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¡ 1. Discuss common pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of common paediatric rashes in the ED
¡ 2. Identify dermatologic conditions requiring emergency interventions in children
¡ 3. Develop an approach to the assessment of and management of common paediatric rashes
¡ 3000 dermatologic diagnoses ¡ Represent 5 % of ED visits ¡ Outline
§ Common presentations § True emergencies § Not to miss
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¡ Children < 5 years; newborns (day 3 – 7) ¡ Abrupt onset ¡ Erythema, flaccid bullae or erosions
§ Face, folds, buttocks, hands, feet § Distinct radial fissuring around eyes, mouth, nose
¡ Associated symptoms: § Fever, lethargy, irritability, edema
¡ Exotoxin enter blood from remote infection
¡ Diagnosis § Positive Nikolsky sign § Swab – possible sites for Staph e.g. nose, umbilicus, conjunctiva, rectum
§ Bullae sterile
¡ Treatment § IV Cloxacillin +/-‐ IV Clindamyicn (anti-‐toxin) § Pain control § Compresses to healing skin § Switch to oral when well
¡ 50 – 60 % of all bacterial skin infections ¡ More common in younger children, summer ¡ 3 types § Non-‐bullous, bullous, ecthyma
¡ Staph aureus § Spreads from nose to normal skin
¡ Group A Strept § Skin colonized then infected
NON BULLOUS
¡ 70 % cases ¡ Staph aureus or Group A Strept
¡ Can’t differentiate clinically
¡ More common in summer
BULLOUS
¡ Infants to younger children
¡ Cause by Staph aureus toxin
¡ Local SSSS ¡ More common in summer
NON-‐BULLOUS
¡ Tiny pustule that quickly gets honey-‐crusted
¡ Usually not painful ¡ Can get regional adenopathy
BULLOUS
¡ Flaccid transparent bullae
¡ Often in groin, face, buttocks, trunk, perineum, extremities
¡ Single or grouped
¡ Group A Strept ¡ Transient vesicular lesion-‐> rupture -‐> thick and adherent crust
¡ Central area of crust becomes necrotic and periphery becomes erythematous and indurated +/-‐ pus
¡ Slow healing ¡ Deeper ulcer leaves permanent scar ¡ Tends to occur on lower extremities
¡ Clean with soap and water; +/-‐ debridement ¡ Local infections: Topical therapy TID X 7 days ¡ Mupirocin (Bactroban)
§ Effective against MSSA and GABHS § No absorption, no systemic effects § 3 % itching, pain or stinging
¡ Fucidic Acid § Effective against MSSA, MRSA and coag neg staph
¡ Mupirocin and fucidic acid equally effective
¡ Oral antibiotics § Widespread infection or complicated § Perioral lesions and ecthyma § E.g. cephalexin good choice as covers staph and strept
¡ Parenteral
§ Co-‐morbid conditions or immunologic impairment § Rapidly progressive, severe local disease
¡ Recurrent infection § Check for nasal carriage § 2 – 4 days of mupirocin TID eliminates MRSA and MSSA in > 90 % of patients
§ Can recolonize
¡ Toxic shock and necrotizing fasciitis ¡ Mortality in children 5 – 10% ¡ High index of suspicion ¡ Outbreaks rare – occasional clusters in families
¡ Varicella important risk factor ¡ Often history of blunt trauma or minor wound
¡ Hemodynamic stabilization § Fluids, inotropes
¡ MRI helpful for diagnosis ¡ Culture focal lesions and blood culture ¡ Prompt surgical drainage and debridement ¡ Parenteral Antibiotics
§ IV Penicillin G § IV Clindamyin (synergistic) – should not be used alone
¡ Chronic, relapsing disease ¡ Chronic pruritis ¡ Chronic xerosis ¡ Patches of red, scaly, excoriated lesions
¡ Complications
§ Sleep deprivation § Scarring or lichenification § Bullying, depression § Pigmentary changes § Infections
¡ Seborrheic Dermatitis § Scale is yellow, greasy, asymptomatic
¡ Scabies § Polymorphous eruption
¡ Nutritional deficiencies ¡ Contact dermatitis
§ Rare in infants, configuration ¡ Psoriasis
§ Diaper area commonly involved, well demarcated plaques surrounded by silvery scale
¡ Thick crust ¡ Yellow crust ¡ Bright red erosion with friable base ¡ Sudden significant worsening of eczema ¡ Eczema not responding to usual treatments
§ May be infected ¡ Fever, systemically well
¡ 60 % of atopic dermatitis patients § Colonized with Staph aureus § Even without clinical infection
¡ Treatment of infection alone (no cortisones) § May improve dermatitis by reducing driving force
§ Patients have altered Staph-‐killing ability
¡ Topical antibiotics for local infection ¡ Oral antibiotics
§ Beneficial for significant infection (need Staph coverage)
§ Not useful without signs of infection ¡ Bleach baths
§ ½ cup regular household bleach to ¼ tub of water § 3 times per week § Significantly improves eczema and reduces bacteria
¡ Education** § www.aboutkidshealth.ca
¡ Moisturize skin § Emulsified oil in bath (e.g. Alpha-‐keri, Aveeno) § Emollient ointment or cream (e.g. petrolatum, eucerin)
¡ Manage itch § Diphenhydramine or hydroxyzine
¡ Topical steroids § Low potency -‐ 1 % Hydrocortisone – face, diaper area, skin folds
§ Mid-‐potency -‐ 0.05 % Betamethasone-‐ body
¡ A dermatologic emergency! ¡ HSV infection of underlying eczema ¡ Can be recurrent ¡ Spreads rapidly ¡ Often superinfected with bacteria ¡ “Punched out” erosions and vesicles
§ On background of dermatitis § Monomorphous
¡ Patients may have systemic symptoms
¡ High index of suspicion for diagnosis ¡ Confirm with viral cultures/ PCR from lesions ¡ If unwell, < 1 year, poor fluid intake, severe:
§ Admit and treat with IV acyclovir ¡ If well, good fluid intake, good follow-‐up
§ Oral acyclovir X 10 days ¡ Add antibiotics if necessary ¡ Saline compresses help wound healing
¡ Most common in pre-‐pubertal children ¡ More common in African American ¡ T. Tonsurans major agent in North America
§ Anthrophilic (human reservoir) § Easily transmitted from person-‐to-‐person
¡ M. Canis is second most common § Zoophilic (cats and dogs are reservoirs) § More inflammatory
NON INFLAMMATORY
¡ Scaly patch ¡ Patchy or no alopecia ¡ “black dot” tinea ¡ “gray patch” tinea ¡ Mild increase in dandruff
¡ Non-‐tender adenopathy
INFLAMMATORY
¡ Pustules ¡ Alopecia ¡ Crusting erythema ¡ Kerion
§ Tender, boggy, oozing
¡ Scarring
Alopecia or scale with adenopathy is highly predictive of Tinea Capitus, (Hubbard TW 2000)
¡ Generally requires oral therapy ¡ M Canis is more resistant, needs longer therapy
¡ Griseofulvin is no longer available ¡ Terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole
§ Data does support use of these in tinea capitus
§ Remains “off-‐label” indications
¡ Need to culture before treatment! ¡ Note: M. canis does not respond to terbinafine
¡ Always treat hair-‐bearing areas with oral antifungals as fungus tracts down the hair follicle and cannot be treated with topicals alone
¡ Therapy to treat tinea capitus ¡ Treat complications
§ Secondary bacterial infection § Severe kerion
¡ Management to reduce spread § ? Use of regular spore-‐inhibiting shampoo § No sharing of hair-‐care products, hats, linen § Evaluate and culture contacts +/-‐ antifungal shampoo
¡ Terbinafine (Lamisil) § < 20 kg 62.5 mg/day § 20 – 40 kg 125 mg/day § > 40 kg 250 mg/day
¡ Course depends on organism and clinical response: ¡ 2 – 8 weeks ¡ Side effects
§ Liver enzymes, taste alteration, drug interactions, decrease PMNs
§ Consider pre-‐treatment liver enzymes
¡ Children < 10 yrs ¡ Antecedant URTI ¡ Small vessel vasculitis (IgA) ¡ Etiology unclear ¡ Palpable purpura ¡ 60 % abdominal pain, 75 % arthritis ¡ 40 – 50 % renal disease
JAMA. 2012;307(7):742
¡ Palpable purpura § Primarily on buttocks and lower legs § May involve upper extremities, trunk and face
§ Skin lesion presenting sign in 50 % § Petechiae or eccymoses may predominate in some patients
§ Edema hands, feet, scalp or face may be seen
¡ Supportive -‐ Analgesia ¡ Steroids
§ No clear benefit to preventing or treating renal disease
§ Consider if GI complications ¡ Monitor – renal function (urinalysis for blood and protein) + BP
¡ Acute eruption ¡ Significant pruritis – especially at night ¡ Polymorphous eruption
§ Dermatitis
§ Papules and pustules § Palms soles, web spaces, axillae, areola, umbilicus
¡ Classic burrow (short linear and sometimes wavy lesion) is frequently absent
¡ Treatment of scabies ¡ Treatment of close contacts ¡ Environmental measures ¡ Treatment of pruritis ¡ Treatment of secondary infection from excoriations
Scabicide: ¡ Permethrin 5% cream most effective ¡ Infants: treat whole body (face and scalp) ¡ Children and adults; treat from chin down to soles of feet
¡ Leave on overnight and wash in am ¡ Re-‐treat 1 week later ¡ Low side-‐effect profile
¡ Environmental: § Launder linen and clothing from last 3 days § Routine cleaning and vacuuming of house § Non-‐washable items -‐ store in sealed plastic bag X 1 week or freeze X 12 hours
¡ Pruritis: § Antihistamines and topical corticosteroids § Itch may last weeks after scabies gone
¡ Secondary infection: § Topical or oral antibiotics
¡ Review presentation and management of common skin disorders in children § Impetigo, atopic dermatitis , scabies, Tinea capitus (kerion), HSP
¡ Recognition and management of true dermatologic emergencies § Staph scalded skin, eczema herpeticum, invasive Group A Strept
¡ Parental education – § www.aboutkidshealth.ca
¡ www.dermnetnz.org ¡ Golant AK and Levi/ JO. Scabies: a review of diagnosis and management based on mite biology. Pediatrics in Review 2012;22;e1.
¡ Krakowski AC et al. Management of atopic dermaFFs in the pediatric poulaFon. Peds 2008; 122:812-‐824.
¡ Feaster T and Singer JI. Topical therapies for impeFgo. Peds Emerg Care 2010;26:222-‐231.