357© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 J. Feichtinger et al. (eds.), The Worlds of Positivism, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65762-2

Index

AAall, Anathon, 296, 300, 315About, Edmond, 169Adorno, Theodor, 334, 335Agassiz, Louis, 60Alexander II, emperor of Russia, 274Algarotti, Francesco, 117Al-Kawakibi, Abd al-Rahman, 92Altruism, 95, 276Aristotelism, 113, 114Arouet, François-Marie, 117, 118, 122Atheism, 41, 102, 166, 168, 169, 207,

252, 353Augier, Emile, 162, 163Avenarius, Richard, 286Ayer, Alfred, 22, 217, 236, 309, 312,

319, 320

BBacon, Francis, 122, 194, 223, 346

translations of, 35Bagchi, Jasodhara, 45, 51Baillière, Jean-Baptiste, 171Bain, Alexander, 252Bałucki, Michał, 266

Barach-Rappaport, Karl, 253Barreto, Luiz Pereira, 60, 75, 76Bayle, Leibniz, Clark, Pope, 118Benedict XIV, Pope, 117–119, 130Bentham, Jeremy, 9, 24Bergson, Henri, 72, 96, 107, 314,

315, 317Berkes, Niyazi, 87Bernard, Claude, 83Beşir Fuad, 83, 101Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi, 32, 46Bhattacharyya, Krishna Kamal, 39Bhattacharyya, Ram Kamal, 35Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 163Bolzano, Bernard, 219Boström, Christopher Jacob, 304Boutroux, Emile, 96, 107Boyle, Robert, 115, 130Brahmanism, 40, 41, 49, 353Brandes, Georg, 298Branting, Hjalmar, 298Bratranek, Franz Thomas, 198, 225,

226Brazilian Second Empire, 58, 59Brentano, Franz, 20, 204, 207, 211,

219, 229, 230, 232, 261

358 INdEX

Brücke, Ernst, 204Buchholz, Friedrich, 14, 26Büchner, Ludwig, 83, 101, 259, 270Buckle, Henry, 240

reception among Poles, 244, 249Buffier, Claude, 123Buffon, George de, 15Burson, Jeffrey, 124, 132, 133

CCabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges, 125Cabriada, Juan de, 115Caixas, Marquis of, 58Calinich, Ernst Adolf Eduard, 141,

152Campos Salles, Manuel Ferraz de, 70Caramuel de Lobkowitz, Juan, 113Cardinal Luis Manuel Fernández de

Portocarrero, 115Carnap, Rudolf, 22, 213, 216, 236,

309, 317, 319, 321, 341, 342, 344, 346

and dilthey, 331, 334, 335, 338and Enlightenment, 9, 22, 333

Caro, Elme, 158, 165, 182Cartesian philosophy, 114, 115Carus, Carl Gustav, 145, 153Catechism of Positive Religion, trans-

lations of, 32, 34, 42, 167Catholicism, enlightened, 116, 117Cavanilles, Antonio José, 121, 131Celso, Afonso, 70Cevdet, Abdullah, 86, 90, 92Chapman, John, 47, 171Charles II, king of Spain, 115, 116,

121Charles III, king of Spain, 118,

120–122, 124, 127Charles IV, king of Spain, 125, 127Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 41, 50Chatterjee, Guru das, 35, 36

Chłędowski, Kazimierz, 246, 250, 267Científicos, 54Cieszewski, Karol, 250Cieszkowski, August, 246Clemenceau, Georges, 91Coen, deborah, 220, 238Collège de France, 161, 162, 167, 169,

181, 188Committee of Union and Progress,

86, 90, 103Comte, Auguste, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13,

14, 24–27, 31, 38, 40, 47, 49, 50, 82–84, 87, 94, 95, 101–103, 106, 107, 133, 155, 156, 160, 163, 168–170, 173, 179–181, 184–186, 192, 206, 207, 230, 243, 244, 263, 270, 275, 276, 288, 335, 349, 356

and Buckle, 263and dilthey, 335and Littré, 8, 12, 170, 171, 173,

350and Mill, 3, 5, 9, 10, 276, 350Catechism of Positive Religion, 32,

34, 42, 167Cours de philosophie positive, 6,

32, 126, 140, 155, 156law of three stages, 97, 179, 259on colonialism, 13, 94, 355on Islam, 8, 82, 94on religion, 94on women, 42popularity of books, 85sociology, 6, 7, 87, 276, 277translations of, 34, 42, 167, 173

Condorcet, Marquis de, 15Congreve, Richard, 5, 31, 33, 39,

46–50Conselheiro, Antônio, 64, 66, 78Cornelio, Tommaso, 114Cortezo, Carlos María, 127Cotton, Henry, 31, 34, 37, 40

INdEX 359

Counter-Enlightenment, 121, 124, 133

Count of Floridablanca, 122Cousin, Victor, 158, 177

Dda Costa, Viotti, 62, 76da Cunha, Euclides, 18, 62, 65, 74,

77, 79Na Amazônia, 71Os Sertões, 18, 62, 65

da Fonseca, deodoro, 62, 63d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 132darwinism, 4, 23, 135, 203, 238,

244, 254, 255, 259, 263, 272, 279, 352

david, Aloys M., 194davison, Andrew, 87de Abreu, Capistrano, 70, 79de Assis, Machado, 68, 74de Courtenay, Jan Baudouin, 261d’Eichthal, Gustave, 5, 14, 15, 27demolins, Edmond, 99, 100, 108de Roberti, Evgenij V., 280descartes, René, 123desengaño (disillusionment), 116–118,

130determinacy, 211determinism, 168, 169, 198, 230,

244, 248, 263deutinger, Martin, 144, 152de Vaux, Clotilde, 7, 24, 32díaz, Porfirio, 54diderot, denis, 132dilthey, Wilhelm, 22, 340, 343, 344, 346

and Heidegger, 325, 327dlabač, Bohumír Jan, 194driesch, Hans, 324droysen, Johann Gustav, 137, 150

and politics, 150

assesment of positivism, 137drumont, Édouard, 91duke of Huéscar, 119dupanloup, Félix, 163, 166, 183, 184durkheim, Emile, 87, 104–106, 208

EEinstein, Albert, 211, 232Eitelberger, Rudolf, 203, 226Elliot, George, 34, 48Empiricism, 22, 23, 112, 114–116,

120, 122, 123, 127, 159, 173, 200, 216–218, 233, 240, 248, 251, 257–259, 261, 263, 284, 286, 295, 296, 300–302, 304, 310–314, 316, 319–324, 327, 329, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346

anti-dogmatic, 113anti-metaphysical, 114, 120, 216epistemological, 123, 217logical, 22, 23, 112, 216, 217, 295,

296, 300–302, 304, 310–312, 321–323, 327, 339

probabilistic, 114sensate, 123skeptical, 114, 116, 120

Encyclopedia of Unified Science, 217Encyclopédie, 119–122, 124, 131, 132Encyclopédisme and anti-encyclo-

pédisme, 119, 121, 122, 124Enlightenment, 9, 14, 22, 112, 113,

118, 120, 123, 124, 128–133, 178, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 223, 224, 227, 256, 257, 269, 311, 314, 322, 324, 327, 332, 333, 339, 342, 344, 345

family of Enlightenments, 113Habsburg, 192, 194, 198, 201Polish, 257, 258

360 INdEX

Spanish, 112, 113, 118–121, 123, 124

Exner, Franz Serafin, 197, 215

FFarnese, Elisabetta, 117, 130Fazlı, Necib, 83Feigl, Herbert, 324Feijoo, Benito Jerónimo, 116, 130Ferdinand I, duke of Parma, 125Ferdinand VI, king of Spain, 116, 117,

120, 121, 123Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, 120,

124, 125, 127Festival of Humanity. See Humanity,

Festival ofFetishism, 13, 24, 33, 202Feuchtersleben, Ernst von, 224Feuerbach, Ludwig, 144, 152, 288Feyerabend, Paul, 330Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 126Filippi, Parys, workshop of, 246Fischer, Kuno, 339, 346Føllesdal, dagfinn, 296Forner, Juan Pablo, 121, 132France, Anatole, 91Frankfurt School, 1, 323, 345Frank, Philipp, 209, 213, 215, 231,

232, 234, 324, 341French Revolution, 9, 14, 16, 33, 93,

120, 125Freud, Sigmund, 192, 204, 233Freyre, Gilberto, 62, 74, 76Friedman, Michael, 323

GGabriel, Gottfried, 327, 341Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 340, 343

Galilei, Galileo, 113, 144Garnier, Adolphe, 158Gassendi, Pierre, 19, 113, 115, 116Geddes, Emily, 42Geddes, James, 34, 36, 48Gerber, Carl F. v., 212Ghosh, Girish Chunder, 35–37, 43Ghosh, Jogendra Chandra, 31, 36–38,

50Ghosh, Mohund Chund, 39Gimeno, Amalio, 127Giner de los Ríos, Francisco, 126, 134,

135Glick, Thomas, 128, 272Głowacki, Aleksander, 242Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de, 60Gödel, Kurt, 213Gökalp, Ziya, 86–89, 91, 104, 105Gol’msten, Adolf Kh., 282Gomperz, Heinrich, 193, 199, 219,

221, 226, 227, 229, 231, 238Gomperz, Theodor, 5, 20, 192, 198,

199, 206, 208, 217–219, 221, 225–230, 232

and Auguste Comte, 192, 206, 207and Ernst Mach, 20, 208, 221on Greek antiquitiy, 201relationship with John Stuart Mill,

5, 192, 198, 219translation of John Stuart Mill’s

Collected Works, 198Gonzaga, Silvio Valenti, 117, 131Goyeneche, Juan de, 115Grafton, Anthony, 138, 151, 153Gratry, Alphonse, 159Grote, George, 5Grot, Nikolaj Ja., 284Guizot, François, 163Gumplowicz, Ludwik, 208, 242, 246,

253, 271

INdEX 361

Guthlin, Aloïse, 168, 184Gymnasium, reform of the Habsburg,

148

HHabermas, Jürgen, 323, 338Haeckel, Ernst, 83, 205, 230, 259Hägerström, Axel, 304, 317, 318Hahn, Hans, 324Hale, Charles, 53, 54, 73Hanioğlu, Şükrü, 102, 106, 107Haeberli, Hans, 328Hartel, Wilhelm von, 204Havet, Ernest, 169, 185Hedenius, Ingemar, 308, 319, 320Hegel, Georg F. W., 14Heidegger, Martin, 22, 345Heisenberg, Werner, 215Helmholtz, Hermann, 141, 152, 204Henningsen, Paul, 305, 317Herbartianism, 197, 198, 200, 204, 219Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 197, 200Herder, Johann Gottfried, 15Heyd, Uriel, 87Heyne, Christian Gottlob, 196Hilmi, Filibeli Ahmed, 98, 107Hintikka, Jaakko, 297, 302Hoene-Wroński, Józef, 242Høffding, Harald, 296Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 211Hook, Sidney, 324Hugo, Victor, 163, 183Humanity, 6–8, 12, 14, 15, 24,

33–38, 42–44, 47, 93, 95, 126, 167, 177–179, 208, 252, 278, 307, 333, 352

church of, 15, 34, 35, 38festival of, 37science of, 6, 32, 33, 177

Humboldt, Alexander von, 196Husserl, Edmund, 298, 323, 324,

327, 331, 338

Hyrtl, Joseph, 203, 228

IIbsen, Henrik, 298, 300Idealism, 20, 21, 87, 94, 125–127,

140, 143, 144, 153, 159, 192, 195, 196, 198, 219, 242, 249, 251, 252, 284, 286, 287, 298–300, 304, 316, 327, 331

in human sciences, 328, 331metaphysical, 20, 87, 126, 140,

283, 284philosophical, 93, 94, 125, 126,

192, 219, 242, 284, 298–300, 304

post-Kantian, 143Ilbert Bill, 32, 47Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 119,

161Indian Positivist Society, 38Israel, Jonathan, 113, 114, 121, 129,

132İzmirli, İsmail Hakkı, 97

JJanet, Paul, 160, 181Jardim, Silva, 62Jaurès, Jean, 91Jiménez, Antonio, 126, 134Jørgensen, Jørgen, 295, 313, 315Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 194Judson, Pieter M., 238Jurisprudence, 2, 26, 121, 200, 282,

283, 305, 317Jurkevich, Pamfil, 284Juzhakov, Sergej N., 278

KKadri, Hüseyin Kazım, 98, 108Kaila, Eino, 296, 316

362 INdEX

Kalinowski, Baltazar, 249Kantianism, 159, 192, 200Kaplan, Temma, 127Kareev, Nikolaj I., 281Kavelin, Konstantin d., 284Keene, Benjamin, 119Kellez-Kraus, Kazimierz, 260Kelsen, Hans, 2, 20, 193, 211,

233–236, 301Kemal, İsmail, 92Klages, Ludwig, 322Kołakowski, Leszek, 113, 129Kovalevsky, Maksim, 287Kozłowski, Władysław Mieczysław,

260, 271Krause, Carl Christian Friedrich, 119Krausopositivistm, 19, 126–128, 134Krug, Wilhelm Traugott, 139, 151Krupiński, Franciszek, 251, 268Krzywicki, Ludwik, 260Krzyżanowski, Adrian, 244, 265Kubala, Ludwik, 246Kuhn, Thomas, 330

LLaas, Ernst, 149, 154Laband, Paul, 212Laffitte, Pierre, 5, 26, 82, 85, 86, 95,

102, 107, 181Lagarrique, Juan Enrique, 94Lagerborg, Rolf, 315Landquist, John, 306, 317, 318Language, analysis of, 325, 328Lappo-danilevsky, Aleksandr, 287Lavrov, Petr L., 274, 276Le Bon, Gustave, 83, 91Legal Realism, 301, 305, 310, 317Leibniz-Wolffianism, 114Lemos, Miguel, 63Le Play, Frederic, 99Lesevich, Vladimir V., 285Levinas, Emmanuel, 334

Lévy, Michel, 163, 182, 187Libelt, Karol, 246Liberalism, Habsburg, 220Liebig, Justus von, 270Lilienfeld, Pavel F., 279Littré, Émile, 8, 12, 19, 83, 133, 156,

160, 185, 186, 206, 255, 276, 285, 350

and Académie française, 163, 166and Comte, 19on Renan, 179, 180

Littrow, Carl Joseph von, 195Lobb, Samuel, 34, 37, 48Løchen, Arne, 300Locke, John, 123Lorenz, Ottokar, 204Lotze, Hermann, 299Luchickij, Ivan V., 280Łukaszewicz, Lesław, 245, 265Lundstedt, Vilhelm, 305, 317, 318Lyell, Charles, 65

MMacdonald, K.S., 37MacFarlane, Charles, 84, 102Mach, Ernst, 20, 193, 206, 208, 212,

221, 231–233, 286, 325, 342and Newtonianism, 117

Madame Helvétius, Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, 125

Magalhães, Benjamin Constant Botelho de, 63, 69

Mağmumi, Şerafeddin, 86, 97Maignan, Emmanuel, 119Majkov, Valerian N., 274Malebranche, Nicolas, 98, 123, 124Malebranchisme, 114Marc-Wogau, Konrad, 310Mardin, Şerif, 85, 103, 107Martineau, Harriette, 9Martínez, Martín, 115, 116, 130Martius, Karl von, 57, 74

INdEX 363

Marxism, 1, 311, 317Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 208Masłowski, Ludwik, 253, 268Massin, Caroline, 206Materialism, 87, 91, 94, 98, 102, 126,

138, 148, 166, 168, 169, 172, 203, 209, 247, 248, 251, 252, 338, 339

German, 94, 126, 147, 148, 159, 247, 248, 252

Maury, Alfred, 167, 184, 187, 188Mauthner, Fritz, 211Mazumdar, Hari Charan, 43, 44Mendes, Angelo, 65, 77Mendes, Raimundo Texeira, 15, 27Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 344Messianism, 21, 247, 249, 262Michelet, Jules, 162, 167, 172Mickiewicz, Adam, 243Midhat Paşa, Şefik Ahmed, 82Mikhajlovskij, Nikolaj K., 277Miljutin, Vladimir, 274Mill, James, 9, 129Mill, John Stuart, 3, 5, 9, 10, 24–26,

33, 47, 50, 86, 131, 133, 156, 173, 174, 176, 186, 192, 198, 199, 219, 225–228, 230, 240, 243, 267, 287, 288, 349, 356

and Gomperz, 5, 20, 192, 198, 199, 201, 206, 221

and Taine, 174–176on liberty, 250relationship to Comte, 9–12System of Logic, 172, 174, 198,

287System of Logic, translations of,

12, 20Misch, Georg, 327, 343Mises, Richard von, 215Mitter, dwarkanath, 35, 37, 48, 49Modernization, 71, 82, 85, 86, 93,

95, 96, 100, 106, 107, 298, 300, 303, 304, 352, 353

Moleschott, Jacob, 83Montalembert, Charles de, 161, 163Moreira Cesar, Antônio, 64, 66–69Morvilliers, Nicolas Masson de, 121Moulines, Carlos Ulises, 112, 128Münif Paşa, Mehmed Tahir, 83Musil, Robert, 211Myrdal, Gunnar, 306, 318

NNæss, Arne, 296, 313, 320, 328Napoleon III, 8, 161, 167Nationalism, 31, 47, 51, 86–92, 100,

104–106, 250, 261, 265, 266, 299, 317, 354

Turkish, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 100National Socialism, 324, 326, 346Naturphilosophie, 138, 196, 351Needell, Jeffrey, 57Neo-Kantianism, 159, 260, 270, 304,

323, 331Neopositivism, 211, 351Neurath, Otto, 213, 215, 216, 219,

234, 236, 237, 317, 324, 342Newton, Isaac, 24

translations of, 20Nicholas I, emperor of Russia, 8, 82,

274Nietzsche, Friedrich, 321, 324, 326,

331, 335Nohl, Herman, 321Novikov, Jakov A., 280Nozhin, Nikolaj d., 279Núñez, diego, 125, 133Nusbaum, Józef, 242Nyström, Anton, 303, 316

OOchorowicz, Julian, 242, 256, 261,

269Ohryzko, Jozafat, 249

364 INdEX

Olivecrona, Karl, 308, 319Ontology, 198, 286, 327, 335, 339Order and progress, 32, 41, 53, 63,

76, 81, 85, 86Organic work (praca organiczna), 21,

246, 247, 249, 254, 257, 262Ortís y Jové, José, 127, 134Orzeszkowa, Eliza, 242, 248, 249,

262, 266, 267Ottomanism, 91

PPaim, Antônio, 59, 74Pakhman, Semën V., 283Paquette, Gabriel B., 121, 128, 131Parla, Taha, 87Patzig, Günther, 328Pawlikowski, Mieczysław, 246Pedro I, emperor of Brazil, 57Pedro II, emperor of Brazil, 58, 62,

63, 74Peixoto, Floriano, 63, 64Phenomenalism, 129, 201, 209, 231,

277, 281, 337, 338epistemological, 209, 281

Phenomenology, 298, 304, 323, 327, 331, 337, 341, 344

Philip V, king of Spain, 116, 117, 121, 123, 130

Philosophy, analytic, 261, 296–298, 301–303, 310–312, 314, 323

Pisarev, dmitrij, 275Pluche, Noël-Antoine, 118Poincaré, Henri, 96, 107“Positive Christianity” and “Positive

religion”, 144Positive knowledge in the Vormärz, 6,

17–19, 141–143, 145, 147, 149, 193, 197

Positive law, 140, 142, 143, 200Positive sciences, 97, 139, 140, 142,

143, 172, 177

Positivism, 1–5, 8–13, 15–21, 23–27, 31–48, 51, 53–56, 59–61, 63–65, 68, 72, 73, 81–83, 85–87, 91–101, 103, 112–114, 118, 120, 123–129, 131, 133–135, 137–140, 142, 144, 150, 151, 155–160, 163, 167, 170–177, 181, 191–193, 201–203, 208, 209, 211, 212, 217, 219–222, 236–238, 240–265, 269–271, 273–278, 280, 282–288, 290, 295–300, 302–304, 306, 310, 312, 314, 316, 317, 321–323, 325, 327, 331, 335, 338, 339, 341, 343–345, 349–356

and conservatism, 55, 298and Empire (Brazilian, Habsburg,

Ottoman, Russian), 3, 9, 16, 17

and literature (Brazil, Poland), 18, 37, 242, 243

and materialism, 92, 96, 126, 159, 255

and national traditions, 60, 217, 312

and psychology, 203, 208, 274, 284, 287

and religion (Christian, Hindu, Muslim), 6, 16, 35, 38, 166, 180, 277, 353–355

and the divide between the humani-ties and the natural sciences, 16, 205, 351

as science of society, 21, 45, 206, 208, 245, 288, 351, 352

churchly, 138legal, 2, 20, 151, 212, 301, 305liberal, 20, 21, 32, 54, 125, 127,

137, 139, 163, 180, 192, 193, 196, 201, 203, 208, 217, 219–222, 240, 243, 250, 251, 255, 259, 261, 355

sanskritization of, 35

INdEX 365

Warsaw, 21, 239–249, 251–253, 255–263

Positivismusstreit, 313Positivist congregation, 303Positivist school, concept of, 19, 85,

156, 158, 160, 166, 168, 172, 350

Post-positivism, 330Prado, Martinho, 63Presidency College, 35, 39, 41Prince Sabahaddin, 99, 100, 108Progress, notion of, 32, 278Proto-positivism (Spain), 112, 120,

123Prudente de Moraes, 64Prus, Bolesław. See Głowacki,

Aleksander

QQuatremère, Étienne, 161

RRanke, Leopold von, 138Raphael’s Madonna, Indian version

of, 43Rapoport, Arnold, 246Ravaisson, Félix, 157, 181Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 42, 50Red Vienna, 216, 321, 346Religion of Humanity, 5, 8, 15, 17,

24, 31–36, 38, 41, 42, 46–48, 82, 94, 98, 145, 157, 353

Renan, Ernest, 19, 95, 107, 156, 157, 159, 161, 172, 182, 183, 185–188

and positivism, 20, 95, 156, 157, 159, 163, 167, 173, 174, 177

controversies over, 161Études d’histoire religieuse, 159, 161Les sciences de la nature et les sciences

historiques, 172

on Islam, 95philosophy of history, 167, 177, 179

Reşid Paşa, Mustafa, 8, 82Rida, Rashid, 92Rio Grande do Sul, 62, 64Ritter, Carl, 196Rıza, Ahmed, 5, 84, 85, 90, 91,

93–95, 97, 102, 103, 106, 107Robinet, Jean-François, 85, 94, 101Roca, Julio A., 55Rochefort, Henri, 91Rokitansky, Carl, 204Romantic Catholic theology, 195Romanticism, 56, 57, 240–243, 249,

250, 260, 262, 265in Brazil, 57

Romero, Silvio, 59, 71, 79Rondon, Cândido, 63Ross, Alf, 301, 310, 315, 319Rossmässler, Emil, 145, 153Rottenhan, Carl Heinrich Franz von,

223Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 117Ruge, Arnold, 144, 152Russell, Bertrand, 221, 238

SSaint-Simon, Henri de, 6Şakir Paşa, 86Salih Zeki, 86, 103, 107Salvotti, Anton, 201Sánchez-Blanco, Francisco, 121, 128,

130–133Sanz del Río, Julián, 125Sapieha, Adam Stanisław, 253Sarmiento, Martín, 117Savigny, Carl Friedrich von, 200Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph,

126, 142, 145positive philosophy, 140, 144

Scherer, Edmond, 169, 185Scherer, Wilhelm, 204, 205, 229

366 INdEX

Schleiden, Matthias, 141Schlick, Moritz, 209, 213, 215, 231,

234, 324, 342Scholasticism, 113Schön, Theodor von, 137Schopenhauer, Arthur, 335Schrödinger, Erwin, 215Schümann, daniel, 263, 270, 272Schuschnigg, Kurt, 217Science vs. religion

natural, 16, 19, 20, 116, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 195, 217, 273, 275, 338

social, 9, 86, 100, 244, 261, 262, 276, 279, 281, 287

unified, 335, 336, 351Scientism, 83, 101, 107, 126, 152,

169, 242, 256, 257, 261, 286, 325

Second Constitutional Era (Turkey), 85, 86, 96, 99

Second revolution (Brazil), 60, 61Servo-Solov’evich, Nikolaj A., 275Şeyh Muhsin-i Fani el-Zahiri. See

Kadri, Hüseyin KazımShershenevich, Gabriel F., 283Simmel, Georg, 326Simon, Walter M., 23, 150Sircar, Mahendralal, 38Skarga, Barbara, 242, 256, 258, 264,

265, 268, 270, 271Skeptical medicine (Spain), 115Smith, Adam, 14Snell, Karl, 142, 143, 152Śniadecki, Jan, 257Śniadecki, Jędrzej, 257Sociology, 18, 21, 41, 42, 86, 88,

103–105, 108, 173, 208, 212, 245, 252, 258, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282, 287, 289, 302, 313, 335, 336

durkheimian, 18, 86Solov’ëv, Vladimir, 273, 275, 285

Somodevilla, Zenón de, 117Spencer, Herbert, 21, 54, 86, 171,

197, 299and Littré, 173and Polish Positivism, 245, 259–

260, 263and Russian Positivism, 181–282,

285Spencerism, 4, 21, 23, 186Spengler, Oswald, 322Staaff, Karl, 298Starkel, Juliusz, 246, 250Stein, Lorenz von, 206, 230Strindberg, August, 298Stronin, Aleksandr I., 279Struve, Henryk, 239, 251, 259, 268Supiński, Józef, 244, 265Świętochowski, Aleksander, 242, 256,

264, 268–270Szujski, Józef, 248, 266

TTaine, Hippolyte, 19, 156, 159, 182,

185, 186, 270and Mill. See Mill, John Stuart and

TaineHistoire de la littérature anglaise,

159Technocracy, 10, 54, 206Temo, İbrahim, 86, 92Tésanek, Jan, 194Tevfik, Rıza, 86, 104Thausing, Moritz, 204Theology, 97, 98, 121, 132, 133, 140,

142, 149–151, 195, 196, 224, 333, 336

Theology and Positive Knowledge, 142

Thiersch, Friedrich, 140, 148, 151, 154

Thomism, 123, 311Three stages

INdEX 367

law of, 97, 179, 259of historical development, 33, 244

Thun-Hohenstein, Leo, 197, 199, 200, 203

Tingsten, Herbert, 306, 318Tönnies, Ferdinand, 87Toqueville, Alexis de, 163Torres, Alberto, 72, 80Torres, Camilo de Oliveira, 59, 75Tournemine, René-Joseph, 123Trämer, Theodor von, 147, 153Translation, 9, 32, 33, 58, 86, 99,

101, 102, 107, 118, 130, 171, 192, 218, 223, 225, 238, 248–250, 262, 276, 287, 318, 319, 331

Troickij, Matvej M., 283Tugan-Baranovsky, Mikhail, 287Twardowski, Kazimierz, 261

UUebel, Thomas, 323ufanismo, 70, 71Unger, Joseph, 200, 227Unity of Science, 214, 295, 301, 325,

336, 350congress of, 295, 301

Utilitarianism, 9, 24, 41, 148, 173, 240, 253, 258

VVacherot, Étienne, 159, 182, 269Varnhagen, Francisco A., 58Vatson, Ernst K., 276Vaux, Clotilde de, 7, 24Vienna Circle, 20, 22, 23, 129, 193,

206, 209, 212–217, 219, 233, 296, 301–303, 305, 310, 313,

314, 316, 321, 323–326, 328, 329, 331, 335, 336, 340, 341, 344–346

Virchow, Rudolf, 141, 152, 270Vives, Juan Luis, 122Vogt, Carl, 83Voltaire. See Arouet, François-Marievon Wright, Georg Henrik, 297, 302,

313, 320Vyrubov, Grigorij N., 280

WWaismann, Friedrich, 324Walewski, Antoni, 248Wedberg, Anders, 310, 319Weininger, Otto, 211Westermarck, Edvard, 296, 315Winckelmann, Johann, 196Wiślicki, Adam, 251, 269Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 344Wojciechowski, Tadeusz, 246“World order” (nizam-ı âlem), 92

YYoung Hegelianism, 198Young Turks, 18, 85, 87, 90–97, 99,

100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 354, 355

and modern science, 18

ZZea, Leopoldo, 60, 75, 76Zilsel, Edgar, 215, 324Zimmermann, Robert, 154, 207, 226,

230Ziya Gökalp, Mehmed, 86, 88, 91