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IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy – •Passive immunization •specific and non specific immunostimulation•Immunotargetting for cancer therapy•Immunosuppression • Immunomodulation
IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy is a medical term defined as the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".
Tow types of immunotherapy:
Activation immunotherapies
Suppression immunotherapies
Activation immunotherapies:
Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response
Suppression immunotherapies:
Immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies.
• Cell based Immunotherapies are proven to be effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK Cell), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), etc., work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of the tumor due to mutation.
Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for apathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.
• Naturally acquired passive immunity
• Artificially acquired passive immunity
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
• Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components.
Example: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
SPECIFIC AND NON SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULATION
There are two main categories of immunostimulants:
• Specific immunostimulants
provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen.
• Non-specific immunostimulants
Act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators.
Non-specific
• Many endogenous substances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, female sex hormones are known to stimulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin,growth hormone and vitamin D.
• Some publications point towards the effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) as an immunostimulant of the unspecific immune system, activating its main actors, the macrophages. According to these publications, a sufficient amount of DCA in the human body corresponds to a good immune reaction of the unspecific immune system.
CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY• Immunotherapy is also sometimes called biologic therapy or biotherapy. It is treatment that
uses certain parts of the immune system to fight diseases such as cancer
• Stimulating your own immune system
• Giving you immune system components
• Cancer immunotherapy is the use of the immune system to reject cancer. The main premise is stimulating the patient's immune system to attack the malignant tumor cells that are responsible for the disease.
TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY• Monoclonal antibodies
a) Naked mAbs
b) Conjugated mAbs
i. Radiolabelled
ii. Chemolabeled
iii. immunotoxin
• Cancer vaccines
• Non-specific immune therapies
a) Cytokines
b) interleukin
DIFFERENT MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES METHODS
ALEMTUZUMAB + CD 52 AGAINST MELANOMA
Before After
Cancer immunotherapy:Monoclonal antibodies[2]
AntibodyBrand name
mab type
Type Target Approved treatment(s)
Alemtuzum ab Campath Naked mAB humanized CD52 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
denileukin diftitox
(Ontak®)Chemolabeled mAB
humanized CD25 colorectal cancer
Brentuximab vedotin
AdcetrisChemolabeled
mABchimeric CD30ss
Hodgkin lymphoma,Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
Ibritumomab tiuxetan
ZevalinRadiolabel led
mABmurine CD20
non-Hodgkin lymphoma(with yttrium-90 or indium-111
Antibiotic based drugs
CANCER VACCINES
• Tumor cell vaccines•Antigen vaccines•Dendritic cell vaccines• DNA vaccines•Vector-based vaccines
VACATION STRATEGIES
IMMUNOMODULATORS• Substances that control the level of
immune response. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic and natural preparations.
• Examples:
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
• Interferons
• Cellular membrane fractions from bacteria
Agent Example
Interleukins IL-2, IL-7, IL-12
Cytokines Interferons, G-CSF, Imiquimod
Chemokines CCL3, CCL26, CXCL7
Othercytosine phosphate-guanosine, oligodeoxynucleotides, glucans