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Ideology, Socialization, Ideology, Socialization, Participation & Voting Participation & Voting
BehaviorBehavior
AP GovernmentAP Government
IdeologyIdeology
IdeologyIdeology
IdeologyIdeology:: a set of basic beliefs about a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and life, culture, government, and society.society.
Political IdeologyPolitical Ideology
An individual’s or group’s set of beliefs An individual’s or group’s set of beliefs about governmental or political about governmental or political structures and functions.structures and functions.
Main ConcernsMain Concerns: : proper function of governmentproper function of government issues of liberty and equalityissues of liberty and equality distribution of goods and servicesdistribution of goods and services
Political CulturePolitical Culture
Dominant values, beliefs and attitudes of Dominant values, beliefs and attitudes of members of a society about their members of a society about their governance, their history, and their rights governance, their history, and their rights and responsibilities as citizens. and responsibilities as citizens.
Political Culture helps determinePolitical Culture helps determine the structure of the society's political systemthe structure of the society's political system the rules by which the system operates the rules by which the system operates what is acceptable behavior w/in systemwhat is acceptable behavior w/in system
ConservatismConservatism
opposition to gov't intervention in economyopposition to gov't intervention in economy opposition to gov't intervention in social opposition to gov't intervention in social
programsprograms support for intervention to uphold moralitysupport for intervention to uphold morality support for strong militarysupport for strong military approves of use of force to attain goalsapproves of use of force to attain goals support of balanced budgetsupport of balanced budget support for limited taxessupport for limited taxes
LiberalismLiberalism
little gov't involvement in social & little gov't involvement in social & economic lifeeconomic life
support for intervention in economysupport for intervention in economy support for social programssupport for social programs against moral codes imposed by gov'tagainst moral codes imposed by gov't against expansion of militaryagainst expansion of military
LibertarianismLibertarianism
emphasis on basic rights & free market economyemphasis on basic rights & free market economy support freedom of tradesupport freedom of trade very limited gov't with provision for defensevery limited gov't with provision for defense no gov't economic or social programsno gov't economic or social programs abolish gov't departments (bureaucracy)abolish gov't departments (bureaucracy) abolish laws against victimless crimesabolish laws against victimless crimes
Political ScalePolitical Scale
LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative
BusinessBusiness Increase Increase regulation and regulation and
worker worker protectionprotection
Ease regulation Ease regulation & keep gov’t out & keep gov’t out
of businessof business
TaxesTaxes Increase taxesIncrease taxes Cut taxesCut taxes
AbortionAbortion Pro-ChoicePro-Choice Pro-lifePro-life
Social Social SpendingSpending
IncreaseIncrease Decrease or Decrease or maintainmaintain
Defense Defense SpendingSpending
Decrease or Decrease or maintainmaintain
IncreaseIncrease
Death PenaltyDeath Penalty BanBan MaintainMaintain
LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative
Size of Gov’tSize of Gov’t Increase w/Increase w/
more social more social policiespolicies
Reduce w/ Reduce w/ more capitalistic more capitalistic
policiespolicies
Same Sex Same Sex MarriageMarriage
LegalizeLegalize BanBan
Affirmative Affirmative ActionAction
For (maintain For (maintain race based race based
preferences)preferences)
Against (ban Against (ban race based race based
preferences)preferences)
ANWR DrillingANWR Drilling Prevent drilling Prevent drilling in Alaskain Alaska
Pursue this & Pursue this & other domestic other domestic
oil sourcesoil sources
LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative
CrimeCrime Protect rights of Protect rights of the accusedthe accused
Maximum Maximum punishment; punishment;
rights of victimsrights of victims
School School VouchersVouchers
End the End the programprogram
Expand the Expand the programprogram
Doctor Assisted Doctor Assisted SuicideSuicide
AllowAllow PreventPrevent
Minimum WageMinimum Wage IncreaseIncrease Lower or Lower or eliminateeliminate
Social SecuritySocial Security Increase age of Increase age of eligibilityeligibility
PrivatizePrivatize
LiberalLiberal ConservativeConservative
Health CareHealth Care Make 100% Make 100% government government controlledcontrolled
Deregulate; Deregulate; move to free move to free
marketmarket
Personal Personal ResponsibilityResponsibility
Gov’t needs to Gov’t needs to protect citizens protect citizens
from from themselvesthemselves
People should People should be responsible be responsible & accountable & accountable for own actionsfor own actions
ReligionReligion Separation of Separation of church & state; church & state;
prevent faith prevent faith based initiativesbased initiatives
Introduce more Introduce more religion in religion in
school; allow school; allow faith based faith based initiativesinitiatives
Political SocializationPolitical Socialization
Political SocializationPolitical Socialization
How an individual acquires How an individual acquires their sense of political their sense of political identity. identity.
Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization
Family Family Education Education Peer Groups Peer Groups
Media Media
JobJob RaceRace ReligionReligion EthnicityEthnicity
Home and FamilyHome and Family
Observe and copy parentsObserve and copy parents
Tend to follow same ideology Tend to follow same ideology pattern as familypattern as family
Information is filtered based on Information is filtered based on ideology of parentsideology of parents
EducationEducation
Teach citizenship & societal valuesTeach citizenship & societal values
Teach democratic principlesTeach democratic principles
Usually first knowledge of how Usually first knowledge of how system workssystem works
PeersPeers
Share similar ideasShare similar ideas
Reinforce attitudesReinforce attitudes
Desire for acceptance mayDesire for acceptance may change family ideaschange family ideas
MediaMedia
Greatest source of Greatest source of informationinformation
Generates interest in issue Generates interest in issue that may not have been of that may not have been of concernconcern
Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
Forms of Political ParticipationForms of Political Participation
Following and discussing politicsFollowing and discussing politics Campaign activitiesCampaign activities VotingVoting Contacting public officialsContacting public officials Group activities (political parties, interest Group activities (political parties, interest
groups, etc)groups, etc) ProtestsProtests
How much do we participate?How much do we participate? Inactives - take virtually no part in political life – 22%Inactives - take virtually no part in political life – 22%
Voting Specialists - do little more than vote regularly – Voting Specialists - do little more than vote regularly – 21%21%
Contractors - contact officials about personal probs – 4%Contractors - contact officials about personal probs – 4%
Communalists - votes and participates in some programs Communalists - votes and participates in some programs to try to solve some of the social problems – 20%to try to solve some of the social problems – 20%
Campaigners - engages in heavy campaign activities – Campaigners - engages in heavy campaign activities – 15%15%
Complete Activists - vote, contact officials, group Complete Activists - vote, contact officials, group activities and campaign – 11%activities and campaign – 11%
Why do we participate in politics?Why do we participate in politics?
Rational Actor Model - citizens weigh the Rational Actor Model - citizens weigh the cost against benefitscost against benefits
If benefits are small, it isn't rational to If benefits are small, it isn't rational to participateparticipate
Parochial participation, collective activities Parochial participation, collective activities and political protest may seem more effective and political protest may seem more effective and thus more rationaland thus more rational
Voting BehaviorsVoting Behaviors
Voting EligibilityVoting Eligibility Elimination of property requirements (1830)Elimination of property requirements (1830)
Elimination of racial discrimination in 15th Amendment (1870)Elimination of racial discrimination in 15th Amendment (1870)
Elimination of sexual discrimination in 19th Amendment (1920)Elimination of sexual discrimination in 19th Amendment (1920)
Elimination of poll taxes in 24th Amendment (1964)Elimination of poll taxes in 24th Amendment (1964)
Elimination of literacy tests in Voting Rights Act (1965)Elimination of literacy tests in Voting Rights Act (1965)
Elimination of several state registration laws in Voting Rights Act Elimination of several state registration laws in Voting Rights Act (1993)(1993)
Reduction of voting age to 18 in 26th Amendment (1971)Reduction of voting age to 18 in 26th Amendment (1971)
Reduction of residency requirement to one or two months in most Reduction of residency requirement to one or two months in most statesstates
Voter TurnoutVoter Turnout
50%+ participation in presidential elections50%+ participation in presidential elections
33% for high state offices33% for high state offices
33% + for congressional midterm elections33% + for congressional midterm elections
20% for lower state and all local elections20% for lower state and all local elections
38% votes every two years in elections (core 38% votes every two years in elections (core electorate)electorate)
Reasons for VotingReasons for Voting
Duty and obligation of citizenshipDuty and obligation of citizenship
Belief that every vote countsBelief that every vote counts
Predicted closeness of an electionPredicted closeness of an election
Desire to influence elections & policyDesire to influence elections & policy
Identification with a party or candidateIdentification with a party or candidate
Reasons NOT to voteReasons NOT to vote Lack of interestLack of interest
Lack of faith in Lack of faith in systemsystem
Lack of choices Lack of choices between candidatesbetween candidates
Domination of area by Domination of area by one partyone party
Lack of Lack of transportationtransportation
Illness on voting Illness on voting dayday
Failure to obtain Failure to obtain absentee ballotabsentee ballot
Out of district on Out of district on voting day voting day
Reasons to Vote for aReasons to Vote for aParticular CandidateParticular Candidate
Party AffiliationParty Affiliation
Policy VisionPolicy Vision
Interest in a particular issueInterest in a particular issue
Personal AppealPersonal Appeal
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
Opinions of people about elected officials, Opinions of people about elected officials, candidates, public policy, and government candidates, public policy, and government institutionsinstitutions
Reflection of values, beliefs and attitudes Reflection of values, beliefs and attitudes
Opinions of various groups are often Opinions of various groups are often swayed by differences in gender, age, swayed by differences in gender, age, class, region and raceclass, region and race
Characteristics of Public OpinionCharacteristics of Public Opinion
Intensity – causes a strong reactionIntensity – causes a strong reaction Latency –doesn’t effect you now, but may laterLatency –doesn’t effect you now, but may later Salience – effects you personallySalience – effects you personally Consensus – most people agree onConsensus – most people agree on Polarization – splits public opinion, can’t get a Polarization – splits public opinion, can’t get a
compromise oncompromise on Stability – public opinion stays the sameStability – public opinion stays the same Fluidity – public opinion is changing Fluidity – public opinion is changing
Measuring Public OpinionMeasuring Public Opinion Polling - sample the attitudes of particular groupsPolling - sample the attitudes of particular groups
QuestionnairesQuestionnaires Closed ended questions needed over open endedClosed ended questions needed over open ended Leading (Loaded) Questions result in inaccurate Leading (Loaded) Questions result in inaccurate
infoinfo
Samples - groups of the populationSamples - groups of the population Random – Anyone from population can be chosenRandom – Anyone from population can be chosen Stratified – Sample statistically mirrors populationStratified – Sample statistically mirrors population
Sampling error – difference between the sample and Sampling error – difference between the sample and the entire population (increase in sample size will the entire population (increase in sample size will increase reliability of survey and reduce margin of increase reliability of survey and reduce margin of error)error)