SEMESTER III

B.A. II YEAR (SEM III)ASSIGNMENT IIENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES I

Q2)Discuss causes and control of sound pollution.Ans:Causes of Noise Pollution1. Industrialization:Most of the industries use big machines which are capable of producing large amount of noise. Apart from that, various equipments like compressors, generators, exhaust fans, grinding mills also participate in producing big noise. Therefore, you must have seen workers in these factories and industries wearing ear plugs to minimize the effect of noise.2. Poor Urban Planning:In most of the developing countries, poor urban planning also plays a vital role. Congested houses, large families sharing small space, fight over parking, frequent fights over basic amenities leads to noise pollution which may disrupt the environment of society.3. Social Events:Noise is at its peak in most of the social events. Whether it is marriage, parties, pub, disc or place of worship, people normally flout rules set by the local administration and create nuisance in the area. People play songs on full volume and dance till midnight which makes the condition of people living nearby pretty worse. In markets, you can see people selling clothes via making loud noise to attract the attention of people.4. Transportation:Large number of vehicles on roads, aero planes flying over houses, underground trains produce heavy noise and people get it difficult to get accustomed to that. The high noise leads to a situation where in a normal person loses the ability to hear properly.5. Construction Activities:Under construction activities like mining, construction of bridges, dams, buildings, stations, roads, flyovers take place in almost every part of the world. These construction activities take place every day as we need more buildings, bridges to accommodate more people and to reduce traffic congestion. The down point is that these construction equipments are too noisy.6. Household Chores:We people are surrounded by gadgets and use them extensively in our daily life. Gadgets like TV, mobile, mixer grinder, pressure cooker, vacuum cleaners, washing machine and dryer, cooler, air conditioners are minor contributors to the amount of noise that is produced but it affects the quality of life of your neighborhood in a bad way.While this form of pollution may seem harmless, it in fact has far reaching consequences. The adverse effects on the health of the environment are quite severe. Not only is the local wildlife affected by the pollution, humans also face a number of problems due to it.Control of Noise Pollution:Some of the ways to control noise pollution are as follows: (1) Control at Receivers End (2) Suppression of Noise at Source (3) Acoustic Zoning (4) Sound Insulation at Construction Stages (5) Planting of Trees (6) Legislative Measures.From the above discussion, it is evident that noise is not merely a nuisance but is a serious environmental problem and a health hazard.Like all other pollutions, noise pollution needs to be controlled by measures which will maintain the acceptable levels of noise pollution for human beings and buildings as indicated.Noise pollution can be effectively controlled by taking the following measures:(1) Control at Receivers End:For people working in noisy installations, ear-protection aids like ear-plugs, ear-muffs, noise helmets, headphones etc. must be provided to reduce occupational exposure.(2) Suppression of Noise at Source:This is possible if working methods are improved by:(a) Designing, fabricating and using quieter machines to replace the noisy ones.(b) Proper lubrication and better maintenance of machines.(c) Installing noisy machines in sound proof chambers.(d) Covering noise-producing machine parts with sound-absorbing materials to check noise production.(e) Reducing the noise produced from a vibrating machine by vibration damping i.e. making a layer of damping material (rubber, neoprene, cork or plastic) beneath the machine.(f) Using silencers to control noise from automobiles, ducts, exhausts etc. and convey systems with ends opening into the atmosphere.(g) Using glass wool or mineral wool covered with a sheet of perforated metal for the purpose of mechanical protection.(3)Acoustic Zoning:Increased distance between source and receiver by zoning of noisy industrial areas, bus terminals and railway stations, aerodromes etc. away from the residential areas would go a long way in minimising noise pollution. There should be silence zones near the residential areas, educational institutions and above all, near hospitals.(4)Sound Insulation at Construction Stages:(a) Sound travels through the cracks that get left between the door and the wall. For reducing noise, this space (jamb frame gap) should be packed with sound absorbing material.(b) Sound insulation can be done by constructing windows with double or triple panes of glass and filling the gaps with sound absorbing materials.(c) Acoustical tiles, hair felt, perforated plywood etc. can be fixed on walls, ceilings, floors etc. to reduce noise (especially for sound proof recording rooms etc.)(5)Planting of Trees:Planting green trees and shrubs along roads, hospitals, educational institutions etc. help in noise reduction to a considerable extent.(6)Legislative Measures:Strict legislative measures need to be enforced to curb the menace of noise pollution. Some of these measures could be:(a) Minimum use of loudspeakers and amplifiers especially near silence zones.(b) Banning pressure horns in automobiles.(c) Framing a separate Noise Pollution Act.

Q3) Write the role of information Technology in protection of human health.Ans:Information technology also plays a key role in human health. It helps the doctors to monitor the health of people of that area. The information regarding outbreak of epidemic diseases from remote areas can be sent more quickly to the district administration to take corrective measures. Now, patients can seek help of a super specialist doctor placed at far off distance. Many hospitals now, take on-line help of experts to provide better treatment and services to their patients. This has become possible only because of advancement of IT in the recent times.Protecting the human health has always been an issue, as the geographical changes, pollution, personal stress; natural calamities are raising new problems for the health. The U.V. rays, frequent change in climate of the places etc are making problems in living a healthy life in this situation Information Technology; the fastest growing technology is playing a vital role to protect the human health.Information technology has developed software which has are helping the doctors to take better care of the health of the individual. The invention of telemedicine is one such invention which has made an excellent use of information technology to provide medical service from one location to another. Lots of techniques and tools have been designed to be used under Information technology for better analyzing and understanding of data to protest the human health.Benefit of Information TechnologyInformation technology has changed the health care system from the way it was before. It has made the protection of human health in advanced manner by providing the computer and internet to make computerized records of the patients, computer based decision support tool for taking important decision, hospital information system, tele-medicine etc has opened the way to protect the human health in less time and at low cost.The invention of online health care is amongst the major contribution on the information technology in protecting the human health. By this online health care patient can be taken care not only by general physicians but the super specialist doctors irrespective of the location. The information technology has given the gift of database. With it data on various topics can be kept in the computer and retrieved on need. Now it is possible to maintain a more accurate data regarding the death rate, birth rate, of the programs on immunization and sanitation, about the disease like malaria etc.Health Information TechnologyInformation technology for protecting the human health has been a new dimension in the name of Health information technology (HIT). Itis such an information technology that includes application of both computer software and hardware dealing with the retrieval, storage, sharing, and use of health care data, information, and knowledge for decision making and communication.It is considered as one of the most promising tool for the protection of the human heath as it will not only help to get increase health care efficiency and productivity but will help to detection of outbreak infectious disease across the country, will help in tracking the precautionary measures to prevent the spreading of the disease. It is also helpful in preventing medical errors leading to more health care accuracy, reduces the cost of health care, offers a real time communication with the health care professional on health information etc.HIT, technology represents not only computers but also communications that will help to build network for moving health information. Every second person is facing some health problem to overcome this problem information technology playing important role to protect the human health live a healthy life.

Q5) What do you mean by alternate energy sources?Ans:Alternative energyis any energy source that is an alternative tofossil fuel. These alternatives are intended to address concerns about such fossil fuels.The nature of what constitutes an alternative energy source has changed considerably over time, as have controversies regarding energy use. Today, because of the variety of energy choices and differing goals of their advocates, defining some energy types as "alternative" is highly controversial.In a general sense, alternative energy as it is currently conceived, is that which is produced orrecoveredwithout the undesirable consequences inherent infossil fueluse, particularly highcarbon dioxideemissions (greenhouse gas), an important factor inglobal warming.Alternative energy encompasses all those things that do not consume fossil fuel. They are widely available andenvironmentfriendly. They cause little or almost no pollution. There have been several alternativeenergyprojects running in various countries to reduce our dependence on traditional fossil fuels. There are many impressive options that you can take into consideration. Here in you will learn more about alternative energy sources that you can take into consideration.First, alternate energy sources are often renewable. Unlike most fossil fuels they are easily available and dont have a finite supply. The most well known types of such energy are solar power and wind power. The Sun is naturally Earths most abundant energy source and will be around for billions of years. This is a resource that essentially human beings wont be worried about running out of anytime soon. Wind is a constant in Earths atmosphere and can also be continually harvested without exhausting the supply.Another factor is that many alternative energy supplies are clean. This means they have few or zero carbon emissions and produce few toxic byproducts. They are considered to be energy sources that wont pollute the environment as they are being used. This is why nuclear power is not fully accepted as an alternative energy source. The high toxicity of radioactive materials has made it less popular as a viable energy source. However less poisonous types of nuclear power like nuclear fusion are being studied. Hydroelectric power is a clean alternative energy source because water is the only power source.Q6) Discuss the various laws and acts for control of air pollution, water and environmental conservation.Ans:In the Constitution of India it is clearly stated that it is the duty of the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. It imposes a duty on every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife. Reference to the environment has also been made in the Directive Principles of State Policy as well as the Fundamental Rights. The Department of Environment was established in India in 1980 to ensure a healthy environment for the country. This later became the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985.The constitutional provisions are backed by a number of laws acts, rules, and notifications. The EPA (Environment Protection Act), 1986 came into force soon after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and is considered an umbrella legislation as it fills many gaps in the existing laws. Thereafter a large number of laws came into existence as the problems began arising, for example, Handling and Management of Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989.Following is a list of the environmental legislations that have come into effect:GeneralForest and wildlifeWaterAirGeneral:1986 - The Environment (Protection) Actauthorizes the central government to protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all sources, and prohibit or restrict the setting and /or operation of any industrial facility on environmental grounds.1986 - The Environment (Protection) Ruleslay down procedures for setting standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants.1989 - The objective of Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rulesis to control the generation, collection, treatment, import, storage, and handling of hazardous waste.1989 - The Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Rulesdefine the terms used in this context, and sets up an authority to inspect, once a year, the industrial activity connected with hazardous chemicals and isolated storage facilities.1989 - The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of hazardous Micro-organisms/ Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Ruleswere introduced with a view to protect the environment, nature, and health, in connection with the application of gene technology and microorganisms.1991 - The Public Liability Insurance Act and Rules and Amendment, 1992was drawn up to provide for public liability insurance for the purpose of providing immediate relief to the persons affected by accident while handling any hazardous substance.1995 - The National Environmental Tribunal Acthas been created to award compensation for damages to persons, property, and the environment arising from any activity involving hazardous substances.1997 - The National Environment Appellate Authority Acthas been created to hear appeals with respect to restrictions of areas in which classes of industries etc. are carried out or prescribed subject to certain safeguards under the EPA.1998 - The Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rulesis a legal binding on the health care institutions to streamline the process of proper handling of hospital waste such as segregation, disposal, collection, and treatment.1999 - The Environment (Siting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999lay down detailed provisions relating to areas to be avoided for siting of industries, precautionary measures to be taken for site selecting as also the aspects of environmental protection which should have been incorporated during the implementation of the industrial development projects.2000 - The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000apply to every municipal authority responsible for the collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing, and disposal of municipal solid wastes.2000 - The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control)Rules have been laid down for the regulation of production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.2001 - The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001rules shall apply to every manufacturer, importer, re-conditioner, assembler, dealer, auctioneer, consumer, and bulk consumer involved in the manufacture, processing, sale, purchase, and use of batteries or components so as to regulate and ensure the environmentally safe disposal of used batteries.2002 - The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment)Rules lay downsuch terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution, permit use of loud speakers or public address systems during night hours (between 10:00 p.m. to 12:00 midnight) on or during any cultural or religious festive occasion2002 - The Biological Diversity Actis an act to provide for the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources and knowledge associated with it

Forest and wildlife:1927 - The Indian Forest Act and Amendment, 1984,is one of the many surviving colonial statutes. It was enacted to consolidate the law related to forest, the transit of forest produce, and the duty leviable on timber and other forest produce.1972 - The Wildlife Protection Act, Rules 1973 and Amendment 1991provides for the protection of birds and animals and for all matters that are connected to it whether it be their habitat or the waterhole or the forests that sustain them.1980 - The Forest (Conservation) Act and Rules, 1981,provides for the protection of and the conservation of the forests.Water:1882 - The Easement Actallows private rights to use a resource that is, groundwater, by viewing it as an attachment to the land. It also states that all surface water belongs to the state and is a state property.1897 - The Indian Fisheries Actestablishes two sets of penal offences whereby the government can sue any person who uses dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) with intent to catch or destroy any fish or poisonous fish in order to kill.1956 - The River Boards Actenables the states to enroll the central government in setting up an Advisory River Board to resolve issues in inter-state cooperation.1970 - The Merchant Shipping Actaims to deal with waste arising from ships along the coastal areas within a specified radius.1974 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Actestablishes an institutional structure for preventing and abating water pollution. It establishes standards for water quality and effluent. Polluting industries must seek permission to discharge waste into effluent bodies.The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was constituted under this act.1977 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Actprovides for the levy and collection of cess or fees on water consuming industries and local authorities.1978 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rulescontains the standard definitions and indicate the kind of and location of meters that every consumer of water is required to affix.1991 - The Coastal Regulation Zone Notificationputs regulations on various activities, including construction, are regulated. It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuaries.Air:1948 The Factories Act and Amendment in 1987was the first to express concern for the working environment of the workers. The amendment of 1987 has sharpened its environmental focus and expanded its application to hazardous processes.1981 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Actprovides for the control and abatement of air pollution. It entrusts the power of enforcing this act to the CPCB.1982 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rulesdefines the procedures of the meetings of the Boards and the powers entrusted to them.1982 - The Atomic Energy Actdeals with the radioactive waste.1987 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Actempowers the central and state pollution control boards to meet with grave emergencies of air pollution.1988 - The Motor Vehicles Actstates that all hazardous waste is to be properly packaged, labeled, and transported.

Q7) Write a short note:1. Disaster Management2. World Food ProblemAns(1):Disaster management(oremergency management) is the creation of plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.Disaster management does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead it focuses on creating plans to decrease the impact of disasters. Failure to create a plan could lead to damage to assets, human mortality, and lost revenue. Currently in the United States 60% businesses do not have emergency management plans.Events covered by disaster management include acts ofterrorism, industrialsabotage,fire,natural disasters(such asearthquakes, hurricanes, etc.),public disorder, industrial accidents, and communication failures.TheUnited Nations defines a disasteras a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.TheRed Cross and Red Crescent societies define disaster managementas the organisation and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.TheRed Cross and Red Crescent National Societies, supported by the International Federation, work with communities to reduce risk, mitigate the effects of, prepare to respond, respond to and recover from disasters.Disaster Managementcan be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particularpreparedness,responseandrecoveryin order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Ans(2):One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earths resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into peoples mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become aserious problemamong many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all.

Danielle Knight stated that The true source ofworld hungeris not scarcity but policy; not inevitability but politics, the real culprits are economies that fail to offer everyone opportunities, and societies that place economic efficiency over compassion. The author is trying to say that, basically, world hunger is mainly caused by us humans. The world is providing more than enough food for each and every one of us on earth according to the report - 'World Hunger: Twelve Myths'. The problem is that there are so many people living in the third world countries who do not have the money to pay for readily available food. Even if their country has excess food, they still go hungry because of poverty. Since people are mistaken by scarcity is the real cause of this problem, governments and institutions are starting to solve food shortage problems by increasing food production, while there really is an excess of food in some countries. Although thegreen revolutionwas a big success globally, hunger still exists in some countries. The author stated, Large farms, free-markets, free trade, and more aid from industrialized countries, have all been falsely touted as the cure to end hunger. All of those are used to promote exports and food production, it doesnt increase the poors ability to buy food he says. What the government really should do is to balance out the economy, and let more people earn more money to buy more foods.

Sandra Postel, on the other hand, has a different opinion than Danielles. She proposed that without increasing water productivity in irrigation, major food-producing regions will not have enough water to sustain crop production. A large portion of the worlds food comes from irrigated cropland. The productivity of irrigation is in jeopardy from the over pumping of groundwater, Sandra says. Theres an annual water deficit of some 160 billion cubic meters, the amount used to produce nearly 10 percent of the worlds grain. If we over pump groundwater, the wells will eventually dry up, and it will become too expensive to pump from greater depths. The problem for water shortage will only get worse as the population grows. Already many countries are now suffering from not having enough water to meet domestic demands for food, creating a source of potential political instability, Sandra says. Sandra also stated that governments arent really helping to solve this food shortage problem. There is no treaty among all the parties that sets out how that river water should be shared. In the absence of water-sharing agreements, tensions are bound to rise. Sandras way to solve this problem is the Blue Revolution. Most of the farmers today irrigate the way their predecessors did hundreds of years ago. We need to boost our water productivity by newer technologies and better management for water. The inefficient use of water by people will eventually lead to more severe problems in the upcoming future.

Danielle proposed that economic policies should be changed so that there will be less poor people and therefore, ultimately improve the condition of world hunger. Sandra on the contrary, proposed a method called the Blue Revolution which boosts the water production in some major river flowing countries. Even though, both of them agreed that the governments policy is a huge factor of this problem. Their methods are practical, if people all over the world work together as a whole. Nothing can be done if selfishness exists. People should all stand out and face this problem together instead of ignoring it as if its none of their businesses. If we can do this, the problem of food shortage should get better as future arrives.

B.A. II YEAR (SEM III)ASSIGNMENT IIIDRAMA

Q1) what is Synges attitude towards nature in Riders to the Sea?Ans:Riders to the Sea is a one act tragedy, first performed in Dublin (Ireland) in 1904. The play is written by the Irish playwright John Millington Synge.In large part, the whole play is about reconciling the relationship of the natural to the supernatural. In the dangerous natural environment of the Aran Islands, where the sea is a constant threat to the fishermens lives, the inhabitants must reconcile their real-world lives with their beliefs in the supernatural. In the real, natural world, a drowned sailors body washes up on shore and is identified by his distinct knitted sweater. In the supernatural world, he is delivered to his family by riding a pale horse, a universal symbol for death. The family, which has already lost members to the sea, sees as inevitable this tragedy, because life itself on the Aran Islands is a battle with natural elements. The term reconcile indicates this acknowledgment, and gives the play its poignant tone.In Synge's "Riders to the Sea," the sea is that which provides a living, such as it is, for the characters of the small cottage. Unfortunately, it is also that which causes their suffering.The men of the family, past and present, were and are trapped, in a sense. To make a living, they must go to sea. But the sea is the bringer of suffering and tragedy. They are, in effect, in a no-win situation. They must go to sea to survive economically, but death on the sea is so common that all of Maurya's sons, as well as her husband, are killed on it.Set on an island, the play's characters are, of course, constantly surrounded by the sea. The sea, therefore, pervades the play, contributing to the tragic mood. For Maurya, the only escape is to lose every male in the family. She finds a sort of peace when she loses everything she has to lose. Having nothing left for the sea to take, Maurya no longer has reason to fear it. She is a tragic figure resigned to her suffering.

Q2) How are the lives and beliefs of people of the Aran Islands Conveyed in Riders to the Sea?Ans:The Aran Islands, besides being an actual group of islands in the Atlantic, stood as symbols for Synge of isolation, independence, attachment to the natural elements (in opposition to human society and psychological rules). The families attachment to the sea was both economic and spiritualthe dependence on fishing as a trade, together with the automatic danger of being at the mercy of the seas power, even to connect with the mainland, gradual built in the community a quasi-religious belief in the inevitability of death at sea, with its concomitant illusions (such as Mauryas seeing her sons ghost on the horse.) Interesting also is the juxtaposition of scientific cause-and-effect reasoning (logic), such as identifying a drowned body by recognizing a unique flaw in the knitting of a sweater (in real life, too, each family had its own knitting pattern). Synge conveys these beliefs and traditions by dramatizing the attrition of Mauryas children, and her gradual acceptance of the Biblical meaning of riders to the sea. Her acceptance of her last sons fate is further conveyed by Synges treatment of the daughters, themselves inevitably future mothers of future dead sons. Synges other important isolation play,Playboy of the Western World, continues to dramatize the dichotomy between social laws and the laws of Nature (sexual attraction, alienation of generations, etc.), but here in a comic motif.

Q3) What does it mean to say that Lord of the Flies is an Allegorical novel? What are its important symbols?Ans:Lord of the Fliesis an allegorical novel in that it contains characters and objects that directly represent the novels themes and ideas. Goldings central point in the novel is that a conflict between the impulse toward civilization and the impulse toward savagery rages within each human individual. Each of the main characters in the novel represents a certain idea or aspect of this spectrum between civilization and savagery. Ralph, for instance, embodies the civilizing impulse, as he strives from the start to create order among the boys and to build a stable society on the island. Piggy, meanwhile, represents the scientific and intellectual aspects of civilization. At the other end of the spectrum, Jack embodies the impulse toward savagery and the unchecked desire for power and domination. Even more extreme is Roger, who represents the drive for violence and bloodlust in its purest form. Furthermore, just as various characters embody thematic concepts in the novel, a number of objects do as well. The conch shell, which is used to summon the boys to gatherings and as a emblem of the right to speak at those gatherings, represents order, civilization, and political legitimacy. Piggys glasses, which are used to make fire, represent the power of science and intellectual endeavor. The sows head in the jungle, meanwhile, embodies the human impulse toward savagery, violence, and barbarism that exists within each person. ThroughoutLord of the Flies,Golding uses these characters and objects to represent and emphasize elements of the themes and ideas he explores in the novel.

Q4) Where were the boys going in the plane? Describe what Happened to it.Ans:Golding never directly says where the boys were going in the novel, but the reader can draw conclusions based on the information and details that the author does provide. The boys in the story are English school boys, and were more than likely being evacuated from their home country to escape the possibility of atomic warfare, which Piggy hysterically mentions to Ralph at the beginning of the first chapter:"Not them. Didn't you hear what the pilot said? About the atom bomb? They're all dead" (14).Later in the first chapter when Jack and the choir boys are introduced, Jack mentions the plane's stopping points when he makes fun of Simon's sickness:"'He's always throwing a faint,' said Merridew. 'He did in Gib.; and Addis; and at matins over the precentor'" (20).Jack's reference contains some pertinent geographical information about the boys' plane route. From England, they flew to a refueling station in Gibraltar (Spain) and then on to Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); if you make a straight line between these two locations, that same line travels on toward Australia, which more than likely was the boys' destination. Australia would be a logical evacuation site; the country is far from Europe, but is still British (part of the Commonwealth).The setting of William Golding'sLord of the Fliesis a tropical island; the characters are English schoolboys who were on an airplane which was evacuating them during World War II. Golding is not especially forthcoming about the particulars of the crash which deposits the boys on the island, but several deductions can be made about the crash and the whereabouts of the wrecked aircraft.First, the airplane was low enough to leave a "scar" in the island jungle. In fact, the first description of the island includes a reference to it: "the long scar smashed into the jungle." Later Piggy notes that the scar was made by the cabin of the plane. This is undoubtedly why the boys are able to survive the crash.Second, none of the adults survived. There was a pilot and a "man with a megaphone" shouting orders to the boys in the passenger cabin, but neither of them survived. Piggy recalls looking out of the plane's window and seeing flames coming from what must have been the wing. Despite that, the cabin cut through the jungle and the boys survived.Finally, the aircraft must have been dragged to sea in the storm. What happened to it? [Ralph] asked. Wheres it got to now? Piggy answered:That storm dragged it out to sea. It wasnt half dangerous with all the tree trunks falling. There must have been some kids still in it.Of course we learn that all of the boys survived, but this is the best explanation we get about where the actual airplane went after the crash.

Q8) Discuss the Assessment of Riders to the sea as successful Example of one act-play.Ans:The one-act play structure concentrates the action and thus the theme, into an uncomplicated story, almost an anecdote rather than a narrative. By limiting the character developments of the other people in the story, notably the sisters, the author can concentrate on the character of the Aran Isles themselves, and dramatize the repetitions in the plot elements (losses at sea of family members). What is dramatized in a one-act play is a brief but condensed vision into a universal truth, while a longer play, say the works of Ibsen, relates a specific example of several general truths. The three-act play structure, let us say as delineated by Eugene Scribe, breaks a plays development into rising action, first complication, denouement, etc., while a one act plays structure is a thrust in one direction, reaching its climactic image with little structure other than the inevitability of the forces set in motion by, here, the natural laws of the sea.TheRiders to the sea(1904) is one of the masterpieces of our modern theatre. It is simple, but grand touching almost all the strings of one-act play. Synges (1871-1909) depiction of the Aran Islanders in the mouth of devouring sea is squeered up to a single family but opines the universal note of fate through the brief space of one-act play.Synge is a very superb artist. By strictly observing the three unitics, Synge has provedRiders to the seaas a successful one-act play with no sub-plots or digresign. The life of the Aran Islanders is depicted beautifully by introducing only four characters on the stage whereas Bartleys appearance is not more than ten minutes. So if we glance toKing hearwe have the same poignant grief with the small carvas in the sketchy paint ofRiders to the sea. Here the dramatist has taken only sixty minutes or less, switches on the climax and bids farewell with a proper denouement. Sea is the source of the Aran Islanders living and dying. Sea has snatched away almost all the males except Bastley when we just open out the curtain. It begins with the sheadow of Michaels death on his mother and sisters and closes with the death of Bartley. So Mauryas keening touches every readersMichael has a clean burial in the far north, by the grace of the Almightly God. Bartley will have a fine coffin out of white boards, and a deep grave surely. What more can we want than that? No man at all can be living forever, and we must be satisfied.Heres a note eternal acceptance of fate and constant struggle. With the sketchey space the play presents the seamless garment of time, the past extending into the present, which is responsible for much of the plays effect.So like the sucoessful one act plays (Like Thornton WildersThe Happy Journey, Anton ChekovsA Marriage Proposal, Ternessee WilliamsLord Byrons Love Letter) it is characterized by compactress, consciousness and restrained. Synge with his unerring sense of balance and proportions has given us the most compact structure. The play has grand, stark simplicity and controlled intensity of feeling. What strikes one most is intense poetic.

B.A. II YEAR (SEM III)ASSIGNMENT IVREPRESENTATIVE POLITICALTHINKERS

Q2) Explain the Dr. Ambedkars Political Phylosophy?Ans:Ambedkar is influenced by all the major political traditions of his times. His political thought has emerged from the three grand traditions of political thought, i.e. liberal, conservative and radical. The unique feature about him is that he has transcended all these traditions. He was influenced by the ideas of John Dewey, the pragmatic American and the teacher of him. The Fabian Edwin R. A. Seligman had considerable impact on his thought. He often quoted Edmund Burke, the conservative thinker of British, though we cant brand Ambedkar as conservative. Ambedkars notion of liberty comes close to T.H. Green.Ambedkars philosophy is primarily ethical and religious. He thoroughly explored the Indian traditions and its philosophical systems in a unique way. He developed political concepts like democracy, justice, state and rights from his understanding of Indian society and the functioning of its institutions on the moral grounds. He is very critical of the institution of caste, which influences all the spheres of individuals life and the Indian society as a whole. He further discusses how individual is related to society and how individuals freedom is limited by other social forces. He is critical of authoritarian Hindu social order and argued in favor of democratic society. He probed into the moral and social foundations of India and gave new meaning to the lives of disadvantaged people. His was a rationale approach. Reason plays a role in his writings and speeches. The methodology he used is very scientific rather speculative. He was influenced by the assumptions of modernity. He is well informed in many areas of Indian history, polity, culture, anthropology and philosophy. He quotes many thinkers in his writings those who are influenced him.The notion of community is central to his thinking. To say that individuals make up society is trivial; society is always composed of classes. It may be exaggeration to assert the theory of class conflict, but the existence of definite classes in society is a fact an individual in a society is always a member of a class. A caste is an enclosed class. Brahmins created caste and it is extended to other servile classes. Caste is endogamous unit and also a communal unit. His political theory was premised on moral community. It was as an ideal to be realised. He was very much critical about the Hindu social order. He argues that Hinduism is not qualified to be a community. Buddhism was projected as the ideal having the value of community grounding on morality. He considers that Buddhism attempted to found society on the basis of reason and morality.His conception of community is very novel. He does not confirm to either Hindu ideal community or Marxist conception of community based on participation in production process. His conception of community is moral and ethical. It is not automatically available for participation in common affairs. His idea of community has to be created through hard and torturous process of moral transformation.

Q4) Write Silent features of medieval political thoughtAns:The important features of the period can be summarised as follows:-1. Institution of Monarchy: Monarchy was considered as the best form of government. Divine origin of kingship was generally accepted. King was considered as the agent of God on earth. A Monarch could be hereditary, elected or nominated by the grace of God.2. Spread of Universalism: Universalism was preached during this period.People believed in the existence of a universal society. The fundamental feature of Universalism is the belief and faith in the spiritual salvation of human kind as a whole.3. Co existence of temporal and spiritual authorities: Both temporal and spiritual authoritys co existed. Emperor was a worldly agent and thePope was considered as a spiritual agent. Both of them co existed with certain level of competition as well as co operation. Both were considered as un avoidable for the society.4. Scholasticism and the study of Pre Christian values: Pre-Christian concepts like Aristotelianism were studied by scholars. The clout ofPapacy increased considerably.5. Competition of Church and the empire: During this period, theChristian Church increased its influence in the society and it became something parallel to the Monarchy wielding almost equal powers if not more. The church considered them as superior as the Pope was considered as the representative of God on earth. He could use his power to excommunicate the king also. On the other side, the King considered himself as the representative of God on earth having power to rule.6. Source of Law: In the middle ages, the Law was something personal and habitual. It was never national or territorial. Nobody knew the origin of law. Everybody accepted it as it is. Nobody questioned it. They were considered permanent and eternal.7. Absence of the concept of sovereignty: There was no concept of Sovereignty in the middle ages. People followed the moral order. Church authority and the authority of the king co existed. Both these checked each other. There was no concept of a sovereign authority which was supreme in internal or external matters.8. Feudalism: The fundamental characteristics of the social order of the middle Ages were Feudalism. It affected all the people or classes. Feudal lords owned large tracts of land which they gave to the tenants for cultivation. The terms and conditions were fixed by the Land lord according to his whims and fancies. Perhaps the only working class was the farmers and laborers. The brunt of economic production fell solely on the shoulders of the workers. The other classes remained exploitative in nature.9. Theory of two swords: In the middle ages, the church fathers put forward a theory that the human life consists of a combination of spiritual and temporal aspects. The spiritual aspect should be looked after by the church. The king can look after only the temporal or worldly aspects. Out of these two, the spiritual aspects are superior in nature. The principal idea behind this concept is the biblical verses Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars and unto God the things that are Gods. The church taught that the soul is superior to the body.

Q5) Write the effect of Modern political thought of Machiavelli?Ans:One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period wasNiccole Machiavelli'sThe Prince, written between 151112, and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well asThe Discourses, a rigorous analysis of theclassical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (includingJean-Jacques Rousseau) interpreted The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence.[17]Though the work was written for the di Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported theRepublic of Florencerather than theoligarchyof the diMedicifamily. At any rate, Machiavelli presents apragmaticand somewhatconsequentialityview of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an endi.e., the secure and powerful state.Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of thesocial contract, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during theEnglish Renaissance. Although neither Machiavelli nor Hobbes believed in the divine right of kings, they both believed in the inherent selfishness of the individual. It was necessarily this belief that led them to adopt a strong central power as the only means of preventing the disintegration of the social order.Notwithstanding some mitigating themes, theCatholic ChurchbannedThe Prince, putting it on theIndex Librorum Prohibitorum.Humanistsalso viewed the book negatively, includingErasmusofRotterdam. As a treatise, its primary intellectual contribution to the history of political thought is the fundamental break between politicalrealismand political idealism, due to it being a manual on acquiring and keeping political power. In contrast withPlatoandAristotle, Machiavelli insisted that an imaginary ideal society is not a model by which a prince should orient himself.Concerning the differences and similarities in Machiavelli's advice to ruthless and tyrannical princes inThe Princeand his more republican exhortations inDiscourses on Livy, many have concluded thatThe Prince, although written as advice for a monarchical prince, contains arguments for the superiority of republican regimes, similar to those found in theDiscourses. In the 18th century, the work was even called asatire, for example byJean-Jacques Rousseau. More recently, commentators such asLeo StraussandHarvey Mansfieldhave agreed that thePrincecan be read as having a deliberate comical irony.

Q6) What are the ideas of J.S. Mill about liberty?Ans:John Stuart Mill's view onliberty, which was influenced byJoseph PriestleyandJosiah Warren, is that theindividualought to be free to do as he wishes unless he harms others. Individuals are rational enough to make decisions about their well being. Government should interfere when it is for the protection of society. Mill explained:The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right...The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns him, his independence is, of right,absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, theindividualissovereign. Mill added: "Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end is their improvement, and the means justified by actually affecting that end. Liberty, as a principle, has no application to any state of things anterior to the time when mankind have become capable of being improved by free and equal discussion."On Libertyis a philosophical work byEnglish philosopherJohn Stuart Mill, originally intended as a short essay. The work, published in 1859, applies Mill's ethical system ofutilitarianismto society and the state.[1][2]Mill attempts to establish standards for the relationship betweenauthorityandliberty. He emphasizes the importance of individualitywhich he conceived as a prerequisite to the higher pleasuresthesummum bonumof Utilitarianism. Furthermore, Mill criticised the errors of past attempts to defend individuality where, for example, democratic ideals resulted in the"tyranny of the majority". Among the standards established in this work are Mill's three basic liberties of individuals, his three legitimate objections to government intervention, and his two maxims regarding the relationship of the individual to society "which together form the entire doctrine of [Mill's] Essay."On Libertywas a greatly influential and well received work, although it did not go without criticism. Some attacked it for its apparent discontinuity withUtilitarianism, while others criticised its vagueness. The ideas presented inOn Libertyhave remained the basis of much liberal political thought. It has remained in print continuously since its initial publication. To this day, a copy ofOn Libertyis passed to the president of the BritishLiberal Democratsas asymbol of office. A copy of the same book is also presented to and then held by the president of theParty as a symbol of office.

Q7) Describe the economic determination of Marx?Ans:Economic determinism is a theory typically attributed toKarl Marx(1818-1883), a German philosopher, sociologist, and economist. Though his father was a Lutheran, Marx became an atheist and famously said later in life that religion was the 'opium of the people.' Keep in mind that he was not one of the Marx Brothers (Chico, Harpo, and Groucho), the family comedy troupe famous in the first half of the 20th century.Instead of comedy, Karl Marx focused on the most serious problem of his era--the poverty of the working class. Working as a journalist, including ten years as the British correspondent for theNew York Daily Tribune, he observed poverty and began developing his own economic theories. Many business leaders and intellectuals of his era considered the masses of poor people as a natural component of society; even suggesting that poverty was divinely ordained as natural. Marx rejected this view and claimed that poverty in the 19th century directly resulted from capitalism, the right to private property, and the control of the means of production by a bourgeois, elite minority.Marx had a unique view of history known as historical materialism. This means that you cannot understand the past by focusing on its people, politics, wars, legal traditions, philosophy, religion, etc. Instead, according to Marx, history was shaped by the material conditions, how they changed over time, and the struggles between those in power and the subjects of their oppression.Central to understanding historical materialism was Marx's economic theory of history, or economic determinism. Marx elevated economics as the main force that shaped a civilization. Therefore, economic determinism meant that society took its shape, or was determined, by the specific economic structures and relationships in place. Economics defined not just the workplace, but also religion, family, law, and every other component of life at a particular time.

B.A. II YEAR (SEM III)ASSIGNMENT VRURAL AND URBAN SOCIOLOGY

Q1) How can we make difference between Rural and Urban Society?Ans: The main difference between the two societies as under:Rural society was one which has not industrialized, whereas present day urban society is highly urbanized and industrialized.

Rural Society (Pre-industrial Society)

1. Life in the society was very simple and reflected in the way of living, dressing, food habits, shelter and manners etc.2. The people in the society had homogeneity and thus enjoyed more or less the same social status.3. In the rural society there was very little scope for occupational mobility.4. Here the family played a very significant and predominant role. Its hold was very strong.5. In villages there is no fast change and as such no necessity for social adaptability.6. In the rural society culture was very deep-rooted. Everyone loved culture and cultural heritage above everything else.7. In a rural society there is no division of labour.8. Rural society did not give due and proper respect to the womenfolk.9. In this society people loved nature and natural bounties. They were religious minded and afraid of gods and goddesses.10. There were very few chances of providing employment and incentives to the unemployed by the society.

Urban Society (Industrial Society):1. Life in the city is not simple but very complex and complicated.2. The people in the city belong to different castes, creeds, religions and cultures, thus do not enjoy the same social status.3. In cities there are many occupations, so occupational mobility is as well as frequent.4. In the cities hold of families is not strong, and many functions which the families used to perform have been taken away by other institutions and associations.5. In the cities there must be fast mobility and adaptability to suit ever changing fast life.6. In the cities it is different to find pure culture.7. In an urban community there is always division of labour and specialisation in job allotment.8. In urban communities women enjoys comparatively high social status.9. In cities, people have no time to stand and gaze at the nature. They are not religious minded but more materialistic.10. The cities provide both incentive and employment to the people and thus frustrated villages find solace in the cities which respects ability and judges their worth.

Q2) What is the importance of Rural Society?Ans:Despite the ever-accelerating rate of urban growth throughout the world, especially of large cities, since 1800, a majority of the worlds population is rural and a majority of the nations of the world have predominantly rural populations. The percentage of the worlds population living in localities of less than 20,000 was 97.6 in 1800, 95.7 in 1850, 90.8 in 1900, and 79.1 in 1950 (United Nations, Bureau of Social Affairs, 1957, pp. 111-143). For major world areas, the estimates of the percentage of the population living in places of less than 20,000 in 1950 were: Africa, 91; Asia, 87; Central America, 79; South America, 74; U.S.S.R., 69; Europe (excluding the U.S.S.R.), 65; North America, 58; and Oceania, 53 (Joint UN/UNESCO Seminar on Urbanization in the ECAFE Region, Bangkok, 1956, 1957, p. 98). This percentage decline in rural population has been accompanied by an increase in the number of persons living in localities under 20,000; the estimated number was 1,897.8 million in 1950, compared with 1,460.1 million in 1900. In the majority of the less-developed countries, the rural population has continued to grow in numbers, whereas in the higher-income countries the pattern has varied in recent decades.The following illustrations use individual countries definitions of rural and urban. In England and Wales, which became less than half rural by 1851, the equilibrium at about 20 per cent rural maintained since 1921 is associated with some increase in the number of rural residents because the total population has grown (Saville 1957). In the United States, which became less than 50 per cent rural by 1920 and was 30 per cent rural in 1960, the rural population continued to grow in numbers until 1940 and since then has remained relatively constant, despite the reducing effects of changed statistical procedures. In Brazil, which contains one-third of all the people of the 20 Latin American countries, the percentage rural decreased from 68.8 in 1940 to 54.9 in I960; at the same time, the number of rural people increased by more than 10 million (Miro 1964). In India, although the urban population has grown at an accelerating rate, 82 per cent of the total population was rural in 1961; the rural population increased by 61 million during the preceding decade, whereas the urban population gained 16 million (Taylor et al. 1965, pp. 104-105). The concentration of rural population in low-income countries and the importance of rural society in plans for economic and social development give added significance to understanding rural society and its interrelationships with urban society.

Q3) Write the courses of migration from Rural areasAns:Urbanization occurs as individual, commercial flight, social and governmental efforts reduce time and expense in commuting and transportation and improve opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits the advantages of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition. However, the advantages of urbanization are weighed against alienation issues, stress, increased daily life costs, and negative social aspects that result from mass marginalization.Suburbanization, which is happening in the cities of the largest developing countries, was sold and seen as an attempt to balance these negative aspects of urban life while still allowing access to the large extent of shared resources.Cities are known to be places where money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized. Many rural inhabitants come to the city for reasons of seeking fortunes and social mobility. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital, are more concentrated in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the ports or banking systems that foreign money flows into a country, commonly located in cities.Economic opportunities are just one reason people move into cities, though they do not go to fully explain why urbanization rates have exploded only recently in places like China and India.Rural flightis a contributing factor to urbanization. In rural areas, often on small family farms or collective farms in villages, it has traditionally been difficult to access manufactured goods, though overallquality of lifeis very subjective, and may certainly surpass that of the city. Farm living has always been susceptible to unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times ofdrought,floodor pestilence, survival may become extremely problematic.Cities offer a larger variety of services, such as specialist services that aren't found in rural areas. Supporting the provision of these services requires workers, resulting in more numerous and varied job opportunities. Elderly individuals may be forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater for their health needs. Varied and high quality educational opportunities are another factor in urban migration, as well as the opportunity to join, develop, and seek out social communities.Urbanization also creates greater opportunities for women that are otherwise denied to them living in rural areas. This creates a gender-related transformation where women are engaged in paid employment and have access to education resulting in demographic implications in which fertility levels decline. However, women are still at a disadvantage due to their unequal position in the labour market, their inability to secure assets independently from male relatives and exposure to violence. People located in cities are more productive than those working outside dense agglomerations. An important question for the policy makers as well as for clustering people deals with the causality of this relationship that is whether people become more productive in cities due to certainagglomeration effectsor are cities simply attracting those who are more productive. Economists have recently shown that there exists indeed a large productivity gain due to locating in dense agglomerations.It is thus possible that agents locate in cities in order to benefit from these agglomeration effects.

Q4) What are the functions of Panchayati in Rural areas?Ans:Functions of the Panchayati Raj Bodies:Gaon Panchayat:1. Preparation of Annual Plans for the development of the Gaon Panchayat area.2. Preparation Annual Budget of Gaon Panchayat.3. Mobilisation of reliefs in natural calamities.4. Removal of encroachments on public properties.5. Organising voluntary labours and contribution for community works.6. Maintenance of essential statistics of villages.7. Such other development works as may be entrusted.Anchalik Panchayat:a. Preparation of Annual Plan in respect of the schemes entrusted to it by virtue of the Act and those assigned to it by the Government or the Zilla Parishad and submission thereof to the Zill Parishad within the prescribed time for integration with the District Plan;b. Consideration and consolidation of the Annual Plans of all Gaon Panchayats under the Anchalik Panchayat and submission of consolidated plan to the Zilla Parishad;c. Preparation of Annual Budget of the Anchalik Panchayat and submission to Zilla Parishad for approval within the prescribed time;d. Performing such functions and executing such works as may be entrusted to it by government or the Zilla Parishad;e. To assist the government in relief operation in natural calamities;f. Such other development works as may be entrusted.Zilla Parishad:It should be the function of a Zilla Parishad to prepare plans for economic development and social justice of the district and ensure the co-ordinated implementation of such plan

Q8) Write difference between class and caste?Ans:Following are the main differences between class and caste systems:1. Castes are found in Indian sub-continent only, especially in India, while classes are found almost everywhere. Classes are especially the characteristic of industrial societies of Europe and America. According to Dumont and Leach, caste is a unique phenomenon found only in India.2. Classes depend mainly on economic differences between groupings of individualsinequalities in possession and control of material resourceswhereas in caste system non-economic factors such as influence of religion [theory of karma, rebirth and ritual (purity-pollution)] are most important.3. Unlike castes or other types of strata, classes are not established by legal or religious provisions; membership is not based on inherited position as specified either legally or by custom. On the other hand, the membership is inherited in the caste system.4. Class system is typically more fluid than the caste system or the other types of stratification and the boundaries between classes are never clear-cut. Caste system is static whereas the class system is dynamic.5. In the class system, there are no formal restrictions on inter-dining and inter-marriage between people from different classes as is found in the caste system. Endogamy is the essence of caste system which is perpetuating it.6. Social classes are based on the principle of achievement, i.e., on ones own efforts, not simply given at birth as is common in the caste system and other types of stratification system. As such social mobility (movement upwards and downwards) is much more common in the class structure than in the caste system or in other types. In the caste system, individual mobility from one caste to another is impossible.This is why, castes are known as closed classes (D.N. Majumdar). It is a closed system of stratification in which almost all sons end up in precisely the same stratum their fathers occupied. The system of stratification in which there is high rate of upward mobility, such as that in the Britain and United States is known as open class system. The view that castes are closed classes is not accepted by M.N. Srinivas (1962) and Andre Beteille (1965).7. In the caste system and in other types of stratification system, inequalities are expressed primarily in personal relationships of duty or obligationbetween lower- and higher-caste individuals, between serf and lord, between slave and master. On the other hand, the nature of class system is impersonal. Class system operates mainly through large-scale connections of an impersonal kind.8. Caste system is characterised by cumulative inequality but class system is characterised by dispersed inequality.9. Caste system is an organic system but class has a segmentary character where various segments are motivated by competition (Leach, 1960).10. Caste works as an active political force in a village (Beteille, 1966) but class does not work so.

SEMESTER IV

B.A. II YEAR (SEM IV)ASSIGNMENT IFOUNDATION COURSE II(ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND SCIENTIFIC TEMPER)

Q1) Explain meaning and definition of Natural resources, classify Natural resources.Ans:Meaning:The sum total of all the physical, chemical, biological and social factors surrounding a man may be termed as environment. Each element in the surroundings forms resources on which the human beings depend, in order to develop economically and socially a better life system.Definition:Thus, a resource may be defined as any part of the environment such as land, water, air, mineral, forest, wildlife, fish, population etc. which the human beings utilize to promote their welfare. In other words, all means of satisfying human needs, at a given time and place are called resources.According to Ramade (1984), a resource may be defined as a form of energy and/or matter which is essential for the functioning of the organisms, populations and ecosystem. The ecological variables like energy, matter, space, time and diversity combined are referred as natural resources.Some resources are essential for the survival of all the living organisms like air, soil, water, plants and animals while others are specially valued by man to satisfy his material needs and desires such as minerals and fossil fuels. Thus, land, water, air, minerals, forests, wildlife as well as human beings are resources.Classification of resources:There are various methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability. These classifications are described below. On the basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into: Biotic Biotic resources are obtained from thebiosphere(living and organic material), such asforestsandanimals, and the materials that can be obtained from them.Fossil fuelssuch ascoalandpetroleumare also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter. Abiotic Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources includeland, freshwater,airand heavy metals includingoressuch asgold,iron,copper,silver, etc.Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the following ways: Potential resources Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example,petroleumoccurs with sedimentary rocks in various regions, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. Actual resources Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. The development of an actual resource, such aswood processingdepends upon the technology available and the cost involved. Reserve resources The part of an actual resource which can be developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource. Stock resources Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology. For example:hydrogen.Renewability is a very popular topic and many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or non-renewable: Renewable resources Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption. Non-renewable resources Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. By the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them,but coal and petroleum cannot berecycled.

Q2) Discuss the different uses of water resourcesAns:AgriculturalIt is estimated that 70% of worldwide water is used for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable.It takes around 2,000 - 3,000 litres of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need.This is a considerable amount, when compared to that required for drinking, which is between two and five litres. To produce food for the now over 7 billion people who inhabit the planet today requires the water that would fill a canal ten metres deep, 100 metres wide and 2100 kilometres long.Around fifty years ago, the common perception was that water was an infinite resource. At this time, there was fewer than half the current number of people on the planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense. This is because there are now seven billion people on the planet, their consumption of water-thirsty meat and vegetables is rising, and there is increasing competition for water fromindustry,urbanisationbiofuel crops, and water reliant food items. In the future, even more water will be needed to produce food because the Earth's population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050.An additional 2.5 or 3 billion people, choosing to eat fewer cereals and more meat and vegetables could add an additional five million kilometres to the virtual canal mentioned above.An assessment of water management in agriculture sector was conducted in 2007 by theInternational Water Management InstituteinSri Lankato see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population.It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas ofphysical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. One third of the worlds population does not have access to clean drinking water, which is more than 2.3 billion people. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencingeconomic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity makes it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.In some areas of the world, irrigation is necessary to grow any crop at all, in other areas it permits more profitable crops to be grown or enhances crop yield. Various irrigation methods involve different trade-offs between crop yield, water consumption and capital cost of equipment and structures. Irrigation methods such asfurrowand overheadsprinklerirrigation are usually less expensive but are also typically less efficient, because much of the water evaporates, runs off or drains below the root zone. Other irrigation methods considered to be more efficient includedrip or trickle irrigation,surge irrigation, and some types of sprinkler systems where the sprinklers are operated near ground level. These types of systems, while more expensive, usually offer greater potential to minimize runoff, drainage and evaporation. Any system that is improperly managed can be wasteful, all methods have the potential for high efficiencies under suitable conditions, appropriate irrigation timing and management. Some issues that are often insufficiently considered are salinization of sub-surface water and contaminant accumulation leading to water quality declines.As global populations grow, and as demand for food increases in a world with a fixed water supply, there are efforts under way to learn how to produce more food with less water, through improvements in irrigationmethodsandtechnologies, agriculturalwater management, crop types, and water monitoring.Aquacultureis a small but growing agricultural use of water. Freshwater commercial fisheries may also be considered as agricultural uses of water, but have generally been assigned a lower priority than irrigation (seeAral SeaandPyramid Lake).Industrial It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams,thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling,oreandoilrefineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.Water is used in renewable power generation. Hydroelectric power derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. Significantly, hydroelectric power can also be used forload followingunlike most renewable energy sources which areintermittent. Ultimately, the energy in a hydroelectric powerplant is supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun evaporates water, which condenses as rain in higher altitudes and flows downhill.Pumped-storage hydroelectricplants also exist, which use grid electricity to pump water uphill when demand is low, and use the stored water to produce electricity when demand is high.Hydroelectric power plants generally require the creation of a large artificial lake. Evaporation from this lake is higher than evaporation from a river due to the larger surface area exposed to the elements, resulting in much higher water consumption. The process of driving water through the turbine and tunnels or pipes also briefly removes this water from the natural environment, creating water withdrawal. The impact of this withdrawal on wildlife varies greatly depending on the design of the powerplant.Pressurized water is used in water blasting and water jet cutters. Also, very high pressure water guns are used for precise cutting. It works very well, is relatively safe, and is not harmful to the environment. It is also used in the cooling of machinery to prevent overheating, or prevent saw blades from overheating. This is generally a very small source of water consumption relative to other uses.Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, and fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipalgrey water. Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants usingcooling towershave high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than inonce-through coolingsystems.HouseholdIt is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for household purposes.These includedrinking water,bathing,cooking, sanitation, andgardening. Basic household water requirements have been estimated byPeter Gleickat around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens. Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry is all of drinking water standard even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.RecreationRecreationalwater use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs. If a reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be categorized as recreational usage. Release of water from a few reservoirs is also timed to enhancewhitewaterboating, which also could be considered a recreational usage. Other examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and swimmers.Recreational usage is usually non-consumptive.Golf coursesare often targeted as using excessive amounts of water, especially in drier regions. It is, however, unclear whether recreational irrigation (which would include private gardens) has a noticeable effect on water resources. This is largely due to the unavailability of reliable data. Additionally, many golf courses utilize either primarily or exclusively treated effluent water, which has little impact on potable water availability.Some governments, including the Californian Government, have labelled golf course usage as agricultural in order to deflectenvironmentalists' charges of wasting water. However, using the above figures as a basis, the actual statistical effect of this reassignment is close to zero. In Arizona, an organized lobby has been established in the form of the Golf Industry Association, a group focused on educating the public on how golf impacts the environment.Recreational usage may reduce the availability of water for other users at specific times and places. For example, water retained in a reservoir to allow boating in the late summer is not available to farmers during the spring planting season. Water released for whitewater rafting may not be available for hydroelectric generation during the time of peak electrical demand.EnvironmentalExplicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes (held environmental water), but more often is water retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.Environmental water usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat,fish ladders, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimesLike recreational usage, environmental usage is non-consumptive but may reduce the availability of water for other users at specific times and places. For example, water release from a reservoir to help fish spawn may not be available to farms upstream, and water retained in a river to maintain waterway health would not be available to water abstractors downstream.

Q3) Explain major sanctuary and Tiger project of IndiaAns:There are at least 500 wildlife sanctuaries in India, which attract travelers and tourists from all parts of the world. Some of the major wildlife sanctuaries are Corbett National Park, Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaziranga National Park in Sikkim, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Sanctuary, Blackbuck National Park, and Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary and so on. There are some hotels, resorts or guesthouses to cater to the lodging needs of tourists. One can see these sanctuaries accompanied by a guide, which will be provided by the local travel agents.India is home to several fabulous wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, which makes this country a nature lover's paradise. The wildlife sanctuaries in India are home to around two thousand different species of birds, 3500 species of mammals, nearly 30000 different kinds of insects and more than 15000 varieties of plants. Travelers from all across the globe come to India to take a look at its rich wildlife and natural vegetation.There are as many as 80 national parks and over 441 wildlife sanctuaries in India, covering nearly 4.5% of the total geographical area of the country. Scattered all across the country, these sanctuaries and parks attracts the tourists with their beautiful landscapes, amazing rock formation and diverse range of flora and fauna. Most of these sanctuaries were originally private hunting grounds of the former Indian aristocratic families.Paying a visit to India's wildlife sanctuaries is something that one should not rule out when on a holiday to this country. These sanctuaries and forest reserves are home to several endangered species of animals and birds like the Asiatic Elephant, the RoyalBengaltiger, the Snow Leopard and the Siberian Crane. Many of the forest reserves and wildlife sanctuaries of India are famous for some particular specie of animals. For instance, the Kaziranga inAssamis known for the Indian Rhinoceros, while Periyar in Kerala is famous for its elephants.The wildlife sanctuaries of India also include the bird sanctuaries, like the one at Bharatpur inRajasthan. The different species of birds that one can find over here is truly fascinating. The Great Indian bustard, Himalayan monal pheasant, lammergeyers, choughs, white-bellied sea eagle, white breasted swiftlet, fruit pigeons and griffon vultures are just some of the bird species that you can get to see here.A trip to the wildlife sanctuaries in India brings you close to nature. You can enjoy the quiet and peaceful atmosphere of these parks while walking down the trails or past the tall trees. A large number of wildlife safari tours are available which one can avail of in order to check out these wildlife sanctuaries.So, for a holiday filled with excitement make sure you check out the wildlife sanctuaries in India. You are sure to have an experience that is worth cherishing.Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary:Counted as one of the most frequented wildlife sanctuaries in India the Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Alwar district of Rajasthan. Extending over 800 sq km of vast green milieu and encompassing certain important historical monuments within the vicinity of the park this wildlife sanctuary is definitely eye candy to the nature and wildlife enthusiast. The biosphere of this wildlife sanctuary includes rocky landscapes, dry deciduous forests, and hilly cliffs. Sasrika is said to be ethereal for bird watchers with some of the rarest feathered species like Grey Partridge, white breasted Kingfisher, golden backed woodpecker and the Sand Grouse. Some of the wildlife that reside in this wildlife sanctuary are; Four-horned antelope, hyena rhesus macaque, leopard, languor and the jungle cat.Tiger project of India:Background:The Government of India has taken a pioneering initiative for conserving its national animal, the tiger, by launching the Project Tiger in 1973. From 9 tiger reserves since its formative years, the Project Tiger coverage has increased to47 at present, spread out in 18 of our tiger range states. This amounts to around 2.08% of the geographical area of our country. The tiger reserves are constituted on a core/buffer strategy. The core areas have the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary, whereas the buffer or peripheral areas are a mix of forest and non-forest land, managed as a multiple use area. The Project Tiger aims to foster an exclusive tiger agenda in the core areas of tiger reserves, with an inclusive people oriented agenda in the buffer.Project Tiger is an ongoing Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change providing central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves.The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body of the Ministry, with an overarching supervisory / coordination role, performing functions as provided in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.The ADG (Project Tiger) and his officers also service the NTCA. The Regional Offices of the NTCA have been recently established at Bengaluru, Guwahati and Nagpur, each headed by an IGF and assisted by an AIG.The allocation for Project Tiger during the XII Plan is Rs 1245 crore. The expenditure during 2012-13 and 2013-14 are Rs 163.87 crore and 169.48 crore respectively.Current Activities:Providing central assistance to States under the ongoing Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Project Tiger for tiger reserves, for activities (recurring / non-recurring), as reflected in the Annual Plan of Operations of tiger reserves, based on their Tiger Conservation Plans is an important activity. This, interalia, includes protection, habitat amelioration, day to day monitoring, eco-development for local people in buffer areas, voluntary relocation of people from core/critical tiger habitats, and addressing human-wildlife conflicts, within the ambit of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and guidelines of Project Tiger / National Tiger Conservation Authority.The NTCA / Project Tiger also conducts the country level assessment of the status of tiger, co-predators, prey and habitat once in four years, using the refined methodology, as approved by the Tiger Task Force.Special thrust on tiger protection and antipoaching operationsThe illegal demand for body parts and derivatives of tiger outside the country continues to be a serious threat to wild tigers. Therefore, protection is accorded topmost priority in Project Tiger / NTCA. The States are engaged in an ongoing manner through the NTCA Headquarters as well as its Regional Offices, while issuing alerts, besides closely working with the CBI, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau and the Police Departments. The following actions are taken in this context: Alerting the States as and when required Transmitting backward / forward linkages of information relating to poachers Advising the States for combing forest floor to check snares / traps Performing supervisory field visits through the National Tiger Conservation Authority and its regional offices Providing assistance to States for antipoaching operations Using information technology for improved surveillance (e-Eye system) using thermal cameras launched in Corbett Launching tiger reserve level monitoring using camera trap to keep a photo ID database of individual tigers Preparing a national database of individual tiger photo captures to establish linkage with body parts seized or dead tigers Assisting States to refine protection oriented monitoring through monitoring system for tigers intensive protection and ecological status (M-STrIPES) Providing grant through NTCA for patrolling in tiger rich sensitive forest areas outside tiger reserves Assisting States to deploy local workforce in a big way for protection to complement the efforts of field staff [In all, approximately 24 lakh mandays are generated annually with 50% central assistance amounting to around Rs. 24 crores (excluding matching 50% share given by States) under Project Tiger. In case of Northern- eastern States the share is 90:10 i.e. 90% central assistance and 10% matching share given by states. Many local tribes constitute such local workforce (besides non-tribals), eg. Baigas, Gonds in Madhya Pradesh, Gonds in Maharashtra, Chenchus in Andhra Pradesh, Sholigas in Karnataka, Gujjars in Uttarakhand and Irulas in Tamil Nadu to name a few. The deployment of such local tribals has been fostered / encouraged in the last two years]. Supporting States for raising, arming and deploying the Special Tiger Protection Force

Q5) Explain major sanchtuary and Tiger project of IndiaAns:There are at least 500 wildlife sanctuaries in India, which attract travelers and tourists from all parts of the world. Some of the major wildlife sanctuaries are Corbett National Park, Gir Wildlife Sanctury, Kaziranga National Park inSikkim, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Sanctuary, Blackbuck National Park, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary and so on. There are some hotels, resorts or guesthouses to cater to the lodging needs of tourists. One can see these sanctuaries accompanied by a guide, which will be provided by the local travel agents.India is home to several fabulous wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, which makes this country a nature lover's paradise. The wildlife sanctuaries in India are home to around two thousand different species of birds, 3500 species of mammals, nearly 30000 different kinds of insects and more than 15000 varieties of plants. Travelers from all across the globe come to India to take a look at its rich wildlife and natural vegetation.There are as many as 80 national parks and over 441 wildlife sanctuaries in India, covering nearly 4.5% of th