Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2006. Anticipation of Bandung Waste

Editorial 1

Readers' Voice 2

Headlines

Anticipation of Bandung waste 3

Onsite Waste Reduction 7

Options of Bandung Waste Management Concept 8

Mayor of Bandung City: Nothing More to do with Traditional Way 9

Lesson Learned from Bandung Waste Emergency Situation 12

Interview

Director of Water Resources and Irrigation, Bappenas

Java needs New Storages 15

Innovation

Multitasks Water Filter 19

Regulation

Government Regulation No. 16 of 2005 On Drinking Water

Supply System Development 21

Telescope

District Water Corporation, Blend of Commitment and Management 22

District Head of Sragen, H. Untung Wiyono:

District Water Corporation Should Be Professional 24

IATPI Clinic 25

Story

Latrine Heroines 27

Abstract 29

Insight

The Meaning of AMPL Institution For Sustainable Facility 30

Waterworks Technological Civilization By Time 33

Development and Empowerment 37

Around AMPL 41

Around WASPOLA 47

Book Info 48

CD Info 49

Sites Info 50

Agenda 51

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

This “Percik” English edition is originally translated from “Percik” Indonesian edition

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

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Rural Development, Department of Public Works

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National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Supriyanto, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti, Reski D.

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This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

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Senselessly, we havebeen three yearswith you, precisely

since August 2003 ago. Atthe time, Percik was only24 black & white pages, fewcolumn, simple layout, andlimited distribution. Percikwas at the time printed 500exemplars. You in the locallevel possibly do not knowwhat Percik 1st editionlooks like.

Now, Percik has pub-lished 14 editions. Numbersof rearrangements are car-ried out including columnaddition, page coloring, andlayout improvement. Per-cik has been distributed inall districts/cities nation-wide including NGOs, univer-sities and embassies and somecommunity. It seems thatPercik gets its own position among waterand sanitation (AMPL) stakeholders.Percik goals to be AMPL stakeholders'information and communication mediahave come true.

Nevertheless, we haven't satisfiedyet and we will always make improve-ment. In the next edition we willrelease Percik Junior (Percik forchildren), which will contain informa-tion on water and sanitation especial-ly for children so that they concernand care about water and sanitationas well. Curious about Percik Juni-or? Just wait the the next edition.

In this anniversary edition, wepresent topic about Bandung wasteissues. In our opinion, this is an inter-esting topic. Until today, waste issuesin the city have not finished. Theavailable solution is only temporary

as there is a conflict of interests.Moreover, everyone knows that largefund is prepared for solution of theissues. Usually 'people will come to apleasant place'.

Lesson we learnt from this Ban-dung waste case is we don't give anyserious concern about cleanliness,especially relating with waste. We justfocus on other aspects. In fact, clean-liness brings significant impact tohealth and beauty. Ignorance of sani-tary landfill, for example, has provento claim individual loss. Indisposedwaste has proven to disturb peopleand affect city beauty. Waste manage-ment is not easy; it needs cooperationand coordination among regions.Bandung waste tragedy shows thatcity government cannot address theissues itself and even provincial and

national government sho-uld take action. So, this isthe lesson for other cities inIndonesia to prevent recur-rence. Unfortunately, whenwe're making this paper,again waste tragedy tookplace in Bantar Gebang,Bekasi.

In innovation column,we present a surprisingwater filter technology fo-und discovered by a grand-father in Bandung. Thiswater filter can handle andpurify many types of water.It is possible that this tech-nology can be developed assolution to water problemsin Indonesia. In telescopecolumn, we present a newbreakthrough in water sup-ply management. The bre-akthrough is made by Local

Government of Sragen District, whichalways makes breakthroughs in go-vernmental administration.

In story column, we present privyheroines from some regions. They ha-ve successfully established and imple-mented free open defecation programand as model by community empo-werment and stakeholders for thesuccessful development even thoughthey are not paid for that.

Another interesting topic is that weare allowed to interview Director ofWater Resources and IrrigationBappenas concerning drought that is ta-king place in some regions in Indonesia.In fact, water management is the causeof the problems in addition to naturaland environmental conditions. Finally,we wish you success in taking benefitfrom Percik of this edition.

EDITORIAL

Percik August 2006 1

Hadits CLTS

CLTS training was held on 16-20

May 2006 involving three districts in

Lombok Island (Lotim, Loteng and

Lobar Districts). Each district

involves three villages for field tryout.

Especially for Lombok Timur

District, CLTS training was held on

16-18 May 2006 in Hotel Meliwis, Jl.

Labuhan Haji - Lombok Timur.

During RTL in the classroom (last day

of 18 May 2006) participants from

three tryout villages were present,

namely from Sikur, Kerongkong and

Teros villages.

Participants were shaken up with

one of participants from Sikur village,

namely Ustadz Mohamad Saleh

(Head of Segire/ Binong Hamlet)

which presented hadits narrated by

Muslim and Abu Daud in relation to

CLTS, namely God will curse the

human being who defecate on the

road or others' shelter.

Meaning of the abovementioned

hadits is:

"Watch out of two things that will

bring God's curse", Prophet

Mohammad's friends asked:

"What are the two things that will

bring curse, Oh God's Prophet?

The prophet said: "They are who

defecates on the road or others'

shelter"

(HR. Muslim and Abu Daud)

"Anyone who defecates should be

in the closed rather than open

place

(HR. Abu Daud)

"Do not harm yourself and other"

(HR Ibnu Majah and Ad-Da-

ruqutni)

There is an interesting thing from

one of the women participants from

Teros village, namely Mrs. Murni

(Posyandu cadre and community

health coordinator/TKM Health pro-

motion of Taros village). She told that

she was triggered to make the closet

by herself without having to wait her

husband's help as she holds principles

that motivation should begin from her

own self and to be model for another.

Sugito,

Lombok Timur

Noise and Stink

I, representing people of Dago Tol

Vila, Serua Village, Ciputat Sub-dis-

trict of Tangerang District, Banten,

inform you that a rubber factory and

hog farm are built in our residence,

precisely in front of our houses block

which only bordered by river flow sep-

arating Ciputat and Serpong.

Presence of the places causes prob-

lems, namely:

Noise generated from rubber and

water machines from morning

till late at night (currently almost

24 hours operation)

Stink coming from one or both of

the places

For the reason, we hope that Pokja

AMPL can inspect operation feasibili-

ty of the rubber factory and hog farm,

either from aspect of tolerated noise

and odor or environmental impact

analysis. We are concern that this will

affect people's health especially our

family in the short or long term.

People have previously claimed

this problem to the local authority

(RT/RW) but there is no follow up

until today. We do hope that Pokja

AMPL will give attention and find out

solution.

A. Cholid, SIP

(021) 74701362

Thank you for your attention. We

will forward your letter to the relevant

authority in your residence, namely

Bapedalda of Tangerang District. We

hope this problem will be addressed

immediately. (Editorial)

READERS' VOICE


1.

2.

3.

CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH

1.

2.

1.

If Leuwigajah tragedy never existed on 21 Fe-bruary 2005, we might not give focus on wasteissue. The incident has awaken us to focus on

waste issue more seriously. In fact, we don't have su-fficient facilities, either physical or nonphysical (re-gulations), to solve the problem in local or nationallevel.

The most horrible tragedy in Indonesia took placeand claimed 146 individual losses. Besides, the tra-gedy left new problem, especially for Bandung cityand surrounding area. Closing of Leuwigajah landfillcaused the city cannot dispose of their waste any-more.

Waste in Bandung city is left in amid the city. Pa-ris van Java has changed into waste city. Stink and fli-es spread everywhere. Waste stacks disrupt the traf-fic. Unsurprisingly, Ministry of Environment gaveBandung a predicate as the dirtiest city in Indonesiaduring commemoration of World Environment Day,the embarrassing predicate.

Emergency Response PlanBased on prediction, each people of Bandung and

surrounding area produces 7,500 m3 waste. Since

closing of Leuwigajah landfill, wastes are disposed oftemporarily in TPA Jelekong, Cicabe and Pasir Im-pun as emergency landfills. This must be inevitablebecause in such a condition, Bandung city should behost of 50th Anniversary of Asia-Africa Conference.

Resumption of these existing landfills is not easy.People around the landfill areas reject reopening ofthese landfills; additionally their capacity is limited.

TPA Jelekong on 10 ha area which was reopenedon March 2005 was closed on 31 December 2005. Assubstitute, waste was disposed of to TPA Cicabe on 9January 2006. Some other was disposed of to TPAPasir Impun, which has been closed since 1990, in or-der to commemorate 50th Anniversary of Asia-AfricaConference. Finally both landfills cannot accommo-date Bandung waste and since 15 April 2006 there isno more landfill.

Indeed, Government of Bandung City has also at-tempted to reduce onsite waste dump such as issu-ance of Circular Letter of Bandung Mayor No. 658.1/-SE 055-BPOD dated 28 April 2005 regarding proac-tive measures of Bandung waste managementthrough 3R program and circular letter of BandungMayor No. 658.1/SE.135-PD.KBR dated 27 Decem-

HEADLINES


Because of waste, Bandung becomes the dirtiest city inIndonesia. Some actions have been taken for solution.Is it sustainable? What measures are taken for solution

in the future?

ber 2005 regarding optimization ofCircular Letter of Bandung Mayor No.658.1/SE 055-BPOD. Various peo-ple's activities have been conducted(see: People's waste management ac-tivity in Bandung). This activity canonly reduce 10% of total waste dump.

In line with that, Government ofBandung City is attempting to find outempty land owned by government,people and corporation to be used aswaste dump area. The locations foundinclude Regol (200m2), CibenyingKaler (50m2), Kiaracondong(400m2), Bandung Kidul (50m2), Su-mur Bandung (60m2), Bandung Ku-lon (264 m2) and Arcamanik(1,800m2). The locations are full bywaste dump.

This condition makes Governmentof Bandung City to seek alternativesbut this is not easy. There are 31 loca-tions expected for new or emergencylandfills. From such number, threebecome nominees, namely Blok Cime-rang, Citatah village of Bandung Dis-trict; Blok Legonk Nangka, NagrekSub-district of Bandung District; andSumur Bandung village, Cipatat Sub-district of Bandung District. Never-theless, they are hampered by permitand people around the locations rejectthe scheme.

Government of West Java Provin-ce takes action. Moreover, central go-vernment gives serious attention tocondition of Bandung city. ProvincialGovernment, together with Muspida,Government of Bandung City, Go-vernment of Bandung District, Go-vernment of Cimahi City, Perum Per-hutani unit III West Java, Kodam IIISiliwangi and PTP VIII through a se-ries of discussions, have agreed threelocations for temporary landfill, na-

mely Blok Cikubang, SumurBandung Village, Cipatat

Sub-district of Bandung District(owned by TNI AD) on 1.5ha area;Blok Cigedik, Sarimukti Village, Cipa-tat Sub-district of Bandung District(owned by Perum Perhutani) on 21.2ha area; and Blok Gunung Hejo, Cian-ting Village, Sukatani Sub-district ofBandung District (owned by PTPVIII). The latest blok is not applicableyet. Blok Cikubang was used from 26May to 11 June 2006, while Blok Cige-dik was used on 28 May 2006 until to-day.

During 15 April 2006-26 May2006, the waste dump was increasingwith the volume about 400 thousandm3. This waste has been relocated toBlok Cigedig, Sarimukti by maxi-mizing the existing fleet about 140dump trucks from Bandung CleaningAgency, rented truck and assistancefrom army. For temporarily, wasteproblem can be addressed.

City Government's Long TermPlanning

Bandung is clean now. Predicate ofthe dirtiest city can be omitted. But itdoesn't mean that waste problem inthe city has been finished. The out-

standing homework is how to managecity waste in the long-term period. Orotherwise, this can be time bomb forthe people at anytime.

The city government itself is aboutto establish waste management plantafter Mayor visit to Shanghai of Chinaand Singapore to view closer wastemanagement in both cities. It showsthat waste management plant is esta-blished amid the city to produce ener-gy with the process not leaving anywaste. "Bandung city will refer to thisapproach," said H. Dada Rosada re-cently.

To meet the demand, City Go-vernment has attempted newland as plant area, which is si-tuated downtown, in East Ban-dung area on an area of 20 ha di-vided into 5 ha for plant, 5 ha for re-serve area and 10 ha for revegetati-on. According to Mayor, the locationdoesn't bring any problem as it isowned by only one person whodoesn't mind of the plan.

Proposal of Bandung city govern-ment is based on waste managementstrategy, namely (i) change in viewpo-int and perception of (waste producer

HEADLINES


SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Emergency Landfill: TPA Sarimukti.

and management) on waste, from dis-posable or destroyed thing to sustain-able resources, (ii) maintaining ser-vice sustainability as managementsystem will minimize likeliness of co-ngestion or saturation of operationallink, i.e. disposal system. Congestionor saturation of disposal link will stopother service links such as waste col-lection and transportation and thiswill cause waste dump in the dumparea and other places.

While going to realize the goal, citygovernment in cooperation with Ban-dung Institute of Technology (ITB)will develop small scale waste mana-gement plant. Everyday this plant willprocess 24 ton waste and produce 500kWh energy.

This energy is considered toosmall and inefficient. This plant willin turn produce 25-30 megawatt ener-gy and obtain 1,500 ton waste intakeper day. This plant will also producesteam and ash for concrete brick. Andthe electric power will be sold to thepeople.

This plan seems to be realized. Ci-ty government has associated with PT.Bandung Raya Indah Lestari (BRIL)and Daarut Tauhid, ITB and PLN.City government will serve as wasteproducer, PT. BRIL and Daruut Tau-hid as waste management and PLN aselectric power buyer and seller, whileITB provides the waste technology. Ifthere is no obstacle, the plant will beestablished next year.

In management aspect, city go-vernment prepares concept. Firstly,calculation of business operability inaccordance with market mechanism(business feasibility), with plant ma-nagement referred to private compa-ny. Secondly, if the plant cannot ope-

rate as per market mechanism(proceeds of sale is insuffi-

cient for plant operation), plant ma-nagement will be handled jointly byprivate company and city governmentwith subsidy mechanism.

According to Bandung Mayor, thisplan will not affect the Greater Ban-dung Waste Management Corpora-tion (GBWMC). He considered thatBandung waste is abundant. "We willkeep implementing the program,"said Dada.

Ad Hoc Committee's PolicyWaste management in Bandung

city cannot be imposed only on citygovernment. Many stakeholders in-volve in this issue, including regionalgovernment around the capital ofWest Java Province. So the manage-ment should be inevitably integratedwith all stakeholders either for short-term (until end 2007), mid-term (2-3years) and long-term period (10years). Accordingly, central govern-ment established ad hoc committeeon 23 June 2006. The committee con-sists of local team (Bandung city go-vernment, district government, Cima-hi, and ITB) and central team(Bappenas, Ministry of Public Work,Ministry of Environment and BPPT).

The committee is responsible forformulating strategic measuresin the effort of waste reductionin Bandung Metropolitan as wellas establishing cooperation andcoordination.

Through a series of meetings, thead hoc committee establishes the fol-lowing strategic principles:

Waste reduction through 3R(Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) inorder to minimize collection,transportation and disposalPolluter pays principle, namelyany polluter is liable pay wastemanagementLandfill is still necessary for citywaste management Regional cooperation to findlandfill location and joint wastemanagementFurther development plan,namely waste use for other inter-ests and effective reduction, suchas implementation of Wasteto Energy.

For short-term plan, onsite was-te management will be conductedthrough household-scale sor-ting, 3R, and composting. There-fore, socialization, training and

HEADLINES


NO. COMPONENT WEIGHT AND VOLUME

Weight (ton) % Weight Vol (m3) %Vol

1. Organic Waste 1.11 59,5 3.592,5 47,9

2. Paper 223 11,9 2.235 29,8

3. Textile 10 0,5 112,5 1,5

4. Plastic 236 12,6 697,5 9,3

5. Fragile 26 1,4 60 0,8

6. Metal 28 1,5 292,5 3,9

7. Others 236 12,8 525 7,0

Total 1.875 100,0 7.500 100.0

WASTE PHYSICAL CONDITION IN BANDUNG CITY PER DAY

Source: Pemkot Bandung

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

establishment of KSM (KelompokSwadaya Masyarakat/Self-supportCommunity Group), household com-posting and law enforcement will becarried out. In temporary disposal site(TPS), increase in waste coverage willbe implemented by enhancing trans-portation fleet, TPS inventory and re-vitalization, GIS (Geographic Infor-mation System) based route regulati-on and schedule, regional compostingprogram, and study and constructionof TPS. While in final disposal site,TPA Sarimukti will be revitalized(landfill 21.2 ha) through DetailedEngineering Design (DED) and deve-lopment of composting plant togetherwith operation and maintenance inaddition to positioning of IntegratedWaste Management Plant, land acqui-sition, environmental impact analysis,DED, TPA Citiis/Legok Nangka; iden-tification of action plan as perGBWMC result and settlement oflegal status of TPA Leuwigajah.

Mid-term plan, onsite level, in-cludes replication of sorting program,3R, household composting and pu-nishment. In temporary disposal site(TPS), increase in transport coverage,replication of regional compostingprogram and study and constructionof landfill. In final disposal site level,feasibility study, environmental im-pact analysis and DED of TPA Ci-tiis/Legok Nangka; socialization ofReusable Sanitary Landfill (RSL) andSanitary Landfill (SL) technology inTPA Leuwigajah; feasibility study ofRegional Sanitary Landfill; interregio-nal cooperation; cooperation withprivate company; DED of integratedwaste management, pilot project was-te to (i) energy, (ii) organic fertilizerand Pilot Project Landfill Gas to Ener-gy (LFGTE).

Meanwhile, long-term plan includesonsite waste management, similar toprevious plan. In temporary disposal site(TPS) level, efficiency and capacity buil-

ding of waste management, full costrecovery achievement and pilot projectof regional composting. In final disposalsite (TPA) level, implementation of RSLand SL technology for TPA Leuwigajah,construction of Integrated Waste Mana-gement (capacity 100m3/day on an area1,500 ha with investment Rp. 2.3 bil-lion); Waste to Energy - Pilot ProjectWaste to Energy (100 ton/day), supervi-sion of Pilot Project Waste to Energy andevaluation.

Waste management by ad hoc co-mmittee seems result of compilation andcompromised ide-as of stakeholders.(see: Options of Waste ManagementConcept in Bandung City). Theore-tically, the policy is promising. But,is it applicable? The question isnecessary since implementationinvolving many relevant parties isusually inapplicable as expected. Ho-pingly it is just an apprehension. Nowwe just wait which action will anticipateBandung waste. Mujiyanto.

HEADLINES


G reater Bandung Waste Management Corporation (GBWMC) is acorporation established for waste management in Bandung City(and surrounding area). This establishment is based on MoU of

Bandung Waste Management dated 7 March 2005, Decision ofGovernor of West Java Province regarding Establishment ofFormulation Team of Bandung Waste Management and Joint Decisionregarding Establishment of Collective Waste Management in BandungCity dated 27 December 2005. Local government involving in thisGBWMC includes Bandung City, Cimahi City, Bandung District, GarutDistrict, and Sumedang District. Two other districts, Purwakarta andCianjur, have not given any confirmation.

The GBWMC implementation strategy adopts 3 principles namely:1. Technical

Onsite waste prevention: residential area, farm, stores, inclu-ding offices and schools (regulations and enforcement)Sanitary landfill is still necessary

2. Institution and human resources a. Waste is public managementb. Capacity building of public services or outsourcing

3. Culture and spirita. Physical waste is resulted from nonphysical wasteb. Approach: culture/model and spirit (campaign/socialization)There will be two sanitary landfills in Bandung City, namely one

for east region and other for west region. Based on survey, there aretwo selected locations, namely Citiis (100 ha) and Legok Selong(70ha), while phases of waste management are described as follows:

Implementation of GBWMC (Sanitary landfill and onsite waste re-duction) requires capital cost Rp. 385 billion. There are four financingscenarios, (i) central-province-district/city sharing, (ii) province-dis-trict/city sharing, (iii) province-district/city-investor sharing, (iv)World Bank loan by involving private company as operator.

GBWMC plans to establish collective waste management not laterthan 27 December 2006. Governor of West Java Province is expectedto having issued decision on the designation of sanitary landfill loca-tion. MJ

G B W M C P R O G R A M A T G L A N C E

WASTE MAN-AGEMENT

PHASE

Phase - 1 Phase - 2 Phase - 3

100 ha> 25 years

- gas, compostRp. XXX

TPA

Recovery Storage

TPA Storage

Waste to Energy

100 ha20-25 years

TPASanitary Landfill

----Rp. 0

Area 1 TPALife Period

WasteManagement

Model ProductsRevenue

100 ha>>> 25 years

- electric, chemical Rp. YYY

WASTE MANAGEMENT PHASE

a.

b.

Composting by Bitari Foundation in Ex TPA Pasir ImpunArea = 2,000 m2Waste volume = ± 20m3/dayCompost production = 660kg/day

Plastic recycle by CV. Fajat in ex TPA Pasir Impun andJl. Holis

Area = 2,000 m2Volume of plastic waste = ± 0,5 - 1 ton/day Production = chips and containers

Besides, other activities are implemented throughWJEMP-CEF program, from which the work havingbeen carried out is composting in 5 RW ofGegerkalong village, Sukasari Sub-district

Area = ± 300 m2 Waste volume = ± 2-3 ton/day Compost production = ± 1 - 1,5 ton/day Inorganic residues are sorted and sold

Self-support activities PT PINDAD

Area = 600 m2 Waste volume = 9 - 10 m3/day Compost production = 500 - 1000 Kg/Day Type of waste: 90% leaves, 10% office refuse(paper + food remnant). Inorganic residues are incinerated.

RW 11 CibangkongArea = ± 400 m2 (including land for revegetation pilot project)

Waste volume ± 400 m2 Compost production = 1 - 1,5 ton/Day Inorganic residues are sorted and sold.

Jhon PietersLocation: RW 06 and Jl. Cipamokolan No. 77 Cipamo-kolan Village, Rancasari

Area = ± 2.500 m2Plastic waste volume = ± 6 ton/day Metals waste volume = ± 8 ton/day Product: plastic pellet

Composting with Green Phoskko RW 04 Cipadung vil-lage, Cibiru Sub-district

Area = ± 100 m2 Waste volume ± 2 m3/dayCompost production = ± 0.35 m3/dayInorganic residues are sorted and soldLeachate is used for making liquid fertilizer

Composting with Green Phoskko RW 14 Palasari vil-lage, Cibiru Sub-district

Area = ± 100 m2Waste volume = ± 1,2 m3/dayCompost production = ± 0,2 m3/dayInorganic residues are sorted and soldInorganic residues are incinerated,ash is used for bricking.

HEADLINES


Onsite Waste Reduction

In addition to seeking alternative landfill, Bandung

Cleaning Agency has established cooperation with

stakeholders for waste reduction onsite or in tempo-

rary disposal site (TPS). The standing partnership will be

composting in Ex TPA Pasir Impun and recycling of PET

and PE (plastic bottles and glasses of mineralized water)

and plastic recycle to dustbin.

The activities include:

HEADLINES


In fact, Bandung waste has beenanticipated even just temporari-ly. This tragedy calls stakehol-

ders for brainstorming in solving theproblems. There are at least threeinstitutions contributing their con-cepts in addition to Bandung city go-vernment itself. The concepts are sug-gested by Technological Studies andImplementation Board (BPPT), Ban-dung Institute of Technology (ITB)and Ministry of Environment. The fol-lowing are concepts of each institu-tion:

BANDUNG CITY GOVERNMENTShort-term before application ofwaste management technology

Community participation through3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)Composting, small scale incine-rationLocal dump

Advanced waste managementDevelopment of waste manage-ment plant to produce energy,organic fertilizer or other products;plant capacity 1,500ton/- day; 24 hoursoperation; energyoutput 30 M wattManagement is de-signated to privatecompany if businesscalculation is suita-ble with market me-chanism. If not, theplant will be jointlyoperated by city go-vernment and pri-vate company

ITBIntegrated waste management, na-mely:

Household composterComposting in RT/RW levelabout 10 RT : 3 waste cart withvolume 4.5-5m3/dayIntegrated waste management,capacity 100m3/day; requiring1,500 m2 area; main hangar,composting hangar, greenhouse,conveyor belt, organic waste qu-antifying machine, compostingaeration system, gasification andbiogas reactor, compost filter, in-cinerator, brick casting machine,weighing scale, etc. Operatingcost at minimum capacity(20m3) is Rp. 27,000/m3 and atmaximum capacity (100 m3) isRp. 5,400/m3.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTImplementation of 3R concept bymaximizing 6 potential dump areaduring 2006. This method is expect-ed to reduce 725 m3 waste or about

22.66% (total transported waste3,200 m3/day). Implementation of3R concept for long term period mayachieve 30-60% of total dump.Capital cost required during 2006will be Rp. 2 billion.

BPPTScenario 1

Rehabilitation TPA Leuwi-gajah (if applicable) intoreusable sanitary landfilland 3R-based integratedwaste management. Mana-gement cost per ton waste isRp. 79,074

Scenario 2Implementation of reusable sani-tary landfill (if TPA Leuwigajah isinapplicable and new adequatelandfill area is found) and 3R-based integrated waste manage-ment. Two RSL locations arerequired with capacity 13,000m3/dasy and 7,000 m3/day.Management cost will be Rp.87,079 per ton waste

Scenario 3Implementation of waste to ener-gy through incinerator, smallscale RSL and 3R-based in-tegrated management (if TPALeuwigajah is inapplicable andnew but small landfill area is fo-und). Incinerator will have ca-pacity 1,000 ton waste per dayequipped with heat to energysystem. It requires 5 ha andtwo RLS areas with capacity8,000m3/day, respectively.Cost management per tonwaste will be Rp. 124,870. MJ

OPTIONS OF BANDUNG WASTEMANAGEMENT CONCEPT

FOTO:MUJIYANTO

C an you explain waste mana-gement in Bandung before

emergency response?So far, waste management is carri-

ed out traditionally, namely sanitarylandfill to maximally control landfill.In sanitary landfill, waste is disposedand leveled at a certain location, whilein control landfill, waste is disposedof, leveled and overburdened with so-il. Either sanitary or control landfillwill bring serious problems if they'releft unmanaged.

Sanitary landfill needs wide area.If the land is small, the waste dumpwill in turn cause accident. For exam-ple, TPA Leuwigajah tragedy. If weoverburden it with soil, the result re-mains the same because of leachateand potential collapse. We cannoteven dump it vertically. With the Leu-wigajah incident, we have to do betterand do not repeat the same mistake,which will just cause incident and lossto people and city government.

What will local governmentdo after Leuwigajah collapse?

Upon Governor's verbal approval,around March 2005, we invited 15 in-vestors who have concern of wastemanagement that produces compost,fertilizer, energy, briquette, brick, ce-ment, etc. They come from domesticand foreign investors. To select them,we established a formulation teamconsisting of city government, envi-ronmental specialists and Unpad re-presentative. The team worked hardand selected five and finally three in-

vestors. The three investors madeconsortium called PT. Bandung RayaIndah Lestari (BRIL). On September2005, we executed MoU with thecompany, in which they should seekan area and acquire it for factory. Pre-viously, on July-August 2005, we visi-ted Shanghai China for comparativestudy to see waste management plantin the city. So we will adopt their tech-nology although Head of BandungDistrict and I have ever been trainedabout waste management so that I cancomplement the comparative study inJapan and China. On September2005, BRIL sought the area and itseemed uneasy. Some governmentagreed but the people disagreed. So itis not easy. The last, we still disposedof waste in Jelekong, Bandung Dis-trict, and then closed. We also havelandfill area 7 ha in Pasir Impun but itwas closed, also we have in Cicabe butit was closed on 14 April. So, on 15April no more landfill at all. Until

waste dump raised on 26 May 2006,which lasted 41 days. There was 7,500 m3

waste everyday and, if multiplied by41 day, produced 400 thousand m3

waste. Therefore I asserted thatBandung is under waste emergency.And this is not national issue but alsointernational. I kept attempting solu-tion. On 26 May, Governor and Com-mander of Kodam III Siliwangi tookaction to provide us with 21 ha area inSarimukti owned by Perhutani. In themeantime, we used Kodam land areaof 2.5 ha in Cikubang but it was appli-cable only for 10 days. Now we useland in Sarimukti. In Sarimukti,Governor executed MoU with Per-hutani on 7 August as legality for theland use. That waste produced byBandung district, Cimahi, Bandungcity will be processed as compostbased on ideas of the team establishedby Minister of National Planning andDevelopment/Head of Bappenas,State Minister of Environment, Mi-nister of Research and Technology.The government granted Rp. 14 billi-on to build compost plant in Sari-mukti. After visit to Singapore oneweek ago, I found that there is adowntown waste management toenergy, water treatment. We havefour locations and for power energy,Bandung city is potential because ituses only 5 ha area for plant, 15 ha forgreenbelt and 5 ha for reserve, and 10ha for revegetation. Based on experi-ences from visiting some countries,the waste management remains noresidue at all because waste is

HEADLINES


Mayor of Bandung City, H. Dada RosadaNothing More to Do with Traditional Way

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

processed continuously. Bandung ci-ty will refer to thee approaches. I ho-pe, if realized, this will be the first inIndonesia.

Does city government onlycooperate with private compa-ny?

On 31 July ago, cooperation ofBandung city government was exten-ded with ITB, PLN san Darut Tauhid.The decision: City Government iswaste producer; PT. BRIL and DarutTauhid are management, PLN is ener-gy buyer and seller, and ITB providesdesign and technology. PreviouslyITB and PLN have made small-scalejoint-operation of 24 ton waste/dayproducing 500 Kwh electric power.This was considered too small so thatPLN suggested cooperation with citygovernment as the latter has abun-dant waste supply. We plan to change1500 ton waste per day into 25megawatt electric power.

What kind of regional coope-ration you establish with localgovernment?

Cooperation with government ofBandung district and Cimahi city

results in collective landfill in Sari-mukti, Bandung District. Bandungdistrict and Cimahi have less waste.Bandung city produces 7,500 m3 perday while Cimahi produces only 450 m3

per three months. We are who wantthe waste changed into electric power.By chance, PLN has not been able toserve all people.

Where will the plant be estab-lished?

It will be established in BandungTimur. It is under process now. InsyaAllah we don't have any problembecause the land is owned by one per-son and he has agreed with. We hopethe plant establishment will not be thesame as in Bojong. We have madesocialization to our community andthey agree with our plan.

How do you think of budget?It will be given gradually.

How much will it be alloca-ted?

We haven't fixed it yet. All to donow is legality. We haven't preparedthe business plan as we are encoun-tering many problems, for example

difficulty in finding out the plant area.

From the waste tragedy, doesBandung still maintain the exis-ting master plan or prepare thenew one?

We prepare the new master plan.The existing one is sanitary landfill,isn't it? It is inapplicable anymore.Now we're preparing a new masterplan, which consists the locationpoints, while in RT/RW and RDTRK,we plot Bandung Timur as non-pollu-tant industry and warehousing area.

What you just explained re-fers to how management of finalwaste is. How's community em-powerment in waste reduction?

We encourage the community tosort their household waste as applica-ble in the developed countries. Atleast, they sort between organic andinorganic waste. We then pick up andbring their waste to the depot. Andthere, the waste is sorted again. In themanagement plant, we will preparecasual until skilled workers.

How is your cooperation withprivate company?

HEADLINES


ILLUSTRATION BY: RUDI KOZ

the important thingis ACTION, man....

LocalGovt.

We refer the work to them. Theyinvest and operate the plant; we giveour waste and pay them so they takeprofit from our payment. Besides,they sell waste energy to PLN.

What is impact of waste mana-gement plant to performance ofBandung Cleaning Service Agency?

Well, we'll make it gradually;probably we involve them in theoperation. The plant will be returnedto city government if BOT or BTO iscompleted, won't it?

How long the work agree-ment with private company?

Well, minimally 20 years

Does local government pre-pare special regulations to le-galize this agreement?

Yes, it does. The local regulationhas been issued. It regulates WasteManagement, transport from housesto temporary disposal site (TPS) isconducted by RT/RW community and

transport from the TPS to final dis-posal site (TPA) without any treat-ment. Community should pay retribu-tion for waste transport we conductfrom TPS to TPA.

Is there any special regula-tion on this agreement?

It is just MoU.

It means that legality must beprepared for this?

Yes, it must. Moreover, this agree-ment involves ITB, PLN and DarutTauhid.

How much budget will berequired for this waste manage-ment?

We obtain Rp. 20 billion fromlocal government. But charge im-posed on Cleaning Service Agency forretribution is only 53% of budgetdemand of more than Rp 20 billion.

Do you have any suggestions forother cities to prevent the similar

incident as Bandung has?Firstly, there must be behavioral

change. We should not dispose ofwaste carelessly. We should sortwastes, and local government shouldnot adopt traditional waste manage-ment, such as sanitary landfill.

What should other local go-vernment do if they were toencounter waste emergency?

They should refer to high techno-logy waste management, either collec-tive (joining with other local govern-ments) or individual management.

Do you mean, in emergency?Yes, we with all levels of communi-

ty implement 3R, reduce, reuse andrecycle. But it is highly emergency andit didn't work maximally. During 41days we're facing about 400 thousandm3 waste. By implementing 3R, wecould only reduce 10 thousand m3.Besides, the process will not immedi-ately bring revolution. This model isonly for long-term plan. Not all peoplecan implement waste management intheir houses. So change in waste ma-nagement from traditional way tohigh technology is a must.

When will the plant be ope-rated?

Construction is under way thisyear. It needs 1 year. And for the peri-od of time, we dispose of waste inSarimukti and so far so good.

Is your plan not causing con-flict with GBWMC program?

It doesn't matter with GBWMC.We keep following the GBWMC pro-gram. Moreover, Bandung waste isabundant. So there is nothing toworry about with Sarimukti. MJ.

HEADLINES


SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Corner of Bandung city that is already clean.

Waste in Indonesia has beenso apprehensive, signalizedby numbers of waste pollu-

tion and get the peak when TPA Leu-wigajah collapsed on February 2005ago which claimed 146 victims andfollowed by hot debate and blamingeach other. Nevertheless, as common-ly happening in out country, Leuwi-gajah tragedy is not followed by ade-quate improvement, either technicalor political. The incident seems to belowest anticlimax in Indonesia wastemanagement.

Although government of Indone-sia makes official announcement ofwaste "emergency" in Bandung, thefact shows that since May 2006, afterLeuwigajah collapse, a total of

300,000 m3 waste was retaineddowntown as no other landfill willaccommodate the waste of 4,000m3

per day, or precisely, people's strongresistance against alternative landfills(TPA Jelekong, TPA Babakan, etc.).With such a condition, it is sure thatBandung, which is known as cool andbeautiful city has now changed intothe city of stink and disgusted wastesand even potential diseases spreadingeverywhere.

Whether there is or not wasteemergency statement officially fromgovernment, we should admit that thecondition has been supercritical and

needs immediate actions. Eventually,not less than four ministers (Ministerof Public Work, Minister of Envi-ronment, Bappenas and BPPT) andeven ITB were rushed with wasteemergency response plan even thoughPresidential Instruction was referredonly to Minister of Environment.

In this emergency response plan,Indonesian Army also took action toevacuate waste out of the city (certain-ly with assistance of local governmentpersonnel and cleaning service agen-cy) by deploying personnel, heavyequipments and providing dump lo-cation in Cikubang, Darangdan Sub-district of Purwakarta District (4 haarea). This was probably referred toemergency situation as similar to warcondition where TNI was in the frontline as well as establishment ofTaskforce and Ad Hoc Committee.

Besides, the waste was also dumpedin plantation area owned by Perhutani inSarimukti village (21 ha), Cipatat-Rajamandala Sub-district, BandungDistrict. Actually there are optional loca-tions for emergency landfill but uponpeople's resistance against the waste,governor chose 3 locations:

Cikubang (4 ha), 28km fromBandung city, an area owned byArmy in Purwakarta DistrictSarimukti (21 ha), 42 km fromBandung city, an area owned byPerhutani in Bandung District Gunung Hejo (8 ha), 33km fromBadung city, an area owned byPTP VIII in Purwakarta District

HEADLINES


Lesson Learned from BandungWaste Emergency Situation

By: Endang Setyaningrum*

SOURCE:ENDANG SETYANINGRUM

Waste piles up at temporary disposal site (TPS)

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Disposal in Cikubang area wasconducted by army using adequate'emergency disposal' namely cut andfill method. I think that army person-nel understand not only military butalso familiar with the "cat method".Unfortunately, waste dumped in Ci-kubang was only about 50,000 m3(land area used was only 1.5 ha of 4 haarea) for 30 days.

Meanwhile, disposal in Sarimuktiis more emergency because it reliedonly on open dumping with com-paction (without backfilling as imple-mented in Cikubang) with disposalcapacity 800m3/day (today it accom-modates 70,000 m3). Actually landuse permit in Sarimukti area is forcomposting but due to emergency sit-uation, composting has not been com-menced yet until today.

In the meantime, land use inGunung Hejo (8 ha, and 5.5 hausable) situating in the edge ofCipularang toll road, has not been im-plemented. Although quick detailedengineering design has been imple-mented for better waste disposal dueto presence of spring around the area,Local House of Purwakarta rejectedthe land use although water supplyrequirements for people around thearea (Cibentar and Pasirmalaka vil-lage) have been fulfilled by Ministry ofPublic Work. Even access permit viatoll road was being under process byMinister of Public Work.

Cost of Emergency ResponsePlan

Emergency response plan, whichinitially expected to finish for 1 monthpursuant to Presidential Instruction,takes 3 months. During the period,there have numbers of cost payable byseveral parties for the following items:

Transport cost (Rp. 750,000/trip)of 180 dump trucks (2 trips/day)

for 3 months equals Rp. 8.1 billion Disposal cost in Cikubang (heavyequipments, personnel and safe-ty infrastructures) Disposal cost in Sarimukti (heavyequipments, personnel andrepair of access road to location)DED Cost of Sarimukti Preparation cost of Gunung Hejolocation (DED, water supply)Seven units of heavy equipmentscosting Rp. 11 billionCost of water supply in the Gu-nung Hejo location

Such costs do not include thosedifficult to estimate such as land costeither in Cikubang or Sarimukti, coor-

dination cost, waste delivery cost,which was repeatedly rejected by peo-ple, cost of ill people due to waste pol-lution in the city, cost for reducedlocal tourists which cancelled theirvisit to Bandung, etc.

What expensive a waste emer-gency situation in Bandung is. WereTPA Leuwigajah not to collapse; wereTPA Leuwigajah able to be operatedwith appropriate sanitary landfill;were fund allocation adequate (cur-rently only Rp. 15,000.-/m3 is avail-able far below reasonable cost ofwaste management). And finally wejust make suppositions.

When will waste emergencysituation last?

After 3 months passes and based oncalculation of waste volume having beenevacuated from Bandung and Cimahi toemergency landfill, there are in fact tensof thousands m3 waste retained in thecity even it is not as dirty as it was.Bandung gradually returns back to beclean and even crowded by tourists fromJakarta, especially during holiday andweekend.

HEADLINES


Currentlyonly Rp. 15,000.-/m3is available far below

reasonable cost of wastemanagement.

And finally we justmake suppositions.

Waste trucks stand in line to enter TPA Cikubang


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Does it mean that emergencyresponse plan ends? How iscontinuity of landfill improvementin Sarimukti which is conductedonly through open dumping methodand possible contaminating byleachate? How is continuity of inte-grated composting in Sarimukti (asper Perhutani permit)? There is stilla number of problems requiring fol-low up to prevent "waste emergencyvolume 2".

Scenarios After EmergencyResponse

For scenario post emergencyplan, infrastructure improvement inCikubang and Sarimukti is recom-mended to overcome contaminationlikely visible in Sarimukti, especiallyleachate contamination and prepa-ration of integrated waste manage-ment (composting and recycling).

Further step is returning back toGBWMC scenarios consisting of:

Socialization to community andstakeholders to prevent socialconflict as it was Land acquisition (Citiis andKebon Nangka-Nagrek) withappropriate compensation Preparation of adequate landfillarea and waste managementfacility especially relating topreparation of buffer zone,environmental conservationfacility, etc. Landfill operation in professio-nal ways and causing adverseimpact or social conflict as wellas TPA Leuwigajah manage-ment after collapse and TPAJelekong.

Lessons LearnedAlthough storm (of waste) has

been alleviated from Bandung, weshould think and learn lessons fromBandung incident as starting pointtoward spirit of better waste ma-nagement.

People awareness of waste reduc-tion by means of composting andrecycling should be supported, forexample, by giving them incentives.

Executives and legislatives sho-uld not be reluctant in allocatingbudget for better waste manage-ment, especially for improving land-fill quality after emergency response(TPA Sarimukti) and actualizinglarge-scale integrated compostingplant.

Finally, waste master plan sho-uld be prepared as long-term refer-ence for stakeholders, including spa-tial allocation for landfill area com-plete with buffer zone and applica-tion of "landfill borderline". Landfillallocation is also for long-term in-vestment because we will obtain"new land" after landfill, possibly asgreen open land.

* Staff at the Directorate ofSettlement Sanitary Development,

Directorate General of HumanSettlement, Ministry of Public Work.

HEADLINES


Executives andlegislatives should not

be reluctant inallocating budgetfor better waste

management

Entered condition to TPA Cikubang


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D rought is hitting Indonesia.What causes it?

There are three main causes; first-ly global climate change because rainand dry take place outside the fixedmonths. Secondly, environmental fac-tors. Thirdly, water infrastructure.Environmental factors are clear; thereare significant factors outside watersystem such as forestry, dry farm, etc.so that capacity of natural or artificialwater flow will deplete. We can seedams with very high deposits.

How about infrastructures?For infrastructures, we have in-

vestment of almost Rp. 10 billion inwater resources including irrigation,river control and swamp developmentin the beginning of New Order era.The largest investment is allocated forirrigation as the time being we wereencouraged to food self-support andthis made irrigation was developed

progressively. Until today we havetechnical irrigation of 4.6 million hain full control. There are also semitechnical and simple irrigation ofalmost 7.2 million ha. There is alsothe so-called rained irrigation, whichis usually applied in the rural areawithout technical irrigation.

How far does it affect dro-ught?

If we talk about drought, it lookslike two-sided coin. One side is dro-ught and another side is flooded. Thisindicates change in ability of a river toretain sufficient water as the catch-ment area has been destroyed, etc.What we're focusing in our research iswhether the dry area is flooded duringrain. In fact, big rivers commonly actso. But for development areas such asirrigation areas, the fact is not neces-sary like that. This refers to control.Artificial irrigation areas will release

water to the river when rain andretain it when dry. Irrigation patternin Indonesia is commonly gravitation-al irrigation. So, it only dams up andraise water level. There is no watercontrol except dam. That is what bigdams do for. It is full control. Butmost our irrigations are semi control,meaning irrigation by raising waterlevel.

What kind of environmentalintervention will be?

Talking about environment, we donothing but recommendation such asno cutting forests. Low-income far-mers in the upper catchments areausually plant crops such as cassavaand corn, which are unsuitable withthe river flow as the crops are not ca-pable of retaining water. Many devel-opers forget that the new settlementsthey build are parking area of thewater. For example, Jakarta was usedto have a lot of swamps, which retainwater before flowing to the sea. Now,the area is developed and raised, etc.so that water has no place to stay andthis often causes flood.

Is there relationship betweendrought and river characters?

Rivers in Java are commonly steepbut short so that they have rapidflushing. In the meantime, we have nostorages to save water for dry season.Today we have 120 dams. But if weobserve, especially in Java Island, wecan only save 10% water, while other

INTERVIEW


Director of Water Resources and Irrigation, Bappenas, Ir. M. Dony Azdan, MA, MS, PhD

Java NeedsNew Storages

Drought is occurring several regions inIndonesia recently which brings significant

losses. Amazingly, the regions are flooded dur-ing rain. This is an interesting phenomenon tobe discussed. Why does it happen and is thismerely natural phenomenon or human inter-

vention? Accordingly, Percik is allowed tointerview Director of Water Resources andIrrigation Bappenas, M. Dony Azdan in his

office as quoted below.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

90% is never used until the waterreaches the sea. Thus, it has steep andshort flow, rapid flushing and too badthat we have no storages. Until 1990s,we have developed numbers of dams.Since early 1980s to end 1990s, manyconflicts arose from friends of envi-ronmental ministry to build damswith reasons that it will change envi-ronment, etc. that it is so difficult tobuild dams. They compare with US orEurope. The US has 25 thousanddams while we have only hundreds.Indeed, there are two influential fac-tors, land acquisition and environ-mental change, but I personally consi-der the storages to be necessary. If weneed to build dams, it means we sho-uld do it because it is really necessary.

Does it mean, we could pre-dict the drought based on natu-ral condition?

From all regions in Indonesia,there are two regions with potentialwater deficit, namely Java and NusaTenggara, while others are based onglobal water balance, not deficit.Unfortunately, we see it locally. Inessence, if we see by island, the JavaIsland has potential water deficit.According to our global calculation,based on study of water resourcesmanagement in Java Island, Java iswater deficit 5 billion m3 per year.This means saving level should beraised. We need large storages. Thecurrent strategy is, because of manyconflicts from environmental factorarise in building the dams, we shouldbuild large number of small andmedium scale dams such as embung-embung. Each district, for example,should have one dam.

Could you explain what con-

dition Java Island has based onthe study?

We have regencies with potentialwater deficits based on hydrology anddemand for agricultural and industri-al sectors. A total of 77% districts inJava are water deficits. Such deficitsare divided into three categories,namely light category between 0-3months per year; moderate categorybetween 3-6 months per year andsevere category more than 6 monthsper year. If this condition is left with-out infrastructure intervention, thenin 2015, 78% regions will undergodeficit, with light to moderate or tosevere category will increase. Locationwill not significantly change butdeficit is severer. In 2025, deficit mayreach 80.5%. And if we list the avail-able information, there are 26regions, which will subject to dry, forexample Bandung. This region isquite severe. Garut has light deficit.Indramayu is severe. Kebumen isquite severe. Wonosobo is unusual. Itshould not be deficit, but the factshows that it is deficit. So there is aproblem of water management. Se-marang is light deficit. Purbalinggashould not be deficit as it obtains wa-ter from Comal and Serayu rivers, butthe fact shows that it is dry. This isdue to water management, and this iswhat we're studying now.

Which management shouldbe implemented to prevent thedrought?

Let's take an example of Jatiluhurwith full control. It has west channelfor Jakarta supply, east channel forIndramayu and surrounding areas,and north channel for coastal areas.Actually in the end or mid of rainy se-ason, we can see whether this year is

wet or dry. If this year is dry, all out-lets are closed to allow water raise tooptimum level rather than releasing itat anytime. If this year is wet, someoutlets are opened. Let's say this yearwe have storage, then we will haveplanting pattern, especially in the ter-minate area. So, in Karawang andPurwakarta districts will have definitewater supply according to plantingacreage. For regions with small waterdebit, we make classification. Untilcertain extent, if water is depleted,there should be predetermined plan-ting pattern. In Indramayu for exam-ple, because water debit is small, riceplanting is delayed. Then plantingclassification is provided, for examplefrom rice-rice-intercrops to rice-inter-crops-intercrops. This planting mana-gement was previously controlled byulu-ulu with strict authority. But inthe present, farmers are difficult to becontrolled. Although they know it isdry season, they plant rice. And whenwater supply is insufficient, they getangry. Indeed, farmers may not takewater along the bed channel becauseit is allocated for the terminate areas.Everyone will get quota. Sometimes,they pump water into their rice fieldand then terminated area will dryearlier.

What do you think of enforce-ment?

It is difficult to implement nowa-days. Previously farmers followed ulu-ulu instruction, now they don't. Thiswater management has slightly cha-nged with regional autonomy. Whowill hold responsibility? Although re-gulations have been applicable, res-ponsibility for irrigation over 3 thou-sand ha lies on central government, 1-3 thousand ha lies on provincial res-

INTERVIEW


ponsibility and below one thousandha lies on district responsibility; thequestion: is institution ready? Over 3thousand ha for example, who holdsresponsibility in the central level?Inevitably there should be secondingassignment to local level. In that case,region holds more responsibility. Li-kewise, provincial level has not prepa-red person in charge, and finally sec-onding assignment is required. Theseunits are changing. Previously, al-though from central level, the person-nel can be used by district/ provinciallevel. Therefore, it is still under im-provement if seen from managementpoint.

How much storage do weneed?

Java Island needs 5 billion m3. Asillustration, Indramayu is a dry re-gion. It is supplied from Jatiluhur. Sothere is a design for Cimanuk, namelyJatigede dam. If Jatigede dam hasbeen built, the storage will be used forIndramayu and Sumedang regionsand this will minimize consumptionof Jatilihur water supply. And we allo-cate Jatiluhur supply more to west ornorth. For example, if Jatigede watervolume is almost 500 million m3, itwill need 10 dams as large as Jatigederegion. But we can also build smalldams. It is ideal if we have embung-embung in district or sub-district le-vel. Even there is a brilliant idea: damis provided per hectare. The problemis: owners in Java have small areas,averagely 0.25 hectare and so are fer-tile lands, almost 100% have no prob-lems with water. But in the arid land,water is difficult to find. For example,someone have to find water until 23km long; if storage is provided in thearea, water resources may or may notbe available.

How is our water infrastruc-ture nowadays?

From infrastructure aspect, we ha-ve problems with operation and main-tenance. It is fact that if we build con-struction in one place, we often forgetmaintenance in the previous place.Operation and maintenance havebeen problems since 1980s. Forexample, the existing irrigation net-work has limited maintenance periodso that it must be repaired in 5 years.If we have good planning, rehabilita-tion should be carried out in 15 years.This is the problem in water infra-structure and our priority forward.We understand that our governmentitself cannot conduct the operationand maintenance; there should beownership system. In our approach,the most benefited person is farmerbecause he knows which is to be ma-intained first. It is different from ser-vice staffs where they only see physi-cal appearance of the infrastructurealthough they don't know its function.Therefore since 1990s we have intro-duced our approaches that for opera-tion and maintenance, we involve far-mers. We even wanted to deliver it tothe farmers but serious complaintsoccurred. However, it is applicableonly to tertiary channel, the primary

and secondary one remains on go-vernment control and that is prone toconflict because the users are not onlyfarmers. We hope that farmers will beresponsible for this tertiary channelby establishing farmers group tomaintain the infrastructure. In case offinancing, government will give aid.

How is composition of wateruse?

Irrigation is actually 89-94 per-cent; DMI municipal and industry isbetween 4-11 percent; developingregion is 8-9 percent. For exampleBekasi and Karawang. So, large pro-portion is still available for irrigation.

It means that agriculturalsector will bear loss of dry?

Dry brings significant impact toagricultural sector but it is not alwaysthe case. There are regions, which aredry previously, for example Pacitan orIndramayu. The question: if we talkabout municipal or industry, especial-ly municipal, water quality becomesproblem. Our major problem changesfrom agricultural to urban area, fromwhich water cannot be automaticallytransformed. For dry urban or ruralareas, people depend highly on aqui-fer. Aquifer and surface water is high-

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Water storage in Situ Cibereum, Bandung, is decreasing.

ly different where layers between 30-60m subsurface may have contactwith surface. But if it is more than60m deep, aquifer will have no con-tact with surface water and it is possi-bly difficult for recovery. In the re-mote area, it is difficult to find surfacewater as well as make well. Aquiferbasin has catchment area in the up-stream; maintenance of the upstreamarea will bring two advantages; cleanwater and good capacity and goodpercolation so that we can maintainthe aquifer level for the depth 30-60m. For 125m deep, for example,water sources will be difficult to reachas it may lies behind other catchmentareas.

How is cooperation estab-lished with relevant institutionto maintain our natural resour-ces?

In 2001, TKSDA (Tim KoordinasiSumberdaya Air/Water ResourcesCoordinating Team) was establishedbased on Presidential Decree No. 123,which chaired by Coordinating Minis-ter for Economy, Finance and Indus-try and deputy chairman being Head

of Bappenas; daily director beingMinister of Public Work and 11 minis-ters as members. This team is aimedin discussing intersectoral waterissue. There are Minister of Energyand Mineral Resources, Minister ofHealth, Minister of Environment, Mi-nister of Communication, etc. So thatall problems can be solved according-ly. This team made draft regulations;one of them is Law No. 7 on NaturalResources. In this Law No. 7, we haveintroduced authority of central to dis-trict government as well integrationbetween exploitation and manage-ment of the natural resources as wellas appointed person for natural re-source management. This will beelaborated into PP (government regu-lation) on rivers, PP on irrigation, etc.as well as ministerial and presidentialdecrees. This integration requiresinvolvement of relevant sectors. Besi-des, there is also GNKPA (GerakanNasional Kemitraan PenyelamatanAir/National Partnership for WaterSalvation); we hope this will come in-to implementation. The program fo-cuses on river rehabilitation. This in-volves not only government but also

stakeholders. Besides, we are intro-ducing integrated water resource ma-nagement and we focus on the imple-mentation. We should be aware thateverything will strongly relate towater.

Do we have grand design onwater?

Yes, participation. The most im-portant thing is that this is not onlygovernment responsibility. It is thepeople who can manage water appro-priately. The important thing is howto make them aware of water. If ne-cessary, we introduce it to educationlevel. Water salvation is not onlyphysical activity; it must be impartedsince childhood. We will make designand plan along catchment areas. Eachriver should have one design andplan. We are used to have master planfor Bengawan Solo containing proce-dures how to build dam, embank-ment, dredging and other physicalworks. The design is aimed at arrang-ing sustainable water source manage-ment. In the plan we do not focus onlyon physical works and this is beingimplemented in Citarum River. Weare making design on sector with rele-vant work and district with relevantresponsibility.

What will you recommend tothe people?

I hope they will follow workshopsand trainings, especially farm extension.If the region capacity is possible, weshould build water storages, althoughsmall. I hope that people will be aware ofwater saving from now on. This is thecase of culture. They regard river a dis-posal place. This is still prominent inJava. People should also control wateruse and water disposal to the river. Ifnecessary, we sue the perpetrator. MJ

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

You possibly understand activesand filter, which is composedof gravel, charcoal, sand, dust,

and palm fibers. It is used to purifydirty/turbid water. However, the re-sult is not satisfactorily. As consequ-ence, people will buy factory-madewater filter, either local or importedone with high cost and sometimes lessdurable.

In fact, right composition will re-sult in best water filter. Any water canbe filtered ready to drink. You won'tbelieve it, will you? But this has beenproven by H. Ali Dinar, people of Ci-pamokolan, Bandung. This equip-ment is called "Water Filter Ala H. AliDinar".

According to H. Ali, this equip-ment consists of three major compo-sitions namely dust, sand and palm fi-bers. However, he has his one recipein blending this composition to filterany types of water. Today, the equip-ment, which has been applied since2003 is being patented.

Besides major composition, it hasadditional natural blend, which iseasily found in the market, such as redcement, lime and wood adhesive."The use of these materials dependson water type to be filtered", said H.Ali, the 58 years old grandfather.

This equipment is not sold imme-diately in the market; it must be orde-red in advance. Why? Because eachwater in an area has its own characte-ristics. The filter is also different foreach water resource. Then H. Ali willmake experimental filtering of the

sample. He will compose the rightcomposition then. Of the test result isgood, he will produce the filter, eitherin individual or mass. Previously healso tested water quality in the labora-tory to ensure it is ready to drink. "Forquality assurance", said the grandfa-ther who is not graduated from ele-mentary school.

This water filter is cylindrical, 6"diameter, 30cm height and 2cm thick-ness. For capacity 500 liter, this filteris only 1 kg weight. Filter size can beadjusted according to water volume."It can work on water with any volu-me", he said.

Test of this equipment was firstlydone in 2004 upon grant of Head ofRancasari Sub-district. Quality con-trol was conducted by Health Service

of Bandung City. At the time being,the water was taken from Sub-districtoffice nearby from H. Ali's house. Testresult is presented in the followingtable.

This multitasking water filter hasbeen distributed throughout regions,from Jakarta, Karawang, until Riau.The users know this filter from rumor.And the production achieves morethan one thousand units.

Today, H. Ali is designing waterfilters for three districts along Siak Ri-ver of Riau Province, which is beingordered by large oil company."They're waiting for the product", hesaid.

H. Ali collects sample from ninestations in the region. "This water isblack like lube oil. It's easy for me,

INNOVATION


Multitasking Water FilterAla H. Ali Dinar

No.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.

Unit

-mg/LScale NTU -CelciusScale TCU

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/L

Maximum ToleranceLevel

-1.0005-Temperature 3º C15

0,201,01,50,025-1,05002500,05101,06,5-9,00,002-0,14000,05-2,00,01-5,0

Test Result

Odorless

0.00Tasteless

1,5

0,000,030,300,001070,000,050,0027,80,04600,350,0

Parameter

A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Odor Total Absolved Solid Turbidity Taste Temperature Color B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Al Fe Fl Cd Hardness Cl Mn Nitrate, as N Nitrite, as N pHCyanide Sulphate Copper Lead

TEST RESULT OF INITIAL WATER FILTER OF H. ALI DINAR

even easier than water available in Ci-pamokolan", he said. He designed thewater filter in the house, assisted bytwo men. Result of filtering is delive-red to laboratory in Jakarta. He alsoconfirms that he is able to design salt-water filter.

This water filter costs Rp. 1.2 milli-on for 500 liter capacity and Rp. 1.5million for 1,000 liter capacity, whilefor the use in mosque, he gives it freeof charge. It is one-year money backguarantee and this equipment maylast for five years.

Although getting success with thefinding, he is continuously develo-ping the product. Currently he is try-ing to filter used soft drink such asFanta and coca cola. Result indicatesthat these liquids can be filtered suc-cessfully. "The color is transparentand tasteless, so it is like plain wa-ter," he said while asserting that foraddition of filter, he uses pulverized

building ruins. Besides inventing water filer, H.

Ali also has successfully developedsimple indicator for water qualitycontrol. This indicator is invented by

his wife from her observation to thefishpond, which is composed of guavaleaves, salmon leaves and the secretroots. With this blend, we can deter-mine water quality.

INNOVATION


I f scientists invented somethingfrom a long, tiring and cost-consuming research, H. Ali in-

vents this water filter from dream-ing. At the beginning, this familywas difficult to find clean water in2002. To overcome the problem,they bought imported water puri-fier. However, this equipment didn'twork well until H. Ali's family bo-ught the same equipment for threetimes with costs Rp. 2 million, Rp.2.5 million and Rp. 750 thousand.However, those filters cannot purifythe ground water taken from besideof their house.

This fact made his wife, Hj. De-deh, got angry. "She forced me tobuy the water purifier costing Rp. 8million. I didn't want," he remem-bered. And quarrel began. Thespouse has their bed separated.

In such a situation, said H. Ali,

his wife was visited by an elder whoordered her to make water filterfrom ash, sand and palm fibers. Thedream was told to me. "In the follo-wing morning I did what has beentold to my wife," said H. Ali. The ef-fort failed. "Water is clear but con-taining ash."

Without desperation, he was

trying how to prevent ash frombeing flowed into the filteredwater. And he succeeded in thatday. "But I'm not sure whether thiswater is potable. We only use it forbathing while we buy the drink wa-ter," he said.

In 2004, he met with Head ofRancasari Sub-district who askedhim to filter the water in the sub-district office. The very dirty waterwas successfully filtered into cleanand clear water. The Head of Sub-district suggested H. Ali to check hisfiltered water to the laboratory. "Iasked, what for?" he said. Accordingto Head of Sub-district, result is sa-tisfied because it seems clear physi-cally. Head of Sub-district thengranted H. Ali for the finding. Theresult is very satisfactorily. Hence,H. Ali Dinar developed his inventionuntil now. Mujiyanto

I n s p i r e d D r e a m

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

H. Ali with his water filter in front of his house.

As a follow-up of Article 40 ofLaw No. 7 of 2004 on WaterResources, the government

stipulates Government Regulation onDrinking Water Supply System Deve-lopment. This regulation on DrinkingWater Supply System Development isintended to realize quality drinkingwater management and service ataffordable price; attain equal interestbetween subscribers and service ma-nagement; and improve efficiency andscope of drinking water service.

This Government Regulation cov-ers Drinking Water Supply SystemManagement, Standard Water Protec-tion; Implementation; Authoritiesand Responsibilities; Drinking WaterSupply System Development Sup-porting Agency; Financing and Rate;Tasks, Responsibilities, Roles, Rights,and Obligations; Development andSupervision; Administrative Sanc-tions; and Transitional Provisions.This Government Regulation consistsof nine chapters and 79 articles.

By virtue of this government regu-lation, Drinking Water Supply SystemDevelopment must be integrated withSanitation Facility and InfrastructureDevelopment relating to drinking wa-ter-namely waste water and matterspertaining to solid waste-as well asbased on principles of conservation,equality, public use, integrity and har-mony, sustainability, justness, inde-pendence, accountability as well astransparency.

Drinking water of Drinking WaterSupply System Development con-sumed by the users/subscribers fulfill

quality requirements pursuant to mi-nisterial regulation in health sector.No unqualified drinking water is dis-tributed to the community.

In addition to drinking water, thestandard water thereof must also ful-fill the given quality standard for drin-king water supply in accordance withprovisions. The government and re-gional administration are responsiblefor securing the availability of thisstandard water. Standard water ex-ploration for the purpose of drinkingwater exploration must be based onwater business concession permit.

In respect of Drinking Water SupplySystem Development, the Governmentand Regional Administration must beresponsible for securing rights of everypeople to receive drinking water as abasic requirement to fulfill healthy,clean, and productive life. State-OwnedCorporation or Regional-Owned Corpo-ration specifically formed has to managethe same. Cooperative, private corpora-tion, and/or the community mayparticipate in case the State-OwnedCorporation or Regional-Owned Corpo-ration fails to improve service qualityand quantity.

Particular for rate and dues, thisgovernment regulation stipulates thatdrinking water rate is drinking waterservice and waste water service fees.Drinking water rate calculation andfixing must be based on affordabilityand justness; service quality; cost re-covery; water consumption efficiency,transparency and accountability; andstandard water protection principles.While, cost components so calculated

are operation and maintenance cost;depreciation/amortization cost; loaninterest cost; any other costs; and fairprofit. Regional Head must fix this ra-te by virtue of recommendation of bo-ard of directors, after approval by Su-pervisory Board.

In relation to roles of the coopera-tive, private corporation, and commu-nity, this Government Regulation lim-its only to any areas or regions not yetreached by State-Owned Corporati-on/Regional-Owned Corporation ser-vice. In addition, they must transfertheir entire assets in case of termina-tion of agreement.

What makes this regulation ad-vanced is the existence of rights of thesubscribers, in addition to obliga-tions. The subscribers are entitled toreceive Drinking water service ful-filling quality, quantity, and continui-ty requirements in accordance withthe given standard, obtain informati-on on structure and amount of rateand bill; file suit for any service har-ming them before the court of justice,obtain proper compensation in conse-quence of service negligence; and re-ceive waste water disposal and sewagemud suction.

This regulation asserts that allDrinking Water Supply System De-velopment organizers must possessmaster plan. Otherwise, they mustcomplete the same within not laterthan January 1, 2010. While, those al-ready possessing the master plan,they shall adjust to this GovernmentRegulation within not later thanJanuary 1, 2008. MJ

REGULATION


Government regulation No. 16 of 2005 OnDrinking Water Supply System Development

District Water Corporation(PDAM) is usually identicalwith losses, debts, low com-

pany's performance, unprofessionalmanagement, and un-quality humanresources. Various reasons base thiscondition.

For several District Water Cor-porations, such a myth seems to behard to change. Consequently, most ofthe District Water Corporations areunable to revive from their fall. Theystill have a lot of debts. Then, will thiscondition still continuously occur?When are the District Water Cor-porations able to be healthy compa-nies and regional pride?

District Water Corporation Sragenis one of the District Water Corpo-rations exerting to change such amyth. In three years, the companypreviously suffering a loss has beenable to gain profit simultaneously payits debts.

This success is not irrespective of astrong commitment of District Headof Sragen H. Untung Wiyono, to makeDistrict Water Corporation Sragen apure business institution. "Business"must be managed professionally," heasserted. Therefore, he takes meas-ures probably uncommon to any otherDistrict Water Corporation in Indo-nesia namely by taking over debts ofthe District Water Corporation andsettle the same in 2003 to Ministry ofFinance. In addition, he finds profes-sionals to manage the same.

Since 2003, the outsider has beencontrolling District Water Corpo-

ration Sragen. He is Joko Supriyanto,SE, MM, a professional selected in fitand proper test held by DistrictAdministration Sragen. The Districthead fully authorizes him to managethe District Water Corporation pro-fessionally.

Improvement Those already accustomed to a

condition are sometimes hard to takea change. "It is like one asks us to runwhile we sleep. We must be startled,"said Siswanto, Head of Personnel De-partment of District Water Corpora-tion Sragen. But, whether or not we li-ke it, steps of a new locomotive mustbe followed by all cars.

The new president director of Dis-trict Water Corporation Sragen highlyrealizes that gaps between the existingculture and the expected culture stillexist. It is a serious challenge to enco-unter, including how to equalize per-ception of company's missions and vi-sions to make proper strategies andimplementation emergence.

Steps taken in this preliminaryphase are, firstly formulating compa-ny's core values to take such as ho-nesty, discipline, anti corruption, col-

lusion and nepotism, best result-ori-ented, etcetera; secondly redesigningcultural system development, such asrestructuring, rotation, extension ofstudy and incentive facilities, recruit-ment of special staff of contract sys-tem, etcetera. In addition, the compa-ny reformulates its determinationsand missions in concrete forms,namely (i) being a reliable clean waterprovider, (ii) optimising company'sprofit, and (iii) improving humanresources and welfare.

Change of this cultural system isapparently uneasy. It at least takes ayear to gain the result. Joint commit-ment of around 115 employees emer-gences. "We have a strong commit-ment. Our death, life, welfare dependon how we work," explained Supardi,Head of Planning Department ofDistrict Water Corporation Sragen.

Work motivation is also jacked up.Company's incentives, such as grad-ual pay and old age security are fulfil-led. Several persons are sent to higherlevel school. "In the past, we have aminimum fund for human resources,"said Supardi while adding that thecompany's attention to human re-sources is highly prominent.

To A Healthy CompanySince 1997, rate of District Water

Corporation Sragen never increases. Therate is around Rp. 425 per cubic meter. Itis not surprising if the company alwayssuffers a financial loss. This conditioncan not be neglected if a companyintends to be a healthy company. The

TELESCOPE


District Water Corporation Sragen

Blend of Commitment andManagement

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

step to take is by increasing the rate. But, this step is also uneasy as en-

countered by any other District WaterCorporations in Indonesia. It encoun-ters many obstacles and barriers fromvarious parties. Moreover, the propo-sed increase is quite high from Rp.425 to Rp. 1,300. therefore, a break-through to the increase in rate is re-quired. The District Head proposesthat the increase is implementedstarting 2005, 2006, and 2007 andthe management agrees the same.

The management prepares sociali-zation strategies amidst the commu-nity. One of the strategies is by usingradio frequency. The District WaterCorporation holds talk shows everySunday for a full year. At the same ti-me, the company improves red spots(leakage areas) as well as its services.

On another occasion, District Wa-ter Corporation facilitates all stake-holders to discuss the increase in rateat District pendopo. The result is achi-evement of goal in respect of the in-crease. "Complaints are only 0.05 per-cent," said Supardi.

The increase in rate directly gives apositive impact on the company's con-dition. In 2005, District Water Cor-poration can obtain a considerable com-pany's profit by Rp. 605,615,652.77.

The fact makes the District WaterCorporation able to pay its debts toDistrict Administration. In 2007, alldebts of the District Water Corporati-on will be settled. Therefore, the Dis-trict Water Corporation has become areliable source of income by the dis-trict administration. Moreover, it ispredicted that the District Water Cor-poration will gain profit by more than2 billion rupiah next year.

Development Challenges This year, the District Water Cor-

poration Sragen has a determinationto produce water ready to drink. It has

made various preparations to attainthe ideal. It is planned that inSeptember the water ready to drinkcan be enjoyed by around 1,000 sub-scribers. Next year, the service willreach 4,500 new subscribers.

In addition, the District Water Cor-poration still encounters various obsta-cles. Life time of transmission pipelinesof 300 mm diameters along 4,551 metershas expired (installed age is 26 years). Itis not surprising if the undergroundpipelines are broken or its rubbers areworn-out. At least three points of leakageare found in three locations everymonth. Disturbance also occurs to col-lecting and distributing pipelines. Repairof all these ACP pipelines take a consid-erable investment.

The current homework of the Dis-trict Water Corporation is providingthe subscribers with service. The sub-scribers to the same increase moreand more but the installed capacitydoes not yet fulfill the demand. Theefforts to construct production wellssimultaneously dam are hampered byconsiderable investment cost. But thedetermination to continuously servethe community never ends. (MJ)

TELESCOPE


NO ESTIMATION 2001 2002 2003 2004 20051 Operation Income 4.550 4.572 4.776 5.355 7.907

2 Operation Direct Expense 2.896 3.311 3.813 3.964 4.774

3 Operation Gross Profit (Loss) 1.654 1.261 963 1.390 3.133

4 Indirect expense 1.807 2.197 1.985 1.547 2.626

5 Operation Profit (Loss) (153) (936) (1.022) (156) 507

6 Other Incomes (Expenses) 87 89 94 98 99

7 Profit (Loss) Before Tax (66) (847) (928) (58) 606

8 Net Profit (Loss) (66) (847) (928) (58) 606

NO DESCRIPTION VOLUME 2001 2002 2003 2004 20051 Installed capacity Liter/second 346,50 335,35 366 373 3982 Production capacity Liter/second 267,25 274,14 288 293 3323 Water production m3 6.434.266 7.814.004 8.127.869 8.945.614 3.085.8634 Distributed water m3 6.225.341 7.748.894 8.030.926 8.943.288 3.085.8635 Sold water m3 5.388.313 6.064.776 6.327.604 6.850.579 2.277.3086 Water loss m3 947.028 1.684.118 1.800.185 2.095.035 808.5557 Served community Individual 169.124 170.324 173.151 170.073 181.3068 Subscribers Customer 27.481 28.270 28.761 29.725 30.1329 Employees Person 114 114 116 114 113

Scope of service in Sragen City : 90 percent Total scope of service : 65 percent Total deep wells : 21 unitsSprings : 2 unitsService area : 14 sub-districts of the existing 20 sub-districts

Technical Data on District Water Corporation Sragen 2001-2005

Income Statement of District Water Corporation Sragen2001-2005 (in million)

W hat makes you take a poli-cy to appoint a person

from outside of the bureaucracyto manage District Water Corpo-ration Sragen?

Firstly, the core of District WaterCorporation is business. Businessshould be professional. We find a pro-fessional outside if we could not be.Secondly, business should be mana-ged on business basis. The manage-ment should also be business mana-gement regardless of who manages it.

Doesn't your breakthroughencounter bureaucrat obstaclesfrom those enjoying their posi-tions all this time?

No, it doesn't matter. It's profes-sional.

Any other regional adminis-trations do not dare take thebreakthrough, do you have anycomment?

Well, I don't have any comment.District Water Corporation Sragen usedto suffering a financial loss, but now itgains profit. Water rate is also not high.We precisely give priority to public serv-ice. We only fix Rp. 600 per cubic meter.But, we still can gain profit. It's a matterof management system. How to manage.We should be professional. We also set-tle our 2003's debts. Now, we do nothave any debt, even we can contribute todistrict pure revenues quite significantly.

They say District Administra-tion Sragen took over debts ofDistrict Water Corporation inthose days, can you explain it?

I want the company's balance isclean, and in our calculation the com-

pany can pay its debts, thereforeDistrict administration Sragen settledits debts first to third parties. That'swhat we did.

Doesn't the breakthroughburden district budget?

No, it absolutely doesn't burdendistrict budget. We settle the debtsfirst as we can be imposed with penal-ty if we borrow a loan from the centralgovernment and it means a high cost.

How far do you authorize theprofessional?

We give him a freedom to do any-thing because we already have districtregulations stipulating limitations. Hecan make innovations or anythingelse, we only control him.

How about his subordinates? No problem. In fact, it's good

because he has correct personnel sys-tem, more orderly finance, better pub-lic service, better and serious mainte-nance.

What do you thing about theproblems met by water corpora-tions in Indonesia?

There are five problems. Firstly,very high operational cost. Secondly,thousands of subscribers requiring a

correct administration system.Thirdly, maintenance, how long livetime of the installed pipeline. Only afew people know it. Fourthly, serviceto the community. Fifthly, economicsystem, financial management. It isthe absolute one. Those running abusiness should be balanced. It is usu-ally uneasy to control a lot of cus-tomers. Therefore, internal control,auditing control should be created.

So, it is not just a manager'sfigure, isn't it?

No. it isn't.

How is the process of selec-ting new management in DistrictWater Corporation Sragen?

We made a test. They should haveexperiences. We tested their visions.No corruption, collusion, and nepo-tism

What is the impact of thischange on the community?

They are more responsive, theycan lodge complaints, etcetera.

What is your response tomanagement of any other watercorporations?

Everything relies on the manage-ment's commitment. Every districthead is entitled apply its own systemsand punishment. So, it depends ondecision maker.

Can any other water corpora-tions be better?

Yes, they can. They have clearcustomers. No one is in arrears. So-me bills can be scheduled and esti-mated. MJ

TELESCOPE


District Head of Sragen, H. Untung Wiyono

District Water Corporation Should Be ProfessionalSOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Disaster comes unexpectedly asalready occurred in severalplaces in Indonesia. Infor-

mation on handling post disaster isalso significant as that on how toanticipate disaster moreover that ondrinking water supply being the basicrequirement.

The following article describesdrinking water treatment at user levelthat can be made after disaster or inan emergency situation. This treat-ment covers water taken from allsources, but generally can only elimi-nate physical and biological contami-nation. Usually, chemical contamina-tion can not be eliminated with thisprocess for requiring a more specificadvanced treatment.

Filtering Filtering water by using a clean

cotton cloth will eliminate sedimentand dissolved material. Using a cleancotton cloth is highly important be-cause a dirt cloth will add contamina-tion. If available, a special cloth ableto filter organisms, such as tapeworm,can be used, this cloth is called "cope-pods". It must be used at the same fil-tering level and can be cleaned bywashing the same with soap and cleanwater.

AerationAeration is a treatment process by

making the water contact with the airintended to increase oxygen degree in

the water. The increasing oxygendegree will:

Eliminate any gases making thewater odorous and tasteMake dissolved minerals, such asiron and manganese oxidized thatcan further be eliminated withsedimentation and filtration pro-cesses.

Contact between water and air can bemade with various methods. For ex-ample, by quickly shacking a half-filledwater storage place (for example jer-rycan) for around 5 minutes further let-ting it for 30 minutes to make the dis-solved materials settle. For a biggerscale, aeration can be made by channel-ing water in a perforating tank divided insmall parts containing pebbles. Further,also letting water collected in collectingtank for approximately 30 minutes tosettle the dissolved materials.

Storage and Sedimentation When the water is stored for a day

in a safe/clean condition, more than50 percent of bacteria will die. Inaddition, the dissolved materials andpart of pathogenic bacteria (the causeof disease) will settle on storage bedduring the storage. Place used forstoring and settling should be cappedto avoid re-contamination but anopening for gradual washing shouldexist, for example bucket with cap.Water should be taken from upperpart of storage place, a part where thecleanest water and fewest containingpathogenic bacteria. The longer thestorage place, the better the waterquality.

Household can maximize benefitof storage and sedimentation by using"three places system" as described inthe following:

Filtration Filtration is a filtering process by

channeling water through porousmedia (for example sand), this pro-cess uses a natural cleaning principle.There are several methods of filtra-tion, namely:

1. Simple sand filterSimple filter for household can be

made of earthenware/ clayey soil, me-tal, or plastic container/tank. Thiscontainer is filled with sand and gra-vel layer also furnished with severalpipes enabling water to flow above or

IATPI CLINIC


F i l t e r i n g

S t o ra g e / S e d i m e n t a t i o n

F i l t r a t i o n

D e s i n f e c t i o n

Diagram 1General Steps on Water Treatment at

Domestic Level

Drinking Water Treatment atUser Level Post Disaster or

In Emergency Situation

on the contrary through the layer.This filter can also be made at a big scaleby using a drum at capacity of 200 liters.This filter should be cleaned graduallyfrom any dirt or mud adhering to thesand or gravel. Cleaning frequencydepends on water turbidity level. Themore the water is turbid the more fre-quent the filter is cleaned. This filter isnot effective to eliminate pathogenicbacteria. Therefore, a filtration watershould be disinfected or stored for atleast 48 hours.

2. Carbon/charcoal filter Carbon/charcoal is known quite

effective to eliminate taste, odor andcolor. Carbon/charcoal usually avail-able at local market can be used as amedia, but active carbon is knownmore effective despite more expensiveprice. But, if the carbon is notreplaced gradually or if the filter is notused for several times, it is suspectedthat the carbon or the filter canbecome breeding places for hazardousbacteria.

3. Ceramic filter Some filters are coated with cer-

tain substances/materials functioningas disinfectant but the price is rela-tively more expensive. Currently,there are many local ceramic filters.Filtered water should remain boiledor disinfected before consumption.

Desinfection It is important that drinking water

to consume should be free fromhazardous organisms. Storage, sedi-mentation and filtration can reducehazardous bacteria but none of themcan ensure that bacteria can be totallyeliminated. Desinfection is a processof securing that drinking water to con-sume is free from hazardous organ-isms or pathogenic bacteria. Severalmethods of disinfecting water atdomestic level are:

1) Boiling Boiling is a very effective method

of eliminating hazardous bacteria,such as viruses, spores, and worm

eggs even though this method rela-tively consumes the energy. Better let-ting the water to boil for at least 5minutes to kill all pathogenic/ha-zardous bacteria.

2) Using chlorine Chlorine is a chemical agent most-

ly used for disinfecting drinking wateras it is relatively easy to use, quiteeffective, easy to obtain and its price isless expensive. In case of correct use,chlorine will kill all viruses and bacte-ria but several types of protozoa canremain surviving. Chlorine should beadded in a sufficient amount andallowed to contact with water for atleast 30 minutes.

3) Using sunlight This method can be made by put-

ting the water in transparent plasticcontainer and drying the same underthe sunlight for 5 hours (or 2 days incase of cloudiness).

Contributor:Lina Damayanti

([email protected]) and

Winarko Hadi ([email protected])

IATPI CLINIC


For Drinking Water: Always taking from place No. 3, this water has been stored for at least 2 days and the quality hasbeen better. This place should be cleaned gradually and if possible sterilized with hot/boiling water. Every day whenwater from the source is brought home: (a) Slowly putting water stored in place 2 into place 3, clean place 2(b) Slowly putting water stored in place 1 into place 2, clean place 1(c) Pour water taken from the source (bucket 4) into place 1, it is recommended to filter the same with a clean cloth.To prevent sedimentation from being brought, it is recommended to use a flexible plastic hose to remove or take thewater.

Supini is her name. She is fromDusun Kali Gedog, Village ofMargourip, Sub-district of

Ngancar, District of Kediri. She hasthree children. The first son is in thefirst grade of junior high school andtwo others are still in elementaryschool. Her husband works in Su-rabaya. She lives with her three chil-dren.

Such a condition does not makeher fainthearted. Her face showsnever ending spirit to face the life. Shehas been accustomed of living inde-pendent and being free from her fa-

mily since adolescence. According toher, she even ever worked overseaseven though she did not graduate ele-mentary school.

One day at her village, Dusun KaliGedog was used as a place of trigger-ing Community-Led Total Sanitation(CLTS) by CLTS orientation partici-pants of WSLIC-2 location in eastIndonesia zone situated at InsumoHotel Kediri. She was one of the par-ticipants. She followed the eventthoroughly. The result is, she wasmotivated because her family and allher neighbours defecate on the river

flowing precisely in front of her house. After the triggering activity, Supini

was chosen to participate in a discus-sion attended by Director General ofP2PL, Ministry of Health of the Re-public of Indonesia. Upon returninghome form the evaluation meeting,this young mother thought that shemust make a latrine whatever theform is so that she and her family canbe protected from any disease and livecleanly and healthily.

The next morning, she realized herintention. She took a mattock and anyother supporting equipment. Withher three children, she began to dig ahole behind her house. At a shorttime, she dug a hole of 150 cm deep.

On the following day, she felledseveral melinjo trees bearing nofruits. These trees' stems are used as abuffer of latrine hole cover. As a wall,she also planted puring flowersaround the latrine to avoid other peo-ple from seeing them defecatingthere.

She and her three children lefttheir old habit thereafter. She is proudof her own latrine.

With her capability, she can alsoeducate her children to change theirattitude. Her youngest son sitting insecond grade of elementary schoolsays that he won't defecate on theriver as he could get itch and alreadyhas a latrine.

At one time, Supini was given anopportunity by DPMU Kediri toexplain her experience before social

STORY


L a t r i n eH e r o i n e s

SOURCE:DPMU KEDIRI

Supini is explaning her experience in constructing latrine

organizations and the commu-nity in Kediri participating inCLTS orientation program.Unexpectedly, she sang a songshe composed, namely "Figh-ting For Making Latrine". Thiscreativity made the participantsunnerved.

Away from Kediri, a youngmother is also persevering infighting for latrines for the com-munity. She is a dentist simulta-neously Head of communityhealth centre in Sub-district ofLembak, District of MuaraEnim, South Sumatera. Her name isAgustin P. Siahaan.

Her spirit to motivate the commu-nity to make latrines is also triggeredby CLTS training. And factually, onlya few of people defecates in latrine."Well, I should change this attitude,"she thought in those days.

She compared CLTS program toany other programs. She thinks thatany other programs consider the go-vernment apparatuses cleverer thanthe community so that the messagesare not heard. "CLTS makes morehumane approaches," she said.

To realize her intention, she trai-ned her staff. Thereafter, she and herstaff directly went to villages just rightthe activity in the community healthcentre is a little loose. After 12:00, sheand her staff went to villages. "Wesometimes did not wear uniform tomake us more familiar with the com-munity. I also did not say my profes-sion," said this one child mother.

She also had to extend her workinghour from until 2 pm to 5 pm due todifficulty to gather the community.They could only gather at noon. "Wesometimes had to visit them fromhome to home," she recalled.

Her efforts yielded. One village

change successfully change 100 per-cent. This success does not stop herintention. "I should change any othervillages, I am embarrassed if this pro-gram does not develop," she said.

With the intention and spirit, shecontinuously moves to all villages insub-districts. The result is extraordi-nary, all sub-districts have been freefrom defecating at any places. Thesuccess is also her separate point tochoose as a model doctor throughoutSouth Sumatera. Therefore, she isentitled to go to Jakarta to commemo-rate moments of proclamation. "I ne-ver dreamt all of this," said Agustin.

She feels that this program hasbecome a trigger for any other pro-grams. The community, she explains,is now easier to motivate for examplein case of matters pertaining to waste,sanitation, etcetera. Now, she evendevelops an Integrated service postTumbuh Kembang Anak. Two trialtests are successful and now ex-panded.

Another figure also perseveringlytriggering her community is Mrs.Suparti. She is a wife of Village Headof Kenongo, Sub-district of Guci Alit,District of Lumajang, East Java. Onlyin a month of six months target, she

and her team successfully madethe community in her village,Dusun Margodadi, leave theirhabit of defecating at any places.

Mrs. Suparti usually called Mrs.Inggih visited every house thereafter CLTS trial test program at hervillage for the first time. "I alwayssays that being sick is costly there-fore we need latrine to avoid thedisease," she says.

This teacher of elementaryschool also has many ideas. Shecollects coffees from members ofthe community to assist in mak-

ing new latrines. In addition, she asksthem to cooperate. "The point is weshould cooperate because it is hard towork alone," she says.

For the success, Mrs. Suparti is nowfrequently invited to participate in vario-us events relating to CLTS in central andregional levels. Her village also becomesa destination area for comparison study."I never dreamt it before," she says.

Latrine heroines are in every-where. In Jambi, precisely in Sub-dis-trict of Jambi Luar Kota, District ofMuaro Jambi, a woman perseveringlyinvites her community to leave thehabit of defecating at any places. Sheis Mrs. Habibah, a wife of Sub-districtHead of Jambi Luar Kota. Her daysare filled with triggering villagers ofSukamenanti, a village being CLTStrial test area in Jambi. It is not sur-prising if the villagers know her.

She is determined to make her hus-band working area free from defecatingat any places considering that most ofthe areas in Jambi is on the riverbankthereby making them prefer to defecateon the river. She has various creativeideas to trigger the community, such ascleanliness competition, mutual coope-ration to make latrines, etcetera. MJ/DPMU -Kediri District

STORY


Agustin is training her staff

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Bantar Gebang final disposal sitehas operated since 1989. Usecontract period by DKI Jakarta

expires on December 31, 2003. Studyand analysis to see any possibilities in thefuture based on the current conditionssuch as resources and natural environ-ment, socio-economic, physical, chemi-cal, microbiological aspects, as well asthe community involvement in the use ofsolid waste final disposal site post com-munity-based operation are required toencounter any problems pertaining tosolid waste final disposal site post opera-tion.

Intention and benefit of this studyare among others (i) evaluating quality ofwell water, river water, lye, and micro-biology; (ii) selecting appropriate alter-natives for the use of solid waste finaldisposal site post community-basedoperation. This study uses physical che-mical, socio-economic aspects, and ana-lysis prospective as well as Analytic Hie-rarchy Process (AHP).

This study reveals that physical, che-mical, and biological qualities of well wa-ter, river, and lye are still below the per-mitted threshold, except for river waterturbidity, nitrate, nitrite contents, BOD5,COD of lye. In addition, this study indi-cates that this final disposal site is stillused as an Integrated Final disposal sitewith the following division of zones.Zone I and Zone II as city forest/green-ing. Zones III, IV, and V as solid wastefinal disposal site. The use as an Inte-grated Final disposal site becomes a sy-nergy between solid waste managementand city forest/greening, recycling, and

compost management. Dominant fac-tors in determining strategies for the useof solid waste final disposal site postcommunity-based operation are amongothers extent of land, Waste WaterManagement Installation (IPAS), legis-lation, funding, involvement of privateparties, technology, and donor agency.The success of Integrated Final disposal

site also depends on the community'ssupport.

The use as Integrated Final disposalsite will generate double impacts both onthe environment, the community sur-roundings and the government. Theimpacts are (i) for the communityaround the final disposal site, the cre-ation of work opportunity starting fromplanning, construction to operationphases as well as the involvement in sort-ing solid waste, producing compost, andbuilding materials; (ii) for the environ-ment, produced compost can be benefi-cial to improve environmental fertilitylevel through greening, recovery activi-

ties or improve the damaged ecosystemas well as save land use of final disposalsite; (iii) for the agricultural improve-ment, produced compost can reduceagricultural land acidity level due to con-tinuous use of chemical fertilizer, inaddition compost can increase acid pro-ductivity; (iv) local economic develop-ment, the concentration of manpower ina considerable amount can open newbusiness opportunities for any otheractivities in the form of stall service,financial service, catering service forworkers as well as boarding/contractinghouses business, and (v) for regionaladministration, manpower hired in thisactivity can reduce social crime-infesteddue to absence of work opportunity.Products of this activity can be source ofregional pure revenues for regionaladministration and source of tax reve-nues for the state.

This study recommends that DKIJakarta continuously handles lyetreatment at IPAS 1-4 but the han-dling thereof should be improved byreducing BOD and COD until therequired limit of environmental qual-ity standard, load of Solid WasteWater Treatment Installation shouldbe maintained by adding interceptorsand furnishing the same with aera-tors. In addition, DKI Jakarta andMunicipal Administration Bekasishould better use the Integrated Finaldisposal site. In relation to this use ofFinal disposal site, a dynamic analysisis required to predict any change fromtime to time. MJ/Source: Dissertation

of Dr. Royadi IPB Post-Master Degree

ABSTRACT


Analysis of Use of Solid Waste Final DisposalSite Post Operation Community-Based

(Bantar Gebang Case Study)

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Situation and condition at TPA Bantargebang

Experience during evaluatingdrinking water and environ-mental sanitation (AMPL) de-

velopment and facilitating the opera-tion of Community-Based AMPL De-velopment National policy has con-cluded that "water facility managinginstitution has a very significant rolefor the sustainability of facility andservice". Result of evaluation byWASPOLA in cooperation with Pra-dipta Paramitha Foundation (Floresrevisited: 2002) reveals that there is apositive correlation between institu-tional function and water dues, as wellas between institutional function andwater dues and sustainable AMPLfacility (spearman rho correlation).

Also experience during facilitatingthe operation of AMPL-BM NationalPolicy in Central Java Province andGorontalo Province. Field study onsuccess and failure of AMPL develop-ment at several villages, namely Ta-lumelito, Molintogupo, and TanggaJaya, obviously indicates the signifi-cance of role of AMPL institution forsustainable facility. At these villages,all water facilities have been seriouslydamaged, while drinking water mana-ging institution absolutely does notfunction.

In District of Kebumen, informa-tion on sustainability of drinking wa-ter facility is obtained both from fieldvisits and secondary data. The exis-ting data obviously indicates thatfunction of managing institutionhighly determines sustainability ofwater facility. 14 out of 28 pipeline

water facilities function well, while theremaining ones absolutely do not func-tion. 12 out of the 14 facilities ha-vemanaging institutions functioning welltoo, while two others have managinginstitutions but failing to function. Onthe contrary, 14 facilities not functioningwell also have managing institutions butalso failing to function.

The information indicates thatimportant role on drinking waterfacility managing institutions. Thisarticle will describe complexity aris-ing from drinking water managementand service based on the experiencesin making field evaluation and study.

Various ProblemsManagement of AMPL facility,

particularly pipeline water facility, isnot a simple thing. In several cases, itis precisely very complex. Not onlydue to wide and varying dimension ofproblem, but also its very local cha-racteristic, so that the problems inone area, even between one villageand another, can be highly different.Water problems can change startingfrom problems relating to environ-mental condition, applied technology,finance, socio-culture, and water ma-naging institution. As the nature ofthe problems can be very wide andcomplex, it is highly recommendedthat AMPL facility is managed bythose really having courage, wisdom,and wide perception. A strong manag-ing institution can be able to control

various problems arising, as long aswithin the limits that can be con-trolled. The problems are:

A. Environmental Problem In various areas, environmental

problem highly determines the sus-tainability of AMPL facility. At Villageof Lewolaga, District of Larantuka,Village of Wonda, District of Ende,Village of Adiwarno, District ofKebumen, drinking water facilitiesare frequently broken due to landslideand/or rockslide. At Lewolaga, inaddition to landslide and/or rock-slide, flood and falling big trees everbroke drinking water pipeline. Heavyrain on river sweeps away iron pipesas they are hung on the river. AtAdiwarno, water collection tank col-lapse and are brought by landslide,while at Wonda, pipeline stretchingalong the road on the sloping river-bank is crushed due to landslide.

In East Sumba, AMPL problemrelating to the environment is dif-ferent from any other areas. In thisDistrict, a lot of livestock (cows)swarming about can break pipelinedue to the lunge of the cows. Recently,environmental problem in Gorontalobegins to emerge, for exampleTalumelito case. In Talumelito, waterfacility does not function as waterdebit in reservoir are not sufficient. Itcan occur because the forest in watercatchment area has been replaced bythe community with food crop (corn).While, in Molitogupo, the problemsare pipeline and reservoir existing

INSIGHT


The Meaning of AMPL InstitutionFor Sustainable Facility

By: Alma Arief *

amidst the river are brought by heavyflood.

Forests in Bangka Belitung Pro-vince are damaged due to illegal min-ing due to using hazardous chemicalagents in the processing, thereforedrinking water raw material fails tofulfil standard for drinking water.

B. Technological Problem In many cases, technological prob-

lem relates to the environment. Typesof technology applied are highly de-termined by environmental condition.At Kelurahan Dembe I, Gorontalo,and Kelurahan Wonokromo, Districtof Kebumen, water pipeline is some-times broken, particularly at nightwhen the use of water highly reducesdue to strong water pressure topipeline thereby requiring pressurerelease tank or pressure release valve.

In District of Sumba Timur, due to avery hot sunlight, various water facilitiesare constructed by combining solar pan-els as a power energy generator to acti-vate water pumps. But, due to quitesophisticated technology and difficultmaintenance, the constructed facilitiesare damaged and not repairable, in addi-tion, the solar panels are slowly but suregone due to theft. In East Sumba, inaddition to solar panels technology,windmills are also applied as sources ofenergy to pump water and make ices. Allthese 10 windmills are now damaged.

At several villages in Kebumen, asthe water is turbid, it can not be di-rectly consumed by people but shouldfirst be filtered (can use domestic fil-ter or slow sand filter).

C. Socio-Cultural Problem Socio-cultural problem seems to

be more complicated than any othervariables, and the nature thereof is

very local, can be rooted from socio-cultural values in the community,conflicts inter villages, managementinternal conflict, uneven income rate,etcetera.

In Sub-district of Solor Timur,District of Larantuka, sustainability ofwater supply highly depends on regu-larity and capability to pay the sum ofmoney in the amount of Rp.1,250,000.00/annum to those pos-sessing/ controlling spring. While, atVillage of Wonda, District of Ende,NTT, as the spring is in any other vil-lages, traditional negotiations andagreements should first be madebefore supplying the spring to the vil-lagers of Wonda. At Desa Lewolaga,Larantuka, as the spring is in anyother villages of which the distancecan be more than 10 km, traditionalmarriage should first be made beforeusing the spring.

Socio-cultural problem also re-lates to conflicts inter villages becausepipeline passes through any other vil-lages. At Desa Lewogala, becausepipeline passes through forest andrice field of any other villagers, pipes(PVC) are frequently destroyed byunknown people. According to infor-mation, people residing at villagespassed through by pipeline desire thatthey are given water allotment. DesaHaikatapu, District of Sumba Timurlikewise, where many pipes are lost byunknown people thereby practicallymaking the facility unfunctionbecause pipeline passing through ricefields of the villagers not havingdrinking water service.

At Desa Banyumudal, Kebumen,socio-cultural problem combines withthe environmental problem. Drasticreduction of spring in dry seasonoccurs due to forest felling at water

catchment area that never occurredbefore. Reduction of water debitmakes the community never findingwater difficulty all this time, particu-larly those in upstream area closing tospring, get mad and break down bron-captering. Further, as the manage-ment of the water facility is sup-pressed by most of the members ofthe community, they resigned and thewater management is not yet formedto date. Whereas, previously the man-agement was very orderly, includingdues bookkeeping, how to requestwater connection, penalty in case ofdelay, etcetera.

At Talumelito, Gorontalo, a treat-ment unit does not absolutely func-tion after water supply highly reduces(only those residing on upstream areaobtain water) due to drastic reductionof water debit, and those residing onupstream area tend to use water asthey like, for example not turning offthe faucets, etcetera, and followedwith denial to pay water dues by somemembers of the community (ondownstream area). The treatmentfacility finally does not function auto-matically. Reduction of water debit atTalumelito is resulting from change offorest on water catchment area tofood crops (corn) by the community.

D. Financial ProblemWater consumption dues is ab-

solutely required in the framework ofmaintenance and development. Eva-luation result and field survey indi-cate that not all villages possessingdrinking water facility (pipeline) col-lect dues due to uneven water supplymaking some members of the com-munity won't pay the dues. conse-quently, the dues stop and the man-agement collapsed. It is also known

INSIGHT


that water consumption dues is highlyinsufficient. At Desa Lonuo, Go-rontalo, monthly dues is Rp. 500,while that at Desa Balaweling, SolorTimur, Rp. 200/person/month. Thedues is certainly insufficient and ma-king it unable to develop or repair anydamage.

E. Institutional Problem Basically, institutional problem

relates to norms and human being.Roles of water facility management asalready explained above are highlyimportant. Complex problem requirestough people having courage, wis-dom, and wide perception. Those toserve as the management should beselected by all parties relevant towater consumption as they will havesupport/legitimacy, and qualifiedpeople should be selected.

Institutionalization also relates tonorms/regulations stipulating rightsand obligations of both the manage-ment and the users. In this case, theissue of regulations involving all par-ties relevant to water consumptionwill be very legitimate. Now, there isonly facility management standardi-zation. Water managing institutionhas the same name (even throughoutthe areas). In addition, the existingrules and institutional structuresthereof are also the same. It means,the existence of water management isstill the formation from above and notbased on initiatives of the communitythemselves. It will be better if in theinstitutional aspect, the community isalso widely authorized to prepare thesame on their own.

At Village of Tamburi in EastSumba, there is a very maintainedwater facility seemingly to be continu-ous (the only good water facility in

East Sumba that the writer ever met).At this village, there is a non govern-ment organization facilitating facilityconstruction and institutional prepa-ration. All organizational structureand regulations for users are preparedby the community themselves bymeeting. Even though, editing con-tent of the regulations are legal stan-dard, but the members of the commu-nity obey the same as they are resultsof joint agreement.

Why Institutionalisation doesnot Function?

Non function of water managinginstitution can occur due to very va-rying variables. A through studyshould therefore must be held toobtain an accurate answer. The studyresult can be used for making anintervention to solve the problem anddetermine which institutionalisationis ideal.

At Village of Banyu Mudal, forexample, water facility managinginstitution is dissolved as the manage-ment resigned and failed to form anew one. They resigned as they feelunable to settle the conflicts inter vil-lages in relation to water consump-

tion. At Village of Lonuo, Gorontalo,Facility Managing Unit suddenly dieddue to denial of the community toobey the rules and pay the water dues.Precedence of election village head ofwhich one of the candidates promised"water dues free", and siding of facili-ty managing unit with one of the can-didates becomes the main cause of thesudden death of the facility managingunit.

At any other places, facility ma-naging units do not function soonafter the operation of services due todamage of the facility as occurred atVillage of Molinto Gupo and Village ofTangga Jaya. While in Talumelito,Gorontalo, facility managing unit pre-viously functioning very good in per-formance suddenly died due to une-ven and irregular water distributionthereby making the community won'tpay the dues. There may be any othercauses at any other places, therefore aprofound study is required.

Solution Various methods of solving the

problem pertaining to non continua-tion of the facility originating fromnon function of water managing insti-tution are as follows:

The community selects the quali-fied persons capable of solvingvarious complicated problems.Immediately selecting/replacingthe management in case of fai-lure to implement their function.Immediately solving the prob-lems on amicable basis. The users prepare organiza-tional structure and rules stipu-lating rights and obligations ofthe users adjusted to the localneed.

*WASPOLA Consultant

INSIGHT


Institutionalization alsorelates to norms/

regulations stipulatingrights and obligations of

both the management andthe users. In this case, the

issue of regulationsinvolving all parties rele-

vant to water consumptionwill be very legitimate.

1.

2.

3.

4.

This article is the second part ofthe previous article with thesame title. The first part was

telling about water technology arti-facts found in Egypt, Persia, Greece,Turkey, Yemen, and Asia. In this sec-ond part, the writer describes severalother ancient water technology foundin the other part of the globe.

Toltec Reservoir for Irriga-tion and Water: Parallel with thedevelopment undertakings duringZapotek and Maya civilization, it wassuspected that one of the Toltec civi-lization had come up to its flourishingperiod between 500 AD and 1100 AD.During which it was also discoveredthe largest reservoir in the area tofacilitate irrigation and clean watersupplies in the form of long storagefurnished with river-training dam anddiversion structure at the downstreamsite.

Anasazi Reservoir Network:Apart from the development that hadbeen undertaken in Mexico, particu-larly in north west of the UnitedStates of America, several traditionalcommunities had developed quiteadvanced hydraulic techniques in theefforts to preserve its appropriateenvironmental equilibrium, whichwas in fact, relatively under the aridcondition. Several reservoirs had beenuniquely constructed by theAnasazian at the south of Coloradoand others in New Mexico, which hadlater been recognized with it stag-gered occupancy system, and eventu-

ally renown as the birth place of sky-scraper in the modern world today.

Aztecs Relic Dam and Em-bankment: Several centuries beforeoccupation of the Spain in 1518, theAztecs has attained the high civiliza-tion supremacy in Mexico. In thetime, they built Tenochtitlan as itscapital city amidst Mexico city. Thecapital was an enclave at the west ofTexcoco Lake, a lake that coveredmost of the valley in Mexico City. ATthe east of the downstream, part of itswater contains nitrate acid that haz-ardous to plants on man-made islandconsisting of mud sedimentation andaquatic plants, known as "FloatingGardens, that can still be seen inXochimileo at the south of MexicoCity.

Roman Glorious Relic Approaching the fifth century

B.C., the Romans built rural drainagenetwork for the city of Forum withCloaca Maxima sanitation network. Atthe same time, they also built Ariccavalley drainage channel, a tunnel with607 m length situated around 30 kmat the south east of Rome City. In 396B.C., they lowered Albano lake surfaceusing a 1,200 m tunnel to obtain addi-tional land for agriculture. Between312 B.C. to 52 A.D., the Romans alsoconstructed nine water gutters with423 km total length to supply clean

water for its cities. In the middle ofthe first century B.C., the Romansbuilt a dam in the Near East regionand further introduced Israelite dam,Nabatean and Ptolmatic Dam tech-nology.

During the early infrastructuredevelopment by the Romans, they hadused various land measuring equip-ments and leveling devices for bu-ildings, abacus for calculating, rulerand measuring tape, as well as craft-ing equipment, leveling thread,plumb, etcetera - that are still usednow.

Old Islamic Civilization Relic By utilizing the experiences of

their ancestors and enhanced by theIslamic civilization, the Arabs rapidlydeveloped within a century, particu-larly in North Africa and Spain, also inSouth West of Asia through IndusRiver and Uzbekistan. It is predictedthat as a continuation of the oldYamanians tradition, they built sever-al dams for irrigation in the center ofIslamic civilization in Mecca andMedina.

Abbasid Dam at Adhaim River andBujid Dam at Kur River: In the ninthcentury A.D., King Abbasid ofBaghdad built a dam at Adhaim Riverwith 130 m width, located 150 km atthe north of Baghdad city.

Within a century later, severaldams on Kur River at the south ofShiraz in the southern part of Iranwere constructed to run watermills(the dams served around 30 water-

INSIGHT


Waterworks TechnologicalCivilization By Time

By: A. Hafied A. Gany*

(Part Two)

mills). Dams to operate "Aruban Mill"in the second century A.D. in Israel,and in Deh Luran, Iran, were alsobuilt to serve the same purpose.

General problem encounteredduring that time was high sedimenta-tion due to erosion - particularlycaused by limited vegetation cover-ing. Most of the water reservoir wasfull with sedimentation, however theinfrastructure was quite stable againstrolling force.

Technological Blend BetweenRoman and Islamic Era

In 711, the Moslems crossedGibraltar Straits and continuouslymoved to the south west of Spainpassing through Visigothic SpainKingdom to the border of SouthFrance in the efforts to spread Islam.In Valencia, around 300 km at thesouth east of Madrid City, they recon-structed irrigation network, includingweirs stretching along Turia River. Ineleventh century, the Moslems builtapproximately nine weirs in an area ata distance of 12 km around the TuriaRiver.

Parada Big Dam: In around 970AD, Parada big dam was constructedon Segura river at the upstream ofMurcia, around 350 m at the southwest of Madrid City. In that time, thearea was occupied by the Yemens whointroduced their irrigation cultureand dam infrastructures for morethan a thousand years.

Water Civilization Relic inIndonesia

Compared to water and environ-mental technological civilizationrevealed in ancient community fromaround the world, ancient artifactsfound in Indonesia are relativelyyounger. The history in Indonesia

records that there are three concreteproofs on ancient water resourcesdevelopment and management devel-opment. They are an inscribed stoneHarinjing found at Village of Kepung,Sub-district of Pare, on Brantas Riverarea, East Java Province. The findingwas in the form of epigraph dated 726the year Caka, or the year 808 AD.The second finding was in the form ofepigraph dated 843 the year Caka, orthe year 921 AD. The third finding wasdated 849 the year Caka or the year927. However, an inscribed stoneTugu proves that the first (the oldest)waterworks infrastructure in Indo-nesia is Chandra Bhaga Canal aroundCilincing River.

The epigraph indicates that KingPurnawarman decreed to dig an inter-ception canal on Chandra Bhaga Riverto flow water directly to the sea, alongChandra Bhaga Palace (Bekasi River).Meanwhile, geomorphologic analysispredicts that Chandra Bhaga was at alocation that currently known asCakung River. This inscribed stoneindicates that the lowland that whereJakarta City located now, has beenaffected by flood since the fifth centu-ry. It gives a new proof that the oldest

water infratructure in Indonesia isChandra Bhaga Canal on CakungRiver built in the fifth century notHarinjing Embankment built in theyear 804.

Hypothesis on Mystery of AncientArtifact: In relation to historic proofin water resources development andmanagement, some people suggestthat Indonesia as a tropical countrywill find it very difficult to keep relicsites of small buildings with smallorganic building materials in a longtime due to weathering. Therefore,the relics as the abovementioned his-torical proofs will not be left or be dif-ficult to find after thousands of years.If the hypothesis is correct, it is pre-dicted that many proofs on prehis-toric civilization in Indonesia remainmysterious and are unable to trackafter thousands of years.

On the other hand, the othersargue that considering Indonesia hasbeen formed naturally to be a group oftropical islands with various culturesspread in small groups, people duringthat time didn't need big reservoir orpermanent water infrastructure topreserve their livelihood. Moreover,the water abundance in Indonesiamakes many plants able to grow with-out any big or permanent water infra-structures.

Even though supposing that thesimple infrastructure was washedaway by flood in each rainy season,they would be able to repair it withoutany complicated construction efforts.They would prefer to spend their timeand energy by repairing the existingsimple infrastructure rather thanmaintain the permanent infrastruc-ture all year long.

Based on this argumentation, it isunderstandable that water technologywith simple infrastructure that have

INSIGHT


Based on thisargumentation, it is

understandable that watertechnology with simple

infrastructure thathave been used for

thousands of years didn'tleave any significant

artifact or ruins whichare could be studiedby future generation.

been used for thousands of yearsdidn't leave any significant artifact orruins which are could be studied byfuture generation.

Relief on various temples: despitethe younger technological proofs inIndonesia, our ancestors have beenlong experienced in water and envi-ronmental technologies in the archi-pelago. They apparently have tried tocommunicate their experience andskill in water and environmental tech-nologies by carving their innovationson temple walls spread in severalplaces in Java Island, which some ofthem may not yet be found.

Even though the time when thewater civilization started is not yetknown, the actual illustration by reliefon Borobudur Temple (built in theyear 7 - 8) obviously indicates a mes-sage of water usage for cooking anddrinking (see Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5 obviously shows how touse the water to cook, boil water,while a man in front of them wascleaning a fish to cook. Figure 6 showshow a woman was serving a drink.The relief obviously shows how tostore the water in an earthenware

flask and pour the same in a cup - ofwhich the form and function are notfar different from kitchen equipmentused in this modern era.

Indeed, the relief does not obvi-ously shows whether they have usedwater technology or not, but if we linkit with various relics of the same type,in Prambanan Temple, for example,during that time they had certainlyinvolved water technology for watersupply and environmental conserva-tion. Relief on walls of PrambananTemple obviously shows water tech-nology had developed for water sup-ply and ecosystem conservation, notonly human being, but also for theexisting flora and fauna (See Figures 7and 8).

Figure 7 obviously shows efforts ofmen to use water with integrityapproach of water resources infra-structure supply and sustainableecosystem conservation. While,Figure 8 obviously shows the role ofwater by using shower to supportwater for the life of not only men butalso fauna and flora as well as waterecosystem conservation.

Irrigation practice and technology

to plant rice on wet rice field, forexample, are obviously readable ontwo relief saved in Trowulan museum,East Java, how the farmers wereplanting rice seeds on wet rice field.The relief obviously shows that plant-ing rice seeds on wet rice field is dif-ferent from planting rice on unirrigat-ed rice field, where the rice seedsshould be spread or planted. So, therelief must mean that rice should beplanted by using water medium tosoften the soil. No matter how simpleit is, but it is definite that they haveexerted to obtain the water or at leastdug wells or purified water in order tobe quite clear to consume.

Supposing that the relief amazing-ly made in the era of Borobudur,Prambanan Temples, etcetera weremade in the seventh - eighth cen-turies, it can be ascertained that thewater technological civilization per-fectly illustrated in the relief, must belonger than the construction of thetemples themselves. Unfortunately, todate we can not yet reveal historicalproofs, since when our ancestorsknew water and environmental tech-nologies as proven by any other coun-tries in the world. Whether or not weare later than any other countries orthe archaeological proofs thereof arenot yet found? Or the relics with sim-ple construction have been destroyedby oxidation and weathering in tropi-cal climate? The questions are ourfuture challenges to reveal the actualfacts.

Time Tunnel Mystery Even though the facts do not yet

become an argumentation represent-ing the actual condition, as long as thearchaeological proofs have been re-vealed by modern men, we can tem-porarily conclude water technological

INSIGHT


Figure 5.Karmawibangga relief on Borobudur Temple describe water utility of ancient community to cook at thattime.Figure 6. Karmawibangga relief on Borobudur Temple describe water utility to drinks.

5 6

civilization by time until this modernera.

From various archaeological find-ings on human life cultures, we cantrace until 7000 years ago, but in caseof water and environmental techno-logical civilization, not fact can reveala mystery of early application thereof.

In Indonesian archipelago, historyof water and environmental techno-logical development with concreteproof is the construction of ChandraBagha canal in the year 500, preced-ing the construction of Borobudurtemple occurring between the seventycentury and eighth century.

As recorded in the existing archae-ological proofs, there is seemingly aquite long time tunnel of water andenvironmental technological civiliza-tion, namely since King Scorpionfrom Egypt officially opened one ofhis irrigation networks in 3-100 B.C.until this modern era or at least 5,100years ago. No one can deny that theperiod is a quite long Mystery of TimeTunnel seen from age of human civi-lization and culture, but it is veryshort if we measure the same withgeological age of the earth of whichthe time parameter is millennium notcentury or year.

Lessons learned for theFuture

Many lessons can be learned fromthe existing proofs starting from plan-ning, development phases throughwater resources management andwater ecosystem conservation. Inplanning technological sector, forexample, many experiences of theoccurrence of under-designed or over-designed are met, where under-designed results in small capacity tocollect heavy flood, so that the infra-structure can not stand longer, nega-tive impact of over-designed likewise.In construction sector, many ancient

infrastructures are not facilitated withtunnel thereby making them brokendown in a flood period before comple-tion of construction.

In flood control and waterresources conservation sector, manylessons that can be learned fromNabaten people who constructedcheck dam to keep erosion, where theoccurring sedimentation is used as aland for tilling the soil. It is simultane-ously land and water conservationtechnology precisely being a centralissue of water resources developmentand management in this modern era.

It is worth reflecting that sincethousands years ago, men has appliedan integrated water resources man-agement technology, whereas demog-raphy did not yet exist in the time.Imagine how Iraqi on Tikris river val-ley and Euphrate since thousandsyears ago has applied an integratedwater resources management withphysical separated irrigation networkmanagement, namely Kisrawi,Tamara, and Nahrawan, so that theuse of water is integrated and sustain-able.

With the skill of experts in ancienthistory in this modern era, many find-ings are still continuously revealedfrom time to time. It proves that manymysteries of life in respect of humancivilization are not yet revealed todate.

Men civilization experiences inthe application of water and envi-ronmental technologies can not beneglected by modern men in thisPlanet Earth.

* Widya Iswara UtamaMinistry of Public Works "Technology

and Water Management";Board of Director, International Networks on

Participatory Irrigation Management;and Member of Working Group on Irrigation

and Drainage History of the World,ICID, representing Indonesia.

INSIGHT


Figure 7.Relief on Prambanan Temple describe about water utility technology.Figure 8.Relief on Prambanan Temple describe about water role for life.

7 8

It is worth reflecting that sincethousands years ago, men hasapplied an integrated water

resources managementtechnology, whereas

demography did not yet exist inthe time. Imagine how Iraqi

on Tikris river valley andEuphrate since thousands yearsago has applied an integrated

water resources management withphysical separated irrigation

network management.

Empowerment is the most fre-quent concept in the last fiveyears. Nevertheless, we fre-

quently do not profoundly understandthe meaning thereof, we even fre-quently change the word. Indeed, nounderstanding is absolutely correctbut the efforts to understand a con-cept is a preliminary step of a gooddevelopment program.

Not Just Power Empowerment originates from the

translation in English "empower-ment" which can also mean as "gran-ting of authority", as power is not justa "power" but also "authority", so thatthe word "power" means not only"able" but also "have power". Here,Lord Acton proportion is used rever-sibly. English philosopher says thatpower tend to corrupt, absolute powercorrupt absolutely. Indeed, if a rulerbecomes an absolute ruler, for exam-ple a dictator, he tends to corrupt any-thing because he absolutely corruptsthe power.

We are frequently romantic thatthe poor of absolute power "may notcorrupt". On the contrary, absoluteno-power corrupt absolutely, too. Ifan individual or a group does not"absolutely" has a power, he/she or it"corrupts" absolutely too. In English,we know the word "amock" meaningbeing suddenly angry and then ma-king destruction without any reason.In Surabaya and Malang, you shouldnever brush against a pedicab becausethe pedicab man can abuse you with

vulgar language, Don't you have anyeyes? Anarchy by university studentsalong 1998-2001 is also resultingfrom total emasculation of freedompower in their campuses. Mass des-truction of the properties of the Chi-nese upon the riot is also resultingfrom emasculation of their economicrights by the government and its cor-ruption, collusion and nepotism. If wealways tie a pet, it will be wild when itis released. That's why we need anempowerment, particularly to the"weak" and "powerless" people.

Three Sides of EmpowermentEmpowerment is a "process of be-

coming", not an instant process". As aprocess, empowerment has three phases:awareness, capacity building, and em-powerment as described in the following:

The first phase is awareness. Inthis phase, a target to empower isgiven "enlightenment" in the form ofgiving an awareness that he/she has a

right to have "something". For exam-ple, the target is a poor group of com-munity. They are given an under-standing that they can be well-to-do ifthey can have a capacity to get out oftheir poverty.

In this phase, programs to do arefor example, giving cognitive know-ledge, belief and healing. The basicprinciple is making the target under-stand that they should (build "de-mand") be empowered, and the em-powerment process starts from insidethemselves (not from the outsiders).

After realizing, then the secondphase is capacity. It is what we call as"capacity building", or in a simple la-nguage is enabling. To be given poweror authority, the relevant personshould first enable. For example,before giving a regional autonomy,regions to subject to autonomy aregiven capacity building to make them"skilful" in managing the given auto-nomy. Capacity building process con-sists of three types: human being,organization, and value system.

Men capacity building meansto enable men, both in individual

context and group context. Weare familiar with this concept

because we frequently holdtrainings, workshops, se-minars, and others of thelike. In a "New Order" pe-riod, we also frequentlyused the term "simulation"

for P4 socialization. Its ba-sic meaning is to give capacity

to individual and group of men

INSIGHT


Development andEmpowerment

By: Riant Nugroho Dwijowijoto*

awareness capacitybuilding

EMPOWERMENT

to be able to take power or authorityto give.

Organizational capacity building ismade in the form of restructuringorganization to take the power or au-thority. For example, People-OwnedCorporation is made before a poorgroup is given a business opportunity.To be efficient in the management,organization of an autonomous regionis rearranged thereby having a struc-ture follow function pattern. We fre-quently neglect this organizationalcapacity building, like "preparing amedium before placing a supply"; andlike preparing the land before plantingcorn seeds. Isn't it impossible for us tostrew corn seeds as we like? Strewingcorn seeds on a reef or highway will notyield, right? It should be acknowledgedthat this second capacity building is in-frequently made as we frequently say ta-ke it for granted by thinking that "well, ifa has been subject to capacity building,he will make a capacity building on hisown". This premise sometimes applies,but in practice, it frequently does notapply.

The third capacity building isvalue system. After a man and theorganization are subject to capacitybuilding, the value system likewise.Value system is a "rule of the game".In an organizational scope, the valuesystem relates to Bylaws, Systems andProcedures, Regulations of Coope-rative, and others of the like. In amore advanced level, value systemalso consists of organizational prac-tice, ethics, and good governance.

Capacity building of value systemis made by assisting the target in ma-king "rule of the game" among them.In BUMR program in Lumajang andBengkalis, after the men are givenmanagerial capacity, given organizati-on or business institution, they are

also given "rules of game" in orderthat if their business become big inthe future, they do not fight for thebusiness and dispute each others har-ming themselves. Regional autonomylikewise, it is facilitated to make Re-gional Regulation stipulating "rule ofthe game" in autonomous region,inter autonomous regions, as well asinter autonomous region and centralgovernment. Organizational capacitybuilding likewise, we make capacitybuilding of value system as we have astereotype that "if the men are subjectto capacity building, they will make agood rule of the game on their own".Field experience indicates otherwise.After capacity building of the men,they are left as "scattered" individuals"without sole value system".

Third phase is empowerment in anarrow meaning. In this phase, a tar-get is given power, authority, oropportunity. This empowerment com-plies with quality of skill alreadyowned. This phase is highly signifi-cant because at this time the forma-tion of new districts tends to be madenot based on sufficient skill but more

on administrative requirements, forexample at least three sub-districtsshould exist. In Sulawesi and NorthMaluku, it is predicted that more than50 percent of new districts are unableto implement regional autonomy cor-rectly due to insufficient regional skillto implement the regional autonomy.Therefore, regional autonomy ex-penses become very costly because ca-pacity building after the giving ofautonomy meets with resistance andtensions not properly occur.

Procedures in this third phase isquite simple, but we are frequentlyunable to implement the same due toignoring an aphorism that there is ameasurement in an simplicity. Thepoint of idea is the process of givingpower or authority must comply withthe recipient's skill. Credit extensionto a poor group already passingthrough awareness and capacitybuilding processes still has to beadjusted to the capability to manage abusiness. If their turnover only attainsRp. 5 million, it is not wise if they aregiven a loan or capital in the amountof Rp. 50 million.

INSIGHT


SOURCE:DOC/POKJA

Art from Natural Process At last, empowerment is not a

"theory" as said by Ron Johnson andDavid Redmod (The Art of Empower-ment, 1992), that empowerment isabout art. It is about value we believe.When, empowerment becomes an art,the prominent thing is how to build abeauty in an empowerment process. Itmeans, empowering must not mean"making one robot" or "making uni-form". Empowerment also gives aroom to develop various capabilitiesof various men by assuming that peo-ple will complete each others. Here,we arrive at an understanding thatvalue of empowerment is that it is anatural process.

Empowerment is a natural processthat we encounter in our daily life. Aninfant eats mother's milk and por-ridge. After being a child, he eatscooked rice, sago, corn, bread, or noo-dle and after attaining a grown up age,he needs independence. Approachingthe age, parent usually begins to teach

him to keep their own money in a li-mited amount and spend the moneywisely, while supervise the same. Thepurpose is when he is released, he canalso spend his money wisely.

How natural the empowerment ismakes us forget that "the process issignificant". The habit of Indonesianpeople to take it for granted makes theempowerment an activity considered"done automatically". In eighteenth

century, France's social scientist,Alexis de Tocquevile, said that thesuperiority of America is resultingfrom having a strong associationalcapability. It means the country has astrong capability to make its organiza-tion and management. Indonesian isalmost the same: easy to make anorganization but incapable of mana-ging. The Republic of Indonesia is anorganization belonging to Indonesian.With an abundant wealth, stateadministration of the Republic ofIndonesia is not sufficient to producemore superior Indonesian, at least inAsia. Human Development Index ofIndonesia is still below that of neigh-bor countries.

Human Development Progressreport issued by UNDP in 2004 placesHuman Development Score Indonesiain rank 112 of 175 countries so sur-veyed. This position is below PRC(104), Sri Lanka (99),and ASEANcountries namely Singapore (28),Brunei Darussalam (31), Malaysia(58). It even a reduction of the previ-ous achievement. In 2002, UNDPreported that Indonesia scores 0.684or is in rank 110 below Vietnam sco-ring 0.688 (rank 109), China (0.762)(rank 96), the Philippines 0.754 (rank77), Thailand 0.762 (rank 70), Malay-sia 0.782 (rank 59), Brunei Darus-salam 0.856 (rank 32), Singapore0.885 (rank 25) and Japan 0.933(rank 9). For cognizance, HDI is anmixture index being an average signif-icant achievement standard of threebasic dimensions in human develop-ment, namely (a) health (a long andhealthy life); (b) knowledge; (c)decent standard of living. Meanwhile,in case of corruption, according toTransparency International, Indone-sia "still" occupies the fifth position ofthe most corrupting country in the

INSIGHT


How natural the empower-ment is makes us forget that"the process is significant".

The habit of Indonesianpeople to take it for grantedmakes the empowerment an

activity considered "doneautomatically"

SOURCE:DOC/POKJA

world (better than the second positionin the last year).

Empowerment is a concept that eventhough life is a natural process, the lifeitself should and must be managed."Management" concept is different from"engineering" because managementmore focuses on improving "valueadded" of "an asset". Therefore, empow-erment is not solely a management con-cept. And, as a management concept,empowerment should finally have anindicator of success.

Social volunteers, particularlythose operating in gender main-streaming usually give four indicatorsto quality of gender equality which isapparently quite sufficient to measureempowerment. Firstly, access, whichmeans a target to empower finally hasan access to resources it requires fordevelopment. Secondly, participation,which means a target to empower caneventually participate in making effi-cient use of resources it accesses.Thirdly, control, which means a targetto empower eventually has a capabili-ty to control process of making effi-cient use of resources. Fourthly,equality which means in case of con-flict in a certain level, a target has aequal position to another in problemsolving.

Development AgendaFinally, government administra-

tion of President Yudhoyono shouldarrive at a joint understanding thatIndonesia has to build empowermentas a national development method. Itis because not only "the governmentdoes not have sufficient money tomake a government driven-patterndevelopment" but also because thismodel will make the development ajoint obligation between the govern-ment and people. When this under-

standing is built, people will be able tojointly sacrifice in a difficult economy.For example, in case of unavailablesubsidy for fuel oil, people can beasked to talk and make a decision that"we don't need another subsidy".

A state with "powerless" people willconsist of a government facing withspoiled, egoistic, and irresponsible peo-ple. We can see them today. A pressureto have the strong leader, or "The JustKing" concept is a concept from "power-less" people, and simultaneously informsus on an "immature people" phenome-non. As a political joke: Prime Ministerof England, Prime Minister of France,and President of Indonesia jointly makea tour. They have stomach gas suddenly.Prime Minister of England says "forgiveme"; Prime Minister of France says "par-don me"; President of Indonesia says,

"not me!". Because in Indonesia, pro-duces stomach gas is considered wrong -whereas it is good for health - moreoverdoing anything else.

Development should make empo-werment value and choice of policysimultaneously social learning whichmeans that we always learn how tomake empowerment better from dayto day. Therefore, as an intellectual,Soejatmoko, says that development islearning to live better than yesterday.And learning is the core of develop-ment in the present and, possibly, inthe future.

* Strategic management consultant forbusiness and public sectors. Writing more than 40 books.

Currently, occupying Board Member ofDrinking Water Service Regulatory Board

DKI Jakarta.

INSIGHT


SOURCE:DOC/POKJA

Social volunteers, particularly those operating in gendermainstreaming usually give four indicators to quality

of gender equality which is apparently quitesufficient to measure empowerment.

Seminar on Study of Water andEnvironmental Sanitation(AMPL)-Related Law and

Legislation in Indonesia took placeJuly 13, 2006 at Bumi Karsa Bida-kara Hotel, Jakarta. This seminarwas attended by representatives ofseveral agencies, such as NationalPlanning Board, Ministry of Health,Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry ofPublic Works, WASPOLA andWorking Group of AMPL. This eventwas held by Working Group of AMPLthrough Directorate General of PMD,Ministry of Home Affairs.

This seminar is intended to im-prove the participants' knowledge onroles and functions of legislation inmotivating policy adoption processand synergic relationship between thelegislation with the national policy ondrinking water development and envi-ronmental sanitation.

This seminar is divided into twosessions. Resource persons in sessionI are Effendi Mansyur and Hilwan,MSc (both members of DrinkingWater Supply System DevelopmentSupporting Board - BPP SPAM). Theyrespectively discussed law No. 7 of2004 on Water Resources and Govern-ment Regulation No. 16 of 2005 onDrinking Water Supply System Deve-lopment. While, resource persons insession II are Edward Sitorus (Direc-torate of Rural Administration,Directorate General of PMD, Ministry ofHome Affairs) with material on rela-tionship between Law No. 32 of 2004 onRegional Administration, GovernmentRegulation No. 72 of 2005 on Villages,and Government Regulation No. 73 of

2005 on Village Administration withnational policy on community-basedAMPL Development.

Effendi Mansyur explained thatlegal base of Drinking Water SupplySystem development (drinking water,waste water, and domestic waste) isarticle 40 of Law No. 7 of 2004 onWater Resources. The article wasdebated in House of People's Repre-sentative and denied by Non Go-vernment Organization as well asConstitution Court at that time, par-ticularly article 40 paragraph (4)reading: "Any cooperatives, privateCorporations and community canplay a role in managing drinkingwater supply system". This article isconsidered to support the emergenceof privatization. Regional Water Cor-poration as if has an exclusive right incase of Drinking Water Supply System(SPAM) management. In this case,one should see that what is exploitedis in a public commodity highly requi-red by the community.

Government Regulation No. 16 of2005 on Drinking Water SupplySystem Development explains thatprivate parties are only given a con-cession right which is temporary in

nature. It applies if the service isoutside service area/coveragearea. It means that private partiesdo not own the concession rightforever. Therefore, said Effendi,this rule asserts more and morethat the term "privatization" doesnot apply. Private parties shouldnot necessarily request for permitfrom regional water corporationto manage drinking water Supply

System development. In this case,they only require permits from thegovernment and/or regional adminis-tration in accordance with theirrespective authorities.

Meanwhile, Hilwan, member ofBPP SPAM, extends that challenge ofdrinking water supply system devel-opment is manifestation of agreementin Earth Summit Johannesburg Sep-tember 2002 in attaining MDG target,and in the framework of a half of totalpopulation not yet receiving drinkingwater service. It is predicted thatinvestment fund by approximatelyRp. 25 trillion is required for increasein capacity of 61,000 l/second as wellas service connection thereof, whilethe Government's capability perannum is around Rp. 600 billion.

Edward Sitorus, Directorate ofRural Administration, DirectorateGeneral of Home Affairs in thisseminar emphasized the necessityto form an organization namelyVillage-Owned Corporation calledRural Corporation in the form ofcorporate body in case dinkingwater supply system will beorganized at rural level.

(DEW)

AROUND AMPL


Seminar on Study of AMPL-RelatedLaw and Legislation

SOURCE:DORMARINGAN

Urban waste, particularly incities in Java, is a complicatedproblem. The current handling

is considered unserious. A negativeimpact has occurred in Bandung. Thecity encounters a waste disaster. Itshould necessarily occur in case of astrong commitment from the govern-ment and stakeholder to handle theproblem. In the condition, Centre forEnvironmental Research, Institute ofSocial Research and Empowerment,Bogor Institute of Agriculture (IPB) helda seminar.

This seminar is divided into two ses-sions. Firstly, analyzing urban wasteproblem with resource persons, Head ofCleanliness Service DKI Jakarta, Pre-sident Director of PD Kebersihan Ban-dung City, and Director of CV SinarKencana. Secondly, studying communi-ty-based urban management strategiesand systems with the speakers namelyDr. Joni P. Sakti (expert in environmen-tal engineering and management), Dr.Suryo Adiwibowo from IPB, and Direc-tor of CV Arya Kemuning.

Head of Cleanliness Service DKIJakarta, Rama Boedi, explained solidwaste condition in Jakarta. Waste tendsto increase from year to year. Currently,average accumulation of waste is around6,000 tons/day. The waste (2005) iscomposed of 55.37 percent of organicwaste and 44.63 percent of inorganicwaste. Almost the entire waste namely97.94 (2005) is handled.

He objected that Jakarta has no con-cept of handling waste. He mentionedthat DKI Jakarta has owned master plan

of matters pertaining to waste preparedby JICA in 1987. "But, the master plan isnot implemented consistently," he said.

Last year, DKI Jakarta restudied themaster plan. The result is, action plan onDKI Jakarta waste management in2005-2015 has been prepared. Sub-stances of the action plan are amongothers reducing and using waste as manyas possible at source before disposal tofinal disposal site; sorting; constructingwaste treatment facility at various wastehandling locations and zones; applyinghigh technology; handling hazardous andtoxic waste specifically; opening regionaland private cooperation opportunity; andchanging community's paradigm thatwaste can become economic resource.

While, President Director of PDKebersihan Bandung, Awan Gumelar,said that currently Bandung City hasbeen free from waste. According to him,waste disaster has motivated inhabitantsof Bandung to make 3R (reuse, reduce,and recycle). Now, many householdsturn their waste into compost.

Both Rama and Awan are of theopinion that waste problem in urbanarea is quite complicated. Many partiesare related. The problem is not only atechnical matter but also more non tech-nical matter. Obvious policy in this mat-ter is required. Meanwhile, anotherspeaker offered alternative of handlingthe waste. Dr. Joni P. Sakti introducedBioCORE TRS. BioCORE (BioCon-version of Organic Refuse to Energy)being a process where an organic wasteis changed to energy and any other valu-able products (biogas, electric, and/or

organic waste briquet) by using efficient,effective, and economic anaerobic fer-mentation method. While TRS is totalrecycling system. It means the entireinorganic waste (residues of organicwaste) undergoes a recycling processand is reused as maximal as possible. "Itis waste to energy system," he explained.With this method, any waste enteringlandfill can be less than 5 percent of totalvolume of waste. This technique will bepatented in America, but several cities inany other countries have tried the same.

This handling model, said Joni,can be engineered, constructed, andoperated by Indonesians with morecompetitive, effective, and visible resultthan waste to energy systems in anyother advanced countries. In addition,this method can be made as a big scalebusiness which is beneficial and sustain-able, environmentally-friendly withincome potential of more than 3 billiondollar and rate of investment return ofabove 24 percent per annum.

Sonson Garsoni from CV SinarKencana told his experience in assistingthe community in making domestic andcommunity scale composting in Ban-dung.

Another speaker, Illan R. Suriadiexplained on plastic waste recyclingopportunity. Types of plastic usuallyrecycled are differentiated into types ofPP (polypropylene, HDPP (high densitypolypropylene), HIPS (high impact polystyrene), ABS (acrylonitile butadienestyrene), PVC (poly vinyl chlorine), PS(poly styrene), acralite and LDPE (lowdensity polyethylene). MJ

AROUND AMPL


Seminar on Community-BasedUrban Waste Management

SANIMAS will be replicated in100 selected cities/ districts inthis year, with pure fund from

the home country, combination ofnational Budget, Provincial Budget,District/Municipal Budget, and thecommunity. To prepare the replica-tion, Directorate of PLP, DirectorateGeneral of Human Settlement, Minis-try of Public Works held a training forField Facilitating Team (TFL) SANI-MAS on June 4 - 14, 2006 at BPABPLP Surabaya. Participants beingthe prospective members of TFL orig-inate from five provinces, namely:Jambi, Bangka-Belitung, South Kali-

mantan, East Nusa Tenggara, andSouth East Sulawesi.

The two weeks training discussedsubject materials, among others:basic principles and concepts of SAN-IMAS, self selection methods, rapidparticipation assessment techniques,basic communication in the commu-nity, and preparation of communityworking plan.

As a part of understanding of SAN-IMAS approaches to the participants,the training used a participative me-thod. Amidst the training, the partici-pants were asked to visit successfulpilot locations of SANIMAS namely

Mojokerto and Blitar. The partici-pants interacted with SANIMAS usersand management thereby knowingany weaknesses and superiorities ofthe program. The training result wasrealized by preparing Follow-up Planof the respective district/municipalTFL to apply in the respective regions.

One of the problems put forward bythe participants of TFL is village area/-location has been determined/appointedby mayor/district head. Therefore, self se-lection practice is less implemented pro-perly. It is therefore worried that thearea/location has no a strong intention tobuild or maintain SANIMAS facility. MJ

AROUND AMPL


Training for Field Facilitating Team SANIMAS

Directorate General of HumanSettlement, Ministry of PublicWorks, August 23 - 25, 2006,

held a Dialog Forum on Investment InWaste Water Handling. The event wasattended by the relevant agencies todomestic waste water handling bothfrom central level and regional level, andseveral non ministerial institutions/or-ganizations (PDAM, Forkalim, Borda,BEST, PSLH-UI and several privatecompanies).

This dialog forum was opened byDirector General of Human SettlementPU, and Director of Settlement andHousing - National Planning Board fur-ther explained National Policy on WasteWater, as well as Director of PLP-Directorate General of Human Settle-ment-PU explained Investment in andImplementation of Waste Water Pro-gram. This dialog explained munici-

pal/district performance in handlingwaste water, represented by PDAMSurakarta and PDAM Banjarmasin.

President Director of PDAM Sura-karta, Abimanyu, explained that sanita-tion development in Surakarta City hasbeen implemented in 1995 - 2001 in theamount of Rp. 41.4 billion throughIntegrated Urban Facility DevelopmentProject with Semarang City in the imple-mentation thereof. The project is SSUDP(Semarang-Surakarta Urban Develop-ment Program).

Currently, Surakarta City has had offsite waste water management facilitywith service percentage of around 10.64percent. In line with increase in totalpopulation and activity of Surakarta Citybeing a centre for cities surroundings, itis considered necessary to make profes-sional and sustainable management andincrease in scope of service.

Waste water management servicerate varies from Rp. 5,000 to Rp.100,000. It depends on category of ser-vice user. Unfortunately, the rate of pay-ment is still low namely 30 percent.

Meanwhile, one of the directors ofPDAM Banjarmasin, explained conditionof waste water management in the city.The city has several IPALs, such as inLambung Mangkurat area, and Pekapu-ran Raya area at a capacity of 500 m3/-day. Now, there is an efforts to form PDPAL with capital placement from munici-pal administration by Rp. 4.3 billion.

Alfred from WASPOLA explainedCommunity-Based Waste WaterManagement. While, Director of UrbanArea, Ministry of Home Affairs gavealternative of form of waste water ma-naging institution. The event was endedwith visit to Setiabudi Dam managed byPD PAL Jaya. (RAH)

Dialog Forum on InvestmentIn Domestic Waste Water Handling

FORKAMI, in coopera-tion with TPJ, NZAID,ESP-USAID and rural

administrations along CiliwungRiver held series of events in theframework of raising Commu-nity Awareness/CAR) in waterquality sector at domestic scaleand surroundings. This activitytook place at three places, name-ly in Kelurahan (Village) Cawang(8-12), Kelurahan (Village) Ba-limester (8-26), and Kelurahan(Village) Kebon Manggis (9-9).

This activity is intended toraise the community knowledge ondrinking water quality aspects, improvechange of critical behavior to drinkingwater quality, and serves as a prelimi-

nary phase for all members of the com-munity in treating water surroundingscorrectly. The selection of Ciliwung Riverarea is based on a bad environmental

condition at the area whereas thearea is in Capital City Jakarta. Thisarea is always flooded every year.

This CAR event was attendedby tens of villagers. They wereinvolved in group discussion withthe facilitator assistance. The dis-cussion took place interactively.They were previously given en-lightenment by resource personson water quality, such as meaningof pH, what causes turbidity onfaucet water, why water producesodor, etcetera.

Thus activity was also enli-vened by consumer goods producers,such as Unilever and Nestle. The produ-cers distributed consolation prize to theparticipants. MJ

AROUND AMPL


Community Awareness Raising Program onIntroduction To Drinking Water Aspects

To improve knowledge, skill andattitude of participants as train-ers/facilitators, Directorate Ge-

neral of Social and Rural Development,Ministry of Home Affairs held Fa-cilitating Basic Skill Training in theframework of Implementing Commu-nity-Based AMPL Development Policyon July 3-7 in Yogyakarta.

This training was followed by repre-sentatives of Directorate General of PMD,Ministry of Home Affairs, DirectorateGeneral of Regional Administration,Directorate of PLP, Directorate General ofHuman Settlement, Secretariat of ISSDPJakarta, Provincial Secretariat of WorkingGroup South Sulawesi, District PlanningAgency Brebes, District Planning Board

Kebumen, District Planning BoardPurbalingga, Provincial Planning BoardBanten, Office of Provincial InfrastructureBanten, Provincial Planning BoardCentral Java, Provincial Health Service

Central Java, District Planning BoardTangerang, and Provincial PlanningBoard Central Kalimantan.

In this facilitating basic training, theparticipants are given knowledge ontechniques of communicating, pre-senting activities, facilitating media andethics of facilitator and how to commu-nicate in front of many people, pre-senting an activity which media that canbe used for making a facilitation.

In general, this facilitating basictraining ran well. There were several out-puts, among others training location istoo closed to shopping centre therebybeing less conducive, time allocation isless given so that several subject materi-als were given only in a glance. MJ

Facilitating Basic Skill Training in the framework ofImplementing Community-Based AMPL Development Policy

SOURCE:FORKAMI

SOURCE:DOC/POKJA

Water and Environmental Sa-nitation Working Group(AMPL Working Group) held

a meeting in Cibogo, Bogor on July 18 -19, 2006. This activity with the topic"Evaluating and Planning Meeting ofAMPL Working Group of BudgetaryYear 2007" was attended by all compo-nents of AMPL Working Group and anyrelevant projects (CWSHP, WSLIC,ProAir, CLTS, Plan, and WASPOLA).

This meeting discussed two mainagendas, namely evaluation of activitiesof AMPL Working Group in semester I ofbudgetary year 2006 and planning ofAMPL Working Group of budgetary year2007. Evaluation of activity results insemester I are among others:

WASPOLA WASPOLA activities mostly em-

phasizes on policy socialization andnot yet enters strategies of imple-menting policies nationally. It isexpected that in 2007 - 2008, allprovinces have been facilitated. Toencounter the same, social marketingtool in the form of communicatingstrategies used for implementing poli-cies upon facing with the community,executives and particularly legisla-tives is required.

In 2007, WASPOLA will prepareexit strategy and expectedly aftercompletion of WASPOLA activities,AMPL Working Group has sufficientstrategies and tools to implement thepolicies.

ProAir The necessity to involve the commu-

nity in projects by 4 percent in cashbecomes an obstacle as the project itselfhas no limitation of ceiling. Several areasrequiring complex technology make theproject value increase thereby influen-cing the amount of in cash to provide bythe community. It makes the activities inseveral areas have to be added severaltimes.

Kodi area should be given a moreattention due to two things, namely:

a. Existence of one spring used by 15villages, attention should be emphasizedon multi-rural cooperation in the ma-nagement of the spring pursuant toGovernment Regulation 16 of 2005 onSPAM development,

b. Availability of GTZ and KfW toprovide Rp. 17 billion for SPAM develop-ment in Kodi area, to manage profes-sionally by one association. Therefore, it

is necessary to give attention to the pre-vailing provisions as a legal grounds oftransfer of assets to association, forma-tion of association, etcetera.

CLTS Structured evaluation study on CLTS

will be made so that proof of CLTS suc-cess can be properly recorded. It is wor-ried that CLTS will be a problem in thefuture as the intention to replicate CLTSdoes not originate from the communitybut from regional administration. Inaddition, CLTS should better not onlydepend on budget 69, but also useNational Budget. CLTS should better bemade as a movement, such as 3M move-ment Dengue Fever, but a study on aprecise marketing strategy should bemade.

Plan Indonesia Cooperation of Plan Indonesia and

National Planning Board does not yethave a Standard Operating Procedures(SOP), so that the SOP should immedi-ately be made and signed by the bothparties.

SANIMAS In 2007, 87 districts will implement

SANIMAS. Several significant issues arecontrol and preparation of facilitator.

Secretariat of Working Group Several obstacles to encounter by

Central AMPL Working Group are coor-dination, fund clearing and reporting of

AROUND AMPL


Evaluating and Planning Meeting ofAMPL Working Group Activities of

Budgetary Year 2007 SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

CLTS activity in Sukabumi, West Java

activity results. In addition to evaluation, the meet-

ing agrees several activities to do inbudgetary year 2007, namely:

WASPOLAExpanding national policies ofAMPL-BM throughout Indonesia. Strengthening national policies ofAMPL-BM by strengthening policyin sanitation sector. Continuing discussion on policy ininstitution-based AMPL sector.

ProAir Producing ProAir pocket book. Monitoring, Evaluating and Advo-cating regions.Making ProAir operational guide-lines.Strengthening multi-rural institu-tion post construction. Holding technical training toProAir management in Kupang. Holding training post constructionto ProAir management in Kupang. Holding seminar on community-based drinking water supply inProAir areas.

CLTSOrientating to east and west region-al CLTS approaches.Preparing baseline data of a facilita-tor already trained. Preparing VCD and module as sup-plements for training participants. Making whole evaluation study onCLTS, also preparing CLTS lessonlearned to submit to CLTS nationalmeeting.

Plan Indonesia Developing Policy Procedure andGuidelines to Plan Indonesia in linewith the National Policy ofGovernment of Indonesia 2. Piloting Program on Water andEnvironmental Sanitation in Plan

Working Areas in line with theNational Policy. Appropriate Technology of WaterSupply ModuleDeveloping Health PromotionModule for School Children Training SANIMAS ProgramFacilitators Resource CentreProducing a Book: "IndonesiaWater and Sanitation Deve-lopment: Lesson Learned fromFailure and Success".Percik Junior MagazineSocializing MDG in LocalGovernmentBaseline Knowledge Attitude &Practice. Monitoring Rural Water QualityCoordinating Cooperation Activityof Government of Indonesia-PlanIndonesia.

SANIMAS Training to facilitators as alreadydid in 2006. SANIMAS training (for teachersand community), possible expenseswill be borne by Non GovernmentOrganization. Evaluating O&M, individual con-sultant will be appointed to evalu-ate the same.

Producing VCD audio visual. Technical training to post construc-tion.

CWSHP Training on peaty water treatmentconstruction.Laboratory technical training andwater quality survey. Promotion methodological trai-ning.O&M training. Training relating to management,among others:

Developing rural institution. Studying independent communi-ty development in cooperationwith WASPOLA. Strengthening regional develop-ment strategic preparation.

TKK-TKP meeting.

Secretariat of AMPL WorkingGroup

Activities relating to communicationare production of magazines, leaflets withvarious themes, CD, AMPL guidelinesbooks, AMPL pocket books, exhibition,Media Gathering, and Press Tour. While,any other supporting activities arePresentation of Information on Geo-graphy-based Water and EnvironmentalSanitation Policy by MapInfo. (MJ)

AROUND AMPL


SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

National Policy of Water Supply invitiation community-Based dissemination

1.

2.

3.

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.5.

1.

2.

3.

4.5.

6.

a.b.

c.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.9.

10.

11.12.

To follow up meeting onPreparation of AMPLCommunication Strategi-

es in regions, a seminar with thetopic AMPL Communication Ori-entation was held in Serang, Ban-ten, on June 26-27, 2006. Thisevent was followed by AMPL-re-lated agencies at Provincial Ad-ministration Banten.

This seminar is intended toreceive inputs from stakeholderin preparing information and commu-nication strategic guidelines of whichthe results will become subject mat-ters in National Seminar onCommunity-Based AMPL Commu-nication Strategies in the future.

This seminar was filled by subjectmatters among others the significanceof communication in AMPL develop-ment, photo language, and communi-

cation media appreciation. The making of communication

strategies cover five phases, namely:Planning/Preparation-Media Produc-tion-Implementation-Monitoring &Evaluation

In photo language session guidedby a facilitator from WASPOLA, theparticipants were asked to see AMPLphotos and requested to analyze situ-ation and identification of the pho-

tos. In addition, the partici-pants were asked to identify tar-get audiences and what contri-bution to give to encounter theproblem.

In communication mediaappreciation, the participantswere introduced to any mediaable to use in communicatingAMPL development to audi-ences. The media have their ownsuperiorities and weaknesses.

Therefore, analysis of situation andidentification of correct audienceshighly influences in determiningproper media to communicate anymessages.

In the last part of this seminar, theparticipants were asked to map AMPLcondition in their respective areas andthen make work plan in short and longterms. They were quite enthusiastic. rie

On July 12, 2006, CentralAMPL Working Group held aseminar on AMPL Commu-

nication Strategies in Jakarta. Thisseminar is a follow-up of preparationof Community-Based AMPL Commu-nication Strategies already made sin-ce March 2006. This event was follo-wed by members of Central AMPLWorking Group.

This seminar was opened by Directorof Facilitation of Spatial and Environ-mental Lay Out, Directorate General ofBina Bangda, Ministry of Home Affairs,Prof. Tjahya Supriatna. He said it is nec-essary to prepare proper communicationstrategies in extending AMPL programs

to the target community to make themreceive the programs.

This seminar was filled by discus-sion and speech from Bestian Naing-golan (Deputy Head of Research andDevelopment of Kompas Daily). Theparticipants were asked to simulatethe extension of messages by commu-nication media. Three communicati-on media were introduced, namelyaudio media, visual media and audiovisual media. The three media havetheir own superiorities and weaknes-ses. Audio media is usually very ef-fective in extending any messagesexerting to move or motivate, visualmedia is very effective in extending

any messages giving instructions orexplanations in nature, while audio-visual media is a combination of theboth media that can be able to movethe thought or feeling.

In addition, Bestian gave secrets todevelop public opinions by mass media.These secrets are highly important toknow as AMPL-WASPOLA WorkingGroup highly requires a strong supportfrom media in its efforts to socializeCommunity-Based AMPL NationalPolicy to the public. According to him,almost all media in Indonesia have noagenda. Therefore, the Working groupcan play a role as a party providingmass media with agenda. rie

AROUND WASPOLA


Seminar on AMPL CommunicationOrientation in Regions

Seminar on AMPL Communication Strategies

SOURCE:ASTRI HANDAYANI

Living Planet Index measureson the whole the tendency ofpopulation of wild species in

the world. The index provides indica-tor of natural condition of a country inthe world. In general, LPI reduces 40percent. The cause is reduction of en-vironmental condition. One of them isresulting from waste.

In Europe, 1.3 billion tons of wasteis produced each year, 40 million tonsout of which are classified as ha-zardous waste. It is predicted that in2020, total waste will increase 45 per-cent. In the United States of America,waste attains 499 million tons perannum. No wonder if the earth is bur-dened with the waste and its balanceis disturbed.

Impacts of uncontrolled waste dis-

posal are among others surface watercontamination, increasing risks ofdisease due to spreading by insect ormice. Increase in glass house emis-sion, aquatic and river body pollution,pollution on land, and economiclosses.

A research by Mount Sinai Schoolof Medicine in New York in coopera-tion with Environmental Working

Group and Commonweal, finds 107chemical agents in blood and urine ofnine volunteers studied. Most of thepollutants and contaminants enterthrough any products used by the vol-unteers not because they work or livearound the industrial zone.

Therefore, the world should cha-nge its condition. Ecologically, theawareness about waste managementis absolute. Therefore, this book ishighly important to prospective train-ers moving to change the communityparticularly in business centers. Thismanual is quite complete and alsocontains lessons from several busi-ness centers in the Philippines. InIndonesia, we just modify it as theproblem is not so different. MJ

Waste collection and trans-portation is the significantthing in waste manage-

ment. The disorder in the phase willgenerate a bad impact on the environ-ment and human being as mostlyfound in big cities.

Significant matters in waste collec-tion are sorting, storage, and collec-tion at final disposal site. Sortingbegins at source of waste both inhouseholds, offices, or industries.Thereafter, the waste should be pro-perly stored in accordance with cha-racters of waste and waiting time untilthe waste is transported to final dis-posal site. While, final disposal sitecan use individual or communal sys-tem.

In case of transportation, selectionof proper transportation is a key.Transportation should be adjusted tocapacity of final disposal site, wastecharacteristics, maintenance, andeconomic capability. It means itadjusts to waste management processdesign on the whole.

Another significant thing in thismanagement is designing transportationroute. But, a study of reach time and

transportation movement should first bemade to know effectiveness and efficien-cy level of transportation system fromthe side of equipment and humanresources involved therein.

Beyond that, this system needspublic care and education on wastemanagement. This attitude can bedeveloped with a good communica-tion strategy. Management systemalso needs an obvious and measuredpolicy.

These phases of waste managementcan be learned and trained. This bookpresents all the processes with modulesthereof. The result is, this book pre-pared with the assistance of USAID canbecome one of the references for wastemanagement training. MJ

BOOK INFO


Title:Ecological Solid Waste

Management for Central Business District. A Trainer's Manual

Writer: Ayala FoundationPublisher: Ayala Foundation

& Solid Waste Management Program

Year Published: -Page: viii + 112

Title:Manual on Improving Solid

Waste Collectionand Transportation System

Writer : SWAPPPublisher: SWAPP

Year Published: 2003Pages : 101 pages

Manual on Waste Managementfor Business District

Waste Collection and Transportation

Condition of waste in In-

donesia enters a critical

phase. Waste becomes a

complicated problem. On the other

hand, no legislation relates to this

matter. Consequently, cases per-

taining to waste are never com-

pletely solved.

The condition in Indonesia is

similar to that in its neighbor coun-

try, the Philippines. Since several

years ago, this country has issued

law on waste and any other related

regulations so that waste problem

there can be overcome better.

It is nothing wrong if Indonesia

learns from the Philippines. This CD

can become a reference. This CD

being a collection of legislation com-

pletely presents regulations on waste

and sanitation, including environ-

ment. This book contains among

others general policy on environment,

sanitation, hazardous and toxic waste,

regional regulation, and legal

sanctions to any violator.

In case of supervision of ha-

zardous and toxic waste, the

country forms an advisory board

consisting of 10 departments plus

non government organizations.

Legal sanctions to any violators

are also quite severe both in

the form of imprisonment and

penalty.

The Philippines has also had

special regulation on waste final

disposal site including criteria of

facility fulfilling the requirements

for groups of community. In addi-

tion, the legislation also stipulates an

obvious division between stakehold-

ers of waste. Has our draft of law on

waste been like it? MJ

Producing compost is simple.

How simple it is, sufficient

reference to learn it intensive-

ly is rare moreover in the form of

modules easily presented. This

CD elaborates compost starting

from philosophy of process by

phases, types of composting,

knowledge of material (waste),

facility design, to policy to make

the composting work.

This CD issued by Solid Waste

Management Association of the

Philippines (SWAPP) was ever

presented in SWAPP Conference

in the end of 2005 with the theme

"Organic Waste Recycling Tech-

nology for Businessmen".

Through this CD, we can learn the

lessons from several communities in

the Philippines already practicing

composting in accordance with the

respective choices of technology.

Another significant thing is this CD

provides the children with special

presentation modules on how to teach

them to produce compost.

Models of submitting

materials in this production

of compost seem to be easy

and simple. For us in

Indonesia, we just modify

the language from English to

Indonesian. With this CD,

composting training will be

very easy to hold moreover

it also has run-down there-

of. Do you want to try?

MJ

CD INFO


Collection of Solid Waste Management Lawsand Policies in Philippines.

Composting Training

Zero Wastehttp://www.ecocenter.org/zerowaste.

shtml

Zero waste is a solving vision inwaste handling promising anecological sustainability in the

future. Currently, waste treatmentprocess still fails to yield an optimumresult. Producers still less care aboutwaste being their side-products asindicated in a very small incentivespent by companies.

With zero waste, at least the pro-ducers will be motivated to be respon-sible for their products and products'packs. In addition, this program willmake the producers more sensitive tothe environment.

Final end of zero waste programsis an alternative for direct waste dis-posal through the efforts to promoteclean production, prevent pollution,and form communities of which theproducts are designed to be recycledthereby producing economic valueand being safe to the environment.

Concept of this zero waste pro-gram is limited not only to consumpti-on objects but also electronic objects.Several big companies in the worldhave adopted this program. They areamong others Xerox, Toyota, Honda,Hewlett Packard and Sony Electro-nics.

Danger of Incinerator http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Inc

inerators.htm

Waste handling by using inci-nerator is indeed a quickmethod. The waste is burned

and gone. But, the problem remainsexisting. Impact generated from thisburning process is very dangerous.Actually, burning of waste only changesform of waste to hazardous air emissionand toxic material. Research by EPAindicates that 30 percent of burnedwaste change to toxic material. Whatmakes it more serious is, the hazardousgas emission is not only local in naturebut spreads throughout the world.

It is believed that incinerator con-tains carsinogenic substance (the causeof cancer disease) and toxic chemicalagents from the result of burning,including heavy metal (arsenic, cadmi-um, mercury, chromium, and berylli-um), acid gas, PVC, herbicide residues,and dioxin as well as furan. Particularfor dioxin, this material has beendeclared as carcinogenic for humanbeing by WHO (1997).

In addition to explaining danger ofincinerator, this site also presents vari-ous alternatives of waste handling out-side burning. You can also further trace

various researches and articles on wastefrom various competent institutions.

Compostinghttp://www.compostguide.com/

C ompost is the best naturalmulches able to fertilize the soil

at a less expensive price. You shouldnot necessarily spend money to pro-duce it even a cent. Many people mayknow it but only a few of people try toproduce it. Whereas we can alleviatethe environmental burden throughthis process. Do you want to knowhow to produce it?

This site tries to guide on how toproduce compost. In addition, itexplains types of waste and contentstherein as well as characteristics ofthe waste. It also explains whether ornot the waste can be used for produc-ing compost. For example, orange, itcan not be used for producing com-post as its characteristic can stopcomposting activity.

We can also learn problems of pro-ducing compost as well as solutionthereof. It provides practical instruc-tions to treat problem compost, forexample it is too dry or too wet. Thissite provides number of articles oncompost. Do you want to try? MJ

SITES INFO



3-7 July Workshop and training on Facilitation Basic Skills4-11 July Sanitation Conference, Manila6-14 July Training for Field Facilitator SANIMAS 2006, AB PLP Training Center, Surabaya12 July Workshop on Communication Strategy

Field Trip CLTS, Bogor13 July Workshop on Legal Review, Hotel Binakarna, Jakarta17 July Meeting for PAMSIMAS preparatory socialization18-19 July Pokja AMPL Evaluation Meeting and Budget Planning in 2007, Hotel Ria Diani, Puncak20 July Discussion of Draft Susenas Data 2007, Pokja Secretariat, Jakarta21 July Discussion of Logical Framework and Monev of WASPOLA Project, Pokja Secretariat, Jakarta24-28 July Workshop and Training on Facilitation Basic Skills, Hotel Mercure, Sanur, Bali 26-27 July Workshop on Community-Based Waste Management Program Release, Hotel Novotel, Surabaya 31 July Declaration of Lembak Community on Free Open Defecation and CLTS Approaches,

Desa Tanjung Tiga, South Sumatera1-3 August RI-UNICEF Management Coordinative Meeting, Hotel Safari Garden, Puncak1 August Pokja AMPL Meeting-Talkshow Planning,Pokja Secretariat, Jakarta1-3 August Workshop on Strategic Plan Preparation Pohuwato Regency, Office Hall of Bupati Pohuwato,

Pohuwato Regency 1-4 August Workshop on AMPL-BM Problem Mapping and Strategic Plan, Gunung Geulis Cottages, Ciawi, Bogor 4 August Pokja NTT-ProAir Meeting7-10 August WASPOLA Mission for Policy Coordination, Central Java Province7-11 August WASPOLA Mission for Policy Coordination, NTB8 August Meeting of Bandung Waste Ad Hoc Team with Minister of National Planning and Development11 August Coordinative Meeting of ProAir Project in NTT Province,Dit.PL Office, Jakarta

Discussion of Batam Wastewater Management Plan14-16 August Workshop on Communication Strategy, Hotel Acacia, Jakarta 15 August Coordinative Meeting of CLTS Program Supporting Activities16 August Training on Advocacy Strategy, Hotel Sofyan Cikini, Jakarta 22-24 August Workshop on Optimization of Local stakeholders' Involvement in Interregional Standard Water

Management Plan, Pangeran Beach Hotel Padang23 August Workshop on Urban Sanitation Plan

ProAir Plan and Evaluation Meeting23-25 August Dialog Forum on Wastewater Management Investment24 August Workshop on ProAir Implementation, Sasando International Hotel, Kupang NTT25 August Meeting for Susenas data tryout28-31 August Orientation and Workshop on MPA PHAST, Hotel Novotel, Pujut, Central Lombok 28 August Meeting for Susenas data tryout

Advanced discussion on Partnership Activity between Government of Indonesia and Plan Indonesia Secretariat Pokja AMPL, Jakarta

29 August Presentation of Innovative Decision Making for Sustainable Management of Water in Developing Countries, Secretariat Pokja AMPL, Jakarta

29-31 August Dialog Forum on the investment of Human Settlement Section of Waste Management Subsection,Hotel Garden Kemang

30-31 August Coordination for the implementation of National AMPL-BM Development Policy, Hotel Jayakarta, Bandung

AGENDA

DATE MONTH ACTIVITIES

52

B O O K SSanitasi Perkotaan:POTRET, HARAPAN DANPELUANG "INI BUKAN LAGIURUSAN PRIBADI" [in Bahasa]Publisher: Bappenas dan WSP-EAP, 2006

TELAAH KUALITAS AIRBagi PengelolaanSumber Daya DanLingkungan Perairan [in Bahasa]Publisher: Kanisius, Yogyakarta 2004

PENGOMPOSAN SAMPAHRUMAH TANGGA (SERI

PENDIDIKAN PENGELOLAANLINGKUNGAN TERPADU) [in Bahasa]Publisher: Surabaya, Pusdakota Ubaya, 2005

S T A T I S T I C SPROYEKSI PENDUDUK INDONESIAMENURUT UMUR, JENIS KELAMIN, KOTA/PERDESAAN TAHUN 2000-2025 [in Bahasa]Publisher: Badan Perencanaan Nasional & UNPF, 2005

PROYEKSI PENDUDUK INDONESIA(INDONESIA POPULATION PROJECTION)2000-2025 [in Bahasa]Publisher: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional,BPS, UNPF. 2005

PROYEKSI PENDUDUK INDONESIA2000-2025 [in Bahasa]Publisher: Badan Perencanaan Pem-bangunan Nasional (Bappenas)

G U I D E L I N E SMANUAL ON IMPROVING SOLIDWASTE COLLECTIONAND TRANSPORT SYSTEMPublisher: SWAPP (Solid Waste Management Associationof The Philippines) 2003

A TRAINERS MANUAL:ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTFOR CENTRAL DISTRICSPublisher: Ayala Foundations, Macaty City

GOVERNANCE FOR CLEAN WATER: A GUIDEFOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ON THE CLEANWATER ACT.Publisher: Philippines, LINAW Project, 2005

ORIENTATION MANUAL ON ECOLOGICALSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTPublisher: Philippines, Solid Waste Management Association. 2002

PANDUAN PENILAIAN KINERJA PEMERINTAHDAERAH DI BIDANG PEKERJAAN UMUM [in Bahasa]Publisher: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 2005

PELATIHAN KETRAMPILAN DASAR FASILITASI:DALAM RANGKA IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKANNASIONAL PEMBANGUNAN AIR MINUM DANPENYEHATAN LINGKUNGAN BERBASISMASYARAKAT: MODUL PELATIHAN [in Bahasa]Publisher: Direktorat Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, 2006

M A G A Z I N E S :I N F OSTREAMSSERASI, May 2006 edition

COMMUNITY WATER, June 2006 edition

AMPL LITERATURE

Percik August 2006

Parshal flume Water construction as water debit gauge used at the open flow. Measuring is conducted by calculating flow height and width

at the gauge and substituted the result into debit formula. It is usually built in the plant inlet.

Partial flowGravitational flow within the pipe/closed circuit, which fills only part of the pipe/closed circuit section.

Partially separate system (of drainage)One of drainage systems as modification between separate system and mixed one where wastewater drainage is provided

with smaller hollow in the bottom of main channel.

PavingLayering of an area by using materials, which is different from the material of the underlying area.

Paved sludge drying beds Sludge drying unit with pond bed paved with construction materials (for example, concrete floor).

Peak loadingQuantity of load (facility/infrastructure) during the peak service in which most or all consumers use the service at the same

time.

Peaking factorValue/factor expressing comparison between service volume/ capacity during peak service and average one.

PE PipesPolyethylene pipe, flexible with less joint as it is continuous and uses plastic weld joint. Resistant against hydraulic pressure

and corrosion, smoother and has small friction. Commonly applied in water supply system.

PercolationWater penetration through soil pores.

PerforatedCondition of a structural component/plate with numbers of holes.

PermeabilityPhysical indicator of soil ability to percolate water.

Phreatic surfaceAlso called ground water table. Elevation of ground level classified as water saturation zone.

Physical characteristicPhysical magnitudes which affect overall water/wastewater quality, consisting of sediment, floatation, colloid, dissolved mat-

ters, including odor, temperature, density, color, and turbidity.

GLOSSARY

Quoted from Dictionary of Foreign Terminologies and Abbreviations applied in Sanitary Engineering

Published by: University of Trisakti

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Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2006. Anticipation of Bandung Waste

Health & Medicine