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Cytotoxic T-cell targets

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Complement

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er22/animation__activation_of_complement.html

Antigen determinanants

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Antigen processing

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Hypersenstivity http://highered.mcgraw-

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Immune system http://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html

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Types of Pathogenic Organisms

Viruses Bacteria

Protozoan

Fungi

Animal

Parasites

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cellmediated.swf

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t/chp18/1802004.html

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on.php?ani=319&cat=biology

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Mechanisms of Disease

by Pathogens

Utilization of host nutritional

resources

Physical damage to host tissues

Production of toxic substances

Chromosomal and gene damage

Body cells behave abnormally

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Viruses

nucleic acid

capsid

envelope

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Defense Mechanisms

1. External defense

2. Internal Defense

3. Immune Defense

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Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses- sweat has a low pH

Mucus traps foreign particles

Tears- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action

Gastric stomach acid

1st Line of Defense

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Body Coverings: The Skin

sebaceousglands

sweat gland

epidermis

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Body Coverings:Mucous Membranes

mucus

cilia

columnarepithelium

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Phagocytic cells (WBCs)- N L M E B

- Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected

cells Inflammatory Response

Antimicrobial proteins

- Lysozyme- Interferon

- Antibodies

2nd Line of Defense

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Nonspecific Phagocytosis

Neutrophils

MonocytesEosinophils

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Mechanism of PhagocytosisMechanism of Phagocytosis

Macrophage

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Characteristics of Immunity

Recognition of self versus non-self

Response is specific

Retains a memory allowing anaccelerated second response

Can respond to many different

materials Involves lymphocytes and antibodies

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Types of Immunity

Active Immunity

- Naturally-Acquired Active Immunity

- Artificially-Acquired Active Immunity

Passive Immunity

- Naturally-Acquired Passive Immunity

- Artificially-Acquired Passive Immunity

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Types ofAcquired

Immunity

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The production of antibodies against a

specific disease by the immune system.

Naturally acquired through disease

Artificially acquired through vaccination

Vaccines include inactivated toxins, killed

microbes, parts of microbes, and viable but

weakened microbes.

Active immunity is usually permanent

Active Immunity

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A vaccinated person has a secondary

response based on memory cells when

encountering the specific pathogen. Routine immunization against infectious

diseases such as measles and whooping

cough, and has led to the eradication of

smallpox, a viral disease.

Unfortunately, not all infectious agents are

easily managed by vaccination.

HIV vaccine in the works

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Passive Immunity- Protection

against disease through antibodies

produced by another human beingor animal.

Effective, but temporary

Ex. Maternal antibodies

Colostrum.

Passive Immunity

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Passive immunity can be transferred

artificially by injecting antibodies from an

animal that is already immune to a diseaseinto another animal.

Rabies treatment: injection with antibodies

against rabies virus that are both passive

immunizations (the immediate fight) and active

immunizations (longer term defense).

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Immune System Response to Antigens

Humoral Immunity

Involves antibodies (secreted from B

cells) dissolved in the blood plasma. Demonstrated as a immune response

using only the blood serum.

Defense against bacteria, bacterialtoxins, & viruses.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

Involves the activities of specific white

blood cells (T cells).

Defense against cancer cells, virus-

infected cells, fungi, animal parasites, &

foreign cells from transplants.

Immune System Response to Antigens

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Lymphocyte Formation

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B Cells

Mature in bone marrow Involved in humoral immunity

Once activated by antigen, proliferate

into two clones of cells: plasma cellsthat secrete antibodiesand memory

cells that may be converted into

plasma cells at a later time

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B Cells

antibodies

B C ll

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B CellsB Cells

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Activation of B Cells by Antigen

antigen

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Clonal Selection

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Clonal Selection

plasma cells memory cells

antibodies

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Antibodies constitute a group of globular

serum proteins called immunoglobins

(Igs).A typical antibody molecule has two identical

antigen-binding sites specific for the epitope

that provokes its production.

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Antibody Molecule

antigen binding sites

antigen

light chains heavy chains

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Mechanisms on Antibody Action

Precipitation of soluble antigens

Agglutination of foreign cells

Neutralization Enhanced phagocytosis

Complement activation leading to cell lysis

Stimulates inflammation

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The binding of antibodies to antigens to form

antigen-antibody complexes is the basis of

several antigen disposal mechanisms.

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The classical complimentary pathway, resulting

in lysis of a target cell

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Immunoglobin Classes

IgM

1st response to antigen

Effective in agglutination

Cant cross placenta

IgG

Most common form

Crosses blood vessels

Crosses placenta (passive

immunity to fetus)

IgA Secreted from mucus

membranes

Prevents attachment of bacteria

to epithelial surface

In colostrum

IgD

B cell activation

Cant cross placenta

IgE Histamine reactions

and allergies

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Overview of Immune System Responses

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T Cells

Mature in thymus

Involved in cell-mediated immunity

Activated when another cell presents

antigen to them Several types of T cells: cytoxic T cells,

helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and

memory T cells

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There are two main types of T cells, and each

responds to one class of MHC molecule.

Cytotoxic T cells (TC) have antigen receptors that

bind to protein fragments displayed by the bodys

class I MHC molecules. Helper T cells(TH) have receptors that bind to

peptides displayed by the bodys class II MHC

molecules.

T Cells

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Cytotoxic T Cell

perforin

pores in target cell

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Helper T Cells

interleukin 1

macrophage

helper

T cell

bacterium

bacterialantigens

T cell receptor

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The central role of helper T cells

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The central role in Helper T cells in an

infected cell

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T-independentantigens

T cells activated by binding to certain

antigens

No memory cells generated

Weaker response than t-dependent

T-dependent antigens

Most antigens require co-stimulation to

evoke a B-cell responseAntibody production stimulated with help

from TH

Most antigens are t-dependent

T d d t

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T-dependent

antigens- can trigger a

humoral immune

response by B cellsonly with the

participation of helper T

cells.

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Tissue/Organ Transplants

Major Histocomatibility Complex

(MHC)

- Bone marrow- Organs

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HIV

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