Index
Locators in bold refer to figures/tables
AAN. see American Academy ofNeurology
AAOD (anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification) 447–453
ABC (aneurysmal bone cyst) 162abdominal binders, dural puncture
headache 437abdominal painchildren 386–387pancreatitis 253–255, 253–258pregnancy 283
aberrant drug use screening. see drugscreens
aberrant medication-taking behavior,definition 400–401
abuse, definition 400–401accidental overdose. see overdoseaccidents. see motor vehicle
collisionsacetaldehyde 64–65acetaminophenbrachial plexopathy 33cancer pain 295–344drug screens 414–415lumbar spinal stenosis 169migraine headache 301pancreatitis treatment 256postpartum pain 293pregnancy pain 285, 285–286tension headaches 313–314, 314thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 494
acetyl-L-carnitine 67active range of motion testing
(AROM), ankle pain 236activities of daily living (ADL) 69acupunctureankle pain 77, 237chronic pelvic pain 268HIV neuropathy 77low back pain 392–393migraine headache 304phantom limb pain 40–41postpartum pain 292–293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 285spinal cord injury pain 19
temporomandibular joint disorder337
tension headaches 313thoracic spine pain 129
acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 359acute pain management, patient-
controlled analgesia 476–480,482–488, 484, 485
acute pancreatitis 253, 253.see also pancreatitis
ADA (Americans with DisabilitiesAct) 388
Adams classification system,discography 147
addictionaberrant drug use 408definitions 400–401, 408neurobiological processesunderlying 401–402
see also substance abuseadductor canal block, total knee
arthroplasty 493adherence monitoring, aberrant drug
use 412adhesiolysis 169–170, 177adhesive capsulitis 24–25, 368adiposis dolorosa. see Dercum’s
diseaseadjuvant analgesicscancer pain 344, 344epidural catheters 488hematological cancer 363–364pancreatic cancer pain 355
adjuvant therapy, pancreatitis 256advanced glycation end products
(AGEs) 58aerobic exercise. see exerciseagomelatine 462AGS (American Geriatric Society)
10–11AKA. see artery of Adamkiewiczalcoholand insomnia 461–463pancreatitis 253spasticity 233urine drug testing 414, 506–507
alcohol-induced neuropathy (AIN) 70
clinical features 65differential diagnosis 65epidemiology/demographics 64ethics 69–70examination/work-up 66–67pathophysiology 64–65treatment options andcomplications 69
allodynia, poststroke pain 22alpha-2 adrenergicsbrachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome48
spasticity 233thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 494see also clonidine; tizanidine
alpha-2 delta ligandsanxiety/depression 12older patients, treatment options9–11
phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 2–4, 2–15,7–8, 7–8, 12–13
side effects 7–8, 7–8substance abuse 12see also gabapentin; pregabalin
alpha-lipoic acid 57–58, 67alternative medicine 390.
see also complementary andalternative medicine
American Academy of Neurology(AAN) 2–4, 2–15
American Association of NeurologicSurgeons 147
American College of Rheumatology214
American Geriatric Society (AGS)10–11
American Medical Association (AMA)453
American Sign Language (ASL)388–389
American Society of AddictionMedicine (ASAM) 453
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American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) 491–492
American Society for InterventionalPain Physicians (ASIPP) 412
American Society of RegionalAnesthesia 484
Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA) 388
amitriptylinealcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269brachial plexopathy 33headache 218–302, 303, 313–314,314
hematological cancer 363HIV neuropathy 76insomnia 462phantom limb pain 40, 41postherpetic neuralgia 4, 7–8, 11, 13postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25, 26pregnancy pain 285side effects 3–7thoracic outlet syndrome 107
AML (acute myeloid leukemia) 359amlodipine 302, 303amphetamines, drug testing 410–416,
505–507amputation 38. see also phantom limb
painanatomical detailsankle 235–236Baastrup’s disease 159–160, 160bowel 468brachial plexus 30cluster headaches 308–309dural puncture 436epidural space 484, 485facet joints 117–118, 117–138,138–139
intervertebral discs 144–145knee 243lateral epicondylosis 240–241lumbar spinal stenosis 165–166male pelvis 266pelvic viscera/rectum 275sacroiliac joint 197sacrum 202–203sphenopalatine ganglion 329–330spinal cord 424–425, 429, 430temporomandibular joint 333–335,335–337
thoracic region 123anesthesia-assisted opiate
detoxification (AAOD) 447–453aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) 162ankle pain 235–239, 238ankle sprain, differential diagnosis 235ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 124–125,
125–126, 161–162, 214, 336
antalgic gait analysis 245anterior radicular medullary arteries
(ARMAs) 424–425anterior scalene muscle (ASM) block
106anterior spinal artery (ASA) 424–425antero-talofibular ligament (ATFL)
235–236antibiotics, chronic pelvic pain
268–269anticholinergic drug side effects 7–8,
58–59, 68, 269anticholinergic poisoning 440anticonvulsantsalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68brachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 58HIV neuropathy 75–76migraine headache 302, 303phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107see also carbamazepine; gabapentin;
lamotrigine; pregabalin;topiramate; zonisamide
antidepressantsalcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269brachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344chronic pain syndrome 373diabetic neuropathy 58–59hematological cancer 363HIV neuropathy 76insomnia 462methadone prescription 502phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293–294pregnancy pain 286temporomandibular joint disorders338
thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492see also SNRIs; SSRIs; tricyclic
antidepressantsantiepileptics. see anticonvulsantsanti-inflammatories.
see corticosteroids; nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory agents
antioxidants, pancreatitis treatment256
antiretroviral therapy 73, 76anxiety/depressionbrachial plexopathy 33cervicogenic headache 85chronic pain syndrome 373–376
chronic pelvic pain 268diabetic neuropathy 60and insomnia 459methadone prescription 502myofascial pain syndrome 226–227phantom limb pain 39, 41–42postherpetic neuralgia 9–10, 12poststroke pain 26–27spinal cord injury pain 20substance abuse 399–400temporomandibular joint disorders335
tension headaches 313aquatherapy 284ARIC (large Atherosclerosis Risk in
Communities) study 299ARM (arteria radicularis magna).
see artery of AdamkiewiczARMAs (anterior radicular medullary
arteries) 424–425AROM (active range of motion)
testing, ankle pain 236aromatase inhibitors 263–264artery of Adamkiewicz (AKA)
424–425, 429–431, 432arthritis. see rheumatoid arthritisarthrocentesis, temporomandibular
joint disorders 338ARV (antiretroviral therapy) 73, 76AS. see ankylosing spondylitisASA (anterior spinal artery)
424–425ASA (American Society of
Anesthesiologists) 491–492ASAM (American Society of
Addiction Medicine) 453ASIPP (American Society for
Interventional Pain Physicians)412
ASL (American Sign Language)388–389
aspirin 301, 313–314, 314, 319, 396assessment instruments, opioid use for
chronic pain 404–405Association for the Study of Pain
(IASP) 47ATFL (antero-talofibular ligament)
235–236atropine 327attorneys, workers’ compensation
system 224aura migraine headache 297–299,
302autogenic training (AT) 393autoimmune disorders 215.
see also fibromyalgiaautonomic arousalfibromyalgia 216postoperative analgesia 482–483
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autonomic dysreflexia, spinal cordinjury pain 18–19
autonomic function testingdiabetic neuropathy 53HIV neuropathy 75
autonomic neuropathy 55autonomy, respect for 403axial back pain 138, 138axial neck pain 116
Baastrup’s disease 159–163, 160,161–162
back pain. see low back painbaclofenbrachial plexopathy 36intrathecal drug delivery 178–179phantom limb pain 40spasticity 233–234spinal cord injury pain 18thoracic outlet syndrome 107trigeminal neuralgia 319
bacterial prostatitis 267balloon kyphoplasty. see kyphoplastybalneotherapy 395barbiturates, urine drug testing
505–507BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic
factor) 216Beers Criteria for Potentially
Inappropriate Medications inOlder Adults 11
behavioral therapylow back pain 395migraine headache 304postlaminectomy pain syndrome179
beneficence, principle of 402–403benfotiamine 69benzodiazepinesdrug testing 410–416, 505–507fibromyalgia 218insomnia 462postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 286spasticity 233see also diazepam
Bertolotti’s syndrome 155–157beta blockersand insomnia 461migraine headache 302, 303see also propranolol
biaculoplasty 150bicycle test 168, 172Bieri Faces scale 383, 383biofeedbackchronic pain syndrome 376–377migraine headache 304phantom limb pain 40–41postpartum pain 293
spinal cord injury pain 19tension headaches 313
biofield therapies 394–395biological effects, ionizing radiation
419, 419–422biomarkers, knee osteoarthritis
246–247biphosphonates 363bipolar RFA (bRFA) 199, 210–211.
see also radiofrequency ablationbirth, postpartum pain 291–292bisacodyl 470bisphosphonates 48bladder dysfunction 152, 267blood sugar control, diabetic
neuropathy 57bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
361–362bone metastasesadjuvant analgesics 344biophosphonates 363hematological cancer 360non-small cell lung cancer 207–212,209, 211
pancreatic cancer 341postpartum pain 290
bone mineral density (BMD) 183–184bone scans. see nuclear bone scansbone scintigraphy 203botulinum toxincervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 91–92
chronic rectal pain 280migraine headache 304phantom limb pain 40–41postmastectomy lymphedema 371poststroke pain 25spasticity 233spinal cord injury pain 18temporomandibular joint disorders338
trigeminal neuralgia 319bowelanatomy 468opioid receptors 468, 468
BP. see brachial plexopathyBPNS (Brief Peripheral Neuropathy
Screen) 74bracesbrachial plexopathy 33knee osteoarthritis 247lateral epicondylosis 241lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 169postpartum pain 292pregnancy pain 285thoracic spine pain 128
brachial plexopathy (BP) 30–37, 31,36, 104, 109
brachial plexus 102–103bradycardia 325–326brain fog 216brain regions implicatedaddiction 401–402poststroke pain 24
brain tumors, differential diagnosis309
breakthrough paincancer pain 346opioids, safe use 405patient-controlled analgesia478–479
total knee arthroplasty 493breast cancer, metastatic 207, 367–371breastfeeding 293–295Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen
(BPNS) 74bronchodilators 461Broström-Gould repair 239bruxism 335Budapest Consensus, complex
regional pain syndrome 47bupivacaineepidural catheters 487intrathecal drug delivery 178–179postpartum pain 293
buprenorphine 442–446, 451–452burst compression fractures 182,
182–183butalbital-containing medications 301,
301buttock pain 168
CAD (coronary artery disease) 300.see also cardiovascular function
caffeinedural puncture 436–437, 486and insomnia 461migraine headache 298, 301pregnancy 285tension headaches 314
calcitonin 41, 48, 169calcium channel blockersand insomnia 461migraine headache 302, 303total knee arthroplasty 494see also amlodipine; verapamil
calcium pyrophosphate dihydratedisease (CPPD) 160, 244–246
CAM. see complementary andalternative medicine
Canadian Pain Society (CPS) 2–3,2–15
cancer pain 341–342, 349, 352–355analgesic routes other than oral 346analgesics 343–346, 344, 345breakthrough pain 346differential diagnosis 336
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epidemiology/demographics 342glossopharyngeal neuralgia 326male pelvic pain 267nerve blocks 341–348, 347–349non-drug therapies 347risk factors for development342–343
side effects of opioids 346–347, 347WHO analgesic ladder 343see also metastases
cannabinoidsalcohol-induced neuropathy 69–70enzyme immunoassay 410–416hematological cancer 364HIV neuropathy 76–77motor vehicle collision victim412–414, 414
spinal cord injury pain 19urine drug testing 414, 505–507
capsaicin, topicalalcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269diabetic neuropathy 59HIV neuropathy 76postherpetic neuralgia 2, 2–15, 4–5,7–8
carbamazepinealcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68brachial plexopathy 36diabetic neuropathy 58phantom limb pain 40poststroke pain 26pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107trigeminal neuralgia 319
cardiovascular functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448, 450
differential diagnosis 336methadone prescription 499–500postherpetic neuralgia 9–10, 12–13postoperative analgesia 482–483
carpel tunnel syndrome 31–32CART. see Communication Access
Realtime TranslationCastellvi classification, Bertolotti’s
syndrome 156catastrophizing, myofascial pain
syndrome 226–227catheter migration 486–487.
see also epidural catheterscauda equine syndrome 152caudal epidural injections,
postlaminectomy pain 176CBT. see cognitive behavioral therapyCDT. see complex decongestive
therapycelecoxibhematological cancer 363phantom limb pain 40
thoracic outlet syndrome 107celiac plexus blockcancer pain 348–349pancreatic cancer pain 353–354pancreatitis treatment 257
cement augmentation, sacralinsufficiency fracture 204–205.see also vertebral augmentation
central poststroke pain (CPSP) 22–27,23–29
central sensitization, poststroke pain24, 27
cerebral blood flow, fibromyalgia 216cerebral palsy pain 383–384cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.
see dural puncturecerebrovascular disease 96cervical disc damage 116cervical facet joints 182anatomy 117, 117–118and axial neck injuries 89–119,116–119
treatment outcomes 121treatments 119–121
cervical joint subluxation 82cervical radiculopathy 31–32, 32–34,
104, 109–114, 110, 240cervical spinal cord stimulation 50cervical stenosis/myelopathy 95–96clinical features 96definition 96–99diagnostic criteria 97–475differential diagnosis 96, 214epidemiology/demographics 96–99examination/work-up 97–99imaging studies 97–99natural history 97–99ossification of posterior longitudinalligament 99
pathophysiology 98and rheumatoid arthritis 99risk factors for development97–99
surgery 98–99treatments, non-surgical 98–99
cervical traction, cervicalradiculopathy 112
cervicogenic headacheclinical assessment 83–85clinical features 82convergence trigeminocervicalnucleus convergence theory 85,86
diagnostic criteria 85–87, 89differential diagnosis 81–82pain generators/referral patterns 87subsets/types 86–89, 88symptoms 85–86treatments 89–93, 90, 91, 92
cesarean delivery, postpartum pain291
chemodenervation, spinal cord injurypain 18–19
chemotherapy-induced pain/peripheral neuropathy
hematological cancer 361–362pancreatic cancer pain 353peripheral neuropathy 342
chicken pox 1children, pain in. see pediatric painchiropractic manipulationcervical radiculopathy 113cervicogenic headache 84low back pain 394thoracic spine pain 129
chlorpromazine, serotonin syndrome441
chronic ankle sprain, differentialdiagnosis 235
chronic low back. see low back painchronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
359chronic pain syndrome 373–376hearing impaired patient 388–389and insomnia 459–464methadone prescription 498–502
chronic pancreatitis 253, 253.see also pancreatitis
chronic pelvic pain (CPP) 261, 266classification systems 267differential diagnosis 267endometrial fibrosis 261–265epidemiology/demographics 267examination/work-up 267–268NIH chronic prostatitis symptomindex 272
postpartum pain 273–291treatments 268–273
chronic prostatitis symptom index(NIH-CPSI) 272
chronic rectal pain 275–280, 278, 279circadian rhythm disorders 460, 463circumferential upper-extremity
measurements, postmastectomylymphedema 368–369
classification systemsBertolotti’s syndrome 156cervicogenic headache 85discography 147interstitial cystitis 267lumbar disc herniation 131–132,132
lumbar spinal stenosis 166, 166–173sacral insufficiency fracture202–203
clicking sounds, temporomandibularjoint disorders 337
clonazepam 233
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clonidinealcohol-induced neuropathy 68–269anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 453
brachial plexopathy 36diabetic neuropathy 59epidural catheters 488intrathecal drug delivery 178–179phantom limb pain 40spasticity 233thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 494
cluster headaches 307–310, 312,329–330
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)359
cocaine, drug testing 410–416,505–507
coccygodynia 275–276, 290Cochrane reviewsacupuncture 393anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 452
biofield therapies 394–395cognitive therapy 395manipulation 394neuroreflexotherapy 396postherpetic neuralgia 4prolotherapy 395–396yoga 394
codeinedetection times, urine drug testing414
postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 505–507
coenzyme Q10, migraine headache304
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)chronic pain syndrome 373–374fibromyalgia 218–219insomnia 463temporomandibular joint disorders337–338
tension headaches 313cognitive impairmentfibromyalgia 216poststroke pain 25
cognitive therapyinsomnia 463–464low back pain 395
cohort analysiscluster headaches 310interspinous spacers 171neuraxial analgesia 290–291
cold treatmentlateral epicondylosis 241lumbar disc herniation 134phantom limb pain 40–41
poststroke pain 25post-thoracotomy pain 44
collimation, radiation exposure418–420, 419
Communication Access RealtimeTranslation (CART) 389
compensation, injury 224–225complementary and alternative
medicine (CAM)definitions/user statistics 390–391diabetic neuropathy 61education 397fibromyalgia 218–219HIV neuropathy 77low back pain 391–396thoracic spine pain 129types 392–396. see also specificCAMs by name
complex decongestive therapy (CDT),postmastectomy lymphedema369–370
complex regional pain syndrome(CRPS) 46–51, 49, 50
children, pain in 384–386diagnostic criteria 47, 47differential diagnosis 31–32, 32–34,46, 104
compression/decompression, nerveand alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73
and axial neck injuries 116–117brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 110–111,113–114
cervical stenosis/myelopathy 99epidural lipomatosis 153failed surgery for. see post-laminectomy pain syndrome
glossopharyngeal neuralgia 325–326and HIV neuropathy 73lumbar spinal stenosis 165, 170–177pancreatic cancer pain 353trigeminal neuralgia 320–321vertebral 124–125
compression fractures, lumbar spinalstenosis 168. see also lumbarcompression fractures
compression pump therapy, post-mastectomy lymphedema 370
compression test, sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 197
compressive meningioma 230computed tomography (CT) scanningBaastrup’s disease 161Bertolotti’s syndrome 156bone metastases 208, 209, 210cervical radiculopathy 112lumbar compression fracture 185lumbar disc herniation 133
pancreatitis 254–255sacral insufficiency fracture 203sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 198trigeminal neuralgia 317
concentration meditation 393conditioned insomnia 460constipation, opioid-induced 467–472,
467–472continuous epidural catheters, acute
pain management 482–488, 484,485
continuous peripheral catheterspostoperative analgesia 491–495,492, 493, 495
total knee arthroplasty 493continuous peripheral nerve blocks
(CPNB), total knee arthroplasty494–495
contractures, spinal cord injury pain17–18
contraindications/indicationsanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448
epidural catheters 482, 488neuraxial analgesia 355patient-controlled analgesia477–478
spinal manipulation 231contrast discography 147convergence trigeminocervical nucleus
convergence theory, cervicogenicheadache 85, 86
cooled radiofrequency ablation(cRFA) 199
coronary artery disease (CAD) 300.see also cardiovascular function
cortical spreading depression (CSD)297–298
corticosteroidsankle pain 237brachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344cervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 90
chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48facet joints, cervical 119lateral epicondylosis 241phantom limb pain 40, 40–41postpartum pain 293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 287–288thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 494treatment complications 202see also dexamethasone; methyl
prednisonecortisol release, fibromyalgia 216cortisone, pregnancy pain 285
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costochondritis (Tietze’s syndrome)124–125, 126, 129
differential diagnosis 207thoracic spine pain 124–125, 126
costovertebral joint pain 124–125, 129counseling, migraine headache 299COX-2 inhibitorspancreatitis treatment 256postpartum pain 293
CPNB. see continuous peripheralnerve blocks
CPP. see chronic pelvic painCPPD. see calcium pyrophosphate
dihydrate diseaseCPS (Canadian Pain Society) 2–3,
2–15CPSP. see central poststroke paincranial nerve palsies 438craniocervical junction 84cRFA (cooled radiofrequency
ablation) 199CRIES infant pain assessment
instrument 380–381, 381cross-disciplinary. see interdisciplinary
managementCRPS. see complex regional pain
syndromeCSD (cortical spreading depression)
297–298CT. see computed tomography
scanningcyclobenzaprenebrachial plexopathy 36phantom limb pain 40serotonin syndrome 439–441thoracic outlet syndrome 107
cyproheptadine, serotonin syndrome441
cystitis, interstitial. see chronic pelvicpain
cytochrome P-450 system 363–364buprenorphine 443–444methadone 500, 502urine drug screening 410
cytokines, HIV neuropathy 75
Danish study, cluster headaches 310dantrolenespinal cord injury pain 18spasticity 233
Daubert legal principle 83DAWN (Drug Abuse Warning
Network) 442DCS (double crush syndrome) 105DEA (Drug Enforcement
Administration) 413–444deaf patients 388–389decompression, see compression/
decompression
deep brain stimulation (DBS) 60,322–323
deep vein thrombus (DVT) 483definitionsaddiction/withdrawal 447complementary and alternativemedicine 390
ethics 402multi-modal analgesic protocol491–492
opioids, substance abuse 400–401patient-controlled analgesia 476radiation exposure 417–418serotonin syndrome 439substance abuse 408vasovagal response during painprocedures 473–474
degenerative disc disease, postpartumpain 290. see also lumbarspondylosis
degenerative joint disease (DJD) 182,243. see also knee osteoarthritis
degenerative spondylolisthesis,pregnancy pain 282
Déjerine-Roussy syndrome 22.see also central poststroke pain
delivery, postpartum pain 291–292demographics. see epidemiology/
demographicsdemyelination, glossopharyngeal
neuralgia 326denervationcomplex regional pain syndrome50
lumbar spondylosis 149Denis classification, sacral
insufficiency fracture 202–203dental pain 318dental problems, and
emporomandibular jointdisorders 336–337, 337
Department of Health and HumanServices (DHHS), drug testingguidelines 411
dependence, drug, definition 447depression. see anxiety/depressionDercum’s disease (adiposis dolorosa),
thoracic spine pain 124–125Derry review, postherpetic neuralgia 4desipraminemigraine headache 218–302phantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107
detection times, drug screens 413,414
detoxificationanesthesia assisted opiate 447–453definitions 447
Devil’s claw, for low back pain 396
DEXA (dual energy x-rayabsorptiometry), sacralinsufficiency fracture 203–204
dexamethasonebrachial plexopathy 36phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 287thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 494
dexmedetomidine, total kneearthroplasty 494
dextran, dural puncture headache437
dextrose prolotherapy, kneeosteoarthritis 247–249
DHE. see dihydroergotamineDHHS. see Department of Health and
Human Servicesdiabetesamyotropy 55pancreatitis 254postherpetic neuralgia treatmentguidelines 12
diabetic neuropathy 62, 64and alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73
classification of peripheral nerveinjuries 56
clinical manifestations 54–55diagnostic criteria 54, 54differential diagnosis 52–53electromyography 55–56epidemiology/demographics 52examination/work-up 53–54N-acetylcysteine 69pathophysiology 56pharmacological treatments 57–60quality of life 62treatment algorithm 57treatment complications 61treatments 56–61
Diagnosis, Intractability, Risk, EfficacyScore (DIRE), aberrant drug use408–409
diagnostic criteriacervicogenic headache 85–87, 89cluster headaches 307–308coccygodynia 276complex regional pain syndrome 47,47
diabetic neuropathy 54, 54fibromyalgia 214–216, 215–219glossopharyngeal neuralgia326–327
lumbar spinal stenosis 167migraine headache 298–299opioid dependence 443proctalgia fugax 276radiation proctitis 276–277
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diagnostic criteria (cont.)serotonin syndrome 300somatoform disorder 217temporomandibular joint disorders333, 334–339, 336
tension headaches 312diarrhea, anesthesia-assisted opiate
detoxification 449diary keepinginsomnia 460, 463migraine headache 298, 302tension headaches 312–313
diazepampregnancy pain 285spasticity 233spinal cord injury pain 18
diet. see nutritional supportdiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
(DISH) 124–125, 126,126, 161
dihydroergotaminecluster headaches 309migraine headache 300–301, 301treatment complications 310
DIRE. see Diagnosis, Intractability,Risk, Efficacy Score
disabilitycervicogenic headache 83–84workers’ compensation system224–225
disc disease, and temporomandibularjoint disorders 334–339, 335–336
disc herniation, lumbar. see lumbardisc herniation
discectomy, temporomandibular jointdisorders 338
discogenic pain 144–150, 146,148–320, 195–197
discographyBertolotti’s syndrome 157lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spondylosis 146–148, 148postlaminectomy pain syndrome175
DISH. see diffuse idiopathic skeletalhyperostosis
distal symmetric polyneuropathy(DSP) 72–73. see also HIVneuropathy
distraction test, sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 197
diversion, definitions 400–401DJD. see degenerative joint diseasedocusate, opioid-induced constipation
470dopamine systems 216, 401–402dorsal ramus syndrome (Maigne’s
syndrome) 124–125, 127–128double crush syndrome (DCS) 105
doxepin 462DREZ (dorsal root entry zone) lesions
33Drug Abuse Warning Network
(DAWN) 442drug-drug interactions, methadone
prescription 500Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) 413–444drug screenschronic low back pain case 504–507fibromyalgia case 414–415motor vehicle collision victim412–414, 414
opioids, safe use for chronic pain405
postlaminectomy pain syndrome408–412, 410–416
see also substance abuseDryden, John 402dry-needling, ankle pain 237DSP. see distal symmetric
polyneuropathydual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
see DEXAduloxetinebrachial plexopathy 33migraine headache 303phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 286spinal cord injury pain 19
duloxetine hydrochloride 59DuPen catheter 354dura mater, anatomy 436dural puncture headache 175,
435–438, 486dural tension test, lumbar disc
herniation 133DVT (deep vein thrombus) 483
Eagle syndrome 326, 326–327ear infection, differential diagnosis
336eating disorders 202ECRB. see extensor carpi radialis
brevisEdelsberg meta-analysis, postherpetic
neuralgia 4education, patientcomplementary and alternativemedicine 397
complex regional pain syndrome 48opioids, safe use for chronic pain404
postmastectomy lymphedema369–370
temporomandibular joint disorders337
efavirenz, drug-drug interactions 500
EFNS. see European Federation ofNeurological Societies
elavil, serotonin syndrome 439–441elbow, lateral epicondylosis 240–242,
242electrodiagnostic testing, cervical
radiculopathy 112electromyography (EMG)alcohol-induced neuropathy 66brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 112diabetic neuropathy 55–56HIV neuropathy 74lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 172thoracic outlet syndrome 106
emesis, anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 449
endogenous opioids, fibromyalgia 216endometrial fibrosis 261–265endorphins, acupuncture 392endoscopic treatment, pancreatitis
257–258enemas, opioid-induced constipation
470–471enkephalins, acupuncture 392enzyme immunoassay (EIA), drug
screening 409–410, 410–416, 504epidemiology/demographicsaberrant drug use 408–409alcohol-induced neuropathy 64ankle pain 235Baastrup’s disease 159brachial plexopathy 30–31cancer pain 342cervical radiculopathy 109cervical stenosis/myelopathy 96–99cluster headaches 307complex regional pain syndrome 46diabetic neuropathy 52dural puncture 435endometrial fibrosis 261fibromyalgia 216hearing impaired patient 388HIV neuropathy 72insomnia 459interstitial cystitis 267knee osteoarthritis 243lateral epicondylosis 240low back pain 390migraine headache 297opioid dependence 399, 442opioid-induced constipation467–468
pancreatitis 253phantom limb pain 38postmastectomy lymphedema 367poststroke pain 22–23, 23–29, 27Scheuermann’s kyphosis 127
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spinal cord injury pain 16temporomandibular joint disorders336
tension headaches 312thoracic outlet syndrome 102total knee arthroplasty 491trigeminal neuralgia 316, 318vasovagal response during painprocedures 474–475
epidural anesthesiaacute pain management 482–488,484, 485
cancer pain 346postlaminectomy pain 176postpartum pain 290–291thoracic spine pain 128–304total knee arthroplasty 492see also epidural steroid injections
epidural blood patches, dural punctureheadache 437
epidural hematoma 152, 429–432, 430,484
epidural lesions, thoracic spine pain124–125
epidural lipomatosis 152–153epidural neuraxial analgesia,
pancreatic cancer pain 354–355epidural space, anatomy 484, 485epidural steroid injectionscervical radiculopathy 113post-thoracotomy pain 44, 176treatment complications 423–427,429–433, 430, 432, 435–438, 484
Epworth Sleepiness Scale 460–461ER (extended-release) opioids 345ergotamine 300–301estrogen-dependent inflammatory
processes 261ethicsalcohol-induced neuropathy 69–70anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 453
methadone prescription 501opioids, substance abuse 402–403paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 427
ethyl alcohol. see alcoholEuropean Federation of Neurological
Societies (EFNS) 2–3, 2–15, 6evidence-based medicinecomplementary and alternativemedicine 397
postherpetic neuralgia 4–7see also Cochrane reviews; outcome
measuresexercisebrain-derived neurotrophic factor216
fibromyalgia 218–219
and insomnia 462, 464knee osteoarthritis 247migraine headache 304myofascial pain syndrome 226opioid-induced constipation 470postmastectomy lymphedema367–368
pregnancy pain 284see also physical therapy
exposure to radiation. see radiationexposure
extended-release (ER) opioids 345extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)
240–241
FABER test (Flexion, ABduction,External Rotation, andExtension) 198
Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R) 383facet jointspostpartum pain 290pregnancy pain 282thoracic spine pain 124–125,127–129
see also cervical facet joints; lumbarfacet joints
facet synovitis 160failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS)
174–179, 175, 225–228faith healing 394–395FAP (functional abdominal pain)
386–387fat malabsorption, pancreatitis 254FCE. see functional capacity
evaluation (FCE)FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) 161fear-avoidance model of pain (FAM)
226femoral nerve blocks 492–493, 493fentanylanesthesia-assisted detoxification447–453
cancer pain 346epidural catheters 487intrathecal drug delivery 178–179patient-controlled analgesia 478phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 414thoracic outlet syndrome 107
fetal pain 379–380, 381fiber, dietary 103–470fibromyalgia 214–219diagnostic criteria 214–216,215–219
drug screens, abnormal 414–415fibrosis, and postlaminectomy pain
syndrome 175, 175
fight-or-flight response 216FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity,
Cry, Consolability scale) 381,382, 383
flexion injuries 116fluid intakedural puncture 486opioid-induced constipation422–469
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 161fluoroscopyepidural catheters 484lumbar facet mediated pain139–140
pregnancy pain 287radiation exposure 417–422,418–420
focal tendinopathy 240–242folate deficiency (vitamin B9) 65, 73foot pain 384–386frequency-modulated electro-magnet
neural stimulation therapy(FREMS) 61
Fryette’s laws of spinal motion 231,231
functional abdominal pain (FAP)386–387
functional capacity evaluation (FCE),cervicogenic headache 83disability benefits 224–225
functional magnetic resonanceimaging (fMRI), diabeticneuropathy 54
functional restoration programs(FRPs), myofascial painsyndrome 227
GA (gouty arthopathy) 244–246GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
233, 401–402gabapentinalcohol-induced neuropathy67–68
brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 344diabetic neuropathy 58fibromyalgia 218lumbar spinal stenosis 169migraine headache 303pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40, 41postherpetic neuralgia. see belowpostpartum pain 294poststroke pain 25, 26pregnancy pain 285spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492, 494
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gabapentin, for postherpetic neuralgia2, 4, 9–10, 11–12
dosing/onset of analgesia 8, 9new clinical data 5–6older patients, treatment options9–11
side effects of treatment 7–8treatment guidelines 2–3
Gaenslen test, sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 197
gait analysis 245Galveston Orientation and Amnesia
Test (GOAT) 85gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
233, 401–402ganglion impar block, chronic rectal
pain 277–320, 278garlic 77gas chromatography/mass-
spectroscopy (GC/MS) 410gastrointestinal functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 450
constipation 467–472, 467–472differential diagnosis 262–263postoperative analgesia 483see also bowel
gastroretentive gabapentin 7–8, 8gelatin, dural puncture headache
437genderalcohol-induced neuropathy 64migraine headache 297opioid dependence 442–443tension headaches 312
gene therapy, diabetic neuropathy 61generalized, symmetrical
polyneuropathy 55genetic factorscancer pain 342–343knee osteoarthritis 244pancreatitis 253postpartum pain 291–292
genetic testing, methadoneprescription 500
genitofemoral nerve 266, 270–271glossopharyngeal neuralgia 325–328,
326–327glucocorticoids, total knee
arthroplasty 492, 494.see also corticosteroids
glutamate, fibromyalgia 218GOAT (Galveston Orientation and
Amnesia Test) 85gonadotropin inhibitors, endometrial
fibrosis 263–264gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) analogs 263–264gouty arthopathy (GA) 244–246
graded motor imagery (GMI),phantom limb pain 40–41
grapefruit juice 500greater trochanteric bursitis 168growth hormone release, fibromyalgia
216guidelinesaberrant drug use 411–412drug testing 411epidural catheters 484opioid prescription for chroniccancer pain 412
postherpetic neuralgia 2–6, 2–15radiation exposurerecommendations 418, 421
gut instinct, physician 506–507
headachecluster 307–310dural puncture 175, 435–438, 486poststroke pain 23, 23–25tension 312–314, 314see also cervicogenic headache;
medication-overuse headache;migraine headache
hearing impaired patient 388–389heart function. see cardiovascular
functionheat treatmentlumbar disc herniation 134phantom limb pain 40–41poststroke pain 25post-thoracotomy pain 44
hematological cancer 358–360, 365case descriptions 316–359, 358interventional management 364pain mechanisms 358–361, 360–361pharmacological treatments 362–364treatment interventions 361–362
hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) 23–25hemorrhoids, differential diagnosis 275hepatic functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448
buprenorphine 444methadone prescription 499–500postherpetic neuralgia 9, 9–10,11–12
herbal remediesHIV neuropathy 77low back pain 396
heroin, urine drug testing 414, 505–507heterotopic ossification 19high-intensity zones (HIZ), discogenic
pain 146hip pain, in pregnancy 283hippocampus, fibromyalgia 216history-takingconstipation 468–469
insomnia 460interstitial cystitis 267postmastectomy lymphedema 368sphenopalatine neuralgia 331urine drug testing 506–507
HIV neuropathy 78chronic pain syndrome 499clinical presentation 73–74differential diagnosis 72–73epidemiology/demographics 72examination/work-up 74–75methadone prescription 500–501pathophysiology 75treatment 75–78
hormonal treatment, endometrialfibrosis 263–264
HSP (hemiplegic shoulder pain)23–25
Hunter criteria, serotonin syndrome300, 440
HVLA (high velocity, low amplitude)spinal manipulation 230
hyaluronic acid injections, ankle pain237
hydrocodonedrug screens, abnormal 414–415phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107
hydrocortisone, pregnancy pain 287hydromorphonecancer pain 345epidural catheters 487intrathecal drug delivery 178–179patient-controlled analgesia 478postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 414, 505–507
hydrophilic/hydrophobic zones,epidural catheters 487
hyperalgesia, poststroke pain 22hypermobility, craniocervical junction
84hypertension, and chronic pain
syndrome 373–376hypnosis, chronic pain syndrome 377hypochondriacs 458hypothyroidism, differential diagnosis
214hysteria and hypochondriasis scale,
MMPI 147
IASP. see International Association forthe Study of Pain
iatrogenic chondrotoxic effects, kneeosteoarthritis 244
ibuprofenphantom limb pain 40
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pregnancy pain 285tension headaches 314thoracic outlet syndrome 107
ice treatment. see cold treatmentICHD (International Classification of
Headache Disorders) 87, 312IDD. see intrathecal drug deliveryIDET (intradiscal electrothermal
therapy) 150IDP (inpatient detoxification
program) 451iliohypogastric nerve 266, 270ilioinguinal nerve 266, 270imaging studiesankle pain 236–237Baastrup’s disease 160, 161, 161Bertolotti’s syndrome 156brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 112cervical stenosis/myelopathy 97–99diabetic neuropathy 54HIV neuropathy 75knee osteoarthritis 245–246opioid-induced constipation422–469
postpartum pain 292pregnancy pain 284–289sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 198thoracic outlet syndrome 106see also computed tomography
scanning; magnetic resonanceimaging; radiography
IMDs (intrathecal medication devices)60. see also intrathecal drugdelivery
IME. see independent medicalassessment
imipraminemigraine headache 303postpartum pain 293–294
immobilization, sacral insufficiencyfracture 204
immune functionand alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73
and HIV neuropathy 73impairment, definition 83–84incidence. see epidemiology/
demographicsindependent medical assessment
(IME)cervicogenic headache 83–84disability benefits 224
indications for treatment.see contraindications/indications
infant pain 380–381, 380–382, 383.see also pediatric pain
infectionand alcohol-induced neuropathy 65
epidural catheters 484glossopharyngeal neuralgia 326and HIV neuropathy 73and lumbar spondylosis 146postpartum pain 290
inferior hypogastric plexus nerveblock, rectal pain 279–280
inflammatory processesankylosing spondylitis 125–126axial neck pain 116cervical radiculopathy 110–111endometrial fibrosis 261–262HIV neuropathy 75knee osteoarthritis 243pancreatitis 254sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 196temporomandibular jointdisorders 336
thoracic spine pain 128–304information for patients.
see education, patientinformed consent, anesthesia-assisted
opiate detoxification 448injection therapy 198–199ankle pain 237–238Baastrup’s disease 162–163Bertolotti’s syndrome 157chronic pelvic pain 270knee osteoarthritis 247, 250low back pain 395–396lumbar facet mediated pain140–141
lumbar spinal stenosis 169phantom limb pain 40–41postlaminectomy pain syndrome175–176
post-thoracotomy pain 44temporomandibular joint disorders338
thoracic outlet syndrome 106–107thoracic spine pain 128–304see also epidural steroid injections
innervationchronic rectal pain 275–276male pelvis 266sphenopalatine ganglion 330
inpatient detoxification program(IDP) 451
inpatient psychological interventions377
insomnia, and chronic pain459–464
Insomnia Severity Index 460–461inspections, radiation equipment 417integrative medicine, low back pain
396. see also interdisciplinarymanagement
intercostal neuralgia 43, 124–125interdisciplinary management
chronic pain syndrome 373chronic pelvic pain 273myofascial pain syndrome 227pancreatic cancer pain 352–353postlaminectomy pain syndrome 179total knee arthroplasty 491–494,492, 495
interleukin-8, cancer pain 342–343intermittent claudication, lumbar
spinal stenosis 168intermittent external pneumatic
compression, postmastectomylymphedema 370
International Association for theStudy of Pain (IASP) 22, 47
International Classification ofHeadache Disorders (ICHD) 87,312
International Headache Society 23cervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 85–87, 89
cluster headaches 307migraines 298–299
interspinous bursitis 159–163, 160,161, 161–162, 162
interspinous spacers, lumbar spinalstenosis 170–171
interstitial cystitis. see chronic pelvicpain
interventional pain physicians, cancerpain 352–353
intervertebral discs, lumbar spinalstenosis 168. see also discogenicpain
intra-articular corticosteroids, kneeosteoarthritis 244
intracranial hypotension, differentialdiagnosis 435
intradiscal electrothermal therapy(IDET) 150
intradiscal surgery, axial neck pain 121intramuscular drug delivery, fetal
pain 380intrathecal drug delivery (IDD)analgesic routes other than oral 346chronic pelvic pain 273pancreatic cancer pain 355postlaminectomy pain syndrome178–179
spasticity 233–234intrathecal medication devices
(IMDs) 60intravascular drug delivery, fetal pain
380ionizing radiation, biological effects
419, 419–422Irving study, postherpetic neuralgia 5
jaw exercises 337
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Kambin triangle 426, 426ketamineepidural catheters 488hematological cancer 364patient-controlled analgesia 480phantom limb pain 40, 41total knee arthroplasty 494–495urine drug testing 414
Khaliq review, postherpetic neuralgia 4kidney function. see renal functionkissing spine, 159–163, 160, 161, 162knee osteoarthritis (KOA) 243–244common causes 244differential diagnosis 244–245examination/work-up 245–247non-surgical treatment options247–249, 249
postoperative analgesia 491–495,492, 493
surgery 249–250knee pain, in pregnancy 283kyphoplastybone metastases 210–212, 211hematological cancer 364lumbar compression fracture188–191
sacral 204–205, 205–206kyphosis, lumbar compression
fracture 184
lactulose, opioid-induced constipation470
laminectomy, lumbar spinal stenosis171–177. see also post-laminectomy pain syndrome
lamotriginebrachial plexopathy 36migraine headache 303phantom limb pain 40poststroke pain 25, 26thoracic outlet syndrome 107
language impairment, poststroke pain25
large Atherosclerosis Risk inCommunities (ARIC) study 299
Lasegue/Laséque/Lazarevic signBertolotti’s syndrome 156lumbar disc herniation 133
laser therapy, postmastectomylymphedema 370
last observation carried forward(LOCF) imputation method,postherpetic neuralgia 6
lateral epicondylosis (LE) 240–242, 242lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
(LFCN) 291lateral shear test, cervicogenic
headache 84laxatives 470
LDH. see lumbar disc herniationleaded barriers, radiation exposure
prevention 420Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic
Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale(LANSS) 54
leg cramps, pregnancy 283legal implicationsmotor vehicle collisions 82–83myofascial pain syndrome223–224
paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 427
postlaminectomy pain syndrome174, 175
urine drug testing 506–507leukemia. see hematological cancerLFCN (lateral femoral cutaneous
nerve) 291lidocainealcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 59lumbar spinal stenosis 169–170postherpetic neuralgia 2–3, 2–4,2–15, 6–8, 9–10
postpartum pain 293pregnancy pain 285, 286
limaprost, lumbar spinal stenosis 169liquid chromatography/mass-
spectroscopy (LC/MS-MS) 410,504
literature reviews see meta-analyses,research studies, systematicreviews
lithium, postpartum pain 294liver function. see hepatic functionlocal anestheticsbrachial plexopathy 36cancer pain 344complex regional pain syndrome 49diabetic neuropathy 59epidural catheters 487–488phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492,492–493, 493
see also mexiletineLOCF. see last observation carried
forwardlong QT syndrome 499–500low back pain 390complementary and alternativemedicine 391–396
differential diagnosis 423drug testing 504–507
paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 423–427
postpartum pain 290–295pregnancy pain 282–284, 288sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis195–200, 196
LSD, urine drug testing 507LSS, see lumbar spinal stenosislumbar compression fracture 182,
182–191, 183–184, 184–185,186–187, 187–191
lumbar disc herniation (LDH)131–136, 132–133, 155
differential diagnosis 131, 137–138pregnancy pain 282thoracic spine pain 124–125
lumbar facet mediated pain 109,131, 137–143, 138–139,139–140, 140–141, 141–142,155
lumbar spinal stenosis 167–168and lumbar spondylosis, discogenicpain 144
postlaminectomy pain syndrome176–177
sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 195–197lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) 164,
166–173, 171–172anatomy 165–166classification systems 166, 166–173diagnostic criteria 167differential diagnosis 131, 137–138,167–168
natural history 165treatments 168–177
lumbar spondylosis, discogenic pain144–150, 146, 148–320
lumbar surgery/postlaminectomy painsyndrome 174–179, 175
lumbar sympathetic nerve block 49lumbar transforaminal epidural
steroid injections 423–427lumbosacral fusion 196lumbosacral radiculitis, differential
diagnosis 195–197lumbosacral region, magnetic
resonance imaging 358lumbosacral transitional vertebra,
Bertolotti’s syndrome 155–157lung cancer, bone metastases 207–212,
209, 211lymphangiosarcoma 370lymphedema, postmastectomy 367–371lymphoma. see hematological cancerlymphoscintigraphy, postmastectomy
lymphedema 369
magnesium sulfate, opioid-inducedconstipation 470
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)axial neck pain 117–118Baastrup’s disease 160, 161, 161Bertolotti’s syndrome 156bone metastases 208cervical radiculopathy 112cluster headaches 309epidural hematoma 430epidural lipomatosis 152–153knee osteoarthritis 246, 249lumbar compression fracture 185,186
lumbar disc herniation 132–133,133
lumbar facet mediated pain 139lumbar spinal stenosis 167, 172lumbar spondylosis, discogenic pain145–146, 146
lumbosacral region 358pancreatitis 254–255paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 424
sacral insufficiency fracture 203trigeminal neuralgia 317
Maigne’s syndrome 124–125, 127–128malabsorption, pancreatitis 254malignancy. see cancer pain,
metastasesmalignant hyperthermia, differential
diagnosis 440malingering, legal aspects 83manipulation. see chiropractic
manipulation, osteopathicmanipulation therapy
Manual Tender Point Survey,American College ofRheumatology 214–215
marijuana. see cannabinoidsmassageHIV neuropathy 77low back pain 393phantom limb pain 40–41poststroke pain 25post-thoracotomy pain 44spinal cord injury pain 19
mastectomy, lymphedema 367–371maxillary sinusitis, differential
diagnosis 336maximum medical improvement
(MMI)cervicogenic headache 83–84disability benefits 224
maximum permissible doses (MPD),ionizing radiation 419, 419
Meckel’s ganglion 329–330mediastinis 207medication-overuse headache
299–301, 442–446cluster 308–311
migraine 298–300, 302, 305tension 314
meditation, low back pain 393Medtronic Corporation 179melatonin, and insomnia 463melatonin receptor agonists 462meloxicamphantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107
memory loss, cervicogenic headache85
meningitis 312, 429–430mental health counseling.
see psychological interventionsmental health disordersMunchausen syndrome 456–458opioid dependence 442–443
meperidenepatient-controlled analgesia478
postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285urine drug testing 505–507
meralgia paresthetica, postpartumpain 291
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).see stem cell transplantation
meta-analysesceliac plexus block 354cognitive behavioral therapy 374migraine headache 299postherpetic neuralgia 4see also systematic reviews
metabolic factorsand alcohol-induced neuropathy65–73
and HIV neuropathy 73metabolic pathways, opioids 411metabolic syndrome, knee
osteoarthritis 244metastaseslung cancer 483rectal 275skeletal. see bone metastasessee also cancer pain
methadonecancer pain 346chronic pain syndrome 498–502complex regional pain syndrome 48postherpetic neuralgia 11–12phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107urine drug testing 414, 505–507
methocarbamolphantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107
methyl prednisonebrachial plexopathy 36
phantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107
methylcobalamin, alcohol-inducedneuropathy 68–69
methylene blue 149methylnaltrexone 471mexiletineHIV neuropathy 76phantom limb pain 41pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107
microvascular decompressionglossopharyngeal neuralgia 327trigeminal neuralgia 320–321see also compression/decompression
MIDAS (Migraine DisabilityAssessment) 298
migraine headache 297–298,304–305
acupuncture 304diagnostic criteria 298–299diary keeping 298, 302differential diagnoses 308, 312, 329,336, 435
examination/work-up 298–299long-term risks counseling 299occipital nerve stimulation 304pharmacological treatments299–314, 300–301
prevention strategies 300–314, 303milnacipam, migraine headache 303mindfulness meditation, low back
pain 393minimally invasive lumbar
decompression (MILD) 170mirror therapy, phantom limb pain
40–41misuse, definition 400–401MMI. see maximum medical
improvementModified Ashworth Scale, spasticity
assessment 232, 233monitoring, safe use of opioids
405mononeuropathy multiplex (MM)
72–74Monro-Kellie hypothesis 486Moore review, postherpetic
neuralgia 4morphinecancer pain 345infant pain 382intrathecal drug delivery 178–179patient-controlled analgesia 478phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107urine drug testing 414, 505–507
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mortality ratesanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 450, 453
benzodiazepines 462methadone prescription 498–500oxycodone, chronic low back paincase 504
spinal cord injury pain 16thoracotomy 482total knee arthroplasty 492
motor cortex stimulation, poststrokepain 25
motor vehicle collisions 81brachial plexopathy 30drug screens, abnormal 412–414,414
fibromyalgia 214legal aspects 82–83myofascial pain syndrome 223sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis195–200, 196
whiplash 81–82MPD. see maximum permissible dosesMRI. see magnetic resonance imagingmultimodal analgesic protocols, total
knee arthroplasty 491–494, 492,495
multiple myeloma, case descriptions358, 358
multiple sclerosis 96, 152, 325, 326,327, 488
Munchausen syndrome 456–458Munchausen syndrome by proxy 458mu-receptors 443muscle relaxantscancer pain 344phantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107.see also baclofen; cyclobenzaprene;
methocarbamol; relaxationtraining
muscle sprain/strain 144, 290musculoskeletal paindifferential diagnosis 262–263postpartum pain 290poststroke pain 23, 27spinal cord injury pain 16, 17–21
musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS),knee 246
music therapy 347myelogenous leukemia (AML), case
description 358myelography, lumbar disc herniation
133–134myocardial infarction.
see cardiovascular functionmyofascial pain syndrome 82,
223–227
and axial neck injuries 116, 118differential diagnosis 81–82, 116,137–138, 195–197, 207, 214,217, 368
and lumbar facet mediated pain137–138, 140, 155
postpartum pain 290and temporomandibular jointdisorders 120–335, 334–339
and thoracic spine pain 124–125, 129myofascial release techniques,
lymphedema 370myo-inositol 69–70myosotis, differential diagnosis 214, 217
N-acetylcysteine 69–70NA (nucleus accumbens) 401–402nalmefine, opioid-induced
constipation 471naloxone, opioid-induced constipation
471naltrexone 450naproxenphantom limb pain 40pregnancy pain 285tension headaches 314thoracic outlet syndrome 107
narcotic, definition 400–401National Center for Complementary
and Alternative Medicine(NCCAM) 390
National Certification Commission forAcupuncture and OrientalMedicine (NCCAOM) 392
National Institute for Health andClinical Excellence (NICE) 452
National Institutes of Health. see NIHNational Survey in Drug Use and
Health (NSDUH) 442NBHD (non-benzodiazepine hypnotic
drugs) 462neck distraction test 111neck painaxial 89–121opioids, substance abuse 399vasovagal response during painprocedures 473–475
needle placement, epidural steroidinjections 430–431, 432
nerve biopsy, HIV neuropathy 74nerve blocksaxial neck pain 89–119, 119–121Bertolotti’s syndrome 157cancer pain 341–348, 347–349,353–354
cervical radiculopathy 113chronic pelvic pain 270–271chronic rectal pain 277–347, 278cluster headaches 309–310
lumbar facet mediated pain141, 143
lumbar sympathetic block 49migraine headache 304pancreatitis treatment 257postlaminectomy pain syndrome175–176
sphenopalatine neuralgia 331thoracic outlet syndrome 106thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492–495,493
trigeminal neuralgia 319nerve compression. see compressionnerve conduction studies (NCS)alcohol-induced neuropathy(AIN) 66
cervical radiculopathy 112HIV neuropathy 74lumbar disc herniation 134thoracic outlet syndrome 106
nerve growth factor (rhNGF), HIVneuropathy 76
nerve injury, epidural catheters484–486
nerve root avulsion, 31–35nerve stimulation.
see neurostimulationnervus intermedius neuralgia (NIN)
327NeuPSIG. see Special Interest Group
on Neuropathic Painneural imaging studies, thoracic outlet
syndrome 106neuralgiaglossopharyngeal 325–328, 326–327sphenopalatine 329–332see also postherpetic neuralgia;
trigeminal neuralgianeuraxial analgesiapancreatic cancer pain 354–355postpartum pain 290–291total knee arthroplasty 492treatment complications 355see also epidural anesthesia
neuraxial bleeding, epidural catheters484
neurodiagnostic imaging guidelines,pregnancy pain 284–289
neurogenic claudication 167, 171neuroleptic malignant syndrome 440neuromas, post-thoracotomy pain
43–45neuromodulationchronic pelvic pain 271–273chronic rectal pain 277, 280complex regional pain syndrome 50phantom limb pain 41trigeminal neuralgia 322–323
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neuropathic pain 16–17bone metastases 360cancer pain 341differential diagnosis 368endometrial fibrosis 262–263hematological cancer 361–362methadone prescription 501painful diabetic peripheralneuropathy 52
phantom limb pain 38–39spinal cord injury pain 16–20, 17–21thoracic spine pain 123, 127–128see also alcohol-induced
neuropathy; complex regionalpain syndrome; diabeticneuropathy; HIV neuropathy;peripheral neuropathy
Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire(NPQ) 54
Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) 54Neuropathic Pain Special Interest
Group 76Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory
(NPSI) 54neuroplasty therapy (adhesiolysis)
169–170, 177neuroreflexotherapy (NRT), low back
pain 396neurostimulationcluster headaches 309trigeminal neuralgia 322–323see also transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulationneurotransmitter systems 218,
500–501. see also dopamine;gamma aminobutyric acid;norepinephrine; serotonin
neurovascular model, migraineheadache 297–298
nevirapine, drug-drug interactions500
NICE (National Institute for Healthand Clinical Excellence) 452
nicotine, and insomnia 461NIH (National Institutes of Health)
chronic prostatitis symptomindex (NIH-CPSI) 272
NIN (nervus intermedius neuralgia)327
nitric oxide (NO) 75N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
antagonistscancer pain 344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48hematological cancer 364methadone 500–501phantom limb pain 40poststroke pain 24
total knee arthroplasty 492,494–495
see also ketamineNNRTI. see nucleoside reverse-
transcriptase inhibitornociceptive painbone metastases 360cancer pain 341endometrial fibrosis 262pancreatitis 254spinal cord injury pain 17–21thoracic spine pain 123
non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drugs(NBHD) 462
non-maleficence principle, substanceabuse 402–403
non-small cell lung cancer,bone metastases 207–212, 209,211
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)
brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 295–344chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome48
endometrial fibrosis 264lumbar spinal stenosis 169pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293poststroke pain 25pregnancy pain 284, 286thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128–304total knee arthroplasty 492,494
trigeminal neuralgia 319see also celecoxib; ibuprofen;
meloxicam; naproxennorepinephrine 218. see also SNRI
antidepressantsNorth American Neuromodulation
Society 178–179North American Spine Society
Diagnostic and TherapeuticCommittee 147
nortriptylinealcohol-induced neuropathy68–269
brachial plexopathy 33hematological cancer 363migraine headache 218–302, 303pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25tension headaches 313–314thoracic outlet syndrome 107
NPQ (Neuropathic PainQuestionnaire) 54
NPS (Neuropathic Pain Scale) 54NPSI (Neuropathic Pain Symptom
Inventory) 54NRT (neuroreflexotherapy), low back
pain 396NSAIDs. see non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugsNSDUH (National Survey in Drug
Use and Health) 442nuclear bone scanslumbar compression fracture 185,186–187
sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 198nucleoside reverse-transcriptase
inhibitor (NNRTI) medications500
nucleus accumbens (NA) 401–402Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) 5nutritional supportalcohol-induced neuropathy 65, 67,70
diabetic neuropathy 57HIV neuropathy 73, 77knee osteoarthritis 247opioid-induced constipation469–470
urine drug screening 411
obesityknee osteoarthritis 244postmastectomy lymphedema367–368, 370
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)and insomnia 460total knee arthroplasty 495
occipital nerve 304, 304, 309–310occipital neuralgiacervicogenic headache 86–89, 88differential diagnosis 81–82, 312treatments 89–93, 90, 91
occipital-atlanto-axial joint complex81–82, 86–89, 88
occupational risk factors, myofascialpain syndrome 226–227
Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration. see OSHA
occupational therapyalcohol-induced neuropathy 69thoracic outlet syndrome 106
OCD (osteo-chondral defects), anklepain 236–237
OIH (opioid-induced hyperalgesia) 219older patients, postherpetic neuralgia
9–10, 9–11O-Log (Orientation Log) 85OMT. see osteopathic manipulation
therapy
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onabotulinum. see botulinum toxinopiates, definitions 400–401Opioid Assessment tool for
Patients with Pain (SOAPP-R)404–405
opioid-induced constipation 467–472,467–472, 468
opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH)219
opioid receptor agonists 61opioid receptor antagonists 450, 471opioid receptors 468, 468Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) 404–405,
408–409opioidsalcohol-induced neuropathy 68bone metastases 208brachial plexopathy 33cancer pain 343–346, 345, 355chronic pelvic pain 269–270complex regional pain syndrome 48definitions 400–401dependence 442–453.see also substance abuse
diabetic neuropathy 59drug screens 410–416, 414–415epidural catheters 487–488fibromyalgia 216, 218–219functional restoration programs 227hematological cancer 363HIV neuropathy 76infant pain 382and insomnia 461intrathecal drug delivery 178–179knee osteoarthritis 247lumbar spinal stenosis 169metabolic pathways 411migraine headache 301myofascial pain syndrome 225, 227pancreatitis treatment 256patient-controlled analgesia 478phantom limb pain 40, 41postherpetic neuralgia 2–3, 2–4,2–15, 7–13, 9–10
postpartum pain 294poststroke pain 25pregnancy pain 287rotation 471side effects 3–7, 346–347, 347thoracic outlet syndrome 107total knee arthroplasty 492,493–494
treatment agreement 404urine drug testing 505–507see also fentanyl; hydrocodone;
hydromorphone; methadone;morphine; oxycodone;tapentadol; tramadol
opiophobia 406
oral contraceptives, endometrialfibrosis 263–264
oral hydration, dural punctureheadache 436
organic brain syndrome, aberrantdrug use 408, 413
Orientation Log (O-Log) 85ORT (Opioid Risk Tool) 404–405,
408–409orthotics. see bracesOSA. see obstructive sleep apneaOSHA (Occupational Safety and
Health Administration), radiationexposure, standards 417–418
Osler, William 402osmotic laxatives 470ossification of posterior longitudinal
ligament (OPLL) 99osteoarthritis, temporomandibular
joint disorders 334–339.see also knee osteoarthritis
osteochondral defects (OCD), anklepain 236–237
osteopathic manipulation therapy(OMT) 230–232, 231, 285
osteoporosislumbar compression fracture 182,183–184, 183–184, 191
pregnancy pain 283and sacral insufficiency fracture204
osteitis pubis, pregnancy pain 283Oucher pain scale 383, 383outcome measuresanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 451–452
complementary and alternativemedicine 391, 397
opioid dependence 445see also Cochrane reviews;
systematic reviewsoutpatient psychological interventions
377overdose, accidentalmethadone prescription 499statistics 409, 413
oxidative stress, alcohol use 64–65,67, 69
oxycodoneanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–453
cancer pain 345phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 6–7pregnancy pain 285thoracic outlet syndrome 107urine drug testing 414, 505–507
oxygen treatment, cluster headaches309
Paget’s disease 202Pain Medication Questionnaire
(PMQ) 408–409painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy
(PDPN) 52. see also diabeticneuropathy
palliative care, bone metastases 208palpation, knee osteoarthritis 245pancreas cancer pain. see cancer painpancreatitis 253–255, 253–258PAP. see postamputation painparacetamol. see acetaminophenparalysis following epidural steroid
injections 423–427, 429–433,430, 432
paresthesia, epidural catheters 484–486paroxetine, pregnancy pain 285passive range of motion testing
(PROM), ankle pain 236patellofemoral disorder, pregnancy
pain 283patents, anesthesia-assisted opiate
detoxification 453patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
476–480patient-controlled epidural
analgesia (PCEA) 482–488, 484,485
patient expectations, postlaminectomypain syndrome 175
patient global impression of change(PGIC) 5
patient information. see educationpatient-surgeon communication.
see therapeutic relationshipPatrick test (FABER test) 198PDMP. see Prescription Drug
Monitoring ProgramsPDPN. see painful diabetic peripheral
neuropathypediatric pain, 379–387, 381, 382,
383, 384pelvic belts 285, 292. see also bracespelvic floor muscle dysfunction,
chronic pelvic pain 268pelvic girdle pain (PGP)postpartum pain 291pregnancy pain 282–283see also chronic pelvic pain
pentosan polysulfate 269percutaneous disc surgery, lumbar disc
herniation 133–135, 134–136percutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (PENS) 61percutaneous radiofrequency
neurotomy. see radiofrequencyablation
percutaneous radiofrequency thermo-coagulation 319–320
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percutaneous radiofrequencytrigeminal rhizotomy (PTR) 319
percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP)188–191
perineal pain, postpartum 291peripheral catheters. see continuous
peripheral cathetersperipheral nerve blockschronic pelvic pain 270migraine headache 304total knee arthroplasty 492–495,493
peripheral nerve stimulationcervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 92–93
chronic rectal pain 279peripheral neuropathychemotherapy-induced 342, 353lumbar spinal stenosis 168
PET. see positron emissiontomography
PGIC (patient global impression ofchange) 5
PGP. see pelvic girdle painphantom limb pain 16, 38–42,
39–42pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamicsbuprenorphine 443–444methadone 500–501
pharmacological treatmentsalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–69brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 343–346, 344, 345cervical radiculopathy 112chronic pelvic pain 268–270chronic rectal pain 277cluster headaches 309complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 57–60endometrial fibrosis 264epidural catheters 487–488fibromyalgia 217–218glossopharyngeal neuralgia 327hematological cancer 362–364HIV neuropathy 75–76insomnia 462knee osteoarthritis 247lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 169migraine headache 300–301, 303,304–305
myofascial pain syndrome 225pancreatitis 256phantom limb pain 39, 40postherpetic neuralgia 1–2postlaminectomy pain syndrome177–178
postpartum pain 293–295poststroke pain 25, 26
post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 284, 285spasticity 233–234sphenopalatine neuralgia 331spinal cord injury pain 19temporomandibular joint disorders338
tension headaches 313–314, 314thoracic outlet syndrome 106, 107total knee arthroplasty 492, 493–494trigeminal neuralgia 319see also alpha-2 adrenergics; alpha-2
delta ligands; antidepressants;anticonvulsants; beta blockers;calcium channel blockers;corticosteroids; localanesthetics; muscle relaxants;N-methyl-D-aspartateantagonists; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents; opioids
pharming, definitions 400–401phencyclidine, urine drug testing
410–416, 505–507phenol, spasticity 233phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine,
complex regional painsyndrome 48
phenytoinalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68poststroke pain 26pregnancy pain 285
PHN. see postherpetic neuralgiaphysical dependencedefinitions 400–401neurobiological processesunderlying addiction 401
physical therapyalcohol-induced neuropathy 69ankle pain 237cervical radiculopathy 113cervicogenic headache/occipitalneuralgia 89
complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 60knee osteoarthritis 247lateral epicondylosis 241lumbar disc herniation 134lumbar spinal stenosis 169lumbar spondylosis 148–149myofascial pain syndrome 226postlaminectomy pain syndrome 179postmastectomy lymphedema367–368, 370
postpartum pain 292pregnancy pain 284sacral insufficiency fracture 204Scheuermann’s kyphosis 127thoracic outlet syndrome 106thoracic spine pain 128
see also exercisephysician, gut instinct 506–507phytotherapy, chronic pelvic pain 269pilonidal cyst, differential diagnosis
275PIN (posterior interosseous nerve)
240–241PIPP (Premature Infant Pain Profile)
381, 381piriformis syndrome 195–197, 290Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
460–461placebo effects, complementary and
alternative medicine 397platelet rich plasma (PRP)ankle pain 238knee osteoarthritis 247–249ankle pain 238lateral epicondylosis 241
pleuritis 43–44, 207PLPS. see postlaminectomy pain
syndromePMQ (Pain Medication
Questionnaire) 408–409pneumocephalus, differential
diagnosis 435pocket fills, intrathecal drug delivery
179Polyanalgesic Consensus Guidelines,
North AmericanNeuromodulation Society178–179
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)bone metastases 210–211percutaneous vertebroplasty188–189
polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR),differential diagnosis 214,216–342
polyol pathway, diabetic neuropathy 58polysomnography 460population-based study, cluster
headaches 310positron emission tomography (PET),
diabetic neuropathy 54postamputation pain (PAP) 38.
see also phantom limb painpostdural puncture headache 175,
435–438, 486postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) 1–2, 13current guidelines limitations 4–5,9–10, 9–12
differential diagnosis 329dosing/onset of analgesia 8, 9, 10–13guidelines for treatment 2–3, 2–4,2–15
new clinical data 5–7side effects of treatment 7–8systematic reviews/meta-analyses 4
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postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) (cont.)treatment selection 7–13, 9
postlaminectomy pain syndrome(PLPS) 174–179, 176–178
drug screens, abnormal 410–416,411
factors associated with 175postmastectomy lymphedema
367–371postpartum pain 290–295poststroke pain. see central poststroke
painpost-thoracotomy pain 43–45post-tonsillectomy pain 325–328,
326–327posterior interosseous nerve (PIN)
240–241posterior rami syndrome 124–125,
127–128posterior talo-fibular ligament (PTFL)
235–236PI (protease inhibitors) 500PP (progressive polyradiculopathy)
72–74prednisolone, pregnancy pain 285prednisonepostpartum pain 293pregnancy pain 285, 287
pregabalinalcohol-induced neuropathy 67–68brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 344combination therapeuticapproaches 6–7
diabetic neuropathy 58fibromyalgia 218migraine headache 303pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 4, 7–8, 9,8–12
postpartum pain 294poststroke pain 26side effects 7–8spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128total knee arthroplasty 492, 494
pregnancyanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448
epidural hematoma 430and sacral insufficiency fracture 202
pregnancy pain 282–288low back pain 195neurodiagnostic imaging guidelines284–289
pharmacological treatments 285see also postpartum pain
Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)381, 381
Prescription Drug MonitoringPrograms (PDMP), aberrantdrug use 412
pressure algometers 43prevalence. see epidemiology/
demographicsprevention strategieslateral epicondylosis 241migraine headache 300–314, 303
PRICEMM (protect, ice, compression,elevation, medication,modalities), lateral epicondylosis241
primary insomnia 459principle of beneficence 402–403principle of Daubert 83principle of justice 403principle of non-maleficence 402–403proinflammatory cytokines, HIV
neuropathy 75proctalgia fugax 275–276progestational agents, endometrial
fibrosis 263–264progressive muscle relaxation (PMR).
see relaxation trainingprogressive polyradiculopathy (PP)
72–74prolotherapyankle pain 237–238, 238elbow pain 242lateral epicondylosis 241low back pain 395–396
PROM (passive range of motion)testing, ankle pain 236
prophylactic medication, migraineheadache 300–314, 303
propranololmigraine headache 303pregnancy pain 285
Proprionibacterium acnes 146, 148prosapepide, HIV neuropathy 77prostatitis 267, 272prosthesesphantom limb pain 40–41temporomandibular joint disorders338
protease inhibitors (PI) 500protein kinase C inhibitors, diabetic
neuropathy 58proximal radioulnar joint 240PRP. see platelet rich plasmapseudoaddiction 400–401, 408, 413pseudogout. see calcium
pyrophosphate dihydratedisease
PSTIM (pulse stimulation treatment)393
psychiatric complications, anesthesiaassisted opiate detoxification 450
psychological interventionsalcohol-induced neuropathy 69chronic pain syndrome 373–377complex regional pain syndrome48
diabetic neuropathy 60hematological cancer 364HIV neuropathy 77knee osteoarthritis 247myofascial pain syndrome226–227
temporomandibular joint disorders337–338
see also cognitive behavioraltherapy; cognitive therapy;mental health disorders
psychometric tools, insomnia460–461. see also screening tools
psychosocial factors, postpartum pain291–292
psychostimulants, cancer pain 344psychotropic drugs, postpartum pain
294pterygopalatine ganglion 329–330PTFL (posterior talo-fibular ligament)
235–236PTR (percutaneous radiofrequency
trigeminal rhizotomy) 319pubic symphysis separation,
pregnancy pain 283pudendal nerve, male pelvis 266pudendal nerve blockchronic pelvic pain 271chronic rectal pain 279, 347
pudendal neuralgia, differentialdiagnosis 275
pulse stimulation treatment (PSTIM)393
pulsed mode fluoroscopy, radiationexposure 419–420
pulsed radiofrequency ablation 113,200. see also radiofrequencyablation
pulvinar nucleus, thalamus 24
qualified medical evaluator (QME),disability benefits 224
quality of life (QOL) 62phantom limb pain 41–42postmastectomy lymphedema367–368
poststroke pain 26–27thoracic outlet syndrome 108
quantitative sensory testing (QST)alcohol-induced neuropathy 66diabetic neuropathy 53HIV neuropathy 53
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Quantitative Sudomotor Axon ReflexTest (QSART) 75
Quebec Task Force (QTF) 116
radiation exposure, interventionalpain physician, 417–422, 418,419
radiation-induced fibrosis 368radiation-induced painhematological cancer 361–362pancreatic cancer 353
radiation proctitis 275–277radiation treatment, cancer pain 342radicular painlumbar facet mediated pain 138, 138paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 429–433
radiculopathyepidural catheters 484–486paralysis following epidural steroidinjections 423–427
secondary to lumbar disc herniation132, 134
radiofrequency ablationankle pain 237Bertolotti’s syndrome 157bone metastases 208–212cervical radiculopathy 113cervicogenic headache 89–90, 91facet joints, cervical 119–120,119–121
glossopharyngeal neuralgia 328lumbar facet mediated pain140–143, 142
pancreatic cancer pain 354pancreatitis treatment 257sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 199–200thoracic spine pain 128
radiographyankle pain 236–237axial neck pain 118Baastrup’s disease 161brachial plexopathy 33cervical radiculopathy 112cervical stenosis 95, 97–99diffuse idiopathic skeletalhyperostosis 126
lumbar compression fracture 185lumbar facet mediated pain 139
radiohumeral joint 240radionucleotide bone scan. see nuclear
bone scanramelteon 462range of motion (ROM) testing 236,
245RDC. see research diagnostic criteriarectal innervation, chronic rectal pain
275–276rectal pain, chronic 275–280, 278, 279
red flagsdrug screens, abnormal 415migraine headache 298–299substance abuse 402
referred paindifferential diagnosis 275sacroiliac joint pain/arthritis 196,196–197
see also visceral painregenerative injection therapy (RIT)knee osteoarthritis 247–249low back pain 395–396
Regenexx-SCP, ankle pain 238regional anesthesia, postoperative
491–495, 492, 493, 495rehabilitationbrachial plexopathy 33complex regional pain syndrome48
epidural hematoma 433spinal cord injury pain 18see also physical therapy
relaxation trainingchronic pain syndrome 374–375insomnia 464low back pain 394postpartum pain 293tension headaches 313see also muscle relaxants
relaxation-induced anxiety 375remifentanil 478renal functionanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448
buprenorphine 444postherpetic neuralgia 9, 9–10, 11–12
research diagnostic criteria,temporomandibular jointdisorders (RDC/TMD) 333,334–339, 336
research studies, spinal manipulation232. see also meta-analyses;systematic reviews
residual-limb pain (RLP) 38–39.see also phantom limb pain
resisted middle finger test 241resisted wrist extension test 241respect for patient autonomy 403respiratory depressionepidural catheters 486opioids 443
respiratory system, postoperativeanalgesia 483
restless leg syndrome 216retrospective studies, regional
anesthesia 492rheumatoid arthritis,differential diagnoses 99, 202, 240,244–246, 336
sacroiliac joint pain 196rhizotomy, glossopharyngeal neuralgia
327riboflavin (vitamin B2), migraine
headache 304risk assessment, opioid use for chronic
pain 403–404risk factors for developmentaberrant drug use 408–409, 413ankle pain 235cancer pain 342–343cervical stenosis/myelopathy97–99
cluster headaches 308dural puncture headache 437–438lumbar spondylosis, discogenic pain145
myofascial pain syndrome226–227
opioid dependence 442–443postmastectomy lymphedema367–368
postpartum pain 291–292sacral insufficiency fracture 202, 240vasovagal response during painprocedures 474
RIT. see regenerative injection therapyRLP. see residual-limb painROM (range of motion) testing 236,
245ropivacaine 487
sacral insufficiency fracture 202–205differential diagnosis 202, 275postpartum pain 290risk factors for development 240
sacral kyphoplasty 204–205, 205–206sacroiliac joint pain 195–200, 196differential diagnosis 144, 155,195–197, 202
postpartum 290sacroplasty 204–205St John’s wort 77saline injections, dural puncture
headache 437salivary gland disorders 336SAMHSA/CSAT. see Substance Abuse
and Mental Health ServicesAdministration
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 126–127,127–352
sciatic nerve blocks, total kneearthroplasty 492
scoliosisepidural catheters 488postpartum pain 290
Screener for Opioid Assessment forPatients with Pain-Revised(SOAPP-R) 408–409
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screening toolsaberrant drug use 408–409insomnia 460–461opioids, safe use for chronic pain404–405
SCS. see spinal cord stimulationSCT. see stem cell transplantationsecondary insomnia 460Seddon classification, diabetic
neuropathy 56, 56selective serotonergic reuptake
inhibitors. see SSRIs; selectiveserotonin and norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors, SNRIs
selective sodium channel blockers,diabetic neuropathy 61
self-medication, aberrant drug use 408self-report scales, children 383Semmes Weinstein monofilament
examination (SWME) 54sennosides, opioid-induced
constipation 470sensitization, poststroke pain 24, 27sepsis, anesthesia-assisted opiate
detoxification 449septic arthritis, differential diagnosis
244seronegative spondyloarthropathies
196serotonin syndrome 7, 439–441, 440,
440postherpetic neuralgia 12treatment complications 310triptans 300 see also SNRIs; SSRIs
Sharp-Purser test, cervicogenicheadache 84
shingles 1. see also postherpeticneuralgia
short-lasting unilateral neuralgiformheadache attacks withconjunctival injection and tearing(SUNCT) 330
shoulder abduction relief test 111shoulder pain 109and axial neck injuries 116–117poststroke pain 23, 23–26spinal cord injury pain 18
side effects, medicationopioids 346–347, 347patient-controlled analgesia 479tricyclic antidepressants 3–7see also treatment complications
sign language, hearing impairedpatients 388–389
sinusitis, differential diagnosis 312Sjogren’s syndrome, differential
diagnosis 214skeletal-related events (SRE) 207–208.
see also bone metastases
skin biopsyalcohol-induced neuropathy 66diabetic neuropathy 53HIV neuropathy 74
sleep apnea. see obstructive sleepapnea
sleep diaries 460, 463.see also insomnia
sleep disorders, fibromyalgia 216sleep restriction 463SLN (superior laryngeal neuralgia)
327slow-wave sleep, fibromyalgia 216Sluder neuralgia 307–329small fiber HIV neuropathy 74–75SMT. see spinal manipulative therapySNRIs (selective serotonin and
norepinephrine reuptakeinhibitors) 218
alcohol-induced neuropathy 68, 269chronic pain syndrome 373diabetic neuropathy 59hematological cancer 363insomnia 462migraine headache 302–310, 303phantom limb pain 40postpartum pain 294pregnancy pain 286spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic outlet syndrome 107see also duloxetine; milnacipam;
venlafaxinesodium channels, poststroke pain 24somatic dysfunction, spinal
manipulation 230–231somatization/somatoform disorderdifferential diagnosis 214, 217Munchausen syndrome 456–458myofascial pain syndrome226–227
postlaminectomy pain syndrome174, 175
sorbitoldiabetic neuropathy 58opioid-induced constipation 470
spasticity 232, 232–234poststroke pain 23, 23–24spinal cord injury pain 17–18
Special Interest Group on NeuropathicPain, International Associationfor the Study of Pain (NeuPSIG)2–3, 2–3, 2–15, 6
sphenopalatine ganglion 307–329sphenopalatine neuralgia 329–332spinal cord injury pain 16–20, 17–21.
see also thoracic spine pain;vertebral fractures
spinal cord stimulation (SCS) 50, 60,225
complex regional pain 50, 50pancreatic cancer pain 354pancreatitis treatment 257postlaminectomy pain 177thoracic spine pain 129
spinal degeneration 152, 161spinal fusion 196spinal manipulative therapy (SMT)
,230–232, 231, 394spinal stenosis 144, 152and chronic pain 459–464constipation 467–472, 467–472lumbar. see lumbar spinalstenosis
postlaminectomy pain, 174–179postpartum pain 290
spino-thalamo-cortical pathway 24spinous processes, Baastrup’s disease
160–162, 161, 162spiritual healing 394–395spondylarthopathies, differential
diagnosis 245spondylosis 165spontaneous intracranial hypotension
435sprained ankle, differential diagnosis
235Spurling’s maneuver 111SRE. see skeletal-related eventsSSRIs (selective serotonergic reuptake
inhibitors)chronic pain syndrome 373fibromyalgia 218migraine headache 299–300,302–310, 303
postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25pregnancy pain 286
St John’s wort 77standards, OSHA radiation exposure
417–418Staphylococcus aureus 484state inspections, radiation exposure
417stationary bicycle test 168, 172stellate ganglion block 49stem cell transplantation (SCT)hematological cancer 362knee osteoarthritis 248–249, 249
stereotactic radiosurgery, trigeminalneuralgia 322
Sternbach’s criteria, serotoninsyndrome 440
steroids. see corticosteroids, epiduralsteroid injections
stimulants, opioid-inducedconstipation 470
stimulus control, insomnia 463strains, ankle pain 235
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stress, psychologicalaberrant drug use 413and insomnia 460–461phantom limb pain 39tension headaches 313see also trauma
stress fractures 155, 202–205strokes, and migraine headache
299. see also central poststrokepain
stump pain (residual-limb pain)38–39. see also phantom limbpain
subdural hematoma, differentialdiagnosis 435
substance abuse 399, 406definitions 400–401, 408differential diagnosis 399–400epidemiology/demographics 399ethics 402–403methadone prescription 499neurobiological processesunderlying addiction 401–402
opioid dependence 442–443and postherpetic neuralgiatreatment 9–10, 12
safe use of opioids for chronic pain403–406
see also addiction; drug screensSubstance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration/Centerfor Substance Abuse Treatment(SAMHSA/CSAT) 444
substance dependence, definition 408substance misuse, definition 408subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint 235–236sufentanilepidural catheters 487patient-controlled analgesia 478
suicidal ideation/suicideanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 447–448
chronic pain syndrome 373cluster headaches 308and insomnia 459medication-overuse headache 442phantom limb pain 41–42sphenopalatine neuralgia 329spinal cord injury pain 16, 20trigeminal neuralgia 318
sumatriptan 486SUNCT (short-lasting unilateral
neuralgiform headache attackswith conjunctival injection andtearing) 330
Sunderland’s classification, diabeticneuropathy 56, 56
super-concentrated platelets, anklepain 238
superior hypogastric plexus 264, 266,271
superior laryngeal neuralgia (SLN) 327superior radioulnar joint 240suppositories, opioid-induced
constipation 470–471supraorbital nerve stimulation,
migraine headache 304sural nerve biopsy, alcohol-induced
neuropathy 66–67surgeryankle pain 239axial neck pain 121Baastrup’s disease 163Bertolotti’s syndrome 157cervical radiculopathy 113–114cervical stenosis/myelopathy 98–99diabetic neuropathy 60endometrial fibrosis 264–265epidural hematoma 427–433knee osteoarthritis 249–250lumbar disc herniation 133–135,134–136
lumbar spinal stenosis 171–177pancreatitis treatment 257–258phantom limb pain 41postmastectomy lymphedema370
sacral insufficiency fracture204–205
scoliosis surgery 488temporomandibular joint disorders338
thoracic outlet syndrome 107–108see also compression/
decompression;postlaminectomy painsyndrome
swallowing, glossopharyngealneuralgia 325
SWME (Semmes Weinsteinmonofilament examination) 54
sympathetic nerve blocks. see nerveblocks
sympathetic nervous systemfibromyalgia 216postoperative analgesia 482–483
symphysiolysis, pregnancy pain 283syringomyelia 17, 96systematic reviewsacupuncture 393anesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 451–452
chronic rectal pain 277herbalism 396massage 393patient-controlled analgesia 477postherpetic neuralgia 4postoperative analgesia 482–483
see also Cochrane reviews;meta-analyses
systemic lupus erythematosis,differential diagnosis 214
systemic vasculitis, differentialdiagnosis 214
TAA (total ankle arthoplasty) 239TAC (trigeminal autonomic
cephalalgia) 308, 330Tai Chi, low back pain 394talocalcaneal joint 235–236talocrural joint 235–236tanezumab, diabetic neuropathy 61tapentadoldiabetic neuropathy 61phantom limb pain 40thoracic outlet syndrome 107
TCAs. see tricyclic antidepressantsTEDS. see treatment episode data setstelescoping, amputated limbs 39temporomandibular joint disorders
(TMD) 333–338, 334–339,335–337, 337
tender point survey, fibromyalgia 215tennis elbow 240–242TENS. see transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulationtension, nervous/muscular 374–375.
see also relaxation training; stresstension type headaches (TTH)
312–314, 314, 336, 435teriparitide 204terminology. see definitionstheophylline, dural puncture 486therapeutic relationshipcancer pain 343postlaminectomy pain syndrome175
psychoanalysis 375–376thermal radiofrequency ablation.
see radiofrequency ablationthiamine. see vitamin B1thigh thrust test 197thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)
102–108, 103, 107clinical features 104–105differential diagnosis 31–32, 32–34,104–105, 109
examination/work-up 105thoracic outlet spaces 103–104
thoracic radiculopathy 43–44thoracic spine pain 123, 123–129,
124–125, 126, 127–352thoracolumbar junction syndrome
127–128thoracotomy, postoperative pain
43–45, 482thrombosis, postoperative analgesia 483
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tibia fracture 38. see also phantomlimb pain
tibial H-reflex, alcohol-inducedneuropathy 66
tibiofibular joint 235–236Tietze syndrome. see costochondritistizanidinebrachial plexopathy 36hematological cancer 364phantom limb pain 40spasticity 233spinal cord injury pain 18thoracic outlet syndrome 107
TKA (total knee arthroplasty)491–495, 492, 493
TLS (tumor lysis syndrome) 362TMD. see temporomandibular joint
disorderstolerancedefinitions 400–401neurobiological processesunderlying addiction 401
tonsillectomy pain 325–328, 326–327topical agentsalcohol-induced neuropathy68, 269
cancer pain 344chronic rectal pain 277diabetic neuropathy 59HIV neuropathy 76see also capsaicin; lidocaine
topiramatemigraine headache 302, 303poststroke pain 26
torsades de pointes 58–59, 499–500TOS. see thoracic outlet syndrometotal ankle arthoplasty (TAA) 239total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
491–495, 492, 493total neuropathy score (TNS), HIV
neuropathy 74traction/neck distraction test 111traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
392tramadolalcohol-induced neuropathy 68diabetic neuropathy 59dosing/onset of analgesia 9phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 2–4, 2–15,3–7, 7–12
pregnancy pain 287serotonin syndrome 439–441side effects 3–7, 7–8thoracic outlet syndrome 107
transcutaneous electrical nervestimulation (TENS)
brachial plexopathy 33chronic pelvic pain 268
diabetic neuropathy 61lumbar facet mediated pain 140phantom limb pain 40–41postherpetic neuralgia 6–7postpartum pain 293post-thoracotomy pain 44pregnancy pain 285spinal cord injury pain 19thoracic spine pain 128
transdermal analgesic routes 345–346transient receptor potential channels-
vanilloid receptors (TRP V1) 61transnasal drug delivery,
sphenopalatine neuralgia 331transplacental drug delivery, fetal pain
380trapped nerves, postpartum pain 291.
see also compression/decompression
traumaglossopharyngeal neuralgia 326spinal cord injury pain 16and temporomandibular jointdisorders 335
see also motor vehicle collisions;stress
treatment algorithmsdiabetic neuropathy 57endometrial fibrosis 264–265pancreatitis 255
treatment complicationsanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 449–450
axial neck pain 121bone metastases 212breast cancer, metastatic 370cluster headaches 310complementary and alternativemedicine 397
corticosteroids 202discography 147–148dural puncture headache 438epidural catheters 484–487epidural steroid injections 424interspinous spacers 171lumbar compression fracture186
lumbar facet mediated pain 143methadone prescription 501neuraxial analgesia 355paralysis following epiduralinjections 423–427, 429–433,430, 432
and patient-controlled analgesia479–480
postlaminectomy pain syndrome179
sacral insufficiency fracture 205sphenopalatine neuralgia 331
vasovagal response during painprocedures 473–475
vertebral augmentation procedures188
see also side effectstreatment episode data sets (TEDS),
opioid dependence 442tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)alcohol-induced neuropathy68, 269
brachial plexopathy 33, 36cancer pain 344chronic pain syndrome 373chronic pelvic pain 269complex regional pain syndrome 48diabetic neuropathy 58–59fibromyalgia 218glossopharyngeal neuralgia 327hematological cancer 363migraine headache 218–302,303
pancreatitis treatment 256phantom limb pain 40postherpetic neuralgia 2–3, 2–4,2–15, 7–11, 9
postpartum pain 293–294poststroke pain 25, 26pregnancy pain 286side effects 3–7spinal cord injury pain 19temporomandibular joint disorders338
tension headaches 313–314thoracic outlet syndrome 107thoracic spine pain 128see also amitriptyline; desipramine;
imipramine; nortriptylinetrigeminal autonomic cephalalgia
(TAC) 308, 330trigeminal neuralgia 316–323,
317, 320differential diagnosis 312, 327,336
trigemino-vascular systemcluster headaches 308–309migraine headache 297–298
trigger point injections 270, 371trigger points 43myofascial pain syndrome 82tension headaches 313
triptanscluster headaches 309migraine headache 299–300,300–301
treatment complications 310TTH. see tension type headachestumor lysis syndrome (TLS) 362T-wave response, alcohol-induced
neuropathy 66
Index
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ulnohumeral (trochlear) joint 240ultrasound 175epidural catheters 484pancreatitis 254–255pregnancy pain 287–288
United Statespostherpetic neuralgia, incidence 1shingles, incidence 1spinal cord injury pain, prevalence 16
United States Drug EnforcementAdministration 413
United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency 421
universal precautions, opioid use 404urethral strictures, differential
diagnosis 267urethritis, differential diagnosis 267urinary tract infections, differential
diagnosis 267urine drug screening (UDS) 405,
504–507. see also drug screensUtah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS)
75
valproate, alcohol-induced neuropathy67–68
valproic acid, pregnancy pain 285Valsalva maneuver 111varicella-zoster virus (VZV) 1.
see also postherpetic neuralgiavascular compression,
glossopharyngeal neuralgia 326vascular imaging studies, thoracic
outlet syndrome 106vasovagal response 473–475venlafaxinemigraine headache 303poststroke pain 25tension headaches 314
ventral posterior nucleus 24ventral tegmental area (VTA) 401–402ventrocaudalis portae nucleus 24verapamil 302cluster headaches 309
migraine headache 303verbiest syndrome 164–165.
see also lumbar spinal stenosisvertebral compression 124–125.
see also compression/decompression; lumbarcompression fracture
vertebral augmentation (VBA)procedures 186–191, 204–205
vertebral fracturesdifferential diagnosis 202postpartum pain 290
vertebroplasty, hematological cancer364
visceral paindifferential diagnosis 207endometrial fibrosis 261–265lumbar facet mediated pain137–138
lumbar spinal stenosis 168pancreatitis 253–255, 253–258pelvic 275spinal cord injury pain 16–17,17–21
thoracic region 123viscosupplementation, ankle pain 237visual aura, migraine headache
297–299, 302vitamin B1alcohol-induced neuropathy 64–66,70
HIV neuropathy 73vitamin B2, migraine headache 304vitamin B9 65, 73vitamin B12alcohol-induced neuropathy 65HIV neuropathy 73
vitamin Ealcohol-induced neuropathy67, 70
migraine headache 304vitamin pills, pregnancy 285VP (percutaneous vertebroplasty)
188–191
VTA (ventral tegmental area) 401–402VZV. see varicella-zoster virus
Webster study, postherpeticneuralgia 5
whiplash 81–82, 116.see also cervicogenic headache
white matter hyperintensities (WMH),migraine headache 299
willow bark, low back pain 396withdrawal syndromeanesthesia-assisted opiatedetoxification 450
opioid dependence 443, 447Wong-Baker Pain Rating Scale
383workers, compensation (WC) system
224–225myofascial pain syndrome 223
World Health Organization (WHO)analgesic ladder
cancer pain 343pancreatitis treatment 256
x-ray findings. see radiographyX-STOP Interspinous Process
Decompression (IPD) System170
X-STOP PEEK (polyetherketone) 170
yoga, low back pain 394
zaleplon 462ziconotide, intrathecal drug delivery
178–179zolpidem 462fibromyalgia 218insomnia 462
zonisamidemigraine headache 303poststroke pain 26
zopiclone 462zygapophysial joint. see lumbar facet
mediated pain
Index
529
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-68289-4 - Case Studies in Pain ManagementEdited by Alan David Kaye and Rinoo V. ShahIndexMore information