behind neck.tno. of'times)

'

Shooting 'With

Small PistolDistance 25'm [27.14. -yds].

(hi,ts) 37-Distance 50 in [54.8xds]

'.(hits) 34.or 6

Shootinti with Combat Gun ,

Di6tance 100 mh[109.44d6]

2(hits) "70

12

111

35, 37.,

40 34. .40

75 ''' 60 65`

12, 14 8 10

40-

37.: 43 35

CISES AND NORMS (CONTD.)(Stage IV)

- :

MEN19:28 yr. 29-39 yr.

21

WOMEN19-28 yr. 29-39 yr.

No. ExercisesSilver Gold Silver GoldAward Award Award Award

Silver'Gold /Silver GoldAward Award! Award Award

9, Hiking with tourismabilities being checked 1 hike 1@30*

of 25 [18.6km mi][15.5 2g202 hikes [12.4o/ 15 In ml]

1@25[12.4 [15.5

mi] mi]2@a2 .2@ft25

[7.45 [15.5mi] Ad]

1425

[.5.:,m13245[932

ml]

1e130

[18.6mi]

2g20

[124mi]

1020 1025[12.4 [15.5mi] mi]

2@l2 2g15[7.45 [9.32

mi]. mi]

10. s Sports Classificationin ahy sport .

[9.32 mi]

II

E18.6 ydsj---1 hike of 25 km [15.5' mi] or 2 hikes at 20 km2(g20 L12 ydsli

.1 33 \

II.

12.4

STAGE V,- "Vigor and Health"

(Men 4.0-60 YearsrWomen 35-55 Years)

REQUIREMENTS ..

1. Have,knowledge of the subject of "Physical Culture and Sport in the-USSR"Ca

.2. Have knowledge. of and4fulfill personal. and comm unity hygienic requirements.

3. Know the fundamentals of civil defenge andbe in a gas `mask for 30 mutes.

Be able to explain the importance of.morning exercise s and be able tc)perform the appropriate exercises.

'EXERCISES AND NORMS

MEN WOMENflo. Exercises

35745

1. Run 60 m"[65.65 yds] (sec) 12.0 12.8 .--or

Fast Walk ..,

200 m [218.8 yds] (minIsec ) , - ---

400 m L437.6 yds] (mintsec ) --. 2:50

2. Cross Country300 m [328.2 yds] rilinIsec

800 In L875.3' yds j minlsecor

3:151:25

1:20

Jogging (min) 020 15 8. -

.. Standing'Long Jump (c . 190, _MO 150' _130at]

4. Grenade "Throw

500 g [1.1 lbs] (m)

700 g [1.54*lbs] (m)

or

Shot Put,

/I. kg [8.81 11.).5j '(intern)

7.257 k -[16.1bs1 cmIcm

32

[35 yds e.

5'.56

[18.21 fit]&.2O.

.E20.3 ft)or

Putting' a Stuffed. Ball

2' kg [4.41 11)3] (m)

t,

4

,

11111.00

[8.75 yds] [6.56 yds]

4

,

Exercises -

..Skiing2 km [1.24 mi] (

5 lull [3.11 mi] (min)

,

In snowless regions:,

Jog Walk 3 km [1.86 mi] (min

23

EXERCISES AND NORMS (CONTD.)

(Stage 11)

Jog W

.WOMEN40- 30-60 ' 35-45 0-55

e.. time. not#

calc't'ated

35 time not

calculated.'

km-[3.11 mi]< (min) 40

or

-2_,L cling 5 km 3.11 mi]'(min) , ...r----

Cycling 6.22 mil (min) 4.0%..

\

:

,,

ng with time of:-

' /,,,, ,

bein taken (m) ,

. 100' 50\ 100 , 52. [1094 Yd;][54.7 Yds1 [109.4 yds] [50;7 yda]

7. Push --ups on gym. bench \ ,I

from resting position ',...

o/,

Q (no.- of times) 10/

time notcalculdted

4

-20

Ame notcalculated

.41.44 **,

8. Shooting with aSmall Pistol from a. distanceof 25 m[27.4 yds] (hiti)

Hiking (km) 10[6.22 mi ] [12.44 mi] [6.22 mi]

20 30

t

0ge

The 15WD systei4which i4 developed. out Of the,GT024ystent had bgen

described in this-joresentation. They are not .tests in.isolation but

an essential part of the Soviet organizational plan which is concerned with

mass participation and the development,of the elite, super athlete. The

wards system is an essential part of the--Soviet award system.

I.

4

26

,1

a

O

sH

0

BiBLIOGRA,-P-HY

. Adamson;1 K., "Rahvaspordist, selle funktioonidest ja y6imalikestarengup. rsktiividest," Rabva Hall, Tallinn, Eesti NSV, April 11, 1973:\pp.-

41111/

-2. Arusoo, K., "SOtsialistikuskoi tlase mOodupuugal"Kehakultuur, Tallinn,

EeSti NSV, no. 8, April 24, 1973, Pp. 227-229.

3. ,Arut an, S.; "PWD: A Strategy for -Health," Sport in the'USSR,Mosc w, no. Yl, (117), 1972, pp. 10-11.

4. Borodina, L.; 1..cTobkovl.G.; and P. Sobolev, Sport in the(Moscow: Foreign 'Language House; 1958).'

Calv it, J.S.; Morgan, and C. Sayer, Physical Education,and Sportin tie oviet Union Univerkty of Leeds Institute of EducationResearch

\ and udies, XXI, September, 1961.

ional Gamest/ Sport in the USSR, Moscow, no. 1,(95), 1971, pp. 3,10.

ogu el" Ph4ultar, Tallinn, Eesti NSV, no. 18, September 24, 1972,PP .5

-..

8..\Howeilf , "The USSR: ,Sports and Po tics Intertwined," Comparativeduoation, Vol. il; no.1 2, June 1975 ,pp. 137-145.

..

.

1

9.- Morton, H. Soviet S or-0 (New York: Collier Books, 1963).

10. Nemeshayeve N., "The Pre tige of PWD," Sport in the USSR. Moscow, no.(122), 1973), pp. 12-13.

11. Nikaajev, J., "Pool sajandit," Spordilehtj Tallinn, Eesti NSV,_December 10, 1975, p. 2.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Nurmberg (Howell), Reet, "A 'History of Physical Education and Sportin Estonia," unpublished doctorrl dissertation, University of California,Berkeley, 1972.

Pavlov, S., "Mass Level,"

Rosen, S. M.,Societyj XCV,

ganized Physical Education and' Sports Popularized on theSoviet Education, Vol, XVI, no. 4, February, 1974, pp. 4-20.

"Basic Military Training in Soviet Schools," School andNovember 1970.

Tamjarv, K., Kehakultuuri-Liikumisestj Tallinn: Punane T'dht, 1952.

Tarasov, N., 'Soviet Sport Today, (Moscow: -Novasti Press-Agency, 1964). .-

paremini kui elle, homme paremini kui elle," KehakultuUr, Tallinn,Eesti,,NSV, no. 19, October 10, 1962.

18. Vaimis Tbbks ANSV 1.14d4K.adtseks& (VW, Tallinn: Kirjastus ,,Eesti Raamat,"1972:'

19: "Vigor, Skill and Courage," Sport in the USSR, MQSCOW, no. 3 (109), 1972, p. 3.

41

27 .4