Indo Pak Final

8/3/2019 Indo Pak Final

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Shahzaib Gillani

(083331)

Usman Ahmed(091335)

Ahmed Samiullah(091324)

Mohsin Ihsan(******)

Hassan Ahmed(083330)


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Pakistan independence 14th Aug, 1947.

It has the second largest Muslim population after Indonesia.

Population is 170 million est.

Area of 796095 sq. km.

Capital city ISLAMABAD.

Major languages urdu, punjabi, pushto, sindhi, balochi.


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Independence: August 15, 1947.

Area: 3.29 million sq. km.

Population : 1.17 billion est.

Cities: Capital--New Delhi

Languages: Hindi, English, and 16 other officiallanguages.


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Partition of British India on thebasis of religious demographicsled to the creation ofthe sovereign states ofPakistan & India on 14 and 15August 1947 respectively.

The partition triggered one ofthe greatest migrations of

modern history.

India and Pakistans relationstarted spoiling from that day.


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Distribution of assets:

FinancialFinancial AssetsAssets

MilitaryMilitary AssetsAssets

In June 1947, the assets of British India world divided in the ratio of 17 toIndia and 5 to Pakistan. (17:5).

Pakistan had been awarded Rs 750 Million under the final settlement but Pakinitially received only Rs 200 Million.

Rest of the money wasnt paid to Pak as a war had started in Kashmir.

Indian promises werent fulfilled in military supplies as well and India didntsend Pakistan its agreed share.


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Problems with princely states

Demarcation of boundaries Punjab(amritsar/lahore)

Bengal(west ban/east ban)

Sindh(sindhi hindus)

Hyderabad(nizams will)

Junagarh(hindu maj/muslim ruler)

Kashmir


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Kashmir was a princely state, ruled by a Hindu king,Maharaja Hari Singh.

Muslim majority

Maharajas will

Distribution of land India 43%

Pakistan 37%

China 20%


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Kashmir war

Kashmir War, lasted until 1948

India moved the issue to the UN Security Council.

UN Security Council passed Resolution on 21 April 1948regarding ceasefire in the region.

Acc. To the resolution pak will have no say in Jammu and

Kashmir and India will retain minimum military presence.

Referendum


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Pakistan agreed on referendumbut did not draw its forces.

Indians refused for referendum.

UN gave 11 different proposalsto resolve this issue.

Not a single was accepted byIndia.


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In 1989, a widespread popular andarmed insurgency started inKashmir.

Disputes after 1987 elections.

Beginning of the Mujahadeen

insurgency

Militants groups( Indian view)

Freedom fighters( Pak view)


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Peaceful protest movement alongside the insurgencyin Indian-administered Kashmir since 1989.

Kashmiris have grievances with the Indiangovernment, specifically the Indian Military, whichhas committed human rights violations, according tothe United Nations.


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Pakistani stance on Kashmir was effected by the events like9/11.

Osama bin Laden in 2002, stated that one of the reasons hewas fighting America is because of its support of India on theKashmir issue.

In 2006 Al-Qaeda claim they have established a wing inKashmir; this worried the Indian government.

In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed IlyasKashmiri(Al-Qaida).


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Events such as 9/11 put pressure on Pakistan to alter its positionon terrorism.

UN resolution on Kashmir is no longer relevant.

Presence of a neutral group(wants independence).

Pakistan image

Secular to extremist.

Involvement of ISI to militant groups/freedom fighters.


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Protests happened in previous years 08-09 as well,BUT

2010 Kashmir unrest were a series of protests in

muslim majority kashmir valley

In response to Quit Jammu and Kashmirmovement(civil disobedience movement)

Parties hurriat conference made this call to protest,citing human rights abuses by indian troops

Indian para-military forces fired live ammunition onthe protesters, resulting in 112 deaths


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Expressed his intention to try to work withIndia and Pakistan to resolve this crises

Issue needs to be sorted out bilaterally by Indiaand Pakistan


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The India-Pakistan War of 1947-48, sometimes known asthe First Kashmir War.

The war was initially fought by the forces of the princelystate and tribal militias from the KhyberPakhtunkhwa and Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

Facing the assault and a Muslim revolution in the Poonchand Mirpur area, the ruler of princely state of Kashmir and

Jammu signed an Instrument of Accession to the Indianunion. Indian and Pakistani armies entered the warsubsequently.


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The state forces stationed in the border regionsaround Muzaffarabad and Domel were quicklydefeated by tribal forces (some state forces mutinied

and joined the them) and the way to the capital wasopen.


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India airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar,where they reinforced the princely state forces,established a defence perimeter and defeated thetribal forces on the outskirts of the city.

In the Poonch valley, tribal forces continued to

surround state forces.


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Gilgit, the state paramilitary forces, called the GilgitScouts, joined the invading tribal forces, who therebyobtained control of this northern region of the state.

The tribal forces were also joined by troopsfrom Chitral, whose ruler, the Mehtar of Chitral, hadacceded to Pakistan.


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The Indians now started to get the upper hand in alsectors. Poonch was finally relieved after a siege oover a year. The Gilgit forces in the High Himalayas

who had previously made good progress, werfinally defeated.


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At this stage Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru decided to ask UNto intervene.

A UN cease-fire was arranged for the 31 December 1948. A few days

before the cease-fire the Pakistanis launched a counter attack, which cutthe road between Uri and Poonch.

After protracted negotiations a cease-fire was agreed to by bothcountries, which came into effect. The terms of the cease-fire as laid out

in a United Nations resolution of August 13, 1948.

India and Pakistan signed the Karachi Agreement establishing aceasefire line to be supervised by the military observers


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Operation Gibraltar:Operation Gibraltar was the codename given to

the strategy of Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, thenorthernmost state of India, and start a rebellion against Indianrule.

The plan was that commandos would mingle with the localpopulace and incite them to rebellion. Meanwhile guerrillawarfare would commence, destroying bridges, tunnels and

highways, harassing enemy communications, logisticinstallations and headquarters as well as attacking airfields, witha view to create the conditions of an "armed insurrection" inKashmir.


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Resulted in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.

Despite the operational planning, the intruderswere detected by Indian forces in Kashmir.

India swiftly launched counter attacks across the

cease fire line, attacking the Pakistan divisionsin Azad Kashmir that had provided cover for theinfiltrators.


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The Indian offensive resulted in defeat of Pakistani troops inthe covert guerilla operation. Frustrated with the failure ofOperationGibraltar.

Ayub Khan urgently launched Operation Grand Slam tocontain the situation since there was no contingencyplanned in case of Gibraltar's failure.

This however resulted in more problems for Pakistan, asIndia countered by crossing the international border furthersouth in Punjab, starting the war of 1965.


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India crossed the International Border on the Western fronton September 6, marking an official beginning of the war.

Attempt to cross the Canal was made over the bridge in thevillage of Barki, just east of Lahore.

These developments brought the Indian Army within therange of Lahore International Airport.

As a result the United States requested a temporary ceasefireto allow it to evacuate its citizens in Lahore.


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AerialAerial warfarewarfare::1965 was a stalemate in terms

of the air war with neither side able toachieve complete air superiority.

TankTank battlesbattles::

The 1965 war witnessed some ofthe largest tank battles since World War 2.

Pakistan was outfought on the battlefield

by India, which made progress into theLahore-Sialkot sector, whilst haltingPakistan's counteroffensive on Amritsar.


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The UnitedUnited StatesStates and the SovietSoviet UnionUnion used significantdiplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in theconflict between the two South Asian nations.

The Soviet Union, led by Premier Alexei Kosygin,hosted ceasefire negotiations in Tashkent.

Where Indian Prime Minister LalLal BahadurBahadur ShastriShastri andPakistani President Ayub Ayub KhanKhan signed the TashkentTashkent

AgreementAgreement, agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines nolater than February 25, 1966.


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TIMETIME magazinemagazine reported that India held 690 mi2 of Pakistanterritory while Pakistan held 250 mi2 of Indian territory inKashmir and Rajasthan. Additionally, Pakistan had lostalmost half its armor temporarily.

BBCBBC reportedreported that the war served game changer in Pakistanipolitics.

NewsweekNewsweek magazinemagazine, however, praised the Pakistanimilitary's ability to hold of the much larger Indian Army.

By just the end of the week, in fact, it was clear that thePakistanis were more than holding their own.


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Operation Chengiz Khan:That name was the code name assigned to

the pre-emptive strikes carried out by the Pakistani AirForce on the forward airbases and radar installations ofthe Indian Air Force (IAF) on the evening of 3 December1971, and marked the formal opening of hostilities of

the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.


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March1971, EastPakistan (now Bangladesh) declaredindependence starting the Bangladesh LiberationWar.

Operation Searchlight

Pakistan came underin creasing criticism from India,the Soviet Union, Japan, and Europe.


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However, the United States and China showed little interestin the situation and actively opposed aid, intervention orsupport to the Mukti Bahini.

By October 1971, the Mukti Bahini had started launchingmassive raids deep into East Pakistan with active support ofthe Indian Army troops.

State of active undeclared war in the East by the end ofNovember, when Indian and Mukti Bahini forces launchedoffensives on both the eastern and western borders of EastPakistan.


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So TikkaTikka KhanKhan had proposed an offensive into India,and the PAF's overriding priority was to givemaximum support to this offensive.

Pakistan decided to launch an offensive counterair strike codenamed OperationOperation ChengizChengiz KhanKhan on

Indian airbases.

A second objective for the PAF was to conduct airinterdiction against the supply routes for the Indian

troops opposing Khan's proposed offensive.


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As Indian Prime Minister Indira addressed the nation onradio shortly after midnight informing about the Pakistaniattack, the Indian Air Force struck back.

Full scale war start

Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western

border with Pakistan, but the Indian army successfully heldtheir positions.

The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army'smovements in the west and made some initial gains.


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The Surrender of Pakistaniforces stationed in EastPakistan was signed

at Ramna RaceCourse in Dhaka on 16December 1971.

India took approximately90,000 prisoners of war,including Pakistani soldiersand their East Pakistanicivilian supporters.


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The Soviet Union sympathized with theBangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army andMukti Bahini during the war, recognizing that the

independence of Bangladesh would weaken theposition of its rivalsthe United States and China.

The USSR gave assurances to India that if aconfrontation with the United States or Chinadeveloped, it would take counter-measures.


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The United States supported Pakistan both politically andmaterially.

Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of WestPakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region,and that it would seriously undermine the global position ofthe United States.

US ambassador to the United Nations George H.W.introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council callingfor a cease-fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India

and Pakistan.


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The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of itspopulation and with nearly one-third of its army incaptivity, clearly established India's military dominance of

the subcontinent.

General Yahya Khan surrendered power to Zulfiqar AliBhutto who was sworn-in on 20 December 1971 as President

and as the (first civilian) Chief Martial Law Administrator. Anew and smaller western-based Pakistan emerged on 16December 1971.

Bangladesh became an independent nation, the world's thirdmost o ulous Muslim state.


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The Shimla Agreement was signedbetween India and Pakistan at It followed from the warbetween the two nations in that had led to the independence

of East Pakistan as Bangladesh.

The agreement laid down the principles that should governtheir future relations. It also conceived steps to be taken forfurther normalization of mutual relations. Most importantly,it bound the two countries "to settle their differences bypeaceful means through bilateral negotiations.

India relesed 90,000 War prisoners of Pakistan.


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SiachenSiachen waswas thethe worldsworlds highesthighest battlebattle fieldfield

SiachenSiachen WarWar, is a military conflict between IndiaIndia and

PakistanPakistan over the disputed SiachenSiachen GlacierGlacier region inKashmirKashmir..

The conflict began in 19841984 with India's successful OperationOperation

MeghdootMeghdoot during which it wrested control of the SiachenGlacier from Pakistan and forced the Pakistanis to retreatwest of the SaltoroSaltoro RidgeRidge..

India had established control over all of the 7070 kilometreskilometres (43


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The conflict in Siachen stems from the incompletelydemarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinateknown as NJNJ98429842.

The 19721972 ShimlaShimla AgreementAgreement did not clearly mention whocontrolled the glacier.

Pakistan claimed that Pak lost 900900 sqsq milemile.

India claimed that they captured 10001000.

Cease fire occured in 2003.


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2000 personnels died

Pakistan reclaimed positions in 19901990,, 9595,, 9696,, 9999 (Lahore

Summit).

Indian helicopter was shot down in 19961996..

ActualActual GroundGround PPositionosition LineLine (AGPL)(AGPL)

India Built helipad and telephone booth.


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It was an armed conflict between IndiaIndia andPakistanPakistan that took place between MayMay and JulyJuly19991999 in the Kargil district of KashmirKashmirand elsewhere

along the Line of Control (LOC).

The conflict is also referred to as OperationOperation VijayVijay(Victory in Hindi) which was the name of the Indianoperation to clear the Kargil sector.


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The cause of the war was the infiltration ofPakistani Pakistani soldierssoldiers and Kashmiri Kashmiri militantsmilitants into

positions on the Indian side of the LOC, whichserves as the dede factofacto border between the two states.

This was only the second direct ground war

between any two countries after they haddeveloped nuclearnuclear weaponsweapons..


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Location

War

Truth regarding KargilWar


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The town of Kargil is located 205205 kmkm (120 miles) fromSrinagarSrinagar, facing the Northern Areas across the LOC.

Like other areas in the HimalayasHimalayas, Kargil has atemperate climate.

SummersSummers are cool with frigid nights, while wintersare long and chilly with temperatures often droppingto 48 48 CC ((5454 F)F)..


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PakPak ForcesForces andand MujahideenMujahideen takes position on aridge in a battle with the Indian Army during theKargilKargil conflictconflict..

Indian sent their army troops of 200,000.

Indian Navy blocked the port of Pakistan ( Karachiport).

They stopped the supply of fuel.


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There are threethree events in Kargil.

Pakistan in filtered forces.

India discovered in filtration and mobilized torespond.

Battle started between both forces.


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Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict.

However, President ClintonClinton refused to intervene until

Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of theLineLine ofof ControlControl..

On July 4, 1999 where SharifSharifagreed to withdraw Pakistani

troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt, but somePakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side ofthe LOCLOC..


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The Indian army launched its final attacks in the lastweek of July; as soon as the Drass subsector had beencleared of Pakistani forces.

The fighting ceased on JulyJuly 2626.

The day has since been marked as Kargil Kargil VijayVijayDiwasDiwas (Kargil Victory Day) in India.

By the end of the war, India had resumed control of

all territory south and east of the Line of Control.


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Pakistan was criticized by other countries for instigatinginstigating thethewar,war, as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Lineof Control.

Other organizations like the ASEANASEAN Regional Forum toosupported India's stand on the inviolability of the LOC.

The EuropeanEuropean UnionUnion also opposed Pakistan's violation of theLOC.

ChinaChina, a long-time ally of Pakistan, insisted on a pullout offorces to the pre-conflict positions along the LoC and settlingborder issues eacefull .


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The conflict soon turned into a newsnews propagandapropaganda warwar, inwhich press briefings given by government officials of eachnation produced conflicting claims and counterclaims.

The Indian Government banned the telecast of PTVPTV andblocked access to online editions of the DawnDawn newspapernewspaper.

The Pakistani media criticized this apparent curbing of

freedom of the press in India, while India media claimed itwas in the interest of nationalnational securitysecurity.

This helped India gain valuable diplomaticdiplomatic recognitionrecognition for its

position.


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The AgraAgra summitsummit was a two-day summit held onJuly 15th and 16th, 2001 between Pakistani PresidentPresidentPervezPervez MusharrafMusharraf and IndianIndian PrimePrime MinisterMinister AtalAtal

BehariBehari VajpayeeVajpayee.

It was organized with the aim to resolve long-standing issues between IndiaIndia and PakistanPakistan.

However, the summit collapsed after twotwo days andno formal agreement could be attained.


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The two sides remained inflexible on the core issue ofKashmir, despite fivefive long and arduous one-to-one roundsbetween the two leaders and hourshours ofof discussiondiscussion between the

two delegations.

The major concern of the international community related toboth countries arriving at some "Nuclear risk reduction"

initiatives to pre-empt South Asia featuring as a nuclear flashpoint.

Despite the failure of the talks, GeneralGeneral PervezPervez MusharrafMusharrafjoined VajpayeeVajpayee to call on the two countries to bury their past.


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The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful watersof the Indus basin.

During the first years of partition the waters of the Indus wereapportioned by the Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948.

This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistaniregions of the basin in return for annual payments from the governmentof Pakistan.

The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and wasfollowed by negotiations for a more permanent solution.

From the Indian point of view, there was nothing that Pakistan could doto prevent India from any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in

the rivers. Pakistans position was dismal and India could do whatever it


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The IndusIndus WatersWaters TreatyTreaty is a water-sharing treaty brokeredby the WorldWorld BankBank.

The treaty was signed in Karachi on SeptemberSeptember1919,, 19601960 byIndian Prime Minister JawaharlalJawaharlal NehruNehru and President ofPakistan MohammadMohammad AyubAyub KhanKhan.

The treaty was a result of Pakistani fear that since the sourcerivers of the Indus basin were in India, it could potentiallycreate droughts and famines in Pakistan.


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The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Riversthe Indus,Indus, the JhelumJhelum and ChenabChenab and three Eastern Rivers -the SutlejSutlej, the BeasBeas and the RaviRavi; and with minor exceptions.

The treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of theEastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point wherethe rivers enter Pakistan Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive useof the Western Rivers.

For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent IndusCommission, with a commissioner appointed by eachcountry.


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OneOne, a role for the WorldWorld BankBank in the appointment of aNeutral Expert.

The first step under the Treaty is to resolve any "question"through the Permanent Indus Commission itself. If the"question" is not resolved there, it becomes a "difference" andis referred to a Neutral Expert, to be appointed by the twocountries, or by a third party agreed upon by the two

countries.

In the absence of such an agreement, the appointment of theNeutral Expert would be made by the WorldWorld BankBank, in

consultation with the two countries. The decision of the


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TwoTwo, the management by the World BankWorld Bank of a trustfund to meet the expenses of aNeutral ExpertNeutral Expert.

ThreeThree, a role for the World BankWorld Bank in the establishmentof a Court of ArbitrationCourt of Arbitration.

If the difference does not fall within the mandateof the Neutral Expert, or if the Neutral Expert rulesthat the difference should be treated as adispute, then a Court of ArbitrationCourt of Arbitration would be

established.


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According toKashmiriKashmiri Separatists, Indus watertreaty has deprived J & K state to use its own waterresources claiming losses in agricultureagriculture and energy.energy.

India is currently building a dam and a hydroelectrichydroelectricwaterwaterproject atNimzooNimzoo BaginBagin (Jammu andKashmir).

Pakistani authorities allege the project is a violationof the Indus Waters Treaty and India holds that it iscommitted to the treaty.


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Both Pakistan and India considered their relations withAfghanistanAfghanistan as most important relations with any othercountry.

Here India was involve with the support of RussiaRussia tosupport Communism and Pakistan was to support Capitalistwith the backing of the USUS..

Since the renewal of the Afghanistan war, both countrieshave fought proxyproxy warswars against each other, and bothcountries are reportedly making an extensive efforts to gaininfluence on Afghan Government for their own regional

interests.


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Taliban regime was strongly supported by PakistanPakistan inAfghanistanAfghanistan.

IndiaIndia firmly opposed the TalibanTaliban and criticized PakistanPakistan forsupporting it.

IndiaIndia established its links with NorthernNorthern AllianceAlliance as India

officially recognized their government, with the UnitedUnitedNationsNations.

IndiaIndia is training there Police, forces and taking a part inthere business activities (helping in infrastructure)


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Pakistani President PervezPervez MusharrafMusharraf sent a planeload of relief supplies to India from Islamabad toAhmedabad.

That carried 200200 tentstents and more than 22,,000000 BlanketsBlanketsinclude food and other related material.

Furthermore the President called Indian PM toexpress his 'sympathy' over the loss from theearthquake.


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IndiaIndia offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the 2005Earthquake.

India sent 2525 tonstons of relief material to Pakistan including food,food,blanketsblankets and medicinemedicine. Large Indian companies such asInfosysInfosys have offered aid up to $$226226,,000000.

On October 12, an Ilyushin-76 cargo plane ferried acrossseven truckloads (about 82 tons) of army medicines,, 1515,,000000blankets and 5050 tentstents and returned to NewNew DelhiDelhi..


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On October 14, India dispatched the second consignment ofrelief material to Pakistan, by train through the WagahWagahBorderBorder. The consignment included 55,,000000 blankets,blankets, 370370 tents,tents, 55tonstons ofofplasticplastic sheetssheets andand1212 tonstons ofof medicinemedicine..

A third consignment of medicine and relief material was alsosent shortly afterwards by train. India also pledged $$2525millionmillion as aid to Pakistan. India opened the first of threepoints at ChakanChakan DaDa BaghBagh, in Poonch, on the Line of Control(LoC) between India and Pakistan.

Such generous gestures signaled a new age in confidence,confidence,friendlinessfriendliness and cooperationcooperation between both IndiaIndia andPakistanPakistan.


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These include more high-level talks, easing visavisarestrictionsrestrictions, and restartingrestarting ofof cricketcricket matchesmatchesbetween the two.

The new bus service between SrinagarSrinagar andMuzaffarabadMuzaffarabad has also helped bring the two sides

closer.

Pakistan and India have also decided to co-operateon economic fronts.


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A "Friends"Friends WithoutWithout Borders"Borders" scheme began with thehelp of two BritishBritish touriststourists. The idea was thatIndian and Pakistani children would make pen pals

and write friendly letters to each other.

The idea was so successful in both countries that theorganization found it.

The World's Largest LoveLove LetterLetter was recently sentfrom India to Pakistan.


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India agreed to resume talks with Pakistan whichwere suspended after 2626//1111 MumbaiMumbai AttacksAttacks..

India had put on hold all the diplomaticdiplomatic relationsrelationssaying it will only continue if Pakistan will actagainst the accused of MumbaiMumbai attacksattacks.


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TheThe SamjhautaSamjhauta ExpressExpress commonly called theFriendshipFriendship ExpressExpress..

The train was started on JulyJuly 2222,, 19761976 following theShimlaShimla AgreementAgreement and ran between Amritsar Amritsar andandLahoreLahore, a distance of about 4242 kmkm.

On AprilApril 1414,, 20002000, in an agreement between IndianIndianRailwaysRailways andand PakistanPakistan RailwaysRailways..


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The 2007 SamjhautaSamjhauta ExpressExpress bombings were aterrorist attack that occurred around midnight on 18February 2007 on the SamjhautaSamjhauta ExpressExpress.

SixtySixty--eighteight people were killed in the ensuing fireand dozens more were injured.

Most were Pakistani Pakistani civilianscivilians, but the victimsincluded some IndianIndian civilianscivilians and IndianIndian militarymilitarypersonnelpersonnel guarding the train.


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TenTen terrorists killed over 173173 peoplepeople and wounded308308 peoplepeople..

The sole surviving gun man AjmalAjmal KasabKasab who wasarrested during the attacks was found to be aPakistaniPakistani national.

In May 2010, an Indian court convicted him on fourfourcounts of murder, wagingwaging warwar againstagainst India,India,conspiracyconspiracy andand terrorismterrorism offences,offences, andand sentencedsentenced

himhim toto deathdeath..


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India blamed the LashkarLashkar--ee--TaibaTaiba (a Pakistan-basedmilitant group) for planning and executing theattacks.

Islamabad resisted the claims and demandedevidence.

India provided evidence in the form of interrogations,weapons,weapons, candycandy wrappers,wrappers, Pakistani Pakistani BrandBrand MilkMilkPackets,Packets, andand telephonetelephone setssets..


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UnitedUnited StatesStates:: President BarackBarack ObamaObama said: "Istrongly condemn the outrageous attacks in Mumbai, andmy thoughts and prayers are with the wounded and thosewho have lost loved ones.

UnitedUnited KingdomKingdom:: Foreign Secretary WilliamWilliam HHsaid: "Isend my deepest condolences to all those who have lostrelatives or been injured in the bomb blasts in Mumbai.

These were deplorable acts of terrorism.

EUEU andand NATONATO:: Expressed deepest sympathies to thevictims of the brutal terrorist attacks in heavily populated

areas of Mumbai.


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India and Pakistan have shared cultures, food,music, living patterns and languages whichunderpin the historical ties between the two.


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Pakistani singers, musicians, comedians andentertainers have enjoyed widespreadpopularity in India, with many achieving

overnight fame in the Indian film industryBollywood.


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Indian music and films are very popular inPakistan.

Our Wedding styles are also going similar tothe Indian culture.

Fashion trends are somewhat similar.


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The founder of the Sikhism religion was bornin the Pakistani Punjab province, in the city ofNankana Sahib.


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Each year, millions of Indian Sikh Yatris crossover to visit holy Sikh sites in Nankana Sahib.


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Relations between Pakistan and India have also resumedthrough platforms such as media and communications.

Aman ki Asha is a joint venture and campaign between The

Times of India and the Jang Group calling for mutual peaceand development of diplomatic and cultural relations.


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The Indo-Pakistani border is the official internationalboundary that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab,Rajasthan and Gujarat from the Pakistani provinces of

Punjab and Sindh.

The Wagah border is the only road crossing between Indiaand Pakistan and lies on the famous Grand Trunk Road,

connecting Lahore, Pakistan with Amritsar, India.


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Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as wellas other sports to a lesser degree such as those of theSAARC games) have often been political in nature.


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The Indian and Pakistani cricket teams have been long-time known rivals and their rivalry is considered one ofthe most intense sports rivalries in the world.


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An India-Pakistan cricket match has been estimated to attractup to 33 hundredhundred millionmillion television viewers according to wellrespected TV ratings firm Initiative, and defeat is usuallyunacceptable to fans of both teams.


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In tennis, Rohan Bopanna of India and Aisam-ul-HaqQureshi of Pakistan have formed a successful duoand have been dubbed as the "Indo-Pak Express


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In 1977, both nations launched the Samjhauta Expressconnecting the Indian city of Attari with the Pakistanicity of Lahore.

On 18 February, 2006, Thar Express was revived after aperiod of 41 years to connect the Pakistani city ofKarachi through the Munabao station and the Indian

city of Jaipur through the Khokhrapar station.


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Launch of Delhi-Lahore Bus in 1999, connected cities acrossthe borders in the Punjab region and Sindh as well asbetween Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Kashmir across the Line of Control (LoC).


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Pakistan's cabinet has unanimously approved the award of"Most Favored Nation" trading status to India.

Pakistan had previously linked trade liberalization with Indiato a resolution of the dispute over Kashmir, over which the

nations have fought two wars. This move is a significant step towards boosting the peace

process between the neighbors.


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The status typically reduces tariffs and increasesimport quotas.

Although India granted Pakistan most favorednation status in 1996, Pakistan says it has sufferedfrom strict Indian customs rules and quality

standards.


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Pakistani decision has come at a time when the countrydesperately needs trade concessions from internationalmarkets to prevent its economy from sinking further.

India and Pakistan resumed formal peace talks this year afterthey were broken off in the wake of the militant attacks inMumbai (Bombay) in 2008.

Indian Trade Minister Anand Sharma said that Delhi wouldalso support a scheme proposed by the European Union toboost textile exports from areas of Pakistan affected by floodswith duty waivers.


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Pakistan and India financialsinstitutions agree to bolster

cooperation.

Mutual funds and capitals markets of India and

Pakistan have agreed to explore steps for each otherinvestable class


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After the talks in Delhi, ministers from the two sidesannounced their agreement to boost their annual bilateraltrade from current $2.7bn (1.7bn) to $6bn by 2015.

They also pledged to ease business travel and promotebilateral trade through the land route.

For Pakistan, a significant announcement was a pledge by

India to drop its opposition to the European Union's plan togrant Pakistan tariff waiver on selected commodities tohelp it recover from the devastation of 2010 floods.


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There are a number of explanations why Pakistan has so farwithheld the MFN status from India.

1.1. PoliticalPolitical;; Pakistani leaders have often linked it to theresolution of the core issue of Kashmir.

2. The second is protectionismprotectionism. For years, domestic industryin Pakistan has feared it would be swamped by importsfrom India. But even there, the mood appears to haveshifted.


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India has a variety of non-tariff barriers in place - such as,strict certification codes, customs rules, security clearancesand movement restrictions - which make it virtuallyimpossible for Pakistani traders to do business in India.


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The best way to end present violence in Kashmir isnegotiations between various Kashmiri-separatists groups,Pakistan and India.


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Currently a boundary the Line of Control (LOC)- dividesthe region in two, with one part administered by India andone by Pakistan. India would like to formalize this statusquo and make it the accepted international boundary.

Factors Opposing Pakistan rejects this plan partially as itwill get lesser control over the region and wants greater.

Kashmiri political parties too would oppose the plan as itviolates the UN resolution for a referendum.


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Though New Delhi and much of the Hindu population ofJammu and Buddhists in Ladakh would have no objections tosuch a plan.

Factors Opposing: The Muslim majority population ofPakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, might object theoutcome as would a majority of those in Kashmir valley in

India.


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Pakistan accepts the status quo in return for Indiagiving away disputed Sir Creek ( A 96 km strip of

water disputed between India and Pakistan in theRann of Kutch marshlands)


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Kashmir joining Pakistan.

Factors Opposing The communities of Hindus of Jammuand the Buddhists of Ladakh would object the outcome.

Hindu Kashmiri Pandits, who were forced out of Kashmir by

militants are also a major topic to consider.


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As an independent state, the region would somehow beeconomically feasible with tourism probably being thelargest source of income.

However being a landlocked country, it would be heavilydependent on India and Pakistan.

Factors Opposing The outcome is unlikely because itrequires both India and Pakistan (and potentially China) togive up territory.


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A smaller independent Kashmir formed out of the currentstrip of Kashmir (administered by Pakistan) and the Kashmirvalley (controlled by India).

This would leave the Northern areas with Pakistan whileIndia retains Jammu and Ladakh. However this regionshould maintain good relations with both India and Pakistanas it is landlocked and is covered with snow in winter.

This region can also have its defense and foreign relationsjointly handled by India and Pakistan.

Factors Opposing: The outcome is unlikely because itrequires both India and Pakistan to give up territory.


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Now, both of them are Nuclear Powers. So, they shouldnot indulge in war.

War is not the solution to any Problem.

Up till now both countries have faced a tremendousfinancial and military loss

Have wasted so many precious human lives in three wars.

They have to lessen their Defense budget and have tofocus on trade and development of their country and their

eo le.


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Both of them should resolve their disputes especiallyKashmir dispute by the ways and means of Bilateral andPeaceful talks and negotiations.

Pakistan and India should learn a lesson from the membersof European Union and ASEAN etc, how they haveremoved the trade barriers for the development of the wholeregion

Pakistan and India must have to form a strong and friendlyTrade Block in South Asia for the development of the whole

i

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