BIOENERGY WITH COBIOENERGY WITH CO22 REMOVAL AND REMOVAL AND DISPOSALDISPOSAL
- An approach to negative CO- An approach to negative CO22 emissions in emissions in energy systemsenergy systems
IEA Workshop
Edinburgh, 12th November 2001
Kenneth Möllersten
Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
Today’s presentation
• Basic concept
• Results from studied cases
• Ongoing research
• Policy-related issues
Conventional bioenergy
energyproducts
biofuels
ashes (minerals)
CO2
CO2
Bioenergy w CO2 removal and disposal
energy products
biofuels
ashes (minerals)
CO2
CO2 to underground storage
CO2
Principal methods for CO2 removal
Energyconversionprocess
CO2
removal
AirBio-fuel
Energy
Fluegas
CO2 Fluegas
Combustion CondenserO2
EnergyFluegas
CO2 H2OEnergyproducts
Airseparation
Air
Bio-fuel
CO2
CO2
removal
Energyconversionprocess
H2 orH2 and CO
CO2
Gasification
Air/O2 Biofuel Energy
CO shift(optional)
Fluegas
Energyproducts
Energyproducts
Specific CO2 emissions of power/CHP plants with CO2 removal (incl. compression to 100bar)
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
Coal-firedsteam power
plant
Coal IGCC NGCC Black liquorrecovery boiler
Black liquorIGCC
kgC
O2/
kWhe
CO2 removal costs (incl. compression to 100bar)
Option Cost (US$/t CO2)(10-15% annual capital charge)
Coal IGCC/CO shift/pre combustion removal
22-27
Coal Steam Power/flue gas removal
28-49
NGCC/flue gas removal
32-57
BL recovery boiler/flue gas removal
33
BLIGCC/pre combustion removal
18
+ around US$ 20-30 /t CO2 for transportation and disposal
CO2 consequences of alternative recovery boiler replacements in pulp mill
New recovery boiler Recovery boiler w CO2 removal
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Power Total Power RemovedCO2
Penalty -transp &injection
Total
CO
2 r
ed
uc
tio
n (
kt
CO
2(y
)
CO2 consequences of alternative recovery boiler replacements in pulp mill
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Power Total Power RemovedCO2
Penalty -transp &injection
Total
CO
2 r
ed
uc
tio
n (
kt
CO
2/y
)
BLIGCC BLIGCC w CO2 removal
Potential & cost-effectiveness of CO2 reductions in the Swedish pulp and paper sector
(Marginal power from coal power plants)
A: Electricity conservationB: Improved electrical efficiency in steam power systemsC: BLIGCCD: BLIGCC with CCSE: Black liquor gasification with CCS, methanol production and CCF: Conversion of lime kiln to biofuelsG: Cogeneration of wood-based methanol and heat in paper mills
F
400
200
0A
A
F
B
B
C
C
Cost of CO2 Reduction(US$/t CO2)
D
DE
EG
G
2 4 6 8
Capital valuation
Industrial
Societal
Potential CO2 reduction(Mt CO2/y)
Ongoing research
BlackLiquorGasifier
CO shiftCO2
removal
GTCC/EvGT/
FC
CO2
removal
GTCC/EvGT
rawgas
rawgas
CO2
CO2
CO2
heat
heat
power
power
Summary removal technologies & system considerations
Option CO2 reduction Additionalcost
Maturity
Flue gas High CO2 removalLower power
High MatureCo-firing wcoal
BIG- CC or fuel(MeOH, H2….)/Partial removal
Lower CO2 removalHigher electricalefficiency
Low BIG notmature
BIG- CC or fuel(MeOH,H2….)/CO shift
High CO2 removal?
? BIG, H2
turbinesnot mature
Is CO2 from biomass tradable?
• Ways to certify emission reduction credits
• ‘reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources’,or‘enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks’?
Implementing bioenergy w CO2 removal & disposal
• CO2 disposal schemes are being developed by companies from the fossil-fuel sector. Will they “welcome” disposal of CO2 from biomass?
• Disposal of CO2 from biomass may require cooperation
– CO2 disposal projects are large-scale
– Pulp & paper producers are increasing their focus on core competencies, and less resources are available for energy management
– Bioenergy producers are small and independent
Research and development
• Introduce biomass energy into CO2 removal and disposal RD&D
• Large-scale biomass energy applications with CO2 removal and disposal
• Identify opportunities for synergies and phasing in biomass in CO2 disposal schemesFor example through:
– Co-firing coal and biomass w CO2 removal
– Introduction of biomass-based methane in natural gas networks
Integration of biomass energy and fossil-fuel energy RD&D is required:
