978-1-4673-0934-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

Abstract‒The main emphasis of this paper is on the power

quality based comparison of different house hold illumination

appliances. An attempt has been made to measure the THD of

different illumination system i.e. Incandescent lamp, Fluorescent

Lamp with magnetic and electronic ballast, Compact fluorescent

lamp (CFL) and Light Emitting diode (LED). All above

illumination system were used for experimental work. An

experimental set up were developed to measure THD. The total

THD of all the system will affect the power system as a whole.

Also the comparative study of basic power quality aspect

measured is wattage, luminous performance and power factor of

different types of illumination system. The various energy savings

fluorescent lamps with core-coil and solid-state ballasts were

studied. Fluorescent lighting incorporating solid-state ballasts

revealed a larger harmonic content, in the measured current with

odd multiples of the fundamental frequency than that obtained

for lighting systems equipped with core-coil ballasts. The scope of

the proposed work is to focus the harmonics contents from

various modern residential illumination system, which

deteriorate the power quality.

Keywords‒Incandescent lamp;CFL (Compact Fluorescent

Lamp); Fluorescent Lights; LED (Light Emitting diode);

FFTAnalyser;THD (Total Harmonic Distortion);Residential

illumination system and Power Quality.

I. INTRODUCTION

The power quality of power system is influenced by the

residential illumination system which was ignored earlier. The

commercial load such as office complex, department stores,

hospitals and internet data stores are dominating with

incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and compact

fluorescent lamps (CFLs) [1,5]. The light emitting diode

(LED) is becoming increasingly popular for residential

lighting are supplied with switch mode power supplies. The

combination of these five groups, represent the appliances of a

typical domestic installation [4].

The rapid development of LED over the last few years has

opened up new opportunities in general illumination market

[4]. CFLs are claimed to have highest energy efficiency but

their harmonic behaviour is always neglected [2,6]. Moreover,

CFLs are often compared with incandescent lamp in terms of

energy consumption. Fluorescent Lights have already replaced

most of the incandescent lamps. So, the use of only CFLs for

lighting in future means, the replacement of FLs with the

CFLs [7].

Nowadays, LEDs are becoming popular for offices and

residence available on the market in a clear light with low

consumption cost. Compared with fluorescent lamps, LEDs

having very fast response and are particularly suitable for

applications such as traffic lights and automobile signal

indicator [11].

Lighting typically accounts for 40-60 percent of a

commercial load and home lighting accounts for

approximately 10-20% of the average electricity bill [9] and

some time it exceed 25-30% [16]. According to Commercial

Building Energy Consumption study, fluorescent lighting uses

77 % of commercial floor, while only 14% of the spaces uses

incandescent lighting.

II. HARMONICS FUNDAMENTAL

As per IEEE definition, total harmonic distortion (THD)

[13].

Vrms =

Irms =

P =

P.F=

THDV =

THDI=

Where Vn In , Фn are magnitude and phase shift of the voltage

current of n order harmonics. Single-phase non-linear loads,

like personal computers, electronic ballasts and other

electronic equipment generate odd harmonics (i.e. 3rd, 5th,

7th, 9th, etc.) [6]. A major concern in commercial building is

Comparative Study of Different Residential

Illumination Appliances Based on

Power Quality

Rakesh Saxena1, Karuna Nikum

2

1. Professor, Eelectrical Engineering Department, S.G.S.I.T.S., Indore, (M.P.).

2. Lecturer, Electrical Department , V.J.T.I.,Mumbai, (Maharashtra).

that power supplies for single phase electronic equipment

produces too much harmonics. A switch mode power supply

has a very high third harmonics. Triplen harmonics are

troublesome for single phase and three phase loads. The third

harmonics are additive in the neutral of a three phase system

[16]. As increasing the switch mode power supplies causes

overloading of neutral conductor. Since the nonlinear current

drawn by the loads is responsible for the distortion in voltage

[10,15]. The power loss in an office building wiring is due to

the current harmonics by non linear load may be more than

that of the linear load equipments [3]. The harmonics results in

burning of capacitors, deterioration of energy meters

performance, maloperation of protective devices, increases

system losses and considerable impact on the working of

induction motor [2,14].

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experimental set up includes DSO (Digital signal

oscilloscope), Power factor meter, wattmeter and lux meter.

The lux meter is placed at 1 feet distance from all illumination

system. To get the desired current waveform, a 1Ω resistor is

placed in series with the lighting load. This waveform can be

taken as load current waveform for obtaining frequency

spectrum.

Power factor meter &

Wattmeter

Digital Signal

Oscilloscope

Test Board

With Lamp

Load

Lux

Meter1 ΩSupply

I V

Fig.1. Experimental Setup

All the five types of appliances i.e. incandescent lamps,

FLs with different ballast, CFL and LED are tested to study

the effect of THD from illumination system on the

performance of power quality. The specification of

illumination system are shown in table1 as given by the

manufacturer.

TABLE I

Illumination type

Rated

Power

Rated

Voltage(V)

1 Incandescent Lamp 40W 220-230

2 FL with magnetic ballast 40W 220-230

3 FL with Electronic ballast 40W 220-230

4 CFL 15W 220-230

5 LED 3W 85-280

IV. TEST RESULTS WITH HARMONIC SPECTRUM

The test results of the performance of the illumination

system are shown in table 2. The result reveals that the every

energy efficient lighting are having poor power factor with

higher THD [12]. The fluorescent lighting system are still

dominating to other lights in terms of luminous performance.

Current drawn by the FL with electronic ballast, CFL and

LED is responsible for the distortion in voltage, so increase in

lighting load produces significant distortion in the voltage

waveform. The operation of CFL is based on the phenomenon

of the electronic ballast. In electronic ballast there is

conversion of 50/60 Hz frequency into considerably higher

order frequencies of 40 KHz, this is a major source of

harmonics generation [2,7]. The detailed comparison of

illumination systems with rated voltage (230 V) are describe

in table 2. TABLE. II

Illumination type THD

(%)

P.F Wattage

(W)

Lumen

(lm/ft)

Incandescent Lamp 4.80 0.98 33 200

FL with

Magnetic ballast

13.03 0.6 34 405

FL with Electronic

ballast

95.16 0.75 31 465

CFL

65.50 0.5 5 136

LED 194.4 0.43 3 318

The magnitudes of different harmonics in terms of the

percentage of the fundamental component is shown in table 3

and table 4. The table 3 shows the harmonic contents of earliar

used lamps i.e. incandescent lamp and FL with magnetic

ballast and table 4 shows harmonic content for currently used

lamps i.e. FL with electronic ballast, CFL and LED. The THD

of LED is highest up to 25th

harmonic order and in FL with

electronic ballast is up to 19th

harmonic order. It require some

attention before using LED as a lighting load. The 3rd

harmonics in LED is again highest in all among lamps that is

93.32% which overload the neutral conductor.

TABLE III

Harmonic

order

Incandescent

lamp

FL with

magnetic ballast

3rd 4.73% 12.94%

5th 1.00% 1.55%

TABLE IV

Harmonic

order

FL with

Electronic Ballast

CFL LED

3rd 66.10% 55.93% 93.32%

5th 41.80% 32.18% 86.95%

7th 34.80% 25.62% 69.09%

9th 31.63% 12.87% 48.91%

11th 24.85% 18.43% 41.14%

13th 18.07% 40.37%

15th 19.77% 46.58%

17th 16.38% 46.58%

19th 12.42% 47.36%

21th 42.62%

23rd 41.69%

25th 34.93%

The LED have highest THD and lowest power factor. If

LED is used in place of CFL or in illumination system the

power quality is much more affected than CFL and FL with

electronic ballast.

V. TEST RESULT AND HARMONIC SPECTRUM

Typical illumination lamps were chosen from a wide range

of commercially available product. The characterisation of

these devices was carried out by suppling nominal voltage

(230VL-N RMS at 50 Hz) and measuring their current response

on DSO.

A. Incandescent Lamp

The current waveform and harmonic spectrum of

incandescent lamp are shown in fig. 2-a and fig.2-b The

current waveform is very close to sinusoidal waveform. So the

current THD is very low of 4.8%. Only 3rd

and 5th

component

is present that is 4.73% and 1% respectively of the

fundamental component. The power factor is closed to unity.

Fig. 2-a Current Distortion in Incandescent Bulb

Fig.2(b) Harmonic spectrum for incandescent bulb

B. Fl With Magnetic Ballast

The current waveform and harmonic spectrum of FL with

magnetic ballast are shown in fig. 3-a and fig.3-b. The THD

for 40W fluorescent Light with magnetic ballast is about

13.03% and very less in comparison to CFL. The 3rd

harmonic

component is 12.94% of the fundamental component. The 5th

component is 1.55%, The other components are negligible.

The power factor is 0.6.

Fig.3(a) Current Distortion in FL with magnetic Ballast

Fig.3 (b) Harmonic spectrum for FL with magnetic ballast

C. Fl With Electronic Ballast

The current waveform and spectrum of FL with electronic

ballast shown in fig. 4-a and fig. 4-b. It is clear that 40W

fluorescent light with electronic ballast load having current

THD is about 95.16%. The triplen harmonic component like

3rd

, 9th

, and 15th

components are 66.10%, 31.63% and 19.77%

respectively of the fundamental component. The other

harmonic components also make impact on fundamental 5th

,

7th, 11th

and 13th

components are 41.80%, 34.80%, 24.85%

and 18.07% respectively. The power factor of electronic

ballast fluorescent light is 0.75.

Fig. 4 (a) Current Distortion of FL with electronic ballast

Fig. 4 (b) Harmonic spectrum for Fl with Electronic ballast

D.Compact Fluorescent Lamp

The current waveform and harmonic spectrum of 15W

Compact Fluorescent Lamp are shown in fig. 5-a and fig.5-b.

The CFL having current THD is of 65.50%. In the above

spectrum the 3rd

, 5th

,7th

, 9th

and 11th

harmonic component is

55.93%, 32.18%, 25.62%, 12.83% and 18.43% respectively

of the fundamental component. The power factor of CFL is

0.5.

Fig. 5 (a) Current Distortion in CFL

Fig. 5 (b) Harmonic Spectrum for CFL

E.Light Emitting Diode

The current waveform and harmonic spectrum shown in

fig.6-a and fig.6-b. It is clear that for a 3W LED load having

current THD is about 194.4%. The triple harmonics is

93.32%. The power factor of LED is 0.43.

Fig. 6 (a) Current Distortion LED Lamp

Fig. 6 (b) Harmonic spectrum for LED Lamp

VI RESULT

The result shows that, the LED produces higher harmonics

than CFL, electronic ballast which employ switch mode power

supplies, and standard magnetic ballast. Since the FL with

electronic ballast, CFL & LED are the significant source of

harmonics in commercial buildings but the pre-assessment of

the system done in a situation when entire lighting load is

replaced by CFLs as desired to make the cut of energy

consumtion.

The experimentation shows the flouroscent lamp, CFL and

LED are the source of harmonics where as CFL and LED are

the major source. The power factor of all energy efficient

lamps are very low.

Thus the operation of CFL and LED are extremely affecting

to the supply voltage and current waveform. All the

manufactures, utilities and the consumers must play their part

in controlling this situation that may result in damaging of

consumers sensitive electronic equipment and damage to the

utility assets due to the presence of harmonics generated by

FLs, CFLs and LEDs.

VII. CONCLUSION

A major concern in commercial buildings is that power

supplies for all single phase electronic equipments produces

more harmonics. From the above experimental results, it is

clear that CFL has highest harmonic content and FL with

electronic ballast having second highest THD. Household

lamps CFLs are claimed to have highest energy efficienct but

having high harmonics producer. Extensive future use of these

lamps, operating at such low power factor, will contradict

existing utility guidelines which require large utility costumers

to operate at power factor close to unity.

The CFLs and LED produces harmonics as a result of

their operation which increases the value of THDi and

THDv to an unacceptable level. It deteriorate the system by

the triplen harmonics and by the non sinusoidal nature of the

load current being drawn from the supply. Therefore, it is

recommended that the manufacturers must be bound to

produce and supply CFLs & LED having improved power

quality related performance. Consumers must be educated to

maintain a balance between the usage of CFLs, LEDs and

another light producing sources, so that the percentage of

CFLs and LEDs may be kept in limit and the distortion

produced by them.

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