IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON

CONSUMER ELECTRONICSAUGUST 2009 VOLUME 55 NUMBER 3 ITCEDA (ISSN 0098-3063)

A Publication by the IEEE Consumer Electronics Society

Administrative Committee ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................iOfficers and Committee Chairmen ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................iiMessage from the Editor ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................iii

CAMERA/DISPLAY/TRANSDUCER SYSTEMSA Method of Dynamic Skin Color Correction Applied to Display Devices..........................................................................Zhi-Guo Wang and Chun-Liang Liu 967Image-based Dynamic Subfield Coding for Improving Gray Scale Smooth in Color PDPs........................................................................................................................................Zhi-Hu Liang, Xiao-Ning Zhang, Chun-Liang Liu and Xing-Long Ding 973Automatic Illumination and Color Compensation Using Mean Shift and Sigma Filter .......................................................Heechul Han and Kwanghoon Sohn 978Lens Distortion Correction Using Ideal Image Coordinates.........................................................................Junhee Park, Seong-Chan Byun and Byung-Uk Lee 987Enhancement of Current Driving Capability in Data Driver ICs for Plasma Display Panels............................................................................Byong-Deok Choi 992A Resonant Driver with Functionally Shared Devices for Plasma Display Panels................................................................................................Sangshin Kwak 998Red-Eye Detection and Correction Using Inpainting in Digital Photographs......................................................................Seunghwan Yoo and Rae-Hong Park 1006High Fidelity Color Reproduction of Plasma Displays under Ambient Lighting.............................................Oh Seol Kwon, Tae Yong Park and Yeong Ho Ha 1015CCFL Backlight Solution for Low-Cost Liquid Crystal Televisions without Image Artifacts................Hyoungsik Nam, Kwan-Young Oh and Seung-Woo Lee 1021Optical Image Stabilizer for Digital Photographing Apparatus ....................................................................................................................................D. H. Yeom 1028Traveling Vibrotactile Wave—A New Vibrotactile Rendering Method for Mobile Devices............................Sang-Youn Kim, Jae-Oh Kim and Kyu Yong Kim 1032COMMUNICATIONSIterative Approach for Multiuser Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in Interleaved OFDMA Uplink...............Ruiqin Miao, Jian Xiong, Lin Gui and Jun Sun 1039Design of a High-throughput LDPC Decoder for DVB-S2 Using Local Memory Banks...............Seong-Woon Kim, Chang-Soo Park and Sun-Young Hwang 1045Coexistence of Mobile-Satellite Service System with Mobile Service System in Shared Frequency Bands....Jong-Min Park, Dae-Sub Oh and Dong-Chul Park 1051UMONS: Ubiquitous Monitoring System in Smart Space ..............................................................................Hyo-Nam Lee, Sung-Hwa Lim and Jai-Hoon Kim 1056Frequency Offset Estimation in WIMAX Receivers ...........................................................J. Granado, A. Torralba, J. Chávez, C. Oria and V. Baena-Lecuyer 1065Personal Communications using an UEAN: Concept, Example and Measurements ................Fernando Ramírez-Mireles, Ante Salcedo and Gerardo Alvarez 1070PCE Algorithm for PAPR Reduction in OFDM-ROF System ...........................................................................Jianping Wang, Bosheng Liu and Xianwei Zhou 1078Time-Hopping Spread-Spectrum System for Wireless Optical Communications .............C. Quintana, J. Rabadan, J. Rufo, F. Delgado and R. Perez-Jimenez 1083A Low Complexity Hierarchical QAM Symbol Bits Allocation Algorithm for Unequal Error Protection of Wireless Video Transmission.................................................................................................................................................................Yoong Choon Chang, Sze Wei Lee and Ryoichi Komiya 1089A Multi-user Uplink TDS-OFDM System Based on Dual PN Sequence Padding...........................................Linglong Dai, Jian Fu, Jun Wang and Jian Song 1098A Scattered Pilot Synchronization Scheme by Partial Correlation for DVB-H Systems......................................................Won-Jae Shin and Young-Hwan You 1107Provisioning of Rich Media Experiences for Hybrid Mobile Broadcast Services................................................................................................Byoung-Dai Lee 1113Improved and Optimal Dual Circular 32-QAM for MB-OFDM .........................................................................................Runfeng Yang and R. Simon Sherratt 1121Indoor Broadcasting via White LEDs and OFDM..................................................................................................Hany Elgala, Raed Mesleh and Herald Haas 1127Low Complexity Channel Estimation Method for TDS-OFDM Based Chinese DTTB System.....Lin Gui, Qi Li, Bo Liu, Wenjun Zhang and Chunyan Zheng 1135Novel OFDM Frame Synchronization and Frequency Offset Compensation Scheme for Wireless Multimedia Communication Systems...........................................................................................................................................................................Eun Cheol Kim, Jaesoo Yang and Jin Young Kim 1141Performance Analysis of Turbo Decoding Algorithms in Wireless OFDM Systems ...Jorge Ortín, Paloma García, Fernando Gutiérrez and Antonio Valdovinos 1149Antenna Effects in DVB-H Mobile Rebroadcasters ....................................................................Jesus de Mingo, Pedro Luis Carro and Paloma García-Dúcar 1155Tangible Video Teleconference System Using Real-Time Image-Based Relighting ..............Sae-Woon Ryu, Sang Hwa Lee, Sang Chul Ahn and Jong-Il Park 1162GAMES TECHNOLOGYGesture-Recognizing Hand-Held Interface with Vibrotactile Feedback for 3D Interaction........................................................................................................................Sangki Kim, Gunhyuk Park, Sunghoon Yim, Seungmoon Choi and Seungjin Choi 1169NETWORKSOntology-based Semantic Recommendation System in Home Network Environment .............................Jinhyung Kim, Dongwon Jeong and Doo-Kwon Baik 1178Interoperability Model for Devices over Heterogeneous Home Networks ...........................................Hojin Park, Moonok Choi, Eui-Hyunpaik and Nam Kim 1185IPTV Home Networking via 802.11 Wireless Mesh Networks: An Implementation Experience........................Firat Birlik, Özgür Gürbüz and Ozgur Ercetin 1192A Novel Bridge Chip between an ATM and Ethernet for ADSL in Home Networks....................................................Guo-Ming Sung and Hsiang-Yuan Hsieh 1200A Rule-Based Framework for Heterogeneous Subsystems Management in Smart Home Environment ...Chui Yew Leong, A. R. Ramli and Thinagaran Perumal 1208A Multi-hop Reservation Method for End-to-End Latency Performance Improvement in Asynchronous MAC-based Wireless Sensor Networks.................................................................................................................................................................................................Sung-Hwa Hong and Hoon-Ki Kim 1214InfoPods: Zigbee-Based Remote Information Monitoring Devices for Smart-Homes............................................................................................................Imran A. Zualkernan, A. R. Al-Ali, Mustafa A. Jabbar, Imad Zabalawi and Ahmed Wasfy 1221Mobility Management Based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 for Multicasting Services in Home Networks........................Seil Jeon, Namhi Kang and Younghan Kim 1227Network-Oriented Road Map Generation for Unknown Roads using Visual Images and GPS-based Location Information.............................................................................................................................................................................SeungGwan Lee, DaeHo Lee and SungWon Lee 1233LR-WPAN based on a Novel SC-FDE for Wideband Wireless Sensor Networks .................................................................................................Sekchin Chang 1241A Framework for Advanced Home Service Design and Management........................................................................................Félix Jesús Villanueva, David Villa, María José Santofimia, Francisco Moya and Juan Carlos López 1246A Home Automation Proposal Built on the Ginga Digital TV Middleware and the OSGi Framework.........................................................................Vicente Ferreira de Lucena Jr., João Edgar Chaves Filho, Nairon Saraiva Viana and Orlewilson Bentes Maia 1254An IEEE 802.11g WLAN Digital Baseband Processor Using Hybrid Channel Estimation for Wireless Home A/V Receivers......................................................................................................................Seung-Yerl Lee, Sang-Seol Lee, Je-Woo Kim, Duck-Jin Chung and Dong-Sun Kim 1263A Graph-based Approach for Automatic Service Activation and Deactivation on the OSGi Platform................Chin-Yang Lin, Cheng-Liang Lin and Ting-Wei Hou 1271Symbol-level Random Network Coded Cooperation with Hierarchical Modulation in Relay Communication .............Ronny Yongho Kim and Young Yong Kim 1280

(Continued on back cover)

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UPnP-Zigbee Internetworking Architecture Mirroring a Multi-hop ZigBee Network Topology......................................................................................................Seong Hoon Kim, Jeong Seok Kang, Hong Seong Park, Daeyoung Kim and Young-Joo Kim 1286A New Received Signal Strength Based Location Estimation Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network ............................................Yu-Yi Cheng and Yi-Yuan Lin 1295Home Network Configuring Scheme for All Electric Appliances Using ZigBee-based Integrated Remote Controller..........................................................................................................................................................................Il-Kyu Hwang, Dae-Sung Lee and Jin-Wook Baek 1300A Demand-driven Parsing Method for SIP Offload in Home Network......................................Jianxin Liao, Qi Qi, Tonghong Li, Yufei Cao and Xiaomin Zhu 1308A Middleware Based Network Hot Swapping Solution for SCA Compliant Radio.............................................................................................Md. Kamrul Hasan, Lenin Mehedy, Muhammad Salim Zabir, Sungyoung Lee and Young-Koo Lee 1315Preference Learning on an OSGi Based Home Gateway .................................Md. Kamrul Hasan, Kim Anh Pham Ngoc, Young-Koo Lee and Sungyoung Lee 1322An Efficient Data Fusion and Assurance Mechanism using Temporal and Spatial Correlations for Home Automation Networks.............................................................................................................................Kyung Choi, Mi-hui Kim, Ki-Joon Chae, Jong-Jun Park and Seong-Soon Joo 1330A Distributed MAC Design for Data Collision-Free Wireless USB Home Networks ................Jin-Woo Kim, Kyeong Hur, Jongsun Park and Doo-Seop Eom 1337A Packet Forwarding Controller for Mobile IP-based Networks with Packet Buffering.................................................................................................................................................Seung Beom Lee, Kyeong Hur, Jongsun Park and Doo-Seop Eom 1344RECORD/PLAYBACK/STORAGE SYSTEMSCCF-LRU: A New Buffer Replacement Algorithm for Flash Memory.....................................................Zhi Li, Peiquan Jin, Xuan Su, Kai Cui and Lihua Yue 1351An Efficient Decoding Strategy of 2D-ECC for Optical Recording Systems ..............................................................Jun Lee and Kees A Schouhamer Immink 1360Fast Entropy Decoding Method for High Resolution Personal Video Recorder ...............Sunyoung Lee, Myungjung Lee, Alex Chungku Yie and Euee S. Jang 1364Design of a Robust Gain-Up Tracking Controller for a Stable Seek Action of an Optical Disk Drive ...............................Moon-Noh Lee and Kyoung Bog Jin 1373Adaptive Phase Locked Loop to Improve the Readability of Optical Disc Drive .......................................................................................................D. H. Yeom 1380Hierarchical Use of Heterogeneous Flash Memories for High Performance and Durability ..................................................Sanghyuk Jung and Yong Ho Song 1383Design and Analysis of Flash Translation Layers for Multi-Channel NAND Flash-based Storage Devices....................................................................................................................................Sang-Hoon Park, Seung-Hwan Ha, Kwanhu Bang and Eui-Young Chung 1392SECURITY SYSTEMSAnalysis of Remote Control Techniques Employed in Home Automation and Security Systems ..................................K. Balasubramanian and A. Cellatoglu 1401A Lightweight and Energy-Efficient Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks ......................................Miguel A. Lopez-Gomez and Juan C. Tejero-Calado 1408SIGNAL PROCESSINGPersonalized Digital TV Content Recommendation with Integration of User Behavior Profiling and Multimodal Content Rating....................................................................................................................................................................................Hyoseop Shin, Minsoo Lee and Eun Yi Kim 1417A Fast Thumbnail Extraction Method in H.264/AVC Video Streams............................................................Eun-Seok Kim, Tae-Woon Um and Seoung-Jun Oh 1424High-Speed 10-bit LCD Column Driver with a Split DAC and a Class-AB Output Buffer.....................................................................................................................................Jong-Kwan Woo, Dong-Yong Shin, Deog-Kyoon Jeong and Suhwan Kim 1431Actual Remote Control: A Universal Remote Control using Hand Motions on a Virtual Menu.....................................................................................................................Dong-Woo Lee, Jeong-Mook Lim, John Sunwoo, Il-Yeon Cho and Cheol-Hoon Lee 1439Measuring Eyestrain from LCD TV According to Adjustment Factors of Image ..............................................................Eui Chul Lee and Kang Ryoung Park 1447Wyner-Ziv to H.264 Video Transcoder for Low Cost Video Encoding .....J. L. Martínez, G. Fernández-Escribano, H. Kalva, W. A. C. Fernando and P. Cuenca 1453Efficient VLSI Architecture for Video Transcoding.......................................................................................................................Jian Huang and Jooheung Lee 1462Space-Time Voice Activity Detection .......................................................................................................................................Hyeopwoo Lee and Dongsuk Yook 1471New Joint Demosaicing and Zooming Algorithm for Color Filter Array...Kuo-Liang Chung, Wei-Jen Yang, Pang-Yen Chen, Wen-Ming Yan and Chiou-Shann Fuh 1477PDA-Based Mobile Robot System with Remote Monitoring for Home Environment...........................................Ho Seok Ahn, In-Kyu Sa and Jin Young Choi 1487Efficient Embedded Speech Recognition for Very Large Vocabulary Mandarin Car-Navigation Systems..........Yanmin Qian, Jia Liu and Michael T. Johnson 1496An Efficient Early-Termination Mode Decision Algorithm for H.264 ......................................................................M. von dem Knesebeck and P. Nasiopoulos 1501Image Indexing Using Spatial Texture Pattern for CE Applications...............................................................Ki Tae Park, Jeong Ho Lee and Young Shik Moon 1511Fast Content-Aware Image Resizing Scheme in the Compressed Domain ...............................................................................Kang-Sun Choi and Sung-Jea Ko 1514Access Pattern Based Stream Buffer Management Scheme for Portable Media Players...................Heejin Ahn, Seongjin Cho, Hyunik Na and Hwansoo Han 1522Truncated Gray-Coded Bit-Plane Matching Based Motion Estimation and its Hardware Architecture.......................................................................................................................................................Anıl Çelebi, Orhan Akbulut, Oguzhan Urhan and Sarp Ertürk 1530On the Use of a Power-Saving Mode for Mobile VoIP Devices and Its Performance Evaluation ................Hyun-Ho Choi, Jung-Ryun Lee and Dong-Ho Cho 1537High Efficiency CMOS Power Amplifier for 3 to 5 GHz Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Application......................................................................................................................Sew-Kin Wong, Siti Maisurah, Mohd Nizam Osman, Fabian Kung and Jin-hui See 1546Hierarchical Video Summarization in Reference Subspace....................................................................Richard M. Jiang, Abdul H. Sadka and Danny Crookes 1551Design and Implementation of a Socket with Low Standby Power...................................Cheng-Hung Tsai, Ying-Wen Bai, Hao-Yuan Wang and Ming-Bo Lin 1558Wide Color-Gamut Improvement of LCM Using Multi-Phosphor White LED and Modified Rich Color Method............................................................................................................................................................Ching-Chih Tsai and Chih-Chang Lai and Shih-Min Hsieh 1566Fast Mode Decision Algorithm for Inter-Layer Coding in Scalable Video Coding.............................................................................................................Seon-Tae Kim, Krishna Reddy Konda, Chun-Su Park, Chang-Sik Cho and Sung-Jea Ko 1572Speaker Selection and Tracking in a Cluttered Environment with Audio and Visual Information............................................Yoonseob Lim and Jongsuk Choi 1581Feature Vector Classification based Speech Emotion Recognition for Service Robots.................................Jeong-Sik Park, Ji-Hwan Kim and Yung-Hwan Oh 1590Object Segmentation from Consumer Videos: A Unified Framework Based on Visual Attention..............................................................................Junwei Han 1597Practical Error Concealment Strategy for Video Streaming Adopting Scalable Video Coding...............................................................................................................Chun-Su Park, Hyeong-Min Nam, Seung-Won Jung, Seung-Jin Baek and Sung-Jea Ko 1606A High-performance Hardwired CABAC Decoder for Ultra-high Resolution Video............................................................Jian-Wen Chen and Youn-Long Lin 1614Embedded System Architecture for an WLAN-based Dual Mode Mobile Phone........Sung-Bong Jang, Young-Gab Kim, Hong-Seok Na and Doo-Kwon Baik 1623Domain Corpus Independent Vocabulary Generation for Embedded Continuous Speech Recognition ............Minkyu Lim, Kwang-Ho Kim and Ji-Hwan Kim 1631Adaptive Video Enhancement Using Neural Network..............................................................................Hyung-Seung Lee, Rae-Hong Park and SungHee Kim 1637Dynamically Variable Step Search Motion Estimation Algorithm and a Dynamically Reconfigurable Hardware for Its Implementation..........................................................................................................................................Ozgur Tasdizen, Abdulkadir Akin, Halil Kukner and Ilker Hamzaoglu 1645Fine Edge-Preserving Deinterlacing Algorithm for Progressive Display .....................................................Siyoung Yang, Donghyung Kim and Jechang Jeong 1654Sound Source Localization for Robot Auditory Systems .....................................................Youngkyu Cho, Dongsuk Yook, Sukmoon Chang and Hyunsoo Kim 1663FIR Filter Design Methodology for Hardware Optimized Implementation .............................................Rizwana Mehboob, Shoab A. Khan and Rabia Qamar 1669Deinterlacing Algorithm using Edge Direction from Analysis of the DCT Coefficient Distribution ..........Sang-Jun Park, Gwanggil Jeon and Jechang Jeong 1674Design of a Mobile Video Streaming System using Adaptive Spatial Resolution Control.................................................................................................................................Heejung Lee, Yonghee Lee, Jonghun Lee, Dongeun Lee and Heonshik Shin 1682A Probabilistic Adaptive Algorithm for Constructing Hierarchical Meshes.......................................Kalyan Goswami, Indrajit Chakrabarti and Shamik Sural 1690Object Based Coding of the Depth Maps for 3D Video Coding.................................................D. V. S. X. De Silva, W. A. C. Fernando and S. L. P. Yasakethu 1699Passive Cooling Assembly for Flat Panel Displays with Integrated High Power Components.......................................................................................Ilker Tari 1707Video Stabilization Using Principal Component Analysis and Scale Invariant Feature Transform in Particle Filter Framework....................................................................................Yao Shen, Parthasarathy Guturu, Thyagaraju Damarla, Bill P. Buckles and Kameswara Rao Namuduri 1714Codeword Mapping Optimization Method for Minimization of Recognized False Contour Noise ...............................Bong-Seok Kang and Young-Hwan Kim 1722SOFTWARE FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTSFast and Scalable System for Automatic Artist Identification ...........................Sajad Shirali-Shahreza, Hassan Abolhassani and M. Hassan Shirali-Shahreza 1731

CONTENTS (Continued from front cover)

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K. T. Park et al.: Image Indexing Using Spatial Texture Pattern for CE Applications

Manuscript received June 19, 2009 0098 3063/09/$20.00 © 2009 IEEE

1511

Image Indexing Using Spatial Texture Pattern for CE Applications

Ki Tae Park, Jeong Ho Lee, Member, IEEE, and Young Shik Moon, Member, IEEE

Abstract — This paper proposes an image retrieval

technique using local texture feature based on Fourier transform. The proposed texture feature not only more effectively represents spatial correlation of texture pattern but also contains less feature vector size over existing ones. In experimental results, the proposed method has shown improved retrieval results over the existing methods1.

Index Terms — Image retrieval, Local texture feature, Fourier transform, spatial texture pattern.

I. INTRODUCTION With the tremendous advancement in multimedia and

communications technology, multimedia retrieval based on contents is emerging as an important issue in mobile handset devices, such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants with camera, camcorder, and high rate network.

Since 1990, the content based image retrieval techniques using visual features such as color, texture, and shape have been studied[1,2]. The previous techniques have shown good performances and utilized in many CE applications. But, these techniques contain feature vector with large dimension and have been mainly proposed for not mobile handset devices with limited resources but PC system equipped with high speed CPU and large memory. Therefore, we propose a novel image retrieval method not only with less dimension of feature vector but also with good performance for mobile handset equipped with lower speed CPU and less memory over PC system. Fig. 1 shows overall flowchart of the proposed method.

II. THE PROPOSED TEXTURE PATTERN BASED ON LOCAL FOURIER TRANSFORM

In this paper, we propose a new texture descriptor considering spatial correlation of texture pattern and less feature vector size. In order to extract the new texture feature from images, the proposed method consists of three

1 This paper was presented at 27th International Conference on Consumer Electronics 2009 (presentation date : 12 Jan. 2009, paper number : p-1-28)

This research was supported by the MIC (Ministry of Information and Communication), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program supervised by the IITA (Institute of Information Technology Assessment)

Ki Tae Park is with the institute of Hanyang BK21, Hanyang University, Korea (e-mail:parkkt@cse.hanyang.ac.kr)

Jeong Ho Lee and Young Shik Moon are with the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa-3-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, KyungKi-do, Korea (e-mail: {jhlee, ysmoon@cse. hanyang.ac.kr).

steps. In the first step, a maximum color difference between a center pixel and neighbor pixels within 3x3 mask is calculated. In the second step, the texture pattern is classified into 2 types by color difference. In the final step, a texture descriptor is generated by using local Fourier transform for each texture pattern. In order to calculate color difference, vector angular based distance measure(VADM) considering an angle and magnitude between two pixels is utilized[3]. VADM is shown in (1).

Input ImageInput Image

Calculation of color distancebetween a center pixel and neighbor pixels

Calculation of color distancebetween a center pixel and neighbor pixels

Local Fourier TransformLocal Fourier Transform

First and second moments (mean, variance)First and second moments (mean, variance)

Creation of local texture featureCreation of local texture feature

0),(max 0VV

ii

VVDis >0),(max 0VV

ii

VVDis ≤

Fig. 1. Overall flowchart of creating texture feature in the proposed method

(1)

where xi and xj is three-dimensional color vector of the center and its neighbor, respectively. The normalization factor of 2/π in angle portion is attributed to the fact that the maximum angle which can be possibly attained is π/2. Also, the 22553 ⋅ normalization factor is due to the fact that the maximum difference vector which can exist is (255,255,255) and its magnitude is 22553 ⋅ .

After calculating a maximum color difference between pixels, the texture pattern is divided into two types as follows.

magnitude

ji

angle

ji

jiji ⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡

⋅

−−⋅⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ ⋅−−= −

2

1

2553||1

||||cos211),( xx

xxxxxx

πδ

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IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 3, AUGUST 2009 1512

Fig. 2. Texture pattern by comparing color between a center pixel and neighbor pixels

1) the intensity of center pixel is equal or lower than the one of neighbor pixels with maximum color difference. 2) the intensity of center pixel is higher than the one of neighbor pixels with maximum color difference.

Fig. 2 shows the texture pattern classified by comparing

color distance. Finally, texture moments based on local Fourier transform

(LFT) are utilized as texture feature[4]. In order to calculate texture moments, we use eight templates derived from LFT and obtain eight characteristic maps by convolving between templates and pixels of original image. Then, the first(mean) and second(variance) moments are respectively calculated from the eight characteristic maps, which present the structure of texture.

III. TEXTURE MOMENTS In this paper, texture moments based on local Fourier

transform(LFT) proposed by Yu are utilized as a texture feature[4]. In order to extract texture moments, we use eight templates of 33× size derived from LFT and obtain eight characteristic maps by convolving between eight templates and original image. Then, the first(mean) and second(variance) moments are respectively calculated from the eight characteristic maps, which present the texture information of the image. Because of not classifying texture pattern in [4], a texture feature is extracted from gray image and the feature dimension is 16. However, we extract texture feature with 32 dimension composed of two texture patterns with two moments of eight characteristic maps.

Let { }1,,1,0,1,,1,0|),( −⋅⋅⋅=−⋅⋅⋅= MyLxyxI denote the image. The 8-neighborhood of a center pixel is P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, and P7 with anti-clockwise order as shown in Fig. 3, which can be treated as a periodic series with period of 8. Therefore, Fourier transform coefficients can be calculated from 8-neighborhood pixels. When ),,( nyxI denote the periodic series generated by 8-neighbor of ),( yxI , ),,( kyxF presents the Fourier transform coefficients of ),,( nyxI which is calculated by (2).

(2)

Fig. 3. 8-neighbors with anti-clockwise order As results of equation (2), )0,,( yxF and )4,,( yxF are real

numbers and the other )7,6,5,4,3,2,1)(,,( =kkyxF are complex numbers. By equation (3) and (4), )3,2,1)(,,( =kkyxF are only utilized for extracting texture characteristic. The notation “*” in equation (3) and (4) implies conjugate operator.

(3) (4)

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS For the experiments, we have tested the proposed method

on MPEG-7 test DB with about 5000 images. In order to evaluate the performance of the image retrieval, the ANMRR which is the evaluation criterion used in all of the MPEG-7 color/texture core experiments is utilized[5].

In equation (5), NG(q) implies the number of images in each category, GTM represents the largest number among NG(q)’s, and Q represents the number of query images. ANMRR is a normalized measure for the average ranking and the value is always between 0 and 1. The smaller the ANMRR, the better the performance.

(5) Our method is compared with BDIP-BLVC[6], EHD[5],

texture moments[4] which are respectively composed of feature vector with 96, 80, and 96 dimensions. Fig. 3 shows the comparison of retrieval performance between our method and existing methods. As shown in the Fig. 4, our method has been improved by 2.4%, 18.8%, and 31.7% over [6], [5], and [4], respectively. Although ANMRR between our method and

V1 V2 V3

V8 V0 V4

V7 V6 V5

P3 P2 P1

P4 * P0

P5 P6 P7 ⎪⎭

⎪⎬⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

>

≤=

0),(max

0),(max

0

0

,1

,0

VVif

VVifTS

ii

ii

VVD

VVD

)70(, ≤≤ nPnyxI =),,(

∑−

=knj

enyxIkyxF 4),,(81),,(

π

)8,,(),,( * kyxFkyxF −=

),,(),,( * kyxFkyxF =

∑

∑

=

=

=

=

−−=

−+=

=

)(

1

1

)()()(

)*2),(*4min(2

)(5.0)()(

)(*5.05.0)()(

)(1

qNG

k

Q

q

qNGkRankqAVR

GTMqNGK

qNGqAVRqMRR

qNGKqMRRqNMRR

qNMRRQ

ANMRR

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K. T. Park et al.: Image Indexing Using Spatial Texture Pattern for CE Applications 1513

ANMRR c omparis on

0.2806 0.28760.3456

0.4112

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

0.40.45

propos edmethod

(32)

BDIP- BLV C(96)

EHD(90)

TM(16)

Fig. 4. Comparison of retrieval performance between the proposed method and existing methods [6] is similar, our method utilizes one third reduced dimensions of feature vector than [6].

V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed a novel texture feature based on

LFT for content based image retrieval which considers spatial correlation of texture pattern and less feature vector size for consumer electronic devices such as mobile phone with limited CPU and memory. Although the proposed texture feature is described as less vector size than existing features, the improved results over existing method have been shown by comparing experimental performances.

REFERENCES [1] A. Smeulders, M. Worring, A. Gupta, and R. Jain, “Content-Based

Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years,” IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1349-1380, Dec. 2000.

[2] T. Wu, J. Leou, and L. Kang, “Image Retrieval Using Local Color Features,” in Proc. on ICCE 2005, pp. 55-56, Jan. 2005.

[3] D. Andloutsos, K. N. Plataniotis, and A. N. Venetsanopoulos, "A Vector Angular Distance Measure for Indexing and Retrieval of Color," in Proc. on Storage & Retrieval for Image and Video Databases VII, SPIE-3656, pp. 604-613, 1999

[4] H. Yu, M. L, H. J. Zhang, and J. Feng, "Color Texture Moments for Content Based Image Retrieval," in Proc. on ICIP2002, vol. 3, pp. 929-932, June 2002.

[5] B. S. Manjunath, J. R. Ohm, and V. V. Vasudevan, "Color and Texture Descriptors," IEEE Trans. on CSVT, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 703-715, June 2001.

[6] Y. Chun, S. Seo, and N. Kim, "Image Retrieval Using BDIP and BVLC Moments," IEEE Trans. on CSVT, Vol. 13, Issue 9, pp. 951-957, Sept. 2003.

Ki Tae Park received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from Hanyang University, Korea, in 2000, 2002, and 2007, respectively. He had worked in Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea. He is currently working as research professor at Hanyang University. His major research interests are in the areas of digital signal processing, content-based image retrieval,

object segmentation, multimedia processing, and video indexing.

Jeong Ho Lee received the B.S. and M.S. degree in computer science from Hanyang University, Korea, in 2004, and 2006, repectively. He is currently working toward Ph.D. degree at Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Korea. He became a member of IEEE in 2007. His major research

interests are in the areas of facial expression, machine vision, image restoration and image reconstruction.

Young Shik Moon is the corresponding author of this paper. He received the B.S and M.S. degrees in electronics engineering from Seoul National University and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea, in 1980 and 1982, respectively. From 1982 to 1985, He had been a researcher at Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea. He

received the Ph.D. in computer engineering from University of California at Irvine, CA, in 1990. Since 1992, he has been a professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Hanyang University, Korea. His research interests include content-based image retrieval, video indexing, object segmentation, and analysis and synthesis of facial expression.

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