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Out-of-gamut clipping
Further information:Burned (image)
Clipping in some color channels may occur when an image is rendered to a different
color space, when the image contains colors that fall outside the target color space. Suchcolors are referred to as out-of-gamut.
This form of clipping may be avoided by performing the color space conversion using adifferent rendering intent. However, this can sometimes result in a lower overall colorsaturation, leading to duller colors. The desire for bright, saturated colors may, in somecases, be more important than avoiding clipping in single channels due to out-of-gamutcolors.
Color spaceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search
This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by addingreliable references. Unsourced material may bechallengedand removed. (September 2007)
A comparison of the chromaticities enclosed by some color spaces.
A color modelis an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can berepresented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values orcolor components(e.g. RGB andCMYKare color models). However, a color model with no associatedmapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system withno connection to any globally-understood system of color interpretation.
Adding a certain mapping function between the color model and a certain reference colorspace results in a definite "footprint" within the reference color space. This "footprint" is
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known as a gamut, and, in combination with the color model, defines a new color space.For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two differentabsolute color spaces, both basedon the RGB model.
In the most generic sense of the definition above, color spaces can be defined without the
use of a color model. These spaces, such as Pantone, are in effect a given set of names ornumbers which are defined by the existence of a corresponding set of physical colorswatches. This article focuses on the mathematical model concept.
Contents
[hide]
1 Understanding the concept 2 Notes 3 Conversion 4 Density 5 Partial list of color spaces
o 5.1 Generic color modelso 5.2 Commercial color spaceso 5.3 Special-purpose color spaceso 5.4 Obsolete color spaces
6 See also 7 References
8 External links
[edit] Understanding the concept
A comparison of RGB and CMYK color models. This image demonstrates the differencebetween how colors will look on a computer monitor (RGB) compared to how they willreproduce in a CMYK print process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#%23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Understanding_the_concept%23Understanding_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Notes%23Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Conversion%23Conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Density%23Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Partial_list_of_color_spaces%23Partial_list_of_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Generic_color_models%23Generic_color_modelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Commercial_color_spaces%23Commercial_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Special-purpose_color_spaces%23Special-purpose_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Obsolete_color_spaces%23Obsolete_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_and_CMYK_comparison.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_and_CMYK_comparison.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#%23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Understanding_the_concept%23Understanding_the_concepthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Notes%23Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Conversion%23Conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Density%23Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Partial_list_of_color_spaces%23Partial_list_of_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Generic_color_models%23Generic_color_modelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Commercial_color_spaces%23Commercial_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Special-purpose_color_spaces%23Special-purpose_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#Obsolete_color_spaces%23Obsolete_color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=18/8/2019 Out of Gamut
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A wide range of colors can be created by theprimary colors of pigment (cyan (C),magenta (M), yellow (Y), andblack(K)). Those colors then define a specific color space.To create a three-dimensional representation of a color space, we can assign the amountof magenta color to the representation's X axis, the amount of cyan to its Y axis, and theamount of yellow to its Z axis. The resulting 3-D space provides a unique position for
every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments.
However, this is not the only possible color space. For instance, when colors aredisplayed on a computer monitor, they are usually defined in the RGB ( red,greenandblue) color space. This is another way of making nearly the same colors (limited by thereproduction medium, such as the phosphor (CRT) or filters and backlight (LCD)), andred, green and blue can be considered as the X, Y and Z axes. Another way of making thesame colors is to use theirHue(X axis), theirSaturation (Y axis), and theirbrightnessValue (Z axis). This is called the HSV color space. Many color spaces can be representedas three-dimensional (X,Y,Z) values in this manner, but some have more, or fewerdimensions, and some cannot be represented in this way at all.
[edit] Notes
When formally defining a color space, the usual reference standard is theCIELAB orCIEXYZ color spaces, which were specifically designed to encompass all colors theaverage human can see.
Since "color space" is a more specific term for a certain combination of a color modelplus a mapping function, the term "color space" tends to be used to also identify colormodels, since identifying a color space automatically identifies the associated colormodel. Informally, the two terms are often used interchangeably, though this is strictly
incorrect. For example, although several specific color spaces are based on the RGBmodel, there is no such thing as the RGB color space.
Since any color space defines colors as a function of the absolute reference frame, colorspaces, along with device profiling, allow reproducible representations of color, in bothanalogueand digitalrepresentations.
[edit] Conversion
Main article: Color translation
Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis toanother. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented inone color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image lookas similar as possible to the original.
[edit] Density
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=48/8/2019 Out of Gamut
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The RGB color model is implemented in different ways, depending on the capabilities ofthe system used. By far the most common general-used incarnation as of 2006 is the 24-bit implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color perchannel. Any colorspace based on such a 24-bit RGB model is thus limited to a range of 256256256 16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total,
resulting in the same gamut with a larger number of distinct colors. This is especiallyimportant when working with wide-gamut color spaces (where most of the more commoncolors are located relatively close together), or when a large number of digital filteringalgorithms are used consecutively. The same principle applies for any color space basedon the same color model, but implemented in differentbit depths.
[edit] Partial list of color spaces
Main article: List of color spaces and their uses
CIE 1931 XYZ color spacewas one of the first attempts to produce a color space based
on measurements of human color perception (earlier efforts were by James ClerkMaxwell, Knig & Dieterici, and Abney at Imperial College)[1] and it is the basis foralmost all other color spaces. Derivatives of the CIE XYZ space includeCIELUV,CIEUVW, andCIELAB.
[edit] Generic color models
Main article: Color models
Additive color mixing: Three overlapping lightbulbs in a vacuum, adding together tocreate white.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#cite_note-Wright1981-0%23cite_note-Wright1981-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIELUV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIELUV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1964_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_modelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#cite_note-Wright1981-0%23cite_note-Wright1981-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIELUV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1964_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_models8/8/2019 Out of Gamut
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Subtractive color mixing: Three splotches of paint on white paper, subtracting together toturn the paper black.
RGB uses additive colormixing, because it describes what kind oflightneeds to beemittedto produce a given color. Light is added together to create form from out of the
darkness. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue. RGBAis RGB with anadditional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency.
Common color spaces based on the RGB model includesRGB, Adobe RGB andProPhoto RGB.
CMYKuses subtractive colormixing used in the printing process, because it describeswhat kind ofinks need to be applied so the light reflectedfrom thesubstrateand throughthe inks produces a given color. One starts with a white substrate (canvas, page, etc), anduses ink to subtract color from white to create an image.CMYKstores ink values forcyan, magenta, yellow and black. There are many CMYK color spaces for different sets
of inks, substrates, and press characteristics (which change the dot gain or transferfunction for each ink and thus change the appearance).
YIQ was formerly used inNTSC (North America, Japan and elsewhere) televisionbroadcasts for historical reasons. This system stores a luminance value with twochrominance values, corresponding approximately to the amounts of blue and red in thecolor. It is similar to the YUVscheme used in most video capture systems[2] and in PAL(Australia, Europe, except France, which usesSECAM) television, except that the YIQcolor space is rotated 33 with respect to the YUV color space. The YDbDrscheme usedby SECAM television is rotated in another way.
YPbPris a scaled version of YUV. It is most commonly seen in its digital form, YCbCr,used widely in video and image compression schemes such asMPEG and JPEG.
xvYCC is a new international digital video color space standard published by the IEC(IEC 61966-2-4). It is based on the ITU BT.601 and BT.709 standards but extends thegamut beyond the R/G/B primaries specified in those standards.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBA_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBA_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractive_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(printing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(printing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(printing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YDbDrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPbPrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XvYCChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec._709http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBA_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractive_colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(printing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#cite_note-1%23cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YDbDrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPbPrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XvYCChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec._7098/8/2019 Out of Gamut
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HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) is oftenused by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue andsaturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSV is atransformation of an RGB colorspace, and its components and colorimetry are relative tothe RGB colorspace from which it was derived.
HSL (hue, saturation, lightness/luminance), also known as HLS or HSI (hue, saturation,intensity) is quite similar to HSV, with "lightness" replacing "brightness". The differenceis that the brightness of a pure color is equal to the brightness of white, while thelightness of a pure color is equal to the lightness of a medium gray.
[edit] Commercial color spaces
Munsell color system Natural Color System (NCS)
[edit] Special-purpose color spaces
The RG Chromaticity space is used inComputer vision applications. It shows thecolor of light (red, yellow, green etc.), but not its intensity (dark, bright).
[edit] Obsolete color spaces
Early color spaces had two components. They largely ignored blue light because theadded complexity of a 3-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelitywhen compared to the jump from monochrome to 2-component color.
RG for early Technicolorfilm RGKfor early color printing
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Color spaces
Color theory List of colors
[edit] References
1. ^ William David Wright, 50 years of the 1931 CIE Standard Observer. DieFarbe, 29:4/6 (1981).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Color_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG_Chromaticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGK_color_space&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=10http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#cite_ref-Wright1981_0-0%23cite_ref-Wright1981_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Color_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG_Chromaticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG_color_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGK_color_space&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=10http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Color_spaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_space&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space#cite_ref-Wright1981_0-0%23cite_ref-Wright1981_0-08/8/2019 Out of Gamut
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2. ^ Dean Anderson. "Color Spaces in Frame Grabbers: RGB vs. YUV".http://www.sensoray.com/support/frame_grabber_capture_modes.htm. Retrieved2008-04-08.
[edit] External links
Color FAQ, Charles Poynton FAQ about color physics, Stephen Westland Color Science, Dan Bruton Color Spaces, Rolf G. Kuehni (October 2003) Colour spaces - perceptual, historical and applicational background, Marko
Tkali (2003) Color formats for image and video processing -Color conversion between RGB,
YUV, YCbCr and YPbPr.
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Color space
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Colortopics
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space"Categories: Color space | Color| Image processing |PhotometryHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2007|Allarticles needing additional references | Articles containing potentially dated statementsfrom 2006 | All articles containing potentially dated statements
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Multiple color coordinate systems are usually involved in color imageapplications or systems. Forward and backward transformations are usedto switch between color coordinate systems. The out of gamut problememerges when the color coordinate systems' gamut is different.Conventional approaches, including clipping R, G, B values and clipping
luminance value are not ideal as they both produce severe error in theluminance component of the resulting color or reduce the contrast of theresulting image. We propose to clip the saturation value when a vector isout of the gamut of the LHS or YIQ space using the saturation processingequations. We have conducted experiments to compare three differentclipping approaches. The experimental results show that the saturation
clipping approach outperforms the other two approaches, in the sensethat it can keep the luminance value unchanged. In addition, the contrastof the image produced by saturation clipping is much better than thoseproduced by other clipping approaches.
Color SpaceThe Color Space refers to a 3D color model that contains a subset of colors in which allcolors of a particular gamut are visible. A color space is also known as a color model.The purpose of the color space is to allow the specification of certain colors within aparticular gamut of color. There are a number of color spaces used in a wide array ofapplications including graphics, desktop publishing, desktop video, and NTSC video.WinImages F/x uses the following color spaces: RGB (red, green, blue), CMY (cyan,magenta, yellow), CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), HSL (hue, saturation, andluma), HSV (hue, saturation, value), and YIQ (luminance, chrominance). Each of thesecolor spaces have a physical 3D model which describes their color gamut. It is importantto remember that WinImages F/x uses "pure colors" instead of actual colors. This is due
to the fact that some colors do not exist in some of the other color spaces. For example,the RGB color space contains colors which can not be represented by the YIQ colorspace model. If you are converting from color space to color space, WinImages F/x willautomatically select the color which is closest to the original color value.
Gamut
The Gamut of a display or color space refers to the actual color range that can berepresented by the display device or color space model. Most color spaces lie within thevisible spectrum of colors. A gamut lies within that visible spectrum defining a range ofcolors for a particular color space. These gamuts do not necessarily display the same
range of colors. For example, the RGB gamut can display colors that the CMYK (printedmaterial) or YIQ (NTSC video) gamuts can not.
Pixel
Pixel An image pixel is one of the dots that the image is composed of. Similarly, adisplay screen shows an array of pixels that make up the image you see. In WinImagesF/x each pixel is held in memory as three values:
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a red component from 0 to 255 a green component from 0 to 255 a blue component from 0 to 255
Combinations of these three values can represent any given color or
brightness within a 16-million color range. Resolution
Resolution refers to the size of an image in pixels. The standard VGA display has aresolution of 640 (width) by 480 (height) pixels. WinImages F/x does not restrict imagesize, however larger image sizes do require more memory.
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Glossary
24-bit
A 24 bit image uses 24 bits (or three bytes) of information for each pixelin the image. The number of bits per pixel is referred to as the imagedepth. A greater image depth allows greater color accuracy. Forexample, images that use 1 bit per pixel have two possible colors; 8 bits
can handle 256 colors; and 24 bit images can represent 16.8 milliondifferent colors.
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Action Image
An Action Image is any image that an operation is to be applied to, orthe destination for a source image based combination of images.
The view or image that an operation is to be applied to is known as theaction or target image.
An image is made the action image by clicking on its title bar. Clickingin the image itself will start the current operation, or in the case of thedraw first working mode, place an area selection in that image inpreparation for the action that will occur when you left-click theoperations icon in the toolbar.
An action image is also the image that any type of composition operationwill change.
The action image will remain the action image until a new image isselected as the action image.
Alpha Channel
In addition to the color information (Red, Green, and Blue) that is heldfor each pixel of an image, there can also be transparent information(Alpha). This transparency data is used when re-combining the subjectof an image with its surroundings. So, it effectively depicts the subject'soutline. An Alpha channel can also be created based on its own
luminance or even the luminance of another image.
Just as color information is stored in a range from 0 = Black to 255 =full, alpha transparency ranges from 0 = transparent to 255 = opaque.With this range of transparency, soft edges and even fading areas can bedepicted.
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio describes the relative dimensions of an image: widthcompared to height.
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Color Space
The Color Space refers to a 3D color model that contains a subset ofcolors in which all colors of a particular gamut are visible. A color spaceis also known as a color model. The purpose of the color space is to
allow the specification of certain colors within a particular gamut ofcolor. There are a number of color spaces used in a wide array ofapplications including graphics, desktop publishing, desktop video, andNTSC video. WinImages F/x uses the following color spaces: RGB (red,green, blue), CMY (cyan, magenta, yellow), CMYK (cyan, magenta,yellow, black), HSL (hue, saturation, and luma), HSV (hue, saturation,value), and YIQ (luminance, chrominance). Each of these color spaceshave a physical 3D model which describes their color gamut. It isimportant to remember that WinImages F/x uses "pure colors" instead ofactual colors. This is due to the fact that some colors do not exist in someof the other color spaces. For example, the RGB color space contains
colors which can not be represented by the YIQ color space model. Ifyou are converting from color space to color space, WinImages F/x willautomatically select the color which is closest to the original color value.
Continuous Tone
A continuous tone image has a smooth transition of color and brightnessbetween pixels. For example, a photograph that was scanned wouldproduce a continuous tone image, but a rendered 256 color BMP wouldnot be.
DitherDither uses a limited number of colors arranged spacially to represent anactual continuous tone image. It is also called digital halftoning. In away, dithering compromises spacial accuracy for color accuracy. Humanperception is able to "reconstruct" the color that was originally intendedover an area. A dithered image is no longer continuous tone.
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Drag and Drop
Drag and Drop is a means of loading files into a program directly fromthe desktop or another program. In WinImages F/x image files can be
dragged into the view windows. Drag and Drop also allows you to graboperation and area selection icons, and place them into the Time Line.This is done by clicking on the desired icon with the left mouse button,and then dragging the icon into the proper frame in the time line. Oncethe icon is in position, release the left mouse button.
To load an image using Drag and Drop:
1. With the WinImages F/x program opened, open Explorer2. Make sure that both the Explorer and a View window are visible3. Click down on the image file you want loaded
4. With the mouse button still down move the pointer to thewindow in WinImages F/x
5. Release the mouse button over the window
When dragging files, the pointer will look like if the file can be droppedinto the underlying window, and if it cannot be dropped there.
You can Also load a group of files by first selecting the files, and thenusing the above steps load the files into WinImages F/x.
Gamut
The Gamut of a display or color space refers to the actual color rangethat can be represented by the display device or color space model. Mostcolor spaces lie within the visible spectrum of colors. A gamut lieswithin that visible spectrum defining a range of colors for a particularcolor space. These gamuts do not necessarily display the same range ofcolors. For example, the RGB gamut can display colors that the CMYK(printed material) or YIQ (NTSC video) gamuts can not.
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Gaussian Blur
A Gaussian blur in simple terms, is a defocus of all of the pixels in theselected area. Each pixel is evaluated to determine its sharpness, andhow that sharpness relates to the surrounding pixels. Each pixel is then
decreased in sharpness based on its original sharpness, and the pixelsharpness values surrounding it. For example, if you were to look at aline of pixels, and their corresponding sharpness values it may look likethis:
Where the x-axis is the pixels, and the y-axis is the sharpness value. As
you can see there are several rough edges, and a great amount ofsharpness variation from pixel to pixel. After applying a gaussian blur tothe area, the sharpness graph would look more like this:
Notice that all of the sharpness values have been reduced and smoothedafter the gaussian blur. This is true for every pixel in the image. As youcan see the image would now appear to be out of focus, or slightlyblurred. This operation is the exact opposite of a Inverse Gaussian blur.
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High Compression
Most image file formats compress the image during the saving process.Therefore, a 1 Mb image in memory may only require 0.6 Mb to save todisk. There are many different methods of compression in use. They
vary in speed and in their ability to reduce the file size.
The amount of space saved by the compression is usually expressed as apercentage of the original size. Typically, lossless image formats cansave about 30 to 40 %. A high compression format does better than this.How much better depends on the nature of the image, but a colorfulscanned photograph can typically be compressed (losslessly) by 50 to60% and ray traced images by 60 to 80%.
Image file formats that are not lossless can achieve very highcompression values even to the extremes of 95% to 98%!
Interframe Compression
Interframe compression is the amount of compression betweenindividual animation frames. This type of compression can beaugmented through the use of an Ordered Dither. Ordered dither willincrease the amount of possible interframe compression, whiledecreasing the overall size of the animation file. You can set thecompression level using control settings available in the AVI saver. Youcan adjust the quantity and quality of the interframe compression used.
Intraframe CompressionIntraframe compression is the amount of compression in an individualanimation frame. This type of compression can be increased through theuse of the Dither Amount control in the Output Color Reduction dialog.Decreasing the dither amount will also decrease the actual animationframe's size.
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Key Frame
A Key Frame can be thought of as an "control" frame in an animation.The key frame will contain some type of change that will occur in theanimation. This change could deal with the effect settings, the area
selection method, or the frames being processed.
Setting up multiple key frames allows you to tween an area selection oreffect parameters (settings) from key frame to key frame.
WinImages F/x allows for as many key frames as you like, and a keyframe is identified by either an area selection or operation icon in thetime line dialog.
Lossless
The ability to save an image and load it again exactly as it was, is called"lossless". Only 24-bit full color image formats can be lossless whensaving full color images.
Image formats which render to fewer colors are lossy and thereforecompromise image quality. And, some full color image formats such asJFIF/JPEG are also lossy. They are able to achieve very highcompression by compromising some image quality.
NTSC
NTSC (or National Television System Committee) video is the standard
signal format used in North American television broadcasts. This formatcombines the color, intensity, and synchronization information into abandwidth of about 5 MHz. Due to the bandwidth limit, the picturequality is limited to a resolution of about 350 by 350, or about 640 by400 pixels (no overscan). This standard, despite its low resolution nature,is the standard for all videotape recording equipment, and video playback devices. This standard may change in the future with theintroduction of HDTV (High Definition Television), which has aneffective resolution of 1000 by 1000. NTSC uses the YIQ color space forcolor definition and display.
Palette
A palette on the computer is a table of colors. WinImages F/xautomatically sets a display palette on computers with displays having256 or less colors. Some image formats that are notfull color use a colorpalette (8-bit BMPs for example). When an image is displayed or savedusing a palette, the image itself is changed to an array of numbers whichindex (or refer to) the color palette.
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Pixel
Pixel An image pixel is one of the dots that the image is composed of.Similarly, a display screen shows an array of pixels that make up theimage you see. In WinImages F/x each pixel is held in memory as three
values:
a red component from 0 to 255 a green component from 0 to 255 a blue component from 0 to 255
Combinations of these three values can represent any given color orbrightness within a 16-million color range.
Render
To render generally means to create an image from some set ofinformation. In WinImages F/x images that are displayable on yourcomputer are rendered from the full color image in memory.
If your display can show 256 simultaneous colors, morph will renderdown from the full color (16.8 million color) image to 256 colors fordisplay. Also, when saving low color images such as 8-bit BMPs,WinImages F/x will render to the low color format.
Resolution
Resolution refers to the size of an image in pixels. The standard VGA
display has a resolution of 640 (width) by 480 (height) pixels.WinImages F/x does not restrict image size, however larger image sizesdo require more memory.
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Source Images
A Source Image is any image, including clips of images, that has beenspecified as the source image in the operation dialog.
The term means that the image will be used as a source for imagematerial to be placed inside an action image in some manner.
Each operation requiring a source image will have a Source Image dropdown box. You can specify multiple source images by using the TimeLine's source image controls in the Operations dialog, or by doubleclicking on the level where you want to specify a sequence of sourceimages.
The source image is primarily used for merging, adding, and subtracting.It can also be used in the creation of Alpha Channels. The currently
selected source image will remain the source until a new source isspecified. You can also use the Transparency Controls along with thesource image to create blended composition effects based on thetransparency level and the amount of edge blending.
Text Editor
A text editor is a program that can change a text file simply and directly.Some system files such as AUTOEXEC.BAT (under the DOS operatingsystem) can be changed with a text editor, as can WinImages F/x's scriptfile types (ray trace, scripting, transistion control, etc. )WinImages F/x
also saves project and some other files as text. They can be changed witha text editor. Many WinImages F/x functions give you direct access to abuilt-in editor called QuickEdit. Word processors or desk top publishingpackages, rather than text editors, put special codes into their files; so,they could not be used to alter system files or WinImages F/x projectfiles.
Transparency
Transparency is the amount of opaqueness of an image. Thetransparency control allows you to specify how much the Source Imageor effect will show through the Action Image. The Transparency controls
are located in the Area Menu.
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Virtual Memory
Even though the amount of memory your computer has is limited,WinImages F/x is able to load images that exceed that amount byallowing Windows to move some of its memory to disk.
For some operations though, the data used to describe an image must bereloaded from disk back into the memory chips of your computer. Whenthe memory is actually in the memory chips it is called real memory. Thetotal amount of memory in the memory chips and swapped out to thedisk is called virtual memory.
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WinImages F/x Manual Version 7, Revision 5, Level BHTML Documentation Management System 1992-2007Black Belt Systems
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