Icao sms m 04 – hazards (r013) 09 (e)

Revision N° 13 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 06/05/09

Module N° 4 – Hazards

Module N° 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 2

Course structure

Module 1SMS course introduction

Module 2Basic safety

concepts

Module 3 Introduction

to safety management

Module 4Hazards

Module 5Risks

Module 6SMS regulation

Module 7Introduction to SMS

Module 8SMS planning

Module 9SMS operation

Module 10Phased approach to

SSP and SMS Implementation

SafetyManagementSystem

Module 3 Introduction

to safety management

Module 4Hazards

Module 5Risks


Objective

At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply

the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis

through a case study


Outline

Two definitions First fundamental – Understanding hazards Second fundamental – Hazard identification Third fundamental – Hazard analysis Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards Questions and answers Points to remember Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project

(See Handout N° 3)


Two definitions

Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function

Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazardA wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is

a hazard

A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the hazard


First fundamental – Understanding hazards

There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their consequence(s)“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion”

Stating a hazard as consequence(s) :disguises the nature of the hazardinterferes with identifying other important consequences.

Well-named hazards :allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)


First fundamental – Understanding hazards

Types of hazards

Natural

Technical

Economic


Examples of natural hazards

Severe weather or climatic events:E.g.: hurricanes, major

winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear

Adverse weather conditions:E.g.: Icing, freezing

precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility


Examples of natural hazards

Geophysical events:E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic

eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides

Geographical conditions:E.g.: adverse terrain or large

bodies of waterEnvironmental events:

E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation.

Public health events:E.g.: epidemics of influenza

or other diseases


Examples of technical hazards

Deficiencies regarding:E.g.: aircraft and aircraft

components, systems, subsystems and related equipment

E.g.: an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment

E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization


Examples of economics hazards

Major trends related to:

Growth

Recession

Cost of material or

equipment

Etc.


Second fundamental – Hazard identification

In order to identify hazards, consider:

Design factors, including equipment and task design

Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists

Communications, including means, terminology and language

…



… consider:Organizational factors, such as company policies for

recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of resources

Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment and clothing

...



… consider:Regulatory factors, including the applicability and

enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment, personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of oversight

Defences including detection and warning systems, and the extent to which the equipment is resilient against errors and failures

Human performance, including medical conditions and physical limitations


Sources of hazard identification

InternalFlight Data AnalysisCompany voluntary

reporting systemAudits and surveys

ExternalAccident reportsState mandatory

occurrence systemAs a reminder

PredictiveProactiveReactive


Hazard identification

By whom?By anybody By designated personnel

How?Through formal processesDepends on the organization

When?AnytimeUnder specific conditions


Hazard identification

Specific conditions

Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions

Major operational changes are foreseen

Periods of significant organizational change


Third fundamental – Hazard analysis

State the generic hazard

(Hazard statement) Airport construction

Identify specific components of

the hazardConstruction equipment Closed taxiways …

Naturally leading to specific

consequence(s)Aircraft colliding with construction equipment Aircraft taking wrong taxiway …

ABC of hazard analysis


Third fundamental – Hazard analysis

Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require a constant balance between production goals...maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a

runway construction project...and safety goals

maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome operations during runway construction project.

Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be cost-effective to address even when operations must continue (Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)


Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards

Appropriate documentation management is important as:It is a formal procedure

to translate operational safety data into hazard-related information

It becomes the “safety library” of an organization



Tracking and analysis of hazards is facilitated by standardizing:DefinitionsUnderstandingValidation Reporting MeasurementManagement



Reactive method•ASR•MOR•Incident reports•Accident reports

Proactive method•ASR•Surveys•Audits

Predictive method•FDA•Direct observation systems

Method Identification Management Documentation Information

Inform person(s)

responsible for implementing

strategies

Trend analysis

Haz

ards

Haz

ards

Haz

ards

Haz

ards

FeedbackFeedback

Develop control and mitigation strategies

Assignresponsibilitie

s

Implement strategies

Safety bulletins

Report distribution

Seminars and workshops

Assess the consequences and prioritize

the risks

Safety managementinformation

Re-evaluate strategies

and processes


1 – 51 – 5AccidentsAccidents

30 – 10030 – 100Serious incidentsSerious incidents

100 – 1000100 – 1000

IncidentsIncidents

1000 – 40001000 – 4000

Latent conditionsLatent conditions

Hazard identification is a wasted effort if restricted to the aftermath of rare occurrences where there is serious injury, or significant damage.

“Practical drift”

The focus of hazard identification

“Practical drift”

SMS


Questions and answersHazards


Questions and answers

Q: Define the concept of hazard. A:

Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function.

Slide number: 5


Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider when identifying hazards.

A:

Design factors, including equipment and task design.Procedures and operating practices, including

documentation and checklists.Communications, including means, terminology and

language.

Slide number: 12



Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard identification is essential.

A:

Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions.

Major operational changes are foreseen.Periods of significant organizational change

Slide number: 17



Points to remember

1. Hazards have potential consequences

2. Sources of hazard identification

3. ABC of hazard analysis

4. Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an

organization


Exercise 04/01 – International airportconstruction project (Handout N° 3)

Hazards


International airport construction project

Group activity:A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the

discussionA summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts,

and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a plenary session

Scenario:Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the

two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000 movements a year)


Aerodrome layout


Construction project – Phase 1Phase 1


Scope of the work

Phase 1Phase 1

Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 10-28 to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification Number (PCN)

Estimated time to complete the work

Seven (7) months



Phase 1


Scope of the work

Phase 2Phase 2

Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 10-28 to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its PCN


Seven (7) months



Phase 1Phase 3


Scope of the work

Phase 3Phase 3

Complete the construction work of runway 17-35 for the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection of runway 17-35 and runway 10-28 (from asphalt to concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters and its PCN


Four(4) months


Scope of the work

Runway 10-28 utilization during the construction work

Continuous utilization of runway 10-28 during the three-phase of runway 17-35 construction project. [To maintain regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the runway construction project]

Length of runway 10-28 is currently 4.100 m and during Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of 2.600 m for aircraft operations measured between threshold 10 and the intersection of runway 10-28 with taxiway Golf


Identify hazards

Your taskIdentify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.

Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their components and their related consequences (use a flip chart)

Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:List type of operation or activityState the generic hazard (hazard statement) Identify specific components of the hazardList hazard-related consequences

It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification and analysis per each construction phase of runway 17-35


Table 04/01 – Hazard identificationType of

operationor activity

Generic hazard (hazard statement)

Specific components of

the hazard N°

1

2

3

4

5

Hazard-related consequences

Revision N° 13 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 06/05/09

Module N° 4 – Hazards

Date post:	08-May-2015
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Icao sms m 04 – hazards (r013) 09 (e)

Education