Impact of Urbanization Impact of Urbanization

Problems and ReformsProblems and Reforms

SWBAT:SWBAT: Explain the impact of industrialization on the Explain the impact of industrialization on the

nature of work in America and the role of the nature of work in America and the role of the labor movement in advocating for workers such labor movement in advocating for workers such as the development of the National Labor Union, as the development of the National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Haymarket Riot, Homestead Strike, and the Haymarket Riot, Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike.Pullman Strike.

Evaluate the impact of political machines on the Evaluate the impact of political machines on the state and local level such as aid provided to state and local level such as aid provided to immigrant communities, election corruption, and immigrant communities, election corruption, and business influence over government through graft business influence over government through graft and kickbacks.and kickbacks.

Examine the conflict over Civil Service Reform at Examine the conflict over Civil Service Reform at the federal level in the context of the federal the federal level in the context of the federal government’s laissez-faire policy of refusing to government’s laissez-faire policy of refusing to respond to the problems of industrialization.respond to the problems of industrialization.

Warm-upWarm-up

What impact did What impact did industrializationindustrialization

have on society?have on society?

Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

1. Which city had the greatest population increase? Why?

2. Which city had the largest population in 1900? Why?

3. What do most of these cities have in common? (hint…think geographic features)

Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

Labor Force Distribution

1870-1900

1. What changes occur between 1870 and 1900?

ActivityActivity: Observe the following : Observe the following photographs and identify the impacts photographs and identify the impacts industrialization on labor. While viewing industrialization on labor. While viewing each photograph think about the each photograph think about the following:following:

Who is doing the work?Who is doing the work? What are the hazards?What are the hazards? What type of work are they doing? What type of work are they doing?

Would they need training? (skilled vs. Would they need training? (skilled vs. unskilled)unskilled)

What was it like to live during this time What was it like to live during this time period?period?

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

A group of miners pose for a picture……. 2000 feet A group of miners pose for a picture……. 2000 feet underground!!!!! That is almost ½ of a mile!underground!!!!! That is almost ½ of a mile!

Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died

Child LaborChild Labor

Growth of Cities Growth of Cities and and

Living ConditionsLiving Conditions

NYC Tenement ApartmentNYC Tenement Apartment

NYC Tenement NYC Tenement BuildingBuilding

5 cents a spot5 cents a spot

You live here…You live here…

……while the person you work for lives while the person you work for lives herehere

NEXT STEPNEXT STEP

Question: What problems were Question: What problems were created by industrialization?created by industrialization?

Prediction: What should be done Prediction: What should be done to solve the problems created by to solve the problems created by industrialization?industrialization?

What actually happens?What actually happens?LABOR MOVEMENT TAKES LABOR MOVEMENT TAKES

PLACE!!!PLACE!!!

Labor Union/Labor Organizer Labor Union/Labor Organizer PosterPoster

In groups you will use your books to In groups you will use your books to research a labor union or labor organizer.research a labor union or labor organizer.

Record the actions and impact of this Record the actions and impact of this person or groupperson or group

Include an illustration to support the Include an illustration to support the information.information.

Mother Jones (328), Great Railroad Strike Mother Jones (328), Great Railroad Strike (329), Knights of Labor (329), Haymarket (329), Knights of Labor (329), Haymarket Riot (330), Pullman Strike (330), AFL (330)Riot (330), Pullman Strike (330), AFL (330)

The Labor Movement

Term Impact

Mother Jones (328) Helped miners organizer a unionHelped miners organizer a union

Great Railroad Strike (329) Showed the plight of RR workers, Showed the plight of RR workers, RR tracks burnt or torn apart, more RR tracks burnt or torn apart, more strikesstrikes

Knights of Labor (329) Worked for an 8 hr work day, Worked for an 8 hr work day, increased pay, better conditionsincreased pay, better conditions

Haymarket Riot (330) Riot goes bad, labor unions seen as Riot goes bad, labor unions seen as anti-government and anti-Americananti-government and anti-American

Pullman Strike (330) President sends in army to break President sends in army to break up the strike, $$$ lost in damages up the strike, $$$ lost in damages during riotsduring riots

American Federation of Labor “AFL” (330)

Gained better pay, lower hours, Gained better pay, lower hours, better conditionsbetter conditions

1. What methods were used by large corporations to prevent unions from forming?2. Why did some people oppose labor unions?3. How were female industrial workers treated differently than male industrial workers?

Skip labor slidesSkip labor slides

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

1. Where did most of the strikes take place?

2. Why Baltimore?

Management vs. Labor

Management vs. Labor

““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement

““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor

““scabs”scabs”

P. R. campaignP. R. campaign

PinkertonsPinkertons

lockoutlockout

blacklistingblacklisting

yellow-dog yellow-dog contractscontracts

court injunctionscourt injunctions

open shopopen shop

boycottsboycotts

sympathy sympathy demonstrationdemonstrationss

informational informational picketingpicketing

closed shopsclosed shops

organized organized strikesstrikes

““wildcat” wildcat” strikesstrikes

Labor Union Organizer

Mother Jones:

Labor Union Organizer

Mother Jones: Mary Harris.Mary Harris.

Organizer for theOrganizer for theUnited MineUnited MineWorkers.Workers.

Traveled throughout Traveled throughout the US encouraging the US encouraging workers to join workers to join unionsunions

One of the founding One of the founding members of the I. W. members of the I. W. W. in 1905.W. in 1905.

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Organizer: Terence Organizer: Terence V. PowderlyV. Powderly

An injury to one is the concern An injury to one is the concern of all!of all!

Goals of the Knights of Labor

Goals of the Knights of Labor Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.

Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.

Abolition of child and prison Abolition of child and prison labor.labor.

Increased circulation of Increased circulation of greenbacks.greenbacks.

Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.

Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.

Prohibition of contract foreign Prohibition of contract foreign labor.labor.

Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

The American Federation of The American Federation of Labor (AFL)Labor (AFL)

CausesCauses- founded by Samuel Gompers- founded by Samuel Gompers- made up of skilled workers who had belonged - made up of skilled workers who had belonged

to national trade unions and needed a group to national trade unions and needed a group to fight for their rights as workersto fight for their rights as workers

ResultsResults- gained better working conditions gained better working conditions - higher pay & shorter hourshigher pay & shorter hours- favored the use of strikesfavored the use of strikes- 1900 AFL = leading union in the US1900 AFL = leading union in the US

What does political cartoon mean?

What does political cartoon mean?

THE GREAT RAILROAD THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 STRIKE OF 1877

CAUSESCAUSES The great Railroad Strike The great Railroad Strike

of 1877 began on July 16, of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. yet another wage cut. Strikes spread to railroad Strikes spread to railroad depots throughout the depots throughout the country. country.

RESULTSRESULTS-Strike is put down by -Strike is put down by federal troops after 45 daysfederal troops after 45 days-millions are lost in burnt -millions are lost in burnt railroad cars railroad cars-unions organize more -unions organize more strikesstrikes-some Americans view labor -some Americans view labor disputes as un-Americandisputes as un-American

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Haymarket Square Chicago (1886 ) Haymarket Square Chicago (1886 ) CAUSESCAUSES= workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine

Company struck for an 8 hour day However, the Company struck for an 8 hour day However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions.actions.

= police came - four strikers killed and several police came - four strikers killed and several wounded.wounded.

= next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers.spoke up against police & treatment of workers.

= Thousands protest the killings and during the rally Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting – an anarchist the police break up the meeting – an anarchist loosely connected to the K of L threw a bomb at loosely connected to the K of L threw a bomb at police – killing 1 officer. In response the police spray police – killing 1 officer. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets. 6 more officers die, 10 the crowd with bullets. 6 more officers die, 10 workers die, 50 injured.workers die, 50 injured.

Effect/Result: “Anarchist” labor organizers hanged. Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically!

Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot

Pullman Strike (1894)Pullman Strike (1894)CAUSES: Owner George Pullman, hoped to prevent labor discontent, but he was not willing to grant high wages. Pullman housed his workers in a company town. Instead of living in tenements like other industrial workers of the day, Pullman workers lived in attractive company-owned houses, with indoor plumbing, gas, and sewers.However, everything was owned by the corporation, including their housing and local store. The Pullman Company controlled every aspect of their lives, and practiced "debt slavery" Money owed was automatically deducted from workers' paychecks and frequently workers would never see their earnings at all. The workers children were responsible for the debt if the parents didn’t pay it off. During the major economic downturn of the early 1890s, George Pullman cut wages without reducing the workers’ rent and other expenses. Discontented workers decided to stage a strike.

Pullman Strike continued:Pullman Strike continued:RESULTSRESULTS The strike effectively shut down The strike effectively shut down

production in the Pullman factories and production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout.led to a lockout.

The strike was eventually broken up by The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops 12,000 U.S Army troops

President Grover Cleveland ordered the President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the basis that the troops be sent in on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. Mail.

Federal Judge in Chicago issued an Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers ordering injunction against the strikers ordering them to stop striking.them to stop striking.

By the end of the strike 13 strikers were By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was $80 million worth of property was damaged damaged

President Grover Cleveland

President Grover Cleveland

If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

1.1. Were the labor unions/labor Were the labor unions/labor organizers helpful in solving the organizers helpful in solving the problems of industrialization?problems of industrialization?

2. What actions has the government 2. What actions has the government taken to solve the problems of taken to solve the problems of industrialization?industrialization?

3. Who or what is going to solve (or 3. Who or what is going to solve (or at least help) the problems of at least help) the problems of industrialization?industrialization?

Evaluation

The Laissez Faire Federal Govt.The Laissez Faire Federal Govt. From 1870-1900 Govt. did very

little domestically.

The president appointed his friends and family to public office (spoils system)

Political MachinesPolitical Machines Emerge as cities attempt to deal Emerge as cities attempt to deal

with the problem of rapid with the problem of rapid industrialization. industrialization.

In major cities political machines In major cities political machines provide services to immigrants in provide services to immigrants in exchange for political or financial exchange for political or financial support.support.

Immigrants were given housing, Immigrants were given housing, food, and jobs for their votes.food, and jobs for their votes.

William Marcy TweedWilliam Marcy Tweed

Became head of New York City’s Tammany Hall Became head of New York City’s Tammany Hall in 1863in 1863

Tammany Hall was the powerful Democratic Tammany Hall was the powerful Democratic political machine political machine

Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed Ring Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed Ring pocketed as much as $200 million from the city pocketed as much as $200 million from the city in kickbacks and payoffsin kickbacks and payoffs

http://http://player.discoveryeducation.com/player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7748F50A-index.cfm?guidAssetId=7748F50A-4D9A-40AA-8276-D70DDD6029D24D9A-40AA-8276-D70DDD6029D2

Boss Tweed and the Gangs of Boss Tweed and the Gangs of NYNY

NarrativeNarrative

You will take on the role of a laborer during the You will take on the role of a laborer during the Industrial Era. Industrial Era.

Describe what your life is like. Are you a recent Describe what your life is like. Are you a recent immigrant or US citizen? What job do you hold. immigrant or US citizen? What job do you hold. What conflicts/problems exist at this job?What conflicts/problems exist at this job?

What is your home life like? Do you have a What is your home life like? Do you have a family? What are your living conditions like?family? What are your living conditions like?

How do you feel about living in the United States How do you feel about living in the United States at this time?at this time?

Based on the current conditions, what predictions Based on the current conditions, what predictions do you have for the future of America?do you have for the future of America?