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– 187 –

INDEX

Aamjiwnaang First Nation, 20, 108, 110,111–12, 114–15acceptable risk, 77–8ACGIH (American Conerence o Govern-

mental Industrial Hygienists), 6, 90,91–2, 93, 102

ACRO (Association or the Control o Radioactivity in the West), 153–4,155–6

ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake), 6, 58–62,67–8

AEC (Atomic Energy Commission), 75–6,78–83

AFFSA (French ood saety agency), 118,

125–8, 133AFSSE (Agence rançaise de sécurité sani-

taire de l’environnement et du travail),96–101

‘Alara attitude’, 144–5American Academy o Sciences, 80–1, 82–3American Conerence o Government

Industrial Hygienists, 32American Standards Association, 32animal experimentation, 34–6, 39–41, 63‘annual intake budget’, 146arsenic, 5, 63, 66‘art o government’, 136, 146asbestos, 19, 89, 91, 95–6, 98

atomic testing, 75–6

Bad Godesberg Conerence (1954), 50–3,64

banana weevils, 119, 132banning substances, 52, 62–7

Beadle, Georges, ‘Possible direct efects onman o low level exposures to ionizing radiation’, 75

BEIR (Biological Efects o Ionizing Radia-tion), 83–4, 85

Belpomme, Proessor, 129Belrad Institute (Belarus), 155benzene, 41, 45, 91Berlin reaty (1963), 76, 79Binding Limit Values, 90Birn, Anne-Emmanuelle, 27body burden analysis, 110, 111–12BPA (Bisphenol A), 47–9, 69, 111BRGM (Bureau o Geological and Mining 

Research), 123bucket air sampling, 110Bufa, Proessor, 57Bugnard, Louis, 78Butenandt, Adolph, 50

Caltech (Caliornia Institute o echnol-ogy), 75

Canadian Environmental Protection Act(1999), 110

carbon disulphide, 110carcinogenic substances

and acceptable risk, 77–8and atomic testing, 75–6

and BEIR report, 83–4and ood additives/contaminants, 49–52,

54, 62–7and genetic mutations, 72–3, 74and ‘Goman–amplin’ afair, 78–82and ICRP, 76–8and limit values, 6–7, 18and OELs, 89, 98–100

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188 Toxicants, Health and Regulation since 1945

and ‘permissible doses’, 74–5and ‘positive lists’, 52

 potential banning o, 52, 62–7and risk assessment/management, 84–5,

86–7and risk technologies, 18–19Science Magazine study, 71testing procedures, 63–4and thresholds, 6–7, 50, 64–5, 67, 73–4,

76–7, 83, 85–6and ‘tolerance doses’, 73–4and transormation o regulatory systems,

9–10Carrozi, Luigi, 28Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring , 22–3CDC (Center or Disease Control), 1central nervous system, 34–5, 39CEPN (Nuclear Protection Evaluation

Centre), 143, 150, 152, 155Certicates o Approval, 109CES (Comité d’experts specialises), 97–100chemical dumping, 106–7chemical inrastructures, 104–6, 112, 115chemical injury, 110–11, 112Chemical Valley (Canada)

chemical inrastructure o, 104–6, 112,

115and CVECO, 115and development o chemical contamina-

tion, 20and emission data, 108–10expansion o, 103–4intergenerational efects, 111–14and latency, 106–8and limit values, 8

Chernobyl disasterand ‘empowerment’ o individuals,

135–7, 146–7, 156–8and Ethos project, 11, 15, 22, 136–7,

142–8, 150–1, 154–8

and evacuation o populations, 137–8and long term radiation studies, 71and ‘participatory rehabilitation’, 149–50

 publicity o disaster, 138–9and ‘voluntary relocation zones’, 140–3

‘Children o Chernobyl-Belarus’ association,154

chlordecone

analysis o, 119–20and ood additives/contaminants,

124–33and JAFA programme, 130–2low dosage efects, 117–18, 121rediscovery o, 21, 117–18, 120–1, 133and soil contamination, 122–4, 132standardization o, 125–30, 133–4

CIRAD (Centre or International Coopera-tion in Agricultural Research), 123

classication o substances, 5, 10, 12–13Clean Air Act (1970), 79

Clean Water Act (1972), 82climate change, 16Codex Alimentarius system, 48, 58Codirpa committee, 152–4Cohen, Maxwell, 107Cold War, 7, 17, 25, 39, 72Commission des oxiques (France), 119Committee o Experts or Sanitary Control

o Foodstufs, 51, 55compensation, 28–9competition between regulatory systems,

11, 14‘conduct o conducts’, 15–16connement strategies, 3

Core programme (Belarus), 149–50, 154,155–6

CRAM (Caisses régionales d’assurance mala-die), 92, 93, 94

CRIIRAD (Commission or IndependentInormation and Research on Radioac-tivity), 155–6

CSPRP (Conseil supérieurde prevention desrisques proessionnels), 92, 101

CVECO (Chemical Valley Emergency Coordinating Organization), 115

data production, 54DCCRF (Directorate or Competition

Policy, Consumer Afairs and FraudControl), 124

DDASS (Departmental Management o Health and Social Afairs), 122

DD (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane),66, 119

Delaney Clause (1958), 7

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   Index  189

DFG (German Research Council), 49–51,53

DG (Direction Générale du ravail), 98,100

Dols, J. L., 53Dow Chemical, 103, 107, 114–15Doyle, Julie, 27drinking water standards, 121–2, 125Druckrey, Hermann, 49–51, 53–4, 56,

62–3, 68DSDS (Department o Health and Social

Development), 120

economic development, 8–9, 15, 49, 52, 62,149, 154–5

EFSA (European Food Saety Agency), 47,128–9, 133

EINECS (European Inventory o Existing Commercial Chemical Substances), 12

‘empowerment’, 135–6, 146–7, 156–8endocrine disruptors, 21, 47, 49, 112–14Environmental Deence (NGO), ‘Polluted

Children, oxic Nation’, 111‘environmental justice’, 118EPA (Environmental Protection Agency),

12, 83–4EPR (European Pressurized Reactor), 158Ethos project (Chernobyl), 11, 15, 22,

136–7, 142–8, 150–1, 154–8Euratom (European Atomic Energy Com-

munity), 81European Union, 90–1, 95, 123, 128Eurotox (European Committee or Research

on Chronic oxicity Hazards), 52–3,55, 57

exposure standards, 32–5, 39–41, 44 see also OELs

Failla, Gioacchino, 74

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)and ADI, 60–2and BPA joint meeting, 47and International Cancer Prevention

Committee, 51and ‘international experts’ committees, 4and Joint Expert Committee on Food

Additives, 7, 49, 55–8

and Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues,49

 Principles Governing Consumer Safety in Relation to Pesticide Residues, 60–1

and Wageningen Conerence, 53FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 47,

54, 84Fernex, Michel, 155ood additives/contaminants

and ADI, 58–62and banning substances, 52, 62–7and BPA controversy, 47–9

and carcinogenic substances, 49–52,62–7

and chlordecone, 124–33and Ethos project, 145–8international expertise on, 48–9, 50–1,

52–5, 67–8and international legislative cooperation,

55–7and ‘positive lists’, 52, 53–4, 58–9regulatory tools or, 18, 48, 67–8and thresholds, 6, 50, 64–5, 67–8

‘ood actor’, 62Ford Motor Company, 104Fortun, Kim, 109

Foucault, Michel, 16, 136Frazer, Alistair C., 63FRC (Federal Radiation Council), 76, 80,

82–3French Nuclear Saety Authority, 152Fukushima ( Japan), 71

G2SA (Groupe scientique pour la surveil-lance des atmosphères de travail), 94,96

Genderen, G. van, 63genetic mutations, 72–3, 74GHS (Globally Harmonized System), 2, 12‘Godesberg proposals’, 50–2Goman, John, 78–82, 83Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

(1972), 107GSIEN (Group o Scientists or Inormation

on Nuclear Energy), 153–4

Hache, Emilie, 147Hamilton, Alice, 27–8, 32, 33, 42

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190 Toxicants, Health and Regulation since 1945

Haraway, Donna, 105Hardy, Harriet, 42Hatch, Teodore, 44Hayden, Cori, 26HCH β (Hexachlorocyclohexane β), 120,

122Hiroshima (Japan), 71, 75Hirschmann, A., 155history o regulation

and industrialisation, 3and internationalization, 4–5and thresholds, 5–9

and transormation o regulatory systems,9–14

Hopewell disaster (1975), 117, 119

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 4, 81, 139–41

IARC (International Agency or Researchon Cancer), 9

ICOH (International Congress on Occupa-tional Health), 27–8, 36

ICRP (International Commission or Radio-logical Protection), 76–8, 80–1, 137

ILO (International Labour Organization),4, 28, 29, 36

 Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health, 44Indicative Limit Values, 90individualization o contaminants manage-

ment, 15–16, 22, 136, 140, 146–8,150–1, 156–8

industrial hygieneand International Congress on Occupa-

tional Health, 27and new science-building, 30–6

 publications, 36–7, 39–40and thresholds, 6

industrialisation, 3inormating chemicals, 108–11

INRS (Institut national de recherche et desécurité), 90, 92, 94

‘institution-building’, 27International Cancer Prevention Committee

(1954), 51International Chernobyl Project, 139International Committee or Agricultural

Industries, 57

‘international experts’ committees, 4–5,50–5

International X-rays and Radium ProtectionCommittee, 73

internationalization, 4–5InVS (Institute o Health Monitoring), 122IOMC (Inter-Organization Programme or

the Sound Management o Chemicals),12

IPCS (International Programme on Chemi-cal Saety), 9

IUPAC (International Union o Pure and

Applied Chemistry), 4

 JAFA (jardins amiliaux)  programme,14–15, 130–2

 Jain, Lochlan, 111 JECFA ( Joint Expert Committee on Food

Additives), 7, 49, 55–61, 63–8 Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Hazards of  

 Food Additives, 64, 66, 68 JMPR (Joint Meeting on Pesticide Resi-

dues), 49, 67–8

Lacassagne, Antoine, 73Langston, Nancy, 68

latency, 106–8lead poisoning, 31–2, 44–5Legge, Tomas, 28leukaemia, 73, 75, 139, 153Lewis, Edward, 75, 77limit values, 5–8, 10, 17–18, 19, 59, 90

MACs (Maximum Allowable Concentra-tion levels)

and history o regulation, 6introduction o, 17and new science-building, 32–3opposition to, 41–2and Prague Conerence, 17–18, 25–6,

36, 39range o values, 43

Mayak (USSR nuclear processing plant), 42MCLs (Maximum Concentration Limits), 6MEDEF (Mouvement des Entreprises de

France), 101medical oversight, 28–9mercury, 108, 114–15

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   Index  191

Ministry o Labour (France), 90–1, 93–6,98, 100, 102

MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits), 11,125–34

Muller, Hermann, 72Muskie, Edmund, 79–81Mutadis (private consultancy rm), 142–3,

152

Nader, Ralph, 80, 81–2Nagasaki (Japan), 71NAS (National Academy o Science), 75, 84

neo-liberalism, 16, 20–1, 136, 146Nesterenko, Proessor, 155new science-building, 30–6NIH (National Institute o Health), 84Nixon, David, 106NRC (National Research Council), 10, 19,

84, 86NSF (National Science Foundation), 84Nuclear Energy Agency, 141–2nuclear industry 

and acceptable risk, 78and atomic testing, 75–6development o, 4and ‘Goman–amplin’ afair, 78–82

and low dose efects, 10, 72 protests against, 6–7, 72‘renaissance’ o, 150and risk, 67

 see also Chernobyl disaster

occupational diseases, 8, 28–9occupational health

and ILO standards, 28and limit values, 17–18, 19and OELs, 89–91, 92–3, 95–8, 102and workplace hazards, 25–6

‘occupational medicine’ model, 29OELs (Occupational Exposure Limits)

and asbestos, 89, 91, 95–6, 98and carcinogenic substances, 89, 98–100condentiality o, 90–1, 92–3determining, 93–5, 97–101and occupational health, 89–91, 92–3,

95–8, 102and risk assessment/management, 90–3,

96, 99

setting, 89–90state administration o, 95–7, 102

Oil Springs (Canadian oil well), 103Olmany (Belarus), 142–8Ontario Minamata Disease, 114OSHA (Occupational Saety and Health

Administration), 90, 110OSP (O ce o Science and echnology 

Policy), 84–5

Parex (Post-Accidentel Retour d’Expérience) project, 152–4

 participative management, 15–16, 22,135–6, 140, 146–8, 150–1, 156–8

‘participatory governance’, 136–7, 145–8,150–1, 156–7

‘participatory rehabilitation’, 149–50Pavlov, Ivan, 34PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 20,

107–8, 111, 115‘permissible doses’, 74–5

 pesticides, 59, 61–2 see also chlordeconePHS (Public Health Service), 31–2, 41Plan Santé ravail (2005), 96, 97PNSS (National Health and Nutrition

Plan), 126‘point o impingement’ standards, 109

 pollutionand Certicates o Approval, 109and drinking water standards, 121–2,

125as ‘harmless’, 117–18and industrial accidents, 4and low dose efects, 10measurement o, 119–20and soil contamination, 122–4, 132standardization o, 125–30and transormation o regulatory systems,

10POPs (persistent organic pollutants), 21‘positive lists’, 52, 53–4, 58–9

 post-accident management, 16–17, 136–7,140, 149–50, 153–4, 157–8

Potential Hazards rom Chemical Additivesand Contaminants symposium (1956),51

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192 Toxicants, Health and Regulation since 1945

Prague Conerence (1959), 17–18, 25–30,36, 38–9

 precautionism, 25–6, 44–6 public participation, 15–16, 22, 135–6, 140,

146–8, 150–1, 156–8

‘radiological culture’, 144–5RCF (reractory ceramic bres), 98–100REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authori-

zation and Restriction o Chemicalsubstances), 1–2, 12–13

‘reality’, 49, 52, 55, 67Red Book (National Research Council), 10,

19, 86reerence value, 146regulatory tools, 18, 48‘Reponsible Care’, 115‘resilience’ strategies, 16risk assessment/management, 19, 84–7,

90–3, 96, 99, 136–7, 147risk balancing, 66–7risk technologies, 18–20Robert, Marcel, 28round goby (sh), 114, 115

Sage project, 150–1, 154‘Sarnia Blob’, 107Science Magazine, 71, 75SCOEL (Scientic Committee or Occupa-

tional Exposure Limits), 97Seaborg, Glenn, 78SEG (Scientic Expert Group), 97sex-ratio alteration, 20, 108, 111, 113–14,

115‘slow violence’, 20, 106Smith, R. Blackwell, 63Smith, William, 51soil contamination, 122–4, 132Sonneshein, Carlos, 113Soto, Ana, 113

specication o substances, 5, 7Stalinism, 33Standing International Committee on

Canned Food, 57Star, Susan Leigh, 104Stockholm Convention (2001), 23Stokinger, Herbert, 41SS (Science and echnology Studies), 48

amplin, Arthur, 78–82, 83aylor, Lauriston, 81chertkof, Wladimir, Crime de Tchernobyl:

le goulag nucléaire, 154eleky, Ludwig, 28terrorist threats, 150, 152‘threshold paradigm’, 72–4, 86thresholds

and ADI, 58–62and carcinogenic substances, 6–7, 50,

64–5, 67, 73–4, 76–7, 83, 85–6and ood additives/contaminants, 6, 50,

64–5, 67–8and history o regulation, 5–9and MRLs, 125–34and OELs, 90

‘tolerance doses/values’, 59–61, 73–4‘toxic body burden’, 1–2‘toxic heritage’, 21‘toxic legacy’, 23‘toxic world’, 2, 14–17, 22–3trade unions, 13, 28, 91, 92, 94–5ruhaut, René

and ADI, 59–61, 67and banning substances, 62–3early career o, 36, 38

and Eurotox, 53importance o, 18and international methodological difer-

ences, 42, 44and JECFA, 56, 68and regulation o ood additives, 49–54

RVs (oxicity Reerence Values), 6, 125–7,132

SCA (oxic Substances Control Act), 2,12

UICC (International Union against Can-cer), 4–5, 50–2, 55, 56–7

UNDP (United Nations Development

Programme), 12UNEP (United Nations Environment

Programme), 9UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientic

Committee on the Efects o AtomicRadiation), 71, 81

UPAC (Union o Pure and Applied Chemis-try), 36

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   Index  193

Uytdenhoe, A., 41

‘voluntary relocation zones’, 140–3, 152

 Wageningen Conerence (1956), 53 Watanabe, Akira, 71 WELs (Workplace Exposure Limits), 94 WHO (World Health Organization)

and ADI, 60–2and BPA joint meeting, 47and Chernobyl disaster, 139and cross-national standards, 36and International Cancer Prevention

Committee, 51and ‘international experts’ committees, 4and Joint Expert Committee on Food

Additives, 7, 49, 55–8

and Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues,49

 Principles Governing Consumer Safety in Relation to Pesticide Residues, 60–1

and Wageningen Conerence, 53 Wilm’s cancer, 113 workers’ bodies, 29–30, 32, 34, 36, 41, 44–6 workplace hazards, 25–6 workplace health surveillance, 29 workplace protection laws, 28 World Bank, 12, 149 World Earth Summit (Rio, 1992), 12

 Wright, Norman, 56 WWF (World Wildlie Fund), 1

 xenoestrogen, 47

‘yellow butter’, 50