Indian Telecom Industry getting ready for M2M/ · PDF fileSection 3 - Captive / Dedicated IoT...

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IndianTelecomIndustrygettingreadyforM2M/IoT,Sep2017 www.theiet.in/IoTPanel

IndianTelecomIndustry gettingreadyfor

M2M/IoT

WrittenbyMonikaGuptaAug2017

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TableofContents

ListofContributors..........................................................................................................................3Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4M2M/IoTinIndiatoday...................................................................................................................5Section1:M2M/IoTTelecomguidelines&standardsinIndiatoday..............................................5MeitYDraftPolicyonInternetofThings(revised2016)...................................................................6DoTNationalTelecomM2MRoadmap(2015)................................................................................6TRAIConsultationPaper(2016).....................................................................................................25Section2:MobilenetworktechnologyforIoT...............................................................................395G...................................................................................................................................................404GforIoT-NB-IoTandLTE-M........................................................................................................42Non-cellularLPWANtechnology-LoRa.........................................................................................44Section3-Captive/DedicatedIoTversusWideAreaNetwork(WAN)IoT..................................47IndustrialAutomation(Captive/DedicatedIoT)...........................................................................48EnergyandUtilities(mostlyWideAreaNetworkIoT)....................................................................49Real-timelocationservices(canbebothCaptive/DedicatedIoTandWideAreaNetworkIoT)...52

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ListofContributorsA. PrimaryAuthor/Authors

Name Designation Organisation

Ms.MonikaGuptaChairperson-IETIoTPanelTelecom WorkingGroup

TelecomConsultant

(FormerCIOB2B,BhartiAirtel)

B. Contributors(WorkingGroupTelecom–IETIoTIndiaPanel)


MohanRaju ChiefStrategyOfficer AzugaInc

MVGovindarajanFormerChiefofOperationsandPLM-TelecomandHi-tech

L&TTechnologyServices

JeurgenHase CEO Unlimit

SatishMithal SatishMittalSeniorVP,CTO-EnterpriseBusiness

SolutionsVodafoneIndia

VS.Shridhar SeniorVPandHeadofIoTBusiness TataCommunications

C. IETReviewCommittee


ShriT.V.Ramachandran President BroadbandIndiaForum

ShriKuldipSinghFormerMemberTDSAT&CMD MTNL

Hon'yPrincipalAdvisor BroadbandIndiaForum

ShriDPSinghManagingPartnerArtheLaw TMT


ShriAbhishekMalhotra

ManagingPartner,ArtheLaw,TMTexpert

TMT


Mr.DineshC.Sharma DirectorsinStandardsPublicPolicy EUProjectSESEI

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IntroductionMany of us (like me), working in the Telecom sector, have been fortunate to see theevolutionofTelecomindustry (globally& in India) inthe last two- threedecades.Fromtelegraphs/trunkcallstolandlinephonestomobilephones;fromvoice(local,STD,ISD)toVoIP/VoLTE and data; from the classical black land line phones to pagers, hand-helds,feature phones and touch screens; from sms to mobile apps; from paper todigital/online……. andmuchmuchmore.While this experience has been amazing, it isbelieved and forecast that telecom is on the door step of another evolution - thebeginningofM2M/IoTinTelecom.

Whatwehavealsoseenovertheyears is thatwhile India initiallywasa follower inTelecomtechnologyandtheUS/EuropeancompaniesbroughtthetechnologytoIndia,the last few years have turned the tables. With a billion plus population, vastgeographicspread,fundamentalnecessityofcommunicationandneedforaffordabletelecomofferings,Indiahasadoptedtelecominabigwayandinauniquewaywhichworks best for its requirements. Be it prepaid, free VoIP calling,multi-lingual apps,messaging/social networking, internet usage ……. Indian telecom has grown big itsown unique way. India is now actively tracking new technology developments andstandardisationsgloballyandisinfluencingitforIndiaspecificneeds.

In this paper we have put together a synopsis of where Indian telecom is today w.r.t.M2M/IoTandhowitisgettingreadyforthenextrevolution. Thispaperisarrangedinthreesectionsandisasummaryofstudy&researchofvariousdocuments/papersfromvariousGovernmentorganisations,M2M/IoT&TelecomSolutionproviders, Standards development organisations, information available on the internetetc.l Section1-M2M/IoTTelecomguidelines&standardsinIndiatoday-wherearewe

andwhatisdefined/beingdiscussedcurrently

l Section 2 -Mobile network technology, 5G and IoT -why is 5Gbeingdiscussed /requiredforIoT.Howdo4GandLPWANtechnologiessupportIoTservices

l Section 3 - Captive / Dedicated IoT versusWideAreaNetwork IoT -whatarethetelecomIoTsolutionsfortheseuse-casesandwhattechnologiesworkbestforshortrangecoverageandwiderangecoverage

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M2M/IoTinIndiatodayInarecentreportbyresearchandstrategyconsultancyZinnovZonespublishedinAugust2017,itismentionedthatIndianinformationtechnology(IT)servicescompaniesnowownabouttwo-fifthoftheglobalIoTmarket.Inallabout43%or$1.5billionoftheglobal$3.5billion market. The report listed TCS, Wipro, Infosys, HCL, Tech Mahindra, Persistent,GenpactandL&TTechnologiesamongthegloballeadinginnovatorsandmarketleadersinIoT.BengaluruwasthetoplocationinIndiaforIoTprocesses.Specific to the Indian market, IoT is still in its nascent stages but is gaining hugeimportance in the eyes of the government, corporates, regulators and policymakers inIndia.TheGovernmentofIndiaannouncedthatithasplanstocreatea$15billioninternetofthingsmarket inthecountrybynext fiveyears. In2015,thegovernmentrolledoutadraft policy document on IoT and IoT is expected to play a pivotal role in Indian SmartCitiesProject.AcentreofexcellenceforIoTwasset-upinBengalurubythegovernmentinpartnership with NASSCOM, DEITY, TCS, Intel, Amazon web services and FORGEaccelerator. It isalsoproposedthatAndhraPradeshturns intoan IoTHubby2020.TheDigital IndiaandMakeinIndiaprojectsarefurtherexpectedtopromoteIoTadoptioninIndia.Coupledwiththisarethenearly500IoTstartupsinIndia(listedintheIoTForum-IESAIoTstartupdirectory)withmorethan50%ofthemfromBengaluru,offeringsolutionsacrossindustryverticals likeautomotive, robotics,drones, smarthomes, industrialautomation,smartagriculture&food,healthcare&wearables,smartcities, logistics&transportationetc.HowevertheIoTadoptioninIndiaposesnumerouschallengestoowhichneedtobedealtwith-somelikedatasecurity,dataownership,ROI,lackofstandardisation,whicharenotuniquetoIndiaaloneandsomechallengesspecifictoIndialikelackofubiquitousinternetconnectivity,costofdevices/IoTsystemsandlackofreadinessofsupportinginfrastructureandsystemsforIoT(e.g.trafficsystems,utilitygrids,existingindustrialinfrastructure).IoT being a complete new ecosystem requiring hardware, applications, platforms andneeding new strategies, business models and vendor landscape plus partnerships, it isexpected thatenterprise IoT solutions shall seeahigheradoptionandusage in IndiaascomparedtoconsumerIoTadoptiontostartwith.Thisisinlinewiththeglobaltrend.

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TheIETIndiaIoTpanel’s“IndianIoTcasestudiespaper”(publishedalongwiththiswhitepaperinSeptember2017)identifiessometopindustrydomainsandusecasesforwhichIoTdeploymentshavebeensuccessfullydoneinIndia.

Section1:M2M/IoTTelecomguidelines&standardsinIndiatodayIn this section,we are summarising theM2M telecom standards existing/being definedcurrentlyinIndia.Thethreekeydocumentsinthisregardare:1. Draft Policy on Internet of Things first released by Ministry of Electronics andInformationTechnology (MeitY) inNov2014.The samewas revised inApril 2015andthelatestrevisionwasdoneinJuly2016.

2. National TelecomM2M roadmap published by Department of Telecommunications(DoT)inMay2015

3. Consultation paper on spectrum, roaming & QoA related requirements in M2McirculatedbyTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(TRAI)inOctober2016 (Note: TRAI has recently released Recommendations on Spectrum, Roaming and QoSrelatedrequirementsinM2Mcommunicationson5September2017-thesamearenotincludedhereandshallbecoveredinthenextupdateofthiswhitepaper)In2015,TEChasalsocomeoutwith9technicalreportsonM2M,detailingsectorspecificrequirements/usecases,gateway&architectureetc.Twomorereportshavebeenreleasedrecentlyin2017takingthecountto11now. (TECreportsareavailableonhttp://www.tec.gov.in/technical-reports/)

MeitYDraftPolicyonInternetofThings(revised2016)

The key objective of the draft IoT policy document was to facilitate creation of an IoTindustryinIndia(USD15billionby2020).Toachievethesame,threekeyfocusareaswereidentified.Firstly,undertakecapacitydevelopment(people&technology)forIoTspecificskills for both domestic and international markets. Secondly, undertake research anddevelopmentandlastly,developIoTproductsandsolutionsspecifictoIndia’sneeds.ThePolicyframeworkoftheIoTPolicyhasbeenproposedtobeimplementedviaamulti-pillarapproach.Theapproachcomprisesoffiveverticalpillars(DemonstrationCentres,Capacity

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Building & Incubation, R&D and Innovation, Incentives and Engagements, HumanResourceDevelopment) and 2 horizontal supports (Standards&Governance structure).Summarisingthekeytakeawaysbelow:i. Thenumberofinternetconnecteddevicesisgrowingveryfastandexpectedtoreach

anywherebetween26billionand50billiongloballyby2020. Therefore to leverageIndia’sstrengthasglobalserviceindustryleaderandthroughsuitablepromotionandsupport mechanisms this draft IoT policy has been formulated to create an IoTecosysteminthecountry.

ii. TheIndiangovernment’splanof100smartcitiesalongwithDigitalIndiaprogramcanleadtomassiveandquickexpansionofIoTinthecountry.

iii. The key stakeholders in the IoT initiatives will be the citizens, the government,academiaand the industry.Partnershipandcollaborationamongst thestakeholdersshall be essential plus experiences from global forums and active participation ofglobal partners along with participation of startups will help us build innovativesolutions.

iv. Definition - IoT is a seamless connected network system of embedded objects/devices,withidentifiers,inwhichcommunicationwithoutanyhumaninterventionispossibleusingstandardandinter-operablecommunicationprotocols.

v. Vision-Todevelopconnected,secureandsmartIoTbasedsystemforourcountry’sEconomy,Society,Environmentandglobalneeds.

vi. Objectives–

a) TocreateanIoTindustryinIndiaofUSD15billionby2020.Thiswillalsoleadtoincreaseintheconnecteddevicesfromaround200milliontoover2.7billionby2020.AsperGartnerReportthetotalrevenuegeneratedfromIoTindustrywouldbeUSD300billionandtheconnecteddeviceswouldbe27billionby2020globally.IthasbeenassumedthatIndiawouldhaveashareof5-6%ofglobalIoTindustry.

b) To undertake capacity development (Human & Technology) for IoT specificskill-setsfordomesticandinternationalmarkets.

c) ToundertakeResearch&developmentforalltheassistingtechnologies.

d) Todevelop IoT products specific to Indianneeds in the domains of agriculture,health, water quality, natural disasters, transportation, security, automobile,supply chainmanagement, smart cities, automatedmeteringandmonitoringofutilities,wastemanagement,Oil&Gas)etc.

vii. Strategies - The approach comprises of five vertical pillars (Demonstration Centres,Capacity Building & Incubation, R&D and Innovation, Incentives and Engagements,

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Human Resource Development) and two horizontal supports (Standards &Governancestructure).

a) Demonstration of domain specific applications - To develop domain specific

strategies for IoT and to identify and develop domain specific applications /prototypeswhich are of highest priority and inclusive in benefits. The domainsidentifiedare:

u SmartCity

u SmartWater

u SmartEnvironment

u SmartHealth

u SmartWastemanagement

u SmartAgriculture

u SmartSafety

u SmartSupplychain&Logistics

u Smartmanufacturing/IndustrialIoT

b) Incubation and Capacity Building - To promote institutional capacity building

withERNETand15academic/institutionalpartners. Inthisprogramgovernmentwill fund resource centres, test beds, support IoT experiments, facilitate IoTinnovation,setupincubationcentresandCOEs(CentresofExcellence)

c) Standards-Tofacilitateglobalandnationalparticipationofindustryandresearch

bodies forpromotingstandardsaround IoTtechnologiesdeveloped in Indiaandto setup national expert committee for developing and adopting globallyestablishedandinter-operableIoTstandardsinthecountry.

d) Innovation, Research and Development - To fund R&D in IoT for specific

applications. An innovative project - IIRC (International IoT ResearchCollaborationscheme)tobeinitiatedbyDeitYinsupportwithalignedassociation/supportingorganisation.

e) Incentives and Engagements -Tosupportventure fundsspecificallydirected to

support IoT companies. To launch a programme to promote export of IoT

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productsandservicesbyfacilitatingspacerequirementsandotherinfrastructureat subsidised rates for setting up IoT development centres in the country. Tosupport participation in leading international global trade fairs to show Indianindustries’capabilitiesinIoTandprovidepreferentialmarketaccesstodomesticmanufacturersofIoTsolutions.EngagementsintheformofparticipationinglobalforumsonIoTlikeIEEEandsetuphighleveladvisorycommitteestohelpinterfacewithvariousIoTattachedindustries.

f) Human Resource development - To create an IoT education and awareness

program in the country - at M.Tech, B.Tech levels, certificate courses, IoTeducation exchange programs, setup test beds and test labs for IoT design,developmentandtestinginacademiaetc.

g) GovernanceStructure-Createlegalframeworkstohandleissuesthatmayarise

due to IoT related products, systems or services. To setup Advisory andGovernancecommitteestogovernallinitiatives,projects,andtheirprogress.Setupprogrammemanagementunittoprovideongoingsupportforidentificationofvarious initiatives, their implementationsupportandtrackingtheirperformanceincludingperiodicreviewsbytheAdvisoryandGovernancecommittees.

DoTNationalTelecomM2MRoadmap(2015)

IndiaNationalTelecomM2MroadmapwaspublishedinMay2015.GiventhetremendousopportunityrepresentedbyM2Mcommunicationsandthesubstantialandtangiblesocio-economicbenefitsitcanbring,the“NationalTelecomM2MRoadmap”waspreparedbyDoTtoputtogethervariousstandards,policiesandregulatoryrequirementsforIndiaandapproachfortheindustryonhowtolookforwardonM2M.Thedocumentisarrangedinsevenchaptersandannexuresandthekeytakeawaysarementionedbelow:Chapter1-Background&Introductioni. M2M is an emerging area in the field of telecom technologies. In M2M

communications,machinescanbeinterconnectedthroughahostofmedialikeindoorelectricalwiring,wired networks (Ethernets),WPANs (Bluetooth, Zigbee etc.),WiFi,PLC,PSTN/DSL,2G/3G/4Gandevensatellites.

ii. M2Mecosystemcomprisesof:

a) Telecomserviceproviders

b) M2Mapplicationserviceproviders

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c) Sensors/hardwareOEMs

d) Supplychain

e) Middleware

f) Deployment&assetmanagement

iii. Various Fixed and Mobile connectivity solutions are available as per the need formobilityandgeographicalspreadtobecovered.

iv. TheproposedM2MarchitecturebyoneM2Mpartnershipdepictsthreelayers:

a) Networkserviceslayer

b) Commonserviceslayer

c) Applicationlayer

ItcomprisesofApplicationentity(AE),Commonservicesentity(CSE)andunderlyingNetworkservicesentity(NSE)functions.Thedatastorage,applicationsandactuationmay reside on the physical network entities, captive data centre or cloud or in ahybridmode.

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v. M2Mopportunitiescanbeacrossmanyindustryverticals/segments:

a) Transportation&Automotive

b) Utilities

c) FinancialtransactionsinRetail

d) Home/Buildings

e) Security&Surveillance

f) Manufacturing

g) Healthcare

h) ConsumerElectronics

i) Others-agriculture,mining,conservationofwildlife/forestsetc.

vi. AnumberofM2M/IoTmegaprojectsannouncedbyGovt.ofIndiahavethepotentialtoimpactsocio-economiclifee.g.100Smartcities,14Smartgridpilotsetc.

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Chapter2-M2M-buildingcommunicationinfrastructurei. To realise any M2M based smart network. M2M communication is a key building

block.AtypicalM2Mnetworkconsistsofthefollowingbuildingblocks:

a) Wideareanetwork

b) Fieldareanetwork

c) Neighbourhoodareanetwork

d) Home/Buildingareanetwork

e) Localareanetwork

ii. WAN/FAN technologies - TSP fibre network and cellular M2M technology using2G/3G/4G.

iii. HAN&NAN-

a) 6LoWPAN-IPv6overlowpowerwirelesspersonalareanetworks

b) PowerLineCommunication(PLC)-addingamodulatedcarriersignaltothepowercable.DifferenttypesofPLCusedifferentfrequencybands.

c) WiFi - WiFi wireless LAN connections using technology under 802.11 IEEEstandards.UsedforconnectingmanyelectronicdevicestotheinternetortothewirednetworkusingEthernet.

d) ZigBee-basedonIEEE802standardforHAN,speciallydevelopedtoaddresstheneed for low power and low cost wireless network for M2M. Targeted forapplicationsthatrequirelowdatarate,longbatterylifeandsecurenetworking.

e) Ethernet-isthemostdeployed,mostknownandmosttrustedwiredtechnologyforLANbutrequirescabling&wiringwithinthebuilding.

f) HomePlug -electricalwires in thebuildingcanbeused todistributebroadbandinternet,HDvideo,musicandothersmartapplications.

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g) RFID - radio frequency identifiersembedded inadevice - a reader correspondswith a transponder on beingwithin a close range. Typical use in inwarehouseinventories.

h) NFC (Near Field Communication) - short rangewireless connectivity technologyembeddedinsmartphones

i) Bluetooth - very popular technology enabling convenient& secure connectivityandismostcommonlyusedpointtopoint(notconnectmanydeviceslikeWiFi).IoT/M2MhasembracedBluetooth4.0(alsocalledSmart,LEorlowenergy).

j) Tetra (Terrestrial trunked radio) - professional mobile radio and a two waytransceiver. Specially designed for use by govt. agencies, public safety /emergencyservices,transportandmilitary.Mainadvantageisverylowfrequencygives it a long rangeandTETRA is built to connectone toone,one tomany&manytomanywithouttheneedforacontroloperator.

k) LoRa - offers significantly longer range and improved radio performance(includingdeepbuildingpenetration).LoRaalsobenefitsfromadaptiverates(300bps to 300 kbps), supports duplex communication and can operate in licensedand licensefree ISMbands(like335Mhz,433Mhz,868Mhz,915Mhz,2.4kHz,5kHzrangeetc.)

iv. OperatingfrequenciesforwirelesstechnologiesforM2Mcommunicationareshowninthediagrambelow:

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v. QoS inM2M communications - DifferentM2M applicationswill have differentQoSrequirements.WhilesomeM2Mapplicationsrequire largebandwidth,somerequirelow latency. Another example of QoS is ARP (allocation & retention priority). ARPdetermines the priority a device gets ormaintains connectivity in case of networkcongestion.GoingforwardTSPsandISPswouldneedtoensurepropercoveragealongwithQoScateringtovoice,dataandM2Mcommunications.

vi. EnergyfootprintofM2Mnetworks-withforecastofbillionsofdevices/sensorsalongwith network equipment and data centres forM2M it is important that the powerconsumption of theM2Mnetworks is optimised and techniques are developed forlowpowerconsumption.

vii. NOFN-enablingM2MreachinruralIndia-NationalOpticalFibreNetwork(NOFN)isa Govt. of India initiative and it is planned to connect all the 2,50,000 grampanchayatsinIndiaviaopticalfibre.Thedarkfibrenetworkthuscreatedshallensureaminimum speed of 100Mbps to each gram panchayat. Three pilot projects havebeeninitiatedinAjmer(Rajasthan),NorthTripura(Tripura)andVishakhapatnam(AP)districtstocoverallgrampanchayatsofthesethreeblockswith100Mbpsbandwidth.

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viii. BuildingM2Mnetwork-IntheIndiancontext,massiveinvestmentisrequiredtobuildinfrastructurealongwithbetterco-ordinationandplanningamongstvariousagencies.Fore.g.:

a) Whileplanning/buildingroads,buildductsalongside

b) Whileplanning/constructingbuildings,buildcommunicationducts

c) M2M network designs to be based on standards including selection of thecommunicationtechnology.

d) Ensuresecurity&privacy

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Chapter3-GlobalscenarioonM2Mstandards&regulationsi. oneM2M partnership - seven of the world’s leading ICT standards development

organisationslaunchedanewglobalpartnershipcalledoneM2MtoensurethemostefficientdeploymentofM2Mcommunicationsystems.oneM2Misapartnershipof:

a) AssociationofRadioIndustries&Businesses(ARIB)

b) TelecommunicationTechnologyCommittee(TTC)ofJapan

c) AllianceforTelecommunicationsIndustrySolutions(ATIS)

d) TelecommunicationsIndustryAssociation(TIA)ofUSA

e) ChinaCommunicationsStandardsAssociation(CCSA)

f) EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI)

g) TelecommunicationsTechnologyAssociation(TTA)ofKorea

ForIndia,GISFI(GlobalICTStandardisationsForumforIndia)gaveitscontributionstooneM2MuntilayearbackandnowTSDSIisonboardofoneM2Mpartnershipandwillbe responsible for ensuring that Indian requirements are considered for the globalM2Mstandards.InitialgoalofoneM2MistoaddressthecriticalneedofacommonM2Mservicelayerwhich can be readily embedded within various hardware & software and connectvarietyofdevicesinthefieldwithM2Mapplicationserversworldwide.IthasreleasedtenTechnicalspecificationsin2015:

With the mandate of oneM2M partnership, various standards developmentsub-activities are taking place by individual standards organisations like ETSI, 3GPP,IETF,ITU,TSDSI.

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ii. Global M2M policy initiatives - efforts are ongoing globally to define M2M/IoT

standards to ensure standardisation & interoperability, favourable regulations andgovernmentsupport,whichwillhelpinmassadoption.Someoftheinitiativesare:

a) GSMA guidelines on M2M/IoT being supported by many telecom operatorsglobally

b) EUisintheprocessofimplementing“regulatorymandates”onM2MintheareasofEnergyservices,eCallandM2Mnumberingplan

c) BrazilhassignificantM2Mdemandespeciallyintheareasofsecurityandindustry.AnumberofregulatorydevelopmentsinBrazilarefurthersettoencouragehighgrowth inM2M connections in Brazil. Special tax incentives/tax reduction andcompulsoryinstallationofvehicletrackingandsmartmetersisexpectedtoresultin35millionM2MconnectioninBrazilby2018.

d) InUK,Ofcomhaspublishedconsultancypapers towardsM2Mregulationand issupportingtrialsofwhitespacetechnology.

e) InFrance,theirregulatorArcepisconsultingifunlicensedspectrum(2.4Ghzand5Ghzbands)shouldbeusedforM2Mcommunications,especiallyforshortrangedevices.

iii. However theM2Mpolicyand regulatory challengesareenormousandmany issueslike global permanent roaming, making connectivity available anywhere, anytime,numberingplan,spectrumlicensing,datasovereigntyandmanagement,etc.havetobedealtwithanddefined.

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Chapter4-M2Minitiativesandplans:Roadaheadi. For addressing the M2M policy and regulatory issues, two committees have been

formedbyDoT-one“Policy&RegulatoryCommittee”andanotheran“IndustrylevelConsultativeCommittee”.Theissuesandpointsidentifiedforconsiderationwere:

a) StandardsforM2Minlinewithglobalstandards

b) Allocationofspectrum

c) Revisitnationalnumberingplan

d) “Alwayson”requirement-interoperatorroaming,internetworkmobility

e) Privacy&dataprotection

f) KYCandcustomertraceabilityissues

g) Securityandlawfulinterception

h) Policyaroundcustomersethicalissues

i) Closecoordinationwithglobalorganisations

ii. AnindustryconsultativeapproachwasadoptedwithaquestionnairebeingframedforM2M industry and responses sought from all industry stakeholders - in India &internationally. Total 53 responses were received which have been analysed andsummarised by the DoT sub-committee and then open discussions held with theindustry.On thebasis of this, “Termsof Reference”was prepared for formationofM2Mpoliciesandregulations.

iii. PolicyandRegulatoryguidelines:

a) Registration of M2M service provider (MSP) with DoT - M2M service providershallhaveadifferentbusinessandtelecomresourceutilisationmodelcomparedto Other Service Provider. Hence it would be better to have a separateregistrationforM2Mserviceproviders.

b) KYC norms - M2M devices typically communicate with fixed/predefined APNmostlywithoutvoiceandSMS(voice/SMSprovidedinsomecases),henceexistingKYCnormswhicharehumancommunicationcentricshallneedtobecustomisedforM2M. KYC rules can remain same for wired connections (by individuals orcorporates). In case of wireless B2B/B2B2C or Bulk connections - MSP havingownership of the telecom connections, MSP to get the SIMs from TSP afterfulfillingKYCnorms.MSPtomaintainrecordofcustomerdetailswheretheM2MSIMsareinstalled-devicedetails,customer’sname&addressandthisdatatobemaintained by MSP on a secure portal and shared with TSP online. This is

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necessary to ensure traceability of M2M SIMs. For individual/retail M2Mcustomers,existingKYCnormsshallbeapplicable.

c) InternationalRoaming - this is forcaseswherea foreignSIM ison internationalroaming in India. The government is of the view that the law enforcementagencies should have one point of contact for getting the KYC details i.e. theIndian TSPs. Mechanisms have to be worked out between the foreignmanufacturersandIndianTSPstodevicemechanismtosupportKYCcomplianceforinternationalin-roamers.TobeginwithmachinessoldinIndiamaybeallowedwith SIMs of Indian TSPs only. But there are operational devices in India withforeign SIMs and hence the timeline for prohibiting foreign SIMs in India andtimeline for switchover has to be decided in consultation with relevantstakeholders.

d) SIM relatedother issues - include thepossibilityofMSP changingTSPswithoutactually replacing thephysical SIM. Theother issue is of embeddedSIMs / softSIMs.

e) Data security issues - arise at four levels namely M2M data within telecomoperator’s domain, within MSP’s domain, security at sensor/device level andsecurityatnetworklevel.

f) Health/safety regulationsandenvironmentalguidelines -with theestimationofmillionsofdevicespoweredonandconnected impactonhealthof livingbeingsand environment is an important consideration and necessary guidelines /standardsneedtobedefinedtoensuresafety.

g) LocationandConnectivityguidelines-allM2MservicesshouldbeIPbased.Fromsecurity perspective, it is strongly recommended that all M2M gateways andapplication servers are physically located in India. But thismaynot be possibledue to technical or lack of economy of scale issues. Hence a decision on thisneeds to be taken considering all factors including location requirements forotherserviceslikee-mail,socialmediaetc.

iv. Issuesunderconsideration-M2Misevolvingandwith itthepoliciesandregulatoryrequirements are also evolving. Some issues that are identified w.r.t. IndianM2Menvironmentandareunderactiveconsiderationare:

a) M2Mspectrumrequirement

b) DefinefrequencyrangeforPLCcommunication

c) M2Mnumberingplan

d) M2Mroamingrequirements

e) ClouduseforM2M

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f) CapturingSIMdetails/mobilenumberaspartofregistration

v. M2M standards development initiatives - For large scale deployment of M2M,standardisation of M2M at country level, standards for back end systems,interoperability,devicemanagement,SIM/eUICCstandards,networkqualityetc.areessential. All the global standardisation bodies have regional office in India tounderstand India specific requirements towards standards. In India we have TSDSI(government recognised body) and TEC (technical arm of DoT) working on M2Mstandards. TEC has formed five working groups - Power, Automotive, Surveillance,Health,M2MGateway&ArchitectureandSecurity.Additionalworkinggroupsmaybecreated. IncaseofM2M,therewillbeindustryverticalspecificstandardstooattheapplication level which may impact the communication standards and vice versa.Hencethereisarequirementofinter-ministerialcoordination.

vi. Inter-ministerialcoordinationrequirements-Inthepowersector,aninter-ministerialtask force (ISGTF - India SmartGrid Task Force) is in placeworking at coordinationamongst Ministry of Power, New & renewable energy, Heavy industries andCommunication & IT. Standards body of power sector in India, BIS and telecomnetworksinIndia,TEChavetoworkcloselytogetherforseamless,openandscalablecommunication networks for Smart Grids in India. For automobiles in India, ARAI(AutomotiveResearchAssociationofIndia)withtheMinistryofHeavyindustriesandpublicenterprises,has toworkcloselywithTEC/DoTalongwithMinistryofRoad&TransportandvariousTransportauthorities.Fore.g.,forSIMbasedM2MservicesinTransport/Utilities,mandatorily capturing SIM/mobile number/sensor device detailsas part of registration of vehicle/smart meter etc. requires such inter-ministerialco-ordination.InHealthsectorinIndia,MCI(MedicalCouncilofIndia)islookingintovariousaspectsofM2Mrequirements.SmartcitiesprojectsinIndiashallalsorequiresuch inter-ministerial co-ordination. A M2M Apex body to take care of all suchinter-ministerial coordination requirements inproposedandwas constituted in July2015.

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Chapter5-MakeinIndia-supportedthroughM2Madoptioni. Indigenousproducts&services-Indigenousmanufacturingoftelecomequipmenthas

beenstressedinNTP-2012withpreferentialtreatmenttoindigenousmanufacturers.ForM2Mproducts,localmanufacturingandserviceismainlybeingdonebyStartupsand SMEs. Basic components like modules, silicon chips and sensors are mostimported. DoT is taking a number of initiatives to promote local manufacturing inM2Mdomain in India. In response to theDoTquestionnaire, the industry cameupwith a number of requests like easy financing, tax benefits, reduced raw materialimport duties, encourage investment in R&D and IPR etc. which are being workeduponbyDoT.

ii. Creating testbed facilities -Supporting infra in India forM2M in termsof test labs,testbeds,productcertificationarenegligible.Whileinthecommunicationfield,testinfrastructureisinplacebyTECforconductingconformance,performance,functionaland interoperability tests among public networks and to benchmark devices,applications,networks,servicesforallreallifescenarios.TheexistingfacilitiesofTECshallbeupgradedforM2Mrequirements.

iii. M2Mproductcertifications-Networkdevicecertificationisamust-haverequirementto bring any new device into existing carrier networks. The EU GCF (GlobalCertificationForum)was founded in1999bringing together leadingmobilenetworkoperators, devicemanufacturers andother stakeholders, to test and certify all newmobiledeviceswithCertificationCriteriabasedon3GPPand3GPP2standardswhichshall ensure that the mobile device shall work effectively on mobile networksanywhere in theworld. TSDSI has signed cooperation agreementwith GCF to takecare of India specific requirements in global certification. GCF is also working toengage with industry groups tomake GCF certification complement sector specificcertification requirements. Other M2M device certification bodies have also beenformed like PTCRB in USA, KORE telematics, Telefonica Global M2M modulecertificationprogram.InIndiaTECpublishesalargenumberofstandards-GR(genericrequirements), IR (interface requirements) and SR (service requirements) forcommunication products and also does product certifications under Interfaceapproval,TypeapprovalandCertificateofApproval for telecomproducts.ForM2Mproduct certifications, existing facilitiesof TECmaybeupgradedandmore facilitiesmaybeaddedinCABs(Conformityassessmentbodies)andCBs(Certificationbodies)asperindustryrequirements.

iv. Human resource and Capacity building - to train/skill human resource and capacitybuilding for M2M, DoT has designated its training institute NTIPRIT to developsuitable training courses and demonstration centres for M2M. As M2M is acrossdomains,DoTwillhavetechnicalcollaborationwithCapacityBuildingcentresacrossindustries(fore.g.ICAR,NIRD,ISGF,NPCBP).

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v. M2MPilots-InthePowersector,thegovernmentisdoing14SmartGridpilotsacrossIndiahavingacustomerbaseof20,000customerseach.C-DoThas initiatedastudyprojectonM2Mwithakeydeliverablebeingapilotset-upshowcasingM2Mgatewayfunctionalityanddemonstrationofreadingsensordata/smartmeter.DoTisplanningmore pilot projects through proposed Centre of Innovation and DeiTy is planningM2M/IoTpilotstootowardsitssmartcitiesinitiative.

vi. Centre of Innovation - Setting up of CoI (Centre of Innovation) was envisaged inNTP-2012 to develop experimentalM2Mnetworks, implementM2Mpilot projects,and promote R&D forM2Mand coordination amongst various government bodies,regulatorsandstandardsbodies.DoTmaysetuptheseCoIindependentlyoraspartoftheupcomingCoIofotherdomains.

vii. Encouragingentrepreneursandstart-ups -Topromoteentrepreneursandstart-ups,industryhouseslikeCII,FICCI,Assochamhavetakenleadandarecloselyworkingwithgovernment. Ministry of Micro, small and medium enterprises and DeiTy are alsotaking initiatives tosupportstart-ups.An incubationcentrewillalsobesetupunderNTIPRITtosupportinnovationsandR&D.

viii. To evolve newM2M business models - From the communication perspective, thefollowingbusinessmodelscanbebuiltbyaM2Mserviceprovider(MSP):

a) MSP focuses on its own services, leaves choice of connectivity/network on theendcustomerallowingthemtochooseTSPoftheirchoice.

b) MSPbecomesbulkcustomerofaTSPandprovidesendtoendservicealongwithSIMandconnectivitytoendcustomer.HesettlesbillsofTSPasabulkcustomerand raises single bill to his customers for overall service including telecomservices.

c) A TSP is also a MSP and sells services to a customer similar to value addedservices

d) MSPbecomesanMVNO(subject toapprovalofDoT/TRAIguidelinesonMVNO)andaccordinglyoffersservicestoitsendcustomers.CurrentlyinIndiaMVNOsarenotinexistence.

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Chapter6-M2MSectorialApproachi. SmartCity-Creatingasmartcityinvolvesmakingkeysectorsandservicesinthecity

intelligent using M2M devices - Energy, Water, Buildings, Transportation, Parking,Wastedisposal,Physicalsafetyandsecurity,Healthcare,Education.

ii. Automotive - this includes telematics and all type of communications in vehicles,betweenvehicles,betweenvehiclesandpeople/authoritiesandbetweenvehiclesandfixedlocations.

iii. Power-theconventionalelectricitygridsareundergoingatransformationwithsmartmetering, SCADA,WAMS, substation automation etc. In addition, new technologieslikeMW-scale grid connected batteries,micro grids, DC grids, electric vehicles etc.shallchangethewayelectricgridswillnowbemade/operated.

iv. SmartWater-Smartwaterisachievedbydifferenttypesofsensorsdeployedacrossthe water distribution network and across the water cycle. Intelligent electronicdeviceslikepressuresensors,acousticsensorsconnectedwirelesslyallowdetectingofleaksmuchfaster.ThesensorsmayusecellularorshortrangeLR-WPANs/Zigbee. Incaseofagriculture,smartsensorshelptoconservewater.

v. Healthcare - Smarter healthcare management converts health related data intoclinicalandbusinessinsightsandhelpprovidemedicalservices.

vi. Safety and surveillance systems - vast communication and sensor networks acrosscities enable law enforcement and other government agencies help ensure citizensafetyandgetdeeperinsightsbyanalysingthedata.

vii. Agriculture - use of M2M technology in agriculture is expected to improve theproductivity per hectare and lift up the sector by improvedweather forecasts, soilsensors, livestockhealthsensors,sensorstomeasurestorageconditions,monitoringofinsectsandpeststocontrolcropdamage.

viii. Supply chain (PDS) - use ofM2M solutions in food supply chain can help improvequality check and reduce pilferage.M2M can be used across various stages of PDSprocess- inventorymanagement,warehouseenvironmentmanagement,beneficiarydatabaseandauthenticationsystem,transportation&distribution.

ix. Fiscalcashregister-withthegovernmentinitiativetowardsCashlesseconomy,M2Mpointofsalesaretransformingthewaymerchants/retailersdobusinessbyensuringsecure, real timedigitalpaymentsandproviding retailers real-timevisibilityof theirinventoryandbettersupplychainmanagement.Onekeyvalueadditionisthe“M2Mbased PoS (point of sale) fiscal cash register” which uses electronic devices forcollection, control andmonitoringof government tax revenuesonline for small and

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mediummerchants/retailers.ItcanfurtherbelinkedtoAdhaarcardwhichinturnisbeinglinkedtobankaccount,PAN,salestaxregistrationdetails.

Chapter7-M2MRoadaheadi. Further actions that are planned to be taken by DoT (Department of

Telecommunications) to help the M2M ecosystem growth are detailed below.Inter-ministerialconsultationwillbedoneforfurtherdetailingofthesame.

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TRAIConsultationPaper(2016)

With the Government of India recognising the potential of M2M communication andworkingtoboost itsdevelopment in India,DoTsoughtrecommendationsofTRAIonthethree aspects of M2M communication - QoS, roaming and spectrum; resulting in TRAIformulatingthisconsultationpaper.Thisconsultationpaperincludespolicyandtechnicalaspects ofM2M communications and related issues for consultation and also providesinformationon internationalpracticesbeing followed inothernations.Thedocument isarranged in four chapters. Summarising thekey takeaways from theConsultationpaper(CP)byTRAIbelow:Chapter1:i. M2Mdefinition-“M2M(machinetomachinecommunication)usesadevice(suchas

asensorormeter)tocaptureanevent,whichisrelayedthroughanetwork(wireless,wiredorhybrid)toanapplicationthattranslatesthecapturedeventintomeaningfulinformation.”

ii. M2M is also being inter-changeably used with other terms like IoT, IoE, smartsystems.

iii. AccordingtoBEREC’sreportcurrentM2Mservicessharefollowingcharacteristics:

a) Fullyautomaticcommunicationofdatafromremotedevices

b) Simpledevicesthatcanbestaticormobile

c) Lowvolumetrafficoftenwithsporadic/irregularpatternthoughsomeusecaseshaveemergedwhichtransmitdataingreatervolumes

d) M2Mservices require connectivitybut it accounts for lowproportionofoverallM2Mvaluechainrevenueopportunity

e) SomeM2Mservices/devicesarebeingproducedforworldmarket/globalusage

f) SomeM2Mdevicesaredesignedforlifetimeofmanyyears

g) Inmostcases,thebusinessmodelisB2Bevenifdevicesareaimedforconsumers(B2B2C)

iv. TherearedifferentwaysM2Mservicescouldbeimplemented-differentconnectivitytechnologies,differentprotocolsused todeliverdataandM2Mdevice isaddressedviaanidentifier(necessarilynotaglobalidentifierasmaydevicesarenotconnectedtopublicnetworks)

v. M2M applications can further be classified basis the industry/vertical for e.g. -Automotive/transportation,Utilities/energy,Healthcare,Smartcity,Agricultureetc.

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vi. Projections vary for thenumberof connecteddevicesworldwide from20billion to100 billion by 2020 (projections by different industry analysts). Indian projections(usingtheMachinaresearch2012)are275millionconnecteddevicesby2020.

vii. W.r.t. global scenario ofM2M standardisation, it mentions - OneM2M partnershipformedbyworld’s8 standardsdevelopmentorganisations, ITUFocusGroups, ITU-TStudyGroup-20,TSDSIinIndia.W.r.t.globalpolicies&frameworks,GSMAhasissued‘IoTDeviceConnectionEfficiencyGuidelines’ and Internationalpractices fromothercountriesaredetailed ina laterchapter. Italsomentionsthat interoperability iskeyandstandardsoninteroperabilityinM2Mscenariosarestillevolvingandthereisnoclarityontheissuesinvolved.

viii. In India, GOI first recognised the potential of M2M/IoT in NTP-2012. OthergovernmentprogrammeswhichwillhelpgrowtheM2M/IoTindustryinIndiaare:

a) DigitalIndia

b) MakeinIndia

c) StartupIndia

d) Develop100smartcitiesbyMoUrbanDevelopment

e) Setup14smartgridpilotsbyMoPower

f) MoRoadTransportmandating commercial passenger vehiclewithmore than 22seatingcapacitytobeequippedwithGPS/emergencycalletc.

g) DeitYreleaseda‘draftpolicyonIoT-2015’

h) InMay2015,DoTpublished the ‘NationalTelecomM2MRoadmap’plusTECofDoTcameoutwith9technicalreportsonM2M

i) DoT in Jan 2016 sought recommendations from TRAI on the 3 aspects of QoS,roaming&spectrumresultinginthisconsultationpaper(CP)

j) WhileformulatingthisCP itwasrealisedthattherearecertainotherregulatoryaspects like licensing framework of M2M service providers, KYC norms,numbering scheme, interoperability, various technical challenges etc which arebeingworkedbyDoT/TECseparatelyandnotincludedhere.MNPisalsofornownotseenasarequirementinM2M.

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Chapter2:i. GloballyM2M connections have [email protected]%CAGR annually for last 5 years

(basisGSMA).InQ42013,therewere195millionM2Mconnectionsglobally(2.8%oftotal mobile connections) with AT&T US being the top operator with 14.7 millionconnections and Asia being the largest regional M2M market (basis GSMAintelligence/CurrentAnalysis).

ii. TECinitsgenericM2MNetworkarchitecturemodelhasshownfivelayers:

1. Device

2. Gateway

3. Platform

4. Head-endapplications

5. Underlyingnetwork

Onthisbasis, this therecanbevariousservicemodels (variouscombinationsofthese layers)andaM2Mserviceprovidercanplayarole inoneormore layers.Differentindustry/verticalsandapplicationsmayrequiredifferentservicemodelsbasistheiruniquerequirements.

iii. Withglobalestimationsof20-100bnM2M/IoTconnectionsby2020,theroleofMSP(M2M service provider) shall not only be to provide M2M services but integratedifferentservices/partswitheachotherandalsoensureoverallsecurity.WithM2M’smass proliferation, the interest of consumers, inter operator operational aspects,regulatoryobligationsw.r.t.QoS, tariff, roamingetc. areall requiredandhence theneedofaproperM2Mframeworklestthesectorevolvesunorganised/disorderly.Theregulationsalsohavetobelightweightasthissectorisstillevolvingandmanythingsareunknown/forecast.

iv. TheNationaltelecomM2Mroadmaphasfavouredalightweightregulationaddressingconcerns like interface issues with TSPs, KYC, security & encryption. It hasrecommendedthatallM2MserviceprovidersshouldhaveMSPregistration(similartoOSPcategoryregistration)

v. Internationally. MSPs are MNOs, VNOs or MVNOs and the most popular M2Msegmentisautomotive/transport/logistics.InternationalregulationsarementionedinthenextchapterbutMSPsareregulatedinnearlyallcountries.

vi. Likeothercountries,existingTSPswill like toprovideM2Mservices in Indiaas theyalreadyhavetheICTinfraandarelaunchingnewserviceslike4G/LTE/Wi-Fiwhichcanall be used for M2M services. For TSPs having access service/ISP license only andwantingtoofferM2Mservicesonepossibilitycouldbetoamendtheirlicensesoradd

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a chapter of authorisation in the Unified License for the new licensees. TheframeworkforM2MserviceproviderstobeusedinIndiaisunderconsultation.

vii. VariouscommunicationtechnologiescanbeleveragedforM2Mcommunication-PAN(personalareanetwork),LAN(localareanetwork),WAN(wideareanetwork)andinallthesetechnologiesbothwiredandwirelessconnectionsarepossible.Examplesineachcategoryare:

a) WPAN(WirelessPAN)-INSTEON,WirelessUSB,Zigbee,Z-Waveetc.

b) WHAN/WLAN(WirelessLAN)-BLE,Zigbee,Z-Wave

c) WAN-CellulartechnologieslikeGSM,CDMA,LTEandSatellitetechnologies

d) LPWAN(LowpowerWAN)-Sigfox,LoRa,Weightless,Ingenuetc.

viii. Today majority of M2M/IoT applications are in narrow-band, consuming few kbpsdata.AnumberofnewM2M/IoTorientedtechnologiesareemerginggearedtowardsnarrowerbandapplicationswithlargevolumesofdatatransactions,usingshort/longrange technologies andminimum/very low power consumption to preserve devicebatterylife.

ix. The grouping of applications for M2M is based on range, bandwidth and QoS.Predominantly, thebandwidth isnarrowbandwithvaryingQoS (low/medium/high)and range (local, wide). Only some applications need Wide band (like CCTV,advertising displays) or Satellite (deep water fishing, air transport, pipelines). Inaddition there are number of secondary aspects like extent of internationaldeployment, application lifecycle, power requirements, accessibility, cost etc.whichinfluencethetechnology/frequencyband.

x. SpectrummanagementisaveryimportantissueforensuringavailabilityandcapacityforM2M/IoTcommunications.Arangeofprotocolscanbeused-short-rangeradio,mobile phone networks, ultra-narrow band, wired/wireless connection to globalinternet, existing corporate data networks. Devices communicating over kilometresneed access to 300MHz - 3GHz spectrum while local access may use near fieldcommunications. Somemay also use AM/FM bands in VHF range. These spectrumbandsmaybeinthelicensed/unlicensedfrequencyrange.

xi. Sub-GHz bands are also very useful due to their long range, deep penetration, lowinterference,lowpowerconsumption,lowTCO.ITU-Rhasreservedfrequencybandsfor Industrial, Scientific andMedical (ISM) applications and popular ISM bands are433MHz, 868 Mhz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz. Worldwide 2.4GHz is very popular as it isallowedunlicenseduse.Wi-Ficanalsooperatein5.8GHzbandandismostlyusedinenterpriseapplicationsduetolimitedindoorcoverage.

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xii. Internationallyitisfoundthatlicenseexemptbandsaremostlyusedandthisremovesroamingrequirementsalso.Bluetooth,ZigBee,Wi-Fiallworkinunlicensedspectrum.In Europe SIGFOX usesmost popular ISM band of 868MHz and 902MHz is used inUSA.

xiii. In India,thebands2.4GHz(indoor)and5.8GHz(outdoor)are license-exemptbands.In addition 5.15-5.25GHz and 5.725-5.825GHz are unlicensed bands for indoor use.TRAIhasrecommendeddelicensingofV-band(57-64GHz)whichcanalsobeusedforM2M. Other sub-GHz bands which are license exempt for indoor use are -433-434MHzand865-867MHz.

xiv. 400MHz and 800MHz bands are becoming the preferred candidate bands for IoTworldwide.5GisexpectedtoaccommodateavarietyofIoTusecases.

xv. Inlicensedband,M2Mcanbedeployedinanymobilenetworksband.EuropeanCEPTECCconsidersM2Min the733-736MHzand788-791MHzranges.700MHz (APT700FDDbandplan) is also theLTEdeploymentbandglobally. In India, asper the3GPPbandPlan-28-703-748MHz(45MHz)isuplinkfrequencyand758-803MHz(45MHz)isdownlink frequencywith 10MHz centre gap. This 10MHz centre gap (748-758MHz)couldbeoneoptiontoexploreforM2Musageunlicensed(say3MHz-751-754MHz)butwillrequiretechnicalfeasibilityandinterferencestudy.

xvi. Further there are 30+ subGHz bands currently being earmarked/used as perNFAP2011whichcanbeconsideredforM2M/IoT(variousbandsfrom380MHzto960MHz)

xvii. The quantum of spectrum and bands are still to be clearly identified for M2McommunicationsinIndiaandwhetherthesewillbelicensedorunlicensedbands.Andalongwiththattheissueofnational/internationalroaming.

xviii. M2M devices in some industry verticals/segments shall require roaming - for e.g.international automobilemanufacturers. Policy framework forM2MroamingwouldalsobeneededforIndianecosystem-bothforinternationaldevicescomingintoIndiaandIndianmanufactureddevicesgoingout.

xix. For global deployments, commercial models exist betweenmobile operators tofacilitateinternationaluseofIMSIs/MSISDNs.FirstistheInternationalM2MroamingframeworkforinternationalroamingforM2Mservices.PlusthereareGSMAroamingtemplatesthathelpexpediteroamingagreements. In2012GSMAadoptedanM2MAnnex template for international roaming - this mandates transparency in theprovisioningofM2MservicesandidentifyingM2Mtrafficseparatelyfromtraditionalwirelessservices.

xx. Security and identity of the roamer is also important, may be required by Lawenforcementagencies.NewruleshavebeenreleasedinGermanybyBNetzArecently.

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xxi. UniversalIntegratedCircuitCard(eUICC)isanotheroptionwhereSIM/USIMsoftwarereside as an application over eUICC. This requires operators to haveMNC (mobilenetwork codes) directly. Access to MNCs by large M2M service providers directlycouldbeanoptiontopromoteM2MgrowthasitwouldreducetheirdependencyandstickinesstoaTSP.Forthisestimationofthenational/internationalroamingmarketisimportant.

xxii. National roaming charges in India have recently been scrapped bymost operators(end 2016 - early 2017) for both incoming/outgoing calls and data. So for M2Mservicestooitismostlikelythatthereshallbenonationalroamingcharges.

xxiii. Security - according todocumentby TEC generalM2Mnetworks’ general securityrequirementsare:

a) Availability

b) Authentication

c) Authorisation

d) Integrity

e) Confidentiality

xxiv. As per “National TelecomM2M roadmap”, the general data security and privacyissuesthatwillariseare:

a) M2Mdatawithintelecomoperator’sdomain

b) M2MdatawithinM2Mserviceprovider’sdomain

c) Securityatsensor/devicelevel

d) Securityatnetworklevel

xxv. WithcloudcomputingmanyofM2Mapplicationswill behostedon servers locatedoutside India so this poses a regulatory compliance issue with current guidelinesstatingthatsubscriberdatacannotbetakenoutsideIndia.Fromsecurityperspective,thereisastrongcaseforallM2MgatewaysandapplicationserverstobelocatedinIndia. Plus the concern of privacy and unauthorised use of this data and theassociatedrisks/concerns.

xxvi. GSMAhasdeveloped“TheGSMAIoTsecurityguidelines”whichprovidespracticaladviceontacklingcommoncybersecuritythreatsforallplayersinIoTecosystem.InOctober 2015 BEREC released a draft report on “Enabling the internet of things”which has defined certain security and integrity obligations on networks/servicesproviders.PrivacydirectivesasperBERECreport- generalandnotspecifictoM2M(specificrulesforM2MmaybeconsideredasneededbyspecificM2Mapplications):

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a) Purposelimitation

b) Informationaboutdataprocessing

c) Consenttodataprocessing

d) Securitymeasures

e) Notificationobligationtonationalauthorityincaseofbreach

f) Storinginformationinterminalequipment

g) Processingoftrafficandlocationdata

xxvii. In India data services are currently governed by IT Act 2000 and its amendment2008. The IT (reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personaldata)rulesweremadein2011.Someprovisionsdiscussedareasbelow:

a) Currently the rules apply to the companyanddigital data -wouldnot apply togovernmentbodiesorindividualscollecting/usingbigdatawithM2Mservices.

b) InRule2(i)personalinformationisdefinedbutdoesnotincludedetailsofhis/herlocation,activitiesandalsohowitcanbeusedwhenaggregated/anonymised.

c) Rule 5(1) requires prior permission to be taken in written regarding use ofsensitive personal data - how shall this be applied where data is collected bysensorswithlimited/nohumaninteractionandthedatacanbeused/re-usedbymultiple applications. Additionally there are many other rules related to databreach,privacy,optin/outofconsentetc.whichallneedtobelookedinto.

d) InOctober2012,areportoftheGroupofExpertsonPrivacy,setupbyPlanningCommissionwasreleased. Itstudied internationalprinciples,nationalprinciples,emergingissuesetc.andidentifiedasetofrecommendationstobeconsideredbythegovernmentforproposedframeworkforaPrivacyAct.ItproposedsettingupPrivacy Commissioners at central and regional levels plus Self-regulatingOrganisations(SROs)forautonomouslyensuringcompliance.

e) With the understanding that data security and privacy are importantconsiderations for growth in M2M and consumer confidence in using thistechnology, IndianM2Mserviceprovidersneedtodefinehowtheyshallensurethisandwhatchangesareproposed in ITAct2000and licenseconditionstodoso.

xxviii. QoS Issues - InM2M systems, different communication networks converge intoone large heterogeneous network - different machines (sensors/meters), varioustransmission networks, andmultiple applications. In this scenario guarantee of e2eQoSisachallengeforM2Mserviceproviders.Infuture5Gnetworkswillberequired

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toprovideincreasedbitrate,minimallatency,seamlessintegrationofIoTnodesandsupportenergyefficientterminals(lowpowerconsumption).

xxix. QoS can be looked at from 2 major perspectives - network and application/user.Network perspective is the QoS network offers to application/user e.g. latency,reliabilityofpackettransmission.FromenduserperspectiveQoSparameterscanbesubjectivee.g.presentation,qualityofstreamingaudio/video.

xxx. QoS parameters shall differ from application to application - bandwidth anddelayinmultimediaapplicationsandsecurityandreliabilityinmilitaryservices.GiventhevarietyofM2MapplicationsandtheirvaryingQoSneeds,differentM2Mserviceshavingvariednetworkrequirementscanbecategorisedas:

a) Verylowbandwidth<1Kbps(monthlyusage10KBto1MB)-remotesensors

b) Lowbandwidth1Kbpsto50Kbps(monthlyusage1MBto10MB)-utility,health

c) Mediumbandwidth50KbpstofewMB(monthlyusage10MBto300MB)-retail,inventorycontrol,gaming

d) HighbandwidthinMbps(monthlyusage>300MBto90GB)-digitalsignage,videosurveillance

xxxi. For each of the above category, delay, latency, jitter can be considered as QoSparameters.AnotherQoSparametersisARP(allocationandretentionpriority)whichdeterminesthepriorityadevicegets incaseoncongestion inthenetwork.Thiswilldependon theM2Mapplicationhaving theneed tobe real-timeor delay thedatatransferuntilcongestionisover.

xxxii. For mission critical applications, support of QoS is mandatory. Some serviceparametersforanetworkcouldbe:

a) Databandwidth

b) Latency

c) Transmissionphase

d) Precedenceandrevocationpriority

e) Transmissionpriority

f) Reliability

g) Pathcapabilities

xxxiii. ItisclaimedsometimesthatnetworksusinglicensedspectrumcanprovidereliablehighQoSwhich is not necessarily true. The best approach is to agree on SLAs/QoS

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parameters basis the requirement of the application and what the network cansupport.

xxxiv. The other challenge can be the massive number of devices that may causeperformancedegradationduetocongestion& interference.Oneoptioncouldbetohavedutycyclecontrolbyoptimisationofenergyefficiency,delayandreliability. InM2M ecosystem, network performance can be optimised by simultaneousoptimisationofaccesscontrolanddutycyclecontrol.

TheconceptandtechnologyofM2Mcommunicationisstillevolvinggloballyandthesameneeds to be continuously studied to prepare comprehensive recommendations and toregularlyevolvethesame.

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Chapter3:i. InternationalPractices-Europe:

InOctober2015,BEREC(BodyofEuropeanregulatorsforelectroniccommunications)releasedadraftreporton“EnablingtheInternetofThings”aimedatpresentingmostcommonM2McharacteristicsandassessingwhatregulatoryissuesareneededtobeaddressedforM2Mservices.Someexcerpts:a) NRAs(Nationalregulatoryauthorities)shouldmonitormarketdevelopmentsand

spectrumuseandmakespectrumavailabletosupportM2Mapplications

b) TheidentifiersusedforM2MapplicationsinpublicnetworksareE.164(MSISDN)andE.212 (IMSI)numbersand IPv4and IPv6addresses. In the longer term IPv6addressedmightbecomethepreferredsolution.

c) Underthecurrentregulatoryframework,theconnectivityprovideristheproviderofECS(Electroniccommunicationservices)andtheM2MuserdoesnotseemtoprovideanECSandsodoesnotcomeunder theEUregulatory framework.Thishas tobemonitoredbyNRAs to see if there are situationswhere aM2MusermayqualifyasaproviderofanECS.

d) Many M2M services use permanent roaming. The Roaming III Regulation isunclear regarding permanent admissibility of roaming and applicability of theregulation toM2M services.With regard toM2M roaming agreements. BERECseesno issuesw.r.t. roamingagreementsand tariffs and theuseofpermanentroamingmightindicateabsenceofnationalroaming.

e) Remote reprogramming of SIM OTA to switch connectivity service providerremotelywillbekeytomitigatethelock-inissue.

f) Nationallegislationofmemberstatesw.r.t.networksecuritydoesnotspecificallyaddressM2Mservices.AllobligationsapplytotheMSPthatareconsideredECSortotheECSprovidingconnectivitytotheM2Mservice.

g) Protection of end users’ privacy is critical and this shall hamper the growth ofM2Mservicesifendusersarenotconfidentofthis.ThegeneralrulesofPrivacyDirective and ePrivacy Directive for ECS in public communication networks aregenericandhavenospecificrulesforM2Mservices.BEREChasnotidentifiedtheneedtodeviatefromthebasicprinciplesbutitmightbeworthwhiletoconsiderrulesthatneedtobeadaptedforM2Mservices.

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ii. InternationalPractices-UnitedKingdom:

There are 40 million+ IoT devices in UK and a study by Ofcom predicts aneight-fold increase by 2022. In July 2014 Ofcom had made a call for inputs toidentify potential barriers of IoT sector and post that Ofcom has published itsconclusionsandnextstepsgroupedin4keythemes:a) Data privacy and consumer literacy - CMA (Competition and Markets

Authority)hasinitiatedacallinUKforinformationonthecommercialuseofdataandOfcomnotesthatICO(InformationCommissioner’sOffice)hastheprimaryroletoensuredataprivacy.

b) Network security and resilience - The Communications Act 2003 placessecurity and resilience obligations on providers of public networks andservices.

c) AvailabilityofspectrumforIoTservices-OfcomconcludesthatavailabilityofspectrumwillnotposeanybarrierfordevelopmentofIoTinshorttomediumterm. Spectrum in the band of 870-876MHz and 915-921MHz have beenmadeavailablebyOfcom.Therearealsosubsetoflicenseexemptbandsthatcan be used for specific short range indoor use cases, in Railway, Roadtransport,Traffic telematicsplus subsetofbandsused forBusiness radio&fixed links (UKPFA).Unused spectrumbetween55and68MHz canalsobeused on case by case basis. IoT applications can also be deployed inwhitespaces (unused broadcasting frequencies in wireless spectrum - television,4G). Ofcom is also exploring options of liberalising license conditions onmobilespectrumusedforIoT.

d) Telephonenumberandaddressmanagement -Ofcombelieves that limitedavailabilityoftelephonenumberswillnotbeanissueasarangeofalternateslike internal routing codes, SIM identifiers, IP addresses can be used. ItconsidersmigrationtoIPv6inlongtermislikely(similartoBERECEurope).InSeptember 2015, Ofcom issued a consultation paper to encourage use of10.1 MHz spectrum within 55-68 MHz, 70.5-71.5 MHz and 80-81.5 MHzbandsbyusingexistinglicenseproducts.Theyhavealsosetoutconsiderationof licensing regime for IoT services in VHF bands and if the existing radiolicense (BR license regime) should be modified to support IoT. Ofcom’sframeworkforconsideringIoTspectrumrequirementsisshownbelow:

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iii. InternationalPractices-Singapore:

LicensinginSingaporeiscategorisedinto2segments:a) FBOs (FacilityBasedOperators) - refers todeployment&operationsofany

form of telecom network/systems providing telecom services outside ownproperty/tothirdpartiesorpublic.FBOscanoffertheservicesthatSBOofferbutnotvice-versa.

b) SBOs (Service Based Operators) - refers to resellers of telecom services ofFBOsoroperatorsleasingtelecomelementsfromanyFBO.

M2MservicescanbeprovidedbybothFBOsandSBOs. TermsandconditionsforM2Mservices-allSIMcardsusedforM2Mservicesaretobeconfigured forautomatedcommunicationbetweenmachinesanddevicesandnotforanyotherpurpose.AregistercontainingfullandaccuraterecordofallSIMs used for M2M services is to be maintained. The licensee to work withSingaporegovernmentagenciesforanyinvestigation.National numbering plan - M2M access code allocated may be used withinternational connectivity and international roaming. Licensees using theM2Maccess code (144XX) are encouraged to use a 13 digit numbering format(excludingcountrycode)foreachM2Maccesscode.

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iv. InternationalPractices-Italy:

TheItalianCommunicationsAuthoritylaunchedafact-findingsurveyonM2Mandtheanalysisrevealedatthebeginningof2014therewere225millionSIMbasedM2Mconnectionsintheworldwith27%oftheminEurope.Thesurveyidentifiedthemainspheresofpossibleregulatoryinterventionas:i. Investmentintheinfrastructureanddevelopmentofservices

ii. Regulationofconnectivity

iii. Thefinalservice

iv. TheverticalM2Mmarkets

Thestudynotedthatwithcurrentpublicnetworkinfrastructurebeinginadequate(w.r.t.technicalneedsandhighcosts)adhocnetworksandsolutionsaregettingcreatedwithariskofcreatingissueslater.Somedoubtshavealsoemergedw.r.t.internationalroamingandapplicabilityofEUroamingregulationandhenceitissuggestedtoidentifyanalternatesolutiontoaddresspermanentroaming.Withreferencetospectrummanagementpolicies,keypointsare:a) Useinindoorenvironment

b) Availabilityofacapillarycoverage

c) Transferspeedofthechannel

TheECSdefinitionprovidedbyEU regulatory framework isdifficult toapply forM2M services and the transnational nature of M2M requires simplification ofadministrativeprocedureslinkedtodisclosureobligationsinallstateswherethesaleoffinalserviceisexpected.

v. InternationalPractices-Brazil:

Brazil is world’s 5th largest country by population and some regulatorydevelopmentshaveimprovedtheprospectsfortheM2MmarketinBrazil.i. M2MserviceprovidersarebeingregisteredinMVNOcategory

ii. Specialtaxincentiveswerealsograntedtoboostservices.In2013planswereannouncedtoreducetaxonM2MservicesandSIMcardtaxwasreducedonM2Mdevicesby80%toprovidestimulus.

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vi. InternationalPractices-Australia:

In November 2015 ACMA released a paper titled “the internet of things andACMA’sareaoffocus”.ACMAconsideredtheeffectofM2Mcommunicationsas5.8to61.9millionconnectionsby2020.TocatertothedemandforhugenumberofmobilenumbersACMAin2012madeavailableanewmobilenumberrange(05range) for M2M in addition to existing (04) mobile number range. It is alsoexpected by ACMA that IoT applications shall utilise existing class licensedspectrum.Classlicensesauthoriseuserstooperateonasharedbasisanddoesnotincur any license fees. ACMA has also re-used UK’s Ofcom IoT spectrumrequirementsframeworkof2015,updatedforAustralianspectrumbands.Otherspecific bands under review were 803-960 MHz and 5.9 GHz for intelligenttransport systems. The internet security risk aspects are addressed via AISI(AustralianInternetSecurityInitiative)inAustralia.ACMA’smediumtermfocusis:i. M2MmaybroadenfromcurrentmobilenumberstoIPv6

ii. ContinuetoreviewspectrumbandsforM2M/IoTapplications

iii. Planningprocesses for international standardisationof5G technologiesandworkingininternationalforumsinconsideringfuturespectrumneedsasusecasesevolve.

Chapter 4 of the Consultation paper has all the queries/issues for consultation andfeedback mentioned at one place (already included in the relevant sections of earlierchapters)followedbysupportingannexureonbackgroundnote.

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Section2:MobilenetworktechnologyforIoT

ForIoTconnectivity,twoofthekeyfactorsforthechoiceofnetworktechnologyisthecoveragerangeneededandwhethermobilityisrequiredornot(plusothertwofactorsbeingQoSandBandwidthrequired).TherangecouldbeeitherLocal/shortrangeorWiderangeandthetypeofM2M/IoTapplicationwilldeterminewhethermobilityisrequiredornot.Thevariousnetworktechnologyoptionsavailableforuse(bothwirelessandwired)withtherangetheyofferare:l Bluetooth(Local/shortrange)

l Zigbee(Local/shortrange)

l Z-Wave(Local/shortrange)

l Wi-Fi(Local/shortrange)

l PowerLineCommunication-PLC(Local/shortrange)

l Ethernet(Local/shortrange)

l Ethernetoverfibre(Widerange)

l WirelessLAN-WLAN(Widerange)

l TerrestrialTrunkedRadio-Tetra(Widerange)

l LoRa(Widerange)

l Sigfox(Widerange)

l Mobilenetworktechnology-GSM,CDMA,LTE(Widerange)

l Satellite(Widerange)

Further basis theM2M/IoT application& user, the connectivity can be for a dedicatednetwork(captiveorinternalenterpriseusage)orpublicnetwork. Forwiderangenetworks(spanningacrosscity(s),countryortheglobe),itwillmakelittlesenseforIoT/M2Mserviceproviderstosetupafullscaleconnectivitynetworkafreshandhencetheexistingpublictelecomnetworkswillbemostlyused-wiredormobile.GiventhemobilepenetrationinIndia,useofmobilenetworksforM2M/IoTcommunicationsisalready happening and it also avoids the need ofwiring/cabling forwired connections,especiallyindifficultlocationsandincaseoflargevolumes. HowevertherearespecificM2M/IoTconnectivityrequirementswhichthecurrentmobilenetworks arenot able to cater to leading topilots/trialsor initial deploymentsofothertechnologies. Identifying these requirements are key to understand why/how mobile

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networks shall evolve tomeet them in near and long term and become an acceptable(efficient&economical)communicationmeansforM2M/IoT.The unique M2M/IoT connectivity requirements which the existing mobile networks(2G/3G/4G)areunabletocatertofullyare:1. ReliableService/QoS

2. Fasterspeed/lowlatency

3. Numberofdevices/connections

4. Indoorcoverage

5. Powerconsumptionbyenddevices

6. Bandwidth(thoughmajorityuse-casescurrentlyneednarrowbandonly)

7. Security

8. Lowercostofdeployment

The above connectivity requirements shall not be needed by each and everyM2M/IoTapplicationbutshallbeusecasespecific.Today the mobile networks globally are on 2G, 3G, 4G or CDMA (some countries arephasingout2G)and5G researchandearly trials are just starting. It isbelieved that5Gshall address all the above mentioned issues which the current mobile networks areunable to support forM2M/IoTandwill hencemake “massive IoT”a reality.But this isgoing to take some time and commercial 5G deployments and 5G standardisation areexpectedtohappenonlyby2020. Fortheimmediatelowpower,wide-areaIoTrequirements,theadvancementsinLTEIoTi.e.NarrowbandIoT(NB-IoT:definedin3GPPRelease13)andLPWANtechnologyofLoRaappear tobe theanswer formobilenetworks.Plus theuseof thewirednetworks/fibrewhereverpossible.

5G

5G stands for fifth generation mobile/wireless technology - it is still in the definitiondevelopment and standardisation stage. According to GSMA, to qualify for a 5G aconnectionshouldmeetmostofthebelowmentionedeightcriteria:

i. Oneto10Gbpsconnectionstoendpointsinthefield

ii. Onemillisecondend-to-endroundtripdelay

iii. 1000xbandwidthperunitarea

iv. 10to100xnumberofconnecteddevices

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v. Improvedavailability-Perceptionof99.999percentavailability

vi. Improvedcoverage-Perceptionof100percentcoverage

vii. 90percentreductioninnetworkenergyusage

viii. Uptoten-yearbatterylifeforlowpower,machine-typedevices

5Gisexpectedtobeformallystandardisedandcommerciallydeployedby2020.3GPPisaimingtofinalisethephaseone5Gspecifications,whichwilladdressanurgentsubsetofcommercialneeds, in the secondhalfof2018, followedby the full specificationsby theendof2019.TheITUplanstoendorseIMT-2020technology(5G)inlate2019,whilenewradio spectrum for 5G is likely to be allocated at the World Radio communicationsConference(WRC-19)inthesameyear. Someprototype5G systems couldbedeployed aheadof thesedates. For example, the2018WinterOlympicGames,heldintheKoreancityofPyeongchang,islikelytoshowcasepre-standard 5G technologies, as could the FIFA World Cup in Russia in 2018. EU(EuropeanUnion) is funding5G researchanddevelopmentprojects inEurope. Ericsson,Huawei,Nokia,Samsung,Intel,Qualcommareallinvestingindevelopmentandtestingof5Grelatedtechnologies.GSMAhas proposed three key frequency ranges for 5G to deliverwidespread coverageandsupportallusecases.

1. Sub-1 GHz: will support widespread coverage urban, sub-urban and ruralareasandhelpsupportIoTservices

2. 1-6 GHz: offers good mixture of coverage and capacity benefits. This willinclude spectrumwithin 3.3-3.8GHz range and expected to form thebasis of initial 5Gservices

3. Above 6 GHz: is needed to meet ultra-high broadband speeds. This isexpectedtobeinbandsof24GHzand/or28GHz.

At a technology level, 5G is expected to use Full duplex,Millimeter waves, Small cells,MassiveMIMOandBeamformingtodeliverthedesiredbenefits.Someofthe5Gtesting/trialshappeningacrosstheglobeare:u ByAT&TUSAwithEricsson,IntelandNokia

u ByDeutscheTelekomGermanywithHuawei

u ByKTSouthKoreawithSamsung

u ByNTTDocomoJapanwithSamsungandHuawei

u ByOptusAustraliawithNokiaandHuawei

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u ByOrangeandTelefonicaFrancewithSamsung,Ericsson,Huawei,Nokia,Intel

u BySprintUSAwithEricssonandNokia

u BySKTelecomSouthKoreawithEricssonandBMW

u ByVerizonUSAwithCisco,Ericsson,NokiaandApple

InIndia,BSNLhasannouncedpartnershipwithNokiatodevelop5Gecosystem.NokiahasalsosignedaMoUwithAirteltoworkon5GtechnologystandardinIndia.RelianceJioisworkingwithSamsungtobring5GnetworkinIndia.EricssonhaspartneredwithIITDelhito launch “5G for India” programme. Ericsson will setup a 5G test bed and incubationcentreinIITDelhi.ThecombinedIdea-Vodafoneentityshallalsoworkonintroducing5Gin India. Globally Vodafone Group is working with Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Intel andQualcommon5G testing/proofof concept. The Indian governmenthas also announcedauctionof5Gspectruminbandsover3000MHzlaterthisyear.

4GforIoT-NB-IoTandLTE-M

NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT) is a lowpowerwideareanetwork radio technology standarddeveloped to enable awide range of IoT devices and services to connect usingmobiletelecommunicationnetworks.NB-IoTisanarrowbandradiotechnologydevelopedforIoT.3GPPhasfrozenNB-IoTspecificationsinRelease13of3GPPspecification(LTE-AdvancedPro)inJune2016.NB-IoT specially focuses on indoor coverage, low cost, long battery life and enabling alargenumberofconnecteddevices. Itcanbedeployedeither“in-band”inLTEspectrumor in the unused resource blocks in the LTE guard-band or stand-alone in dedicatedspectrum.GSMANB-IoT Forumhasbeen formed tohelpbuild theecosystem for thewide spreadadoptionandcommercialdeploymentofNB-IoTtechnology.Theforumis ledbychair&vice-chairfromVodafonegroupandChinaMobilerespectively.In addition to NB-IoT, 3GPP has also finalised specifications for LTE-M (eMTC) andEC-GSM-IoT (extended coverageGSM IoT) in Release 13 and they can also be used forcommercialdeployments.Thenumberofmembers in theNB-IoTForumare thehighestamongstthesethreestandardsfinalisedby3GPP.The advantage with LTE-M is that it is compatible with existing LTE network (only asoftwareupgradeisrequired)butitneedsagatewayforaggregatingsensordata.Ontheother hand, NB-IoT uses a different technology (DSSS modulation) and will hence alsoneedaradiosoftwareupgrade(likeLTE-M)butitdoesawaywiththeneedofagateway.NB-IoTisbeingtoutedasthelesscostlyoptionandperceivedtoofferbettercoverageandlowerpowerconsumption,andhencemanyoperators/vendorsarekeentocommercialise

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NB-IoT.TheyarealsokeentousetheLTEguard-bandforNB-IoT.EC-GSMisnotcreatingasmuchinterestasLTE-MandNB-IoT.The key differences between LTE-M and NB-IoT are captured below (Source: by ChiefInnovatorRobFaludi,DiGiInternational):

It is important to note that much of the US cellular infrastructure (Alcatel based 4Ginfrastructure)willnotbecompatiblewithNB-IoTandhenceUSiscommerciallydeployingLTE-MwhiletherestoftheworldisexpectedtouseNB-IoT.AT&TisdeployingLTE-Mnation-wideinUSandMexico-expectedtobecompletedinUSbyQ22017andbyend2017 inMexico.Theyare testingLTE-Mnetworkandchipset inbelowmentionedusecases:u SmartwatermeterswithCapstonemetering

u SmartpalletswithRM2

u SmartbeveragefountainswithPepsiCo

u ConsumerdeviceswithSamsung

u ShippingcontainerswithXirgotechnologies

u Connectedvehiclesandfleet/assetmanagementwithCalAmp

u HomesecurityandautomationwithTelular

Verizonannounceditsnation-wideLTE-MnetworklaunchinendMarch2017(2.4millionsquare miles of coverage). It has a new class of LTE chipset designed for sensors andrunningondataplansas lowas$2perdevicepermonthwithoptionsavailableforbulkactivationandbulkpurchases.

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AdditionallyKPN(Netherlands),KDDI(Japan),NTTDocomo(Japan),Orange(29countriesacross Europe, Middle East & Africa), Telefonica (Europe), Telstra (Australia), Telus(Canada)havedonetrialsonLTE-Mandareplanningcommercialdeploymentsin2017.Vodafone group and ChinaMobile are very active onNB-IoT. Vodafone has announcedthat it will launch NB-IoT in Europe starting with four countries - Germany, Ireland,Netherland and Spain in 2017 (launched in Spain in Jan 2017). Softbank (Japan) isdeploying both LTE-M and NB-IoT in 2017. Ericsson has done NB-IoT trials with ChinaMobile. However there are unconfirmed reports of interoperability issues betweenEricssonandHuawei inNB-IoTmaking its rolloutmoredifficult.DeutscheTelekom (in8countries in Europe) and M1 Singapore have also announced NB-IoT commercialdeployments andmultiple pilots are ongoing globally in 2017 - Etisalat, Telecom Italia,ChinaUnicom,KoreaTelecom(SouthKorea),Sonera(Finland),Singtel(Singapore),Optus&Vodafone(Australia).Giventheongoingpilots/trialsglobally,itisappearsthatmanyoperatorsgloballyshallusemore than one IoT network type for connectivity i.e. deploy either LTE-M orNB-IoT orboth commercially and many of them have existing deployments of the non-cellularLPWANLoRanetworkstoo.SpecifictoIndia,thereisnonewsofanypilotortrialbyanytelecomoperatorforeitherNB-IoT or LTE-M yet though there are talks of global telecom equipment makers indiscussionwithIndiantelcosforstartingthesame.

Non-cellularLPWANtechnology-LoRa

While GSM (2G, 3G, 4G and 5G) wireless technologies use licensed spectrum and thecurrentavailablemobilenetworkswerenotfullyabletosupporttheIoTappsandservices,someunlicensedproprietary LPWAN (lowpowerwideareanetwork) technologiesweredefined for M2M/IoT networking requirements. They offer lower data transfer rates,decreasedpower consumption, supportmorenumberofdevicesover longer rangeandlower cost than a mobile network. Some of the most popular ones are LoRa, Sigfox,Weightless and Ingenu. LoRa and Sigfox have been the top two most popular withnumerousdeploymentsglobally.Sigfox isanopenstandardwhich isbestsuited forvery lowbandwidthapplicationsandextremely tight energy requirements. It operates in the sub-GHz frequency bands (868MHzinEuropeand902MHzinUSA)andrequiresitsownentirelyseparatenetwork(usesISMradioband).LoRa (LongRangeRadio) isa technologydevelopedbychipmanufacturer, Semtechandoffers decent bandwidth compared to other LPWAN technologies. It requires use ofSemtech’schipandhencenotconsideredanopenstandard.WiththeformationofLoRaAlliance,anopenstandardprotocolspecificationLoRaWANwasdevelopedforLPWANIoTnetworks.

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LoRaWANisaprotocolspecificationbuiltontopoftheLoRatechnologydevelopedbytheLoRaAlliance. Itusesunlicensed radio spectrum in the Industrial, Scientific andMedical(ISM) bands (868MHz and 915MHz) to enable low power, wide area communicationbetweenremotesensorsandgatewaysconnected to thenetwork.This standards-basedapproach tobuildinga LPWANallows forquick setupofpublicorprivate IoTnetworksanywhereusinghardwareandsoftwarethat isbi-directionallysecure, interoperableandmobileandprovidesaccuratelocalisation.LoRaWANdataratesvaryfrom0.3kbpsto50kbpsanditoffersarangeof2-5kmsindenseurbanand15kmsinsuburbanareas.ThekeydifferencesbetweenLoRaandSigfoxarementionedbelow (Source: fromarticlebyAnnieAnDongmei):

Globally therearemore than10million Sigfoxdevices registered (mostly in EuropebutpresentinUSAandAsiaPacificalso).ForLoRa,theLoRaAlliancewasformedinearly2015asanopen,non-profitassociationofmemberscollaboratingtogethertodrivethesuccessand adoption of LoRa protocol, LoRaWAN as the global open standard for IoT LPWAconnectivity. It has now 460+ members in the alliance and 250+ ongoing trials anddeploymentsglobally.India’sTataCommunicationslaunchedLoRanetworkinIndia,thefirstLPWANdeploymentinIndia,inJune2016across3majorcities,targetingtogrowtomorethan1900citiesandinternationallaunchintwoyears.TataComclaimedtohave35PoC(proofofconcept)IoTservicesupandrunningacrossMumbai,DelhiandBengaluru-teninassetmanagement,nine inasset tracking, three inhumansafety/emergency services, five inareaofenergymanagementandrestforsmartcityapplications.RelianceUnlimit in India has also recently announced that it has plans to roll out bothlicensedandunlicensedLPWANnetworksinnearfuture.

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GAIA Smart Cities recently announced their LoRa powered Ultrasonic smart watermetering solution at ELCITA Township (Bengaluru) in collaboration with TataCommunicationsandELCITA.

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Section3-Captive/DedicatedIoTversusWideAreaNetwork(WAN)IoT

The use cases or applications of M2M/IoT are widespread ranging across variousindustries/verticals,namely:-IntelligentTransportation -Autonomouscars/Automotive-Homeautomation-Industrialautomation-Smartgovernance/cities-Healthcare-Smartenergyandutilities-Retailautomation-Real-timelocationservices-Robotics-InteractiveVRgames-PublicsafetyandEmergencyservices-Cashlesseconomy -andmanymanymore It is theseusecasesorapplicationswhichdefinewhat typeofconnectivity isneeded ineachcasei.e.whatcoveragerange,QoS,bandwidth,numberofdevicestobeconnected,whethermobilityisrequiredornot.As mentioned in the earlier section there are various types of network technologiescurrently available for use forM2M/IoT -wiredorwireless, offering rangeof coverage,QoS,bandwidth,mobilityetc.Hence it isvery logicalthatthereshallbecertainnetworktechnologytypesbestsuitedforspecificM2M/IoTapplicationsorusecases. ThissectiontriestoidentifythemostcommonIndustrialorEnterpriseM2M/IoTusecasesandwhichnetworktechnologiesworkbestforeachandwhy.Additionally there are new/upcoming technologies like 5G and increasing adoption ofLoRa/NB-IoTandEthernetoverfibreforM2M/IoT.TheIndustrialorEnterpriseM2M/IoTusecasesstudiedhereare:1. Industrialautomation(Captive/DedicatedIoT)

2. EnergyandUtilities(mostlyWideAreaNetworkIoT)

3. Real-time location services (can be both Captive / Dedicated IoT andWide AreaNetworkIoT)

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Theintentofstudyingtheabovethreeusecasesisprimarilyduetothehighinterestforthem in India amongst the many M2M/IoT possible use cases. These also give anopportunity toanalysecaptive/within facility short rangenetwork technologiesvsavswidearea/widerangenetworktechnologiesusedinM2M/IoT.

IndustrialAutomation(Captive/DedicatedIoT)Industrial automation usingM2M/IoT (also called IIoT - Industrial IoT) are being drivenwith Industry 4.0 globally. Industry 4.0 is the current trend of automation and dataexchange inmanufacturing technologies. It includescyber-physical systems, the internetofthingsandcloudcomputing.Itcreateswhatiscalleda“smartfactory”.SomekeyIndustrialIoTusecasesare:l Real-timeinventorydatamanagement

l Environmentalconditionsmonitoringatmanufacturingfacility -Noise,vibrationandharshness testingor testing for safe gas levels for humans / presenceof poisonousgases,includingmonitoringinharsh/in-accessibleenvironments

l ManufacturingStation-wisemonitoringofproductionqualityandreportingrejections

l Smart testing (faster and higher accuracy testing) using image driven inspection,sensorsorprobes

l Smart pairing (sorting sub assembly parts before assembling different products) forgreateroperationalefficiencyandreducederrorsinproductassembly

l Monitoring, diagnosis and maintaining health of manufacturing equipment and itsoperations

l EnergyAnalyticssolutiontomonitor,optimiseandsaveenergyconsumption

l ManufacturingDatamanagementandAnalyticsforcomprehensiveinsightsviabetterdata correlation across assembly line, running predictive algorithms, end to endtraceability from raw components to products and offering efficient Maintenancesupport(corrective,preventiveandautonomousmaintenance)

ThecommonnetworktechnologiesusedinIndustrialIoTsolutionsare:l RFID

l Bluetooth/Bluetoothlowenergy(BLE)

l Wi-Fi

l ZigBee

l 6LowPAN

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ThesenetworktechnologiesareusedtoconnecttheIoTsensors/devicesdeployedtotheexistingenterpriseITnetworkofthemanufacturingfacility(LANusingIEEE802standards).All of these are local area / short range wireless technologies and use the unlicensedfrequencybands(ISMbands). ThetablebelowprovidesfurtherdetailsforthevariouswirelessconnectivitytechnologiesforIndustrialIoT(Source:WirelessConnectivitydesignconsiderationsfortheIndustrialIoTbyTexasInstruments).

EnergyandUtilities(mostlyWideAreaNetworkIoT)

Energy and Utility companies are faced with the need to transform due to increase indemand, improving the efficiency of their operations, reducing outages, improvingreliability and predictability and with the advent of distributed power generation andrenewable energy sources. The use of M2M/IoT in energy and utilities is primarilyhappeningfor:l Advancedmeteringinfrastructure-AMI(alsocalledsmartmeters)

l Smartgridapplications for supervisory controlanddataacquisitionanddistributionautomation-SCADA/DA

Smart energy and utilities (water, gas, and electricity) are a key component of SmartCities.

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SomekeyEnergyandUtilityIoTusecasesare:l Assethealthmonitoringandpredictivemaintenance

l Demandforecastingandenergyanalytics

l RemotemonitoringandOutagemanagement

l Performanceoptimisation

l Energyoptimisation/reducedenergyconsumption

l Renewableenergy

l SafetyandSecurity

l Enhancedcustomerexperienceandcontrolplusavailabilityof smartmeterdata forenergyanalytics

Energy and Utility assets (meters, pipes, grids/wiring, transformers etc.) are deployedacrosscities,statesandcountrymakingtheM2M/IoTcoveragerequirementmostlyacrossawidearea.Thesensors/devicesneednotbemobilebutaregeographicallyspreadoverawide area. Specially in the case of electricity, there is an option of using integratedcommunicationswiththepowerline.ThecommonnetworktechnologiesusedinEnergyandUtilitiesIoTsolutionsare:l ZigBee

l HomePlug(aformofPLC)

l Powerlinecommunication(PLC)-narrowbandorbroadband

l Narrowband/BroadbandPTMP(pointtomultipointnetworkoverRF,copperorfibre)

l Wirelessmeshnetworks(WirelessLANorWi-Fi)

l Mobilenetworktechnology-GSM,CDMA,LTE

l EthernetoverFibreorSDH

l LicensedPTP(point-to-point)likeMicrowavelinks

l LoRa(upcoming)

TheEnergyandUtilitycommunicationnetworkismostlycategorisedintothreeparts:1. HomeareanetworkandSmartmeternetwork(HAN/AMIsystem)-thisconnectsthe

customer residences/smart meters to the AMI Collector / access point. ZigBee,HomePlug(aformofPLC)orLoRa(upcoming)istypicallyusedforthis.

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2. Fieldareanetwork(FAN)-thisisthewideareanetwork,spreadoverageographicallyvast area which connects the collectors / access points to the core network (datacentres, substations). Field area networks mostly use PLC or wireless networkingtechnologies like narrowband / broadband PTMP, mobile network technology orwirelessmeshnetworks(basedonWirelessLANorWi-Fi)andnowupcomingLoRa.

3. CoreIPnetwork-thisconnectsthecorepartoftheenergyandutilitycommunicationnetworklikedatacentres,substationsetc..Thispartmostlyuseshigh-voltagePLCorfibreorSDHorlicensedPTPlinkslikemicrowavelinks.

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Real-timelocationservices(canbebothCaptive/DedicatedIoTandWideAreaNetworkIoT)

Real-timelocationservicescaneasilybesaidtobethetopusecaseforM2M/IoTgloballyandinIndia.Itisusedforavarietyofpurposesincludingvehicletelematics,transportation,asset and inventorymanagement, fleetmanagement, forestry and livestockmonitoring,logisticsandsupplychainmanagementetc.Dependingontheenterpriseapplicationandthelocationoftheassetsreal-timelocationservices can be both captive / dedicated within a facility or spread across a vastgeographicalarea-acrosscity,state,countries,continentsandseas.Somekeyreal-timelocationservicesusecasesare:l Vehicle telematics and location based applications like connected cars, navigation,

routeoptimisation,car-on-demandservices,usagebasedinsurance,real-timevehiclediagnosisandpreventivemaintenanceetc.

l Fleetmanagement-forpublictransportservices,cargo&courierservices,automaticfleetrouting(bestroute)

l AssetandInventorydatamanagement/tracking

l Securityapplicationsforschoolkids,peoplewithspecialneeds

l Supplychainmonitoringandautomation

l Livestockandforestconservationmonitoring

l Workforcemanagementservices(forsales,maintenance,deliveryetc.)

Theuseofthenetworktechnologybasisthelocationofassetstobetrackedtobewithinashortcoveragerangeorwidecoveragerangeare:Shortrangetechnologiesforlocationtracking:l RFID

l Bluetooth/Bluetoothlowenergy(BLE)

l Wi-Fi

l ZigBee

l 6LowPAN

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Widerangetechnologiesforlocationtracking:l Mobilenetworktechnology-GSM,CDMA,LTE

l Satellite/GPS/Glonass

l WiMAX

l NB-IoT/LTE-M(upcoming)

l Sigfox(upcoming)

l LoRa(upcoming)

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